(共49张PPT)
三十 选择性必修 第二册 Unit 6 Survival
(限时35分钟)
Ⅰ. 阅读理解
(2021·河南模拟)
Rebecca Munkombwe, an 11-year-old girl from Zimbabwe, is regarded as a hero for saving a 9-year-old friend from the jaws of a crocodile by jumping on the crocodile and gouging (挖) its eyes out.
According to a Zimbabwe media report, Rebecca and her friends had just got back from a swim in a stream near their home village when they heard the screams coming from the water. She was shocked to see her 9-year-old friend Latoya Muwani being dragged into the water by a crocodile. While all the other children were running scared, Rebecca ran toward the water, jumped on top of the crocodile and started beating it with her bare fists. However, that didn’t seem to bother the crocodile at all, so she then used her fingers to gouge its eyes out until it loosened its grasp of Latoya. Once she was free, Rebecca swam with her to the bank.
Surprisingly, the 11-year-old heroine managed to save her young friend without suffering any wounds, while Latoya was lucky to escape with just mild wounds that were later treated at a regional hospital. Latoya’s parents praised Rebecca’s courage and thanked her for saving their daughter’s life. “I was at work when I learnt that my daughter had been attacked by a crocodile while swimming. For a moment I thought of the worst before I learnt that she’d survived after being saved by Rebecca, ” Latoya’s father, Fortune Muwani, said. “I don’t know how she managed to do that, but I’m grateful to her. ”
Local authorities confirmed the crocodile attack, adding that the number of such incidents was increasing. Apparently, the lack of easily accessible water sources (水源) is forcing women and children to use unprotected sources like this crocodile-infested (遍布鳄鱼的) stream.
【文章大意】本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要介绍津巴布韦一个11岁的女孩从鳄鱼口中救出了她9岁的朋友的英勇事迹。
1. What made Rebecca Munkombwe a hero
A. Her catching a crocodile barehanded.
B. Her rescuing a drowning friend in time.
C. Her helping a friend out of deadly danger.
D. Her making friends with a wild crocodile.
【解析】选C。细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“for saving a 9-year-old friend from the jaws of a crocodile”可知, Rebecca被视为英雄是因为她从鳄鱼口中救出了她9岁的朋友。故选C。
2. Which of the following words can best describe Rebecca
A. Brave and smart. B. Calm and careful.
C. Honest and considerate. D. Courageous and patient.
【解析】选A。推理判断题。根据文章第二段中的“While all the other children were running scared, Rebecca ran toward the water, jumped on top of the crocodile”可知, 当看到Latoya被鳄鱼拖住时, 其他的孩子都被吓跑了, 只有Rebecca朝水里跑去并且跳到鳄鱼的背上, 由此可以推断, Rebecca非常勇敢; 根据文章