2012年中考英语:语法精品总复习3-4:代词、形容词和副词【2份】

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名称 2012年中考英语:语法精品总复习3-4:代词、形容词和副词【2份】
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2012年中考英语:语法精品总复习3(代词)短文首字母填词
代词
 代词是代替名词的词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词,按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为:人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、自身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。
 一、人称代词是表示"我"、"你"、"他"、"她"、"它"、"我们"、"你们"、"他们"的词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化,见下表:
数 单数 复数
格 主格 宾格 主格 宾格
第一人称 I me we us
第二人称 you you you you
第三人称 he him they them
she her they them
it it they them
  例如:He is my friend. 他是我的朋友。
     It's me. 是我。
 二、 物主代词是表示所有关系的代词,也可叫做代词所有格。物主代词分形容性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种,其人物和数的变化见下表。
数 单数 复数
人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称
形容词性物主代词 my your his/her/its our your their
名词性物主代词 mine yours his/hers/its ours yours theirs
   例如: I like his car. 我喜欢他的小汽车。
     Our school is here,and theirs is there. 我们的学校在这儿,他们的在那儿。
 三、 指示代词表示"那个"、"这个"、"这些"、"那些"等指示概念的代词。指示代词有this,that,these,those等。例如:
   That is a good idea. 那是个好主意。
 四、 表示"我自己"、"你自己"、"他自己"、"我们自己"、"你们自己"和"他们自己"等的代词,叫做自身代词,也称为"反身代词"。例如:
   She was talking to herself.  她自言自语。
 五、 表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词,有each other 和one another两组,但在运用中,这两组词没什么大的区别。例如:
   They love each other.  他们彼此相爱。
 六、 不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。常见的不定代词有a11,both,each,every等,以及含有some-,any-,no-等的合成代词,如anybody, something,no one。这些不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词,在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语,但none和由some,any,no等构成的复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语或表语;every和no只能作定语。例如:
--- Do you have a car   --你有一辆小汽车吗?
--- Yes,I have one.   --是的,我有一辆。
--- I don't know any of them.  他们,我一个也不认识。
 七、 疑问代词有who,whom,whose,what和which等。在句子中用来构成特殊疑问句。疑问代词都可用作连接代词,引导名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句)例如:
   Tell me who he is.  告诉我他是谁。
 八、 关系代词有who,whom,whose,that,which,as等,可用作引导从句的关联词。它们在定语从句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语等;另一方面它们又代表主句中为定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词(先行词)。例如:
   He is the man whom you have been looking for.  他就是你要找的那个人。
1 人称代词的用法
1)人称代词的主格在句子中作主语或主语补语。例如:
  John waited a while but eventually he went home. 约翰等了一会儿,最后他回家了。
  John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she. 约翰希望那位乘客是玛丽,还真是她。
说明:在复合句中,如果主句和从句主语相同,代词主语要用在从句中,名词主语用在主句中。例如:
  When he arrived, John went straight to the bank. 约翰一到就直接去银行了。
 2)人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语,但在口语中也能作主语补语,第一人称在省略句中,还可以作主语。例如:
  I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her. 我看到她和他们在一起,至少我认为是她。(her做宾语,them做介词宾语,her做主语补语)
   a. -- Who broke the vase  --谁打碎了花瓶?
   b. -- Me.     --我。(me做主语补语= It's me.)
说明:在上面两例句中,her和me分别作主语补语。现代英语中多用宾格,在正式文体中这里应为she和I。
2 人称代词之主、宾格的替换
1) 宾格代替主格
  a.在简短对话中,当人称代词单独使用或在not 后,多用宾语。
   ---- I like English.    --我喜欢英语。
   ---- Me too.       --我也喜欢。
   ---- Have more wine    --再来点酒喝吗
   ---- Not me.       --我可不要了。
  b.在表示比较的非正式的文体中,常用宾格代替主格。 但如果比较状语的谓语保留,则主语只能用主格。
    He is taller than I/me.
    He is taller than I am.
2) 主格代替宾格
  a. 在介词but,except 后,有时可用主格代替宾格。
  b. 在电话用语中常用主格。   
    ---- I wish to speak to Mary. --我想和玛丽通话。
    ---- This is she.       --我就是玛丽。
  注意:在动词be 或to be 后的人称代词视其前面的名词或代词而定。
    I thought it was she.   我以为是她。       (主格----主格)
    I thought it to be her.              (宾格----宾格)
    I was taken to be she.  我被当成了她。     (主格----主格)
    They took me to be her.  他们把我当成了她。   (宾格----宾格)
3 代词的指代问题
1)不定代词 anybody,everybody,nobody,anyone, someone, everyone,no one, 及whoever和person在正式场合使用时,可用he, his, him代替。例如:
   Nobody came, did he  谁也没来,是吗
 2)动物名词的指代一般用it或they代替,有时也用he, she,带有亲切的感彩。例如:
   Give the cat some food. She is hungry. 给这猫一些吃的。她饿了。
 3)指代车或国家,船舶的名词,含感彩时常用she。
4 并列人称代词的排列顺序
1) 单数人称代词并列作主语时,其顺序为:第二人称-> 第三人称 -> 第一人称,即you-> he/she; it -> I。例如:
   You, he and I should return on time.
 2) 复数人称代词作主语时,其顺序为:第一人称 -> 第二人称 -> 第三人称,即we ->you->they。
   注意: 在下列情况中,第一人称放在前面。
   a. 在承认错误,承担责任时,
     It was I and John that made her angry. 是我和约翰惹她生气了。
b. 在长辈对晚辈,长官对下属说话时,如长官为第一人称,如:
I and you try to finish it. 我和你去弄好它。
   c. 并列主语只有第一人称和第三人称时。
   d. 当其他人称代词或名词被定语从句修饰时。
5 物主代词
1)物主代词既有表示所属的作用又有指代作用。例如:
John had cut his finger; apparently there was a broken glass on his desk.
约翰割破了手指,显而易见,他桌子上有个破玻璃杯。
物主代词有形容词性(my, your等)和名词性(mine, yours等)两种,形容词性的物主代词属于限定词。名词性的物主代词在用法上相当于省略了中心名词的--'s属格结构。例如:
   Jack's cap  意为The cap is Jack's。
   His cap   意为The cap is his。
 2) 名词性物主代词的句法功能
   a. 作主语。例如:
   May I use your pen Yours works better. 我可以用一用你的钢笔吗?你的比我的好用。
   b. 作宾语。例如:
   I love my motherland as much as you love yours. 我深爱我的祖国就像你深爱你的祖国一样。
   c. 作介词宾语。例如:
Your should interpret what I said in my sense of the word, not in yours.
你应当按我所用的词义去解释我说的话,而不能按你自己的去解释。
   d. 作主语补语。例如:
   The life I have is yours. It's yours. It's yours. 我的生命属于你,属于你,属于你。
6 双重所有格
 物主代词不可与 a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which等词一起前置,修饰一个名词,而必须用双重所有格。公式为:a, an, this, that +名词+of +名词性物主代词。例如:a friend of mine, each brother of his.
    
7 .反身代词
1) 列表
数 单数 复数
人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称
人称代词 I you he/she/it we you they
反身代词 myself yourself yourself/herself/himself ourselves yourselves themselves
 另外:one的反身代词为oneself
 2)做宾语
  a. 有些动词需有反身代词,如absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave等。例如:
   We enjoyed ourselves very much last night. 我们昨晚玩得很开心。
   Please help yourself to some fish.  请你随便吃点鱼。
  b. 用于及物动词+宾语+介词,如take pride in, be annoyed with, help oneself to sth等。例如:
I could not dress(myself)up at that time. 那个时候我不能打扮我自己。
注:有些动词后不跟反身代词,如:get up, sit-down, stand up, wake up等。例如:
   Please sit down. 请坐。
 3) 用作表语,如结构be oneself。例如:
I am not myself today.  我今天不舒服。
4) 用作同位语
   The thing itself is not important.  事情本身并不重要。
 5) 在不强调的情况下,but, except, for 等介词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。如:No one but myself(me)is hurt.
注意:
   a. 反身代词本身不能单独作主语。
   (错) Myself drove the car.
   (对) I myself drove the car. 我自己开车。
   b. 但在and, or, nor连接的并列主语中,第二个主语可用反身代词,特别是myself 作主语。例如:
Charles and myself saw it. 查尔斯和我看见了这件事。

8 相互代词
1)相互代词只有each other和one another两个词组。他们表示句中动词所叙述的动作或感觉在涉及的各个对象之间是相互存在的。例如:
   It is easy to see that the people of different cultures have always copied each other.
显而易见,不同文化的人总是相互借鉴的。
2)相互代词的句法功能:
   a. 作动词宾语;
    People should love one another. 人们应当彼此相爱。
   b. 可作介词宾语;
    Does bark, cocks crow, frogs croak to each other.  吠、鸡鸣、蛙儿对唱。
说明:传统语法认为,相互关系存在于两个人或物之间用each other, 存在于两个以上人和物之间用one another。现代英语中,两组词交替使用的实例也很多。例如:
   He put all the books beside each other/one another. 他把所有书并列摆放起来。
   Usually these small groups were independent of each other. 这些小团体通常是相互独立的。
   c. 相互代词可加-'s构成所有格。例如:
    The students borrowed each other's notes. 学生们互借笔记。

9 指示代词
1) 指示代词分单数(this / that)和复数(these / those)两种形式,既可作限定词又可做代词。例如:
单数 复数
限定词 This girl is Mary. Those men are my teachers.
代词 This is Mary. Those are my teachers.
 2) 指示代词的句法功能;
  a. 作主语。例如:
    This is the way to do it.    这事儿就该这样做。
  b. 作宾语。例如:
    I like this better than that.  我喜欢这个甚至那个。
  c. 作主语补语。例如:
    My point is this.    我的观点就是如此。
  d. 作介词宾语。例如:
    I don't say no to that.    我并未拒绝那个。
    There is no fear of that.    那并不可怕。
 说明1:指示代词在作主语时可指物也可指人,但作其他句子成分时只能指物,不能指人。例如:
  (对)That is my teacher. 那是我的老师。(that作主语,指人)
  (对)He is going to marry this girl. 他要和这个姑娘结婚。(this作限定词)
  (错)He is going to marry this. (this作宾语时不能指人)
  (对)I bought this. 我买这个。(this指物,可作宾语)
 说明2:That和those可作定语从句的先行词,但this和 these不能,同时,在作先行词时,只有those可指人,试比较:
  (对) He admired that which looked beautiful. 他赞赏外表漂亮的东西。
  (对) He admired those who looked beautiful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的人。(those指人)
  (错) He admired that who danced well. (that作宾语时不能指人)
  (对) He admired those who danced well. 他赞赏跳舞好的人。(those指人)
  (对) He admired those which looked beautiful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的东西。(those指物)

10 疑问代词
1) 疑问代词在句中起名词词组的作用,用来构成疑问句。疑问代词有下列几个:
   指人: who, whom, whose
   指物: what
   既可指人又可指物: which
 2) 疑问代词在句中应位于谓语动词之前,没有性和数的变化,除who之外也没有格的变化。what, which, whose还可作限定词。试比较:
  疑问代词:Whose are these books on the desk    桌上的书是谁的?
       What was the directional flow of U. S. territorial expansion 美国的领土扩张是朝哪个方向的?
   限定词:Whose books are these on the desk 桌上的书是谁的?
What events led to most of the east of the Mississippi River becoming part of the United States  
哪些事件使密西西比河以东的大部分土地归属于美国?
  说明1:无论是做疑问代词还是限定词,which 和 what 所指的范围不同。what所指的范围是无限的,而which则指在一定的范围内。例如:
  Which girls do you like best 你喜欢哪几个姑娘?
   What girls do you like best 你喜欢什么样的姑娘?
  说明2:Whom是who的宾格,在书面语中,它作动词宾语或介词宾语,在口语中作宾语时,可用who代替,但在介词后只能用whom, 例如:
   Who(m)did you meet on the street 你在街上遇到了谁?(作动词宾语)
     Who(m) are you taking the book to 你要把这书带给谁?(作介词宾语,置句首)
      To whom did you speak on the campus 你在校园里和谁讲话了?(作介词宾语,置介词后,不能用who取代。)
   说明3: 疑问代词用于对介词宾语提问时,过去的文体中介词和疑问代词通常一起放在句首,现代英语中,疑问代词在句首,介词在句末。例如:
  For what do most people live and work 大部分人生活和工作的目的是什么?(旧文体)
What are you looking for 你在找什么?(现代英语)
  说明4: 疑问代词还可引导名词性从句。例如:
  I can't make out what he is driving at. 我不知道他用意何在。
Can you tell me whose is the blue shirt on the bed  
你能告诉我床上的蓝衬衣是谁的吗?
Much of what you say I agree with, but I cannot go all the way with you.
你说的我大部分同意,但并不完全赞同。
 
11. 关系代词
1) 关系代词用来引导定语从句。它代表先行词,同时在从句中作一定的句子成分。例如:
The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin. 跟我讲话的姑娘是我表妹。
该句中whom既代表先行词the girl,又在从句中作介词to的宾语。
2) 关系代词有主格,宾格和属格之分,并有指人与指物之分。在限定性定语从句中,that 可指人也可指物,见表:
指人 指物 指人或指物
主 格 who which that
宾 格 whom that that
属 格 whose of which/whose of which/whose
 例如:This is the pencil whose point is broken. 这就是那枝折了尖的铅笔。(whose 指物,在限定性定语从句中作定语)
    He came back for the book which he had forgotten. 他回来取他丢下的书。(which指物,在限定性定语从句中作宾语,可以省略)
说明:非限定性定语从句中,不能用that作关系代词。
 3) 关系代词which的先行词可以是一个句子。例如:
   He said he saw me there, which was a lie. 他说在那儿看到了我,纯属谎言。
   说明: 关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略。另外,关系代词that在从句中作表语时也可省略,例如:
  I've forgotten much of the Latin I once knew.  我过去懂拉丁语,现在大都忘了。
   He's changed. He's not the man he was. 他变化很大,已不是过去的他了。
  
12. every , no, all, both, neither, nor
1)不定代词有all , both, every, each, either, neither, more, little, few, much, many, another, other, some, any , one, no 以及some, something, anything, everything, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nothing , nobody, no one, none, everybody, everyone.等。
 2)不定代词的功能与用法
  a. 除every 和no外不定代词既可用作名词,也可用作形容词。every和no在句中只能作定语。例如:
    I have no idea about it. 我不知该咋办。
  b. all 都,指三者以上。all 的主谓一致:all的单复数由它所修饰或指代的名词的单复数决定。例如:
    All goes well.  一切进展得很好。
    all 通常不与可数名词单数连用,如:不说 all the book,而说 the whole book。
    但all可与表时间的可数名词单数连用,如 all day,all night,all the year;但习惯上不说 all hour,all century。
    all还可以与一些特殊的单数名词连用,如 all China,all the city,all my life,all the way
 3)both 都,指两者。
  a. both 与复数动词连用,但 both… and…可与单数名词连用。
  b. both, all 都可作同位语,其位置在行为动词前, be 动词之后。如果助动词或情态动词后面的实义动词省去,则位于助动词或情态动词之前。例如:
Who can speak Japanese  谁能讲日本话? 
We both(all)can. 我们都不会。
 4)neither 两者都不
  a. neither作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
  b. 作定语与单数名词连用,但neither… nor 用作并列连词,可与复数名词连用。其谓语采用就近原则。
c. 可用于下列句型,避免重复。例如:
She can't sing,neither(can)he. 她不会唱歌,他也不会。
 5)neither 与nor 的比较
  a. 如前句是否定式从句,则主句用neither,而不用 nor。例如:
    If you don't do it,neither should I. 如果你不干,我也不干。
  b. 如后连续有几个否定句式,则用nor,不用neither。例如:
    He can't sing,nor dance,nor skate. 他不会唱歌,不会跳舞,也不会滑冰。

13. none, few, some, any, one, ones
一、 none 无
  1) none作主语,多与of 构成短语 none of。 在答语中,none可单独使用。例如:      
Are there any pictures on the wall  墙上有画吗?
None. 没。
  2) none作主语,谓语动词单复数均可。但如做表语,则其单复数与表语一致。例如:
    It is none of your business. 闲事莫管。
二、few 一些,少数
  few 作主语时,谓语动词用复数,多用于肯定句。
三、some 一些
  1) 可与复数名词及不可数名词连用。
  2) 当做"某一"解时,也可与单数名词连用。(= a certain)
    You will be sorry for this some day. 总有一天,你会为此后悔的。
    A certain (some) person has seen you break the rule. 有些人不同意你的看法。
  注意:
  (1)在肯定疑问句中用some代替any。
  (2)some用于其他句式中:
    a.肯定疑问句中:说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的,或期望得到肯定回答时。
    Would you like句式中,表委婉请求或建议。例如:
    Would you like some coffee 喝咖啡吗?
    b.在条件状语从句中表示确定的意义时。例如:
    If you need some help,let me know. 需要帮助,跟我说。
    c.some位于主语部分。例如:
    Some students haven't been there before. 有些学生没去过那儿。
    d.当否定的是整体中的部分时,some可用于否定句。例如:
    I haven't heard from some of my old friends these years. 这些年我没有收到一些老朋友的信。
四、any 一些
  1) any 多用于否定句和疑问句和条件状语从句中。
   当句中含有任何的意思时,any可用于肯定句。
    Here are three novels. You may read any. 这有三本小说,你可任读一本。
五、one, 复数形式为ones
  ones必须和形容词连用。如果替代的名词时无形容词在前,则用some, any,而不用ones。例如:
Have you bought any rulers  买尺了吗?
Yes, I 've bought some. 买了,买了几把。

14. one,that 和it
 one表示泛指,that和it 表示特指。that与所指名词为同类,但不是同一个,而it 与所指名词为同一个。例如:
  I can't find my hat. I think I must buy one.(不定)我找不到我的帽子了。我想我该去买一顶。
  The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought.(同类但不同个)你买的那顶帽子比我买的大。
  I can't find my hat. I don' t know where I put it.( 同一物)我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了。
 
15. one/another/the other
one… the other 只有两个        
 some… the others  有三个以上
 one… another,another…
 some… others,others…
 others = other people/things
 the others = the rest 剩余的全部
 1) 泛指另一个用another。
 2) 一定范围内两人(物),一个用one,另一个用the other。
 3) 一定范围内三者,一个用one,另一个用one (another),第三个可用the other,a third。
 4) 一定范围内,除去一部分人/物,剩余的全部用the others。
 5) 泛指别的人或物时,用others当在一定范围内,除去一部分后,剩余部分但不是全部时,也用others。
16. “the”的妙用
He is one of the students who help me.
  He is the one of the students who helps me. 他是帮我的学生之一。
  第一句定语从句与the students 一致。
  第二句定语从句与the one 一致。
17. anyone/any one;no one/none;every/each
1.anyone 和 any one
  anyone仅指人,any one既可指人,也可指物。
2.no one 和none
  a) none 后跟of短语,既可指人又可指物,而no one只单独使用,只指人。
  b) none 作主语,谓语动词用单,复数均可,而no one作主语谓语动词只能是单数。例如:
   None of you could lift it. 你们中没有人可举起它。
  ---- Did any one call me up just now  --刚才有人打电话给我吗
  ---- No one.            --没有。
3.every 和each
1) every 强调全体的概念, each强调个体概念。例如:
   Every student in our school works hard. 我们学校的学生都很用功。
   Each student may have one book.. 每个学生都可有一本书。
2) every 指三个以上的人或物(含三个),each指两个以上的人或物 (含两个)。
3) every 只作形容词,不可单独使用。each可作代词或形容词。例如:
   Every boy has to take one. 每个男孩必须取一个。
   Each boy has to take one.
   Each of the boys has to take one.
4) every不可以作状语,each可作状语。
5) every 有反复重复的意思,如 every two weeks等; each没有。
6) every 与not 连用,表示部分否定; each 和not连用表示全部否定。例如:
   Every man is not honest. 并非每个人都诚实。
   Each man is not honest. 这儿每个人都不诚实。
18. both, either, neither, all, any, none
  这些词都可用作代词或形容词。其位置都在be 动词之后,行为动词之前或第一个助动词之后。
 1) both (两者都),either(两者中任何一个),neither (两者都不)。以上词使用范围为两个人或物。例如:
  Neither of the two boys is clever. 两个男孩都不聪明。
 2) both,either
  both与复数连用,either与单数连用。例如:
  Both the boys are clever.  两个男孩都很聪明。
  Either of the two boys is clever.
  There are flowers on both sides of the street. 路边长满了野花。
  There are flowers on either side of the street.
 3) all (所有的,全部的人或物),any (任何一个), none (都不)。 以上词使用范围为三者以上。例如:
  All the flowers are gone. 所有的花都谢了。
  I don't like any of the flowers. 这些花我都不喜欢。
  I like none of the flowers. 这些花我都不喜欢。
 注意:all与none用法一样。跟单数名词,用单数动词;跟复数名词,用复数动词。例如:
    All of the students are there. 所有的学生都在那。
    All (of) the milk is there.  所有的牛奶都在那。

19. many, much
  Many,much都意为"许多", many + 可数名词,much + 不可数名词。例如:
   How many people are there at the meeting 多少人出席了会议。
   How much time has we left 还剩多少时间?
   Many of the workers were at the meeting.许多工人在开会。
   Much of the time was spent on learning.学习上化了许多时间。

20. few, little, a few, a little
(a) few + 可数名词, (a) little + 不可数名词
 a few / a little 为肯定含义,还有一点
 few / little 为否定含义,没有多少了。例如:
 He has a few friends.   他有几个朋友。
 He has few friends.    他几乎没有朋友。
 We still have a little time. 我们还有点时间。
 There is little time left. 几乎没剩下什么时间了。
固定搭配:only a few (=few)  not a few (=many)  quite a few (=many) many a (=many)。例如:
  Many books were sold.
Many a book was sold. 卖出了许多书。
典型例题:
  Although he 's wealthy,he spends___ on clothes.
  A. little  B. few C. a little  D. a few
  答案: A. spend所指的是钱,不可数,只能用little或 a little. 本句为although引导的让步状语从句,由句意知后句为否定含义,因此应用little表示几乎不。
短文首字母填词(3)
【2011四川达州】第二节 短文填空(共6小题。每小题1分,计6分)
根据短文内容和首字母的提示,把所缺单词填写在短文后面的横线上。
You have probably never heard of Amy Winterbourne, but she is a most u70 woman. She lives in a house that she built herself out o 71 trash. Well, the stuff used to be called trash, but now it’s called“recycled”material. The windows and doors came from old buildings around the town that were being pulled down. The walls are made from old glass bottles that are g 72 together. The roof is made from d 73 tiles. And the fence is built out of used soda cans. Amy recently won an a74 from the Help Save Our Planet Society. The president Jackson Smith said, “Amy is an i 75 to us all.”
【主旨大意】本文介绍了埃米.温特伯恩女士用废品建造房子以及用废品制作玩具的故事。
答案:70. unusual 71. of 72. glued 73.discarded 74. award 75. inspiration2012年中考英语:语法精品总复习4(形容词和副词)短文首字母填词
形容词和副词
1. 形容词及其用法
  形容词修饰名词,说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常,可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类,其位置不一定都放在名词前面。
1)直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词,它有级的变化,可以用程度副词修饰,在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如:hot。
2)叙述形容词只能作表语,所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化,也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如:afraid 害怕的。
   (错) He is an ill man.
   (对) The man is ill.
   (错) She is an afraid girl.
   (对) The girl is afraid.
   这类词还有: well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake 等。
3)形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时,要放在这些词之后。例如:something nice.
  
2. 以-ly结尾的形容词
1) 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,ugly,brotherly,仍为形容词。
  改错: (错) She sang lovely.
    (错) He spoke to me very friendly.
    (对) Her singing was lovely.
    (对) He spoke to me in a very friendly way.
2)有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词,也为副词,如daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early等。例如:
   The Times is a weekly paper. 《时代周刊》为周刊。
   The Times is published weekly. 《时代周刊》每周发行一期。

3. 用形容词表示类别和整体
1) 某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人,与谓语动词的复数连接,如the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the hungry等。例如:
   The poor are losing hope. 穷人行将失去希望。
2) 有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体,与动词的复数连用,如the British,the English,the French,the Chinese等。例如:
   The English have wonderful sense of humor. 英国人颇有幽默感。
4. 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序
多个形容词修饰名词时,其顺序为:限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色)--出处--材料性质--类别--名词。例如:
   a small round table/ a tall gray building/ a dirty old brown shirt/ a famous German medical school/ an expensive Japanese sports car
典型例题:
1) Tony is going camping with ___ boys. 
  A. little two other B. two little other  C. two other little  D. little other two
  答案:C。由"限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色) --性质--名词"的顺序可知数词,描绘词,性质依次顺序,只有C符合答案。
2) One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace.
  A. old Chinese stone B. Chinese old stone C. old stone Chinese D. Chinese stone old
  答案A. 几个形容词修饰一个名词,他们的排列顺序是:年龄,形状,大小+颜色+来源+质地+用途+国家+名词。
3) ---- How was your recent visit to Qingdao
  ---- It was great. We visited some friends,and spent the ___days at the seaside.
  A. few last sunny  B. last few sunny  C. last sunny few  D. few sunny last
答案:B。本题考查多个形容词的排序问题。一般与被修饰形容词关系密切的形容词靠近名词;如果几个形容词的重要性差不多,音节少的形容词在前,音节多的方在后,在不能确定时,可参照:限定词+数量词(序数词在前,基数词在后)+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+新旧+颜色+国籍+材料+名词,如those + three + beautiful + large + square +old + brown + wood + table。

5. 副词及其基本用法
副词主要用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或其他结构。
一、副词的位置
1) 在动词之前。
2) 在be动词、助动词之后。 
3) 多个助动词时,副词一般放在第一个助动词后。
注意:
  a. 大多数方式副词位于句尾,但宾语过长,副词可以提前,以使句子平衡。例如:
   We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.我们清楚地看到前面有奇怪的光。
  b. 方式副词well,badly,hard等只放在句尾。例如:
   He speaks English well. 他英语说得好。
二、副词的排列顺序:
1) 时间,地点副词,小单位的在前,大单位在后。
2) 方式副词,短的在前,长的在后,并用and或but等连词连接。例如:
    Please write slowly and carefully. 请写得慢一些,仔细一些
3) 多个不同副词排列:程度+地点+方式+时间副词。
注意:副词very 可以修饰形容词,但不能修饰动词。
  改错:(错) I very like English.
     (对) I like English very much.
注意:副词enough要放在形容词的后面,形容词enough放在名词前后都可。例如:
     I don't know him well enough. 他我不熟悉。
     There is enough food for everyone to eat.有足够的食物供每个人吃。
     There is food enough for everyone to eat.

6. 兼有两种形式的副词
1) close与closely
  close意思是"近";closely 意思是"仔细地"。例如:
    He is sitting close to me. 他就坐在我边上。
    Watch him closely. 盯着他。
2) late 与lately
   late意思是"晚";lately 意思是"最近"。例如:
    You have come too late. 你来得太晚了。
    What have you been doing lately 近来好吗?
3) deep与deeply
   deep意思是"深",表示空间深度;deeply时常表示感情上的深度,"深深地"。例如:
    He pushed the stick deep into the mud.他把棍子深深插进泥里。
    Even father was deeply moved by the film.老爸也被电影深深打动了。
4) high与highly
   high表示空间高度;highly表示程度,相当于much。例如:
    The plane was flying high. 这架飞机飞得很高。
    I think highly of your opinion. 你的看法很有道理。
5) wide与widely
   wide表示空间宽度;widely意思是"广泛地","在许多地方"。例如:
    He opened the door wide. 他把门开得大大的。
    English is widely used in the world.英语在世界范围内广泛使用。
6) free与freely
   free的意思是"免费";freely 的意思是"无限制地"。例如:
    You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.无论什么时候,我这饭铺免费对你开放。
    You may speak freely; say what you like.你可以畅所欲言,想说什么就说什么。

7. 形容词与副词的比较级
 大多数形容词(性质形容词)和副词有比较级和最高级的变化,即原级、比较级和最高级,用来表示事物的等级差别。原级即形容词的原形,比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。
1) 规则变化
  单音节词和少数双音节词,加词尾-er,-est来构成比较级和最高级。
构成法 原级 比较级 最高级
一般单音节词未尾加-er,-est tall taller tallest
以不发音的e结尾的单音词和少数以- le结尾的双音节词只加-r,-st nice nicer nicest
以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节单音节词,双写结尾的辅音字母,再加-er,-est big bigger biggest
"以辅音字母+y"结尾的双音节词,改y为i,再加-er,-est    busy busier busiest
少数以-er,-ow结尾的双音节词未尾加-er,-est clever/narrow cleverer/ narrower cleverest/ narrowest
其他双音节词和多音节词,在前面加more,most来构成比较级和最高级 important/ easily more important/ more easily most important/ most easily

2) 不规则变化
原级 比较级 最高级
good better best
well(健康的) worse worst
bad
ill(有病的)
old older/elder oldest/eldest
much/many more most
little less least
far farther/further farthest/furthest

8. as + 形容词或副词原级 + as
1)在否定句或疑问句中可用so… as。例如:
   He cannot run so/as fast as you. 他没你跑得快。
2)当as… as 中间有名词时采用以下格式:as +形容词+ a +单数名词/ as + many/much +名词。例如:
   This is as good an example as the other is. 这个例子和另外一个一样好。
   I can carry as much paper as you can. 你能搬多少纸,我也能。
3)用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时,放在as的前面。例如:
   This room is twice as big as that one. 这房间的面积是那间的两倍。
   Your room is the same size as mine. 你的房间和我的一样大。
4)倍数+ as + adj. + as <=> 倍数+ the … + of。例如:
   This bridge is three times as long as that one. 这座桥的长度是那座的三倍。
   This bridge is three times the length of that one.
   Your room is twice as large as mine. 你的房间是我的两倍大。
   Your room is twice the size of mine.
9. 比较级形容词或副词 + than 。例如:
    You are taller than I. 你比我高。
    They lights in your room are brighter than those in mine.你房间的那些灯比我房间里的亮。
注意:
1)要避免重复使用比较级。
   (错) He is more cleverer than his brother.
   (对) He is more clever than his brother.
   (对) He is clever than his brother.
2)要避免将主语含在比较对象中。
   (错) China is larger than any country in Asia.
   (对) China is larger than any other countries in Asia.
3)要注意对应句型,遵循前后一致的原则。
    The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.
    It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.
4)要注意定冠词在比较级中的使用。
  比较:Which is larger, Canada or Australia
     Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia
     She is taller than her two sisters.
     She is the taller of the two sisters.

10. 可修饰比较级的词
1)a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等。
2)还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。
3)以上词(除by far)外,必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面。
典型例题:
1)---- Are you feeling ____  
   ---- Yes,I'm fine now.
  A. any well B. any better C. quite good D. quite better  
答案:B. any 可修饰比较级,quite修饰原级,well的比较级为better.
2)The experiment was____ easier than we had expected. 
  A. more  B. much more   C. much    D. more much
答案:C. much可修饰比较级,因此B,C都说得通,但easier本身已是比较级,不需more,因此C为正确答案。
3)If there were no examinations, we should have ___ at school. 
A. the happiest time  B. a more happier time C. much happiest time  D. a much happier time
答案:D。

11. many, old 和 far
1) 如果后接名词时,much more +不可数名词,many more +可数名词复数。   
2) old 有两种比较级和最高级形式: older/oldest 和elder/eldest。elder,eldest 只用于兄弟姐妹的长幼关系。例如:
   My elder brother is an engineer. 我哥哥是个工程师。
   Mary is the eldest of the three sisters. 玛丽是三姐妹中最大的。
3) far 有两种比较级,farther,further。一般father 表示距离,further表示进一步。例如:
  I have nothing further to say. 我没什么要说了。
12. the + 最高级 + 比较范围
1)形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词 the,副词最高级前可不用。例如:
The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world. 撒哈拉沙漠是世界上最大的沙漠。
形容词most前面没有the,不表示最高级的含义,只表示"非常"。例如:
   It is a most important problem. =It is a very important problem. 这是个很重要的问题。
   注意:使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比较范围内。
    (错) Tom is the tallest of his three brothers.
    (对) Tom is the tallest of the three brothers.
2) 下列词可修饰最高级,by far, far, much, mostly, almost。例如:
   This hat is nearly / almost the biggest. 这帽子差不多是最大的了。
注意:
  a. very可修饰最高级,但位置与much不同。
    This is the very best.
    This is much the best.
  b. 序数词通常只修饰最高级。例如:
     Africa is the second largest continent.非洲是第二大洲。
3) 最高级的意义有时可以用比较级表示出来。例如:
   Mike is the most intelligent in his class. 马克是班上最聪明的。
   Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class.
4) "否定词语+比较级","否定词语+ so… as"结构也可以表示最高级含义。例如:
   Nothing is so easy as this. 没比这更简单的了。
   =Nothing is easier than this.
   =This is the easiest thing.
13. 和more有关的词组,
1) the more…the more… 越……就越……。例如:
  The harder you work,the greater progress you'll make. 越努力,进步越大。
2) more B than A=less A than B 与其说A不如说B。例如:
  He is more lazy than slow at his work. = He is less slow than lazy at his work. 他工作时,与其说是反应慢不如说是懒。
3) no more… than… 与……一样……,不比……多。例如:
  The officials could see no more than the Emperor. 官员们看到的和皇帝一样多。
   no less… than… 与……一样……。例如:
   He is no less diligent than you. 他和你一样勤勉。
4) more than 不只是,非常。例如:
   She is more than kind to us all. 她对我们非常热心。
典型例题
1)The weather in China is different from____.
 A. in America  B. one in America  C. America
 D. that in America
答案:D. 本题意为"中国的天气比美国热。"比较的是天气而不是国家,C不能选。A没有名词,后句成分不全,排除。B和D中,B中的one常用来代替可数名词,而that可车以代替不可数或抽象名词,所以选D。
2)After the new technique was introduced,the factory produced ___ tractors in 1988 as the year before.
A. as twice many  B. as many twice  C. twice as many D. twice many as
 答案C. 此句意为"这个厂1988能生产的拖拉机是往年的两倍"。表示倍数用"倍数+ as + 形容词原形+ as +比较对象"的句型。所以此句答案为C。
短文首字母填词(4)
第二节 短文填空(共5小题;每小题1分,满分5分)
【2011 四川南充】根据短文内容和首字母的提示,把文中所缺词语补充出来,使短文完整、正确、通顺。(每空限填一词,将其填写在文后相应便会2的横线上)
Did you know that tea, the most popular drink in the world (after water), was invented by accident Although tea wasn't brought to the Western world u 71 1610, this beverage was discovered over three thousand y 72 before that. According to an ancient Chinese legend, the emperor Shen Nong discovered tea when he was b 73 drinking water over an open fire. Some leaves from a nearby bush fell into the water and remained there for some time. The emperor noticed that the leaves in the water produced a pleasant smell. L 74 he decided to taste the hot mixture. It was quite d 75 And in this way, one of the world's favorite drinks was invented.
【主旨大意】本文介绍了茶的起源。
71. until 72. years 73. beginning 74. Later 75. delicious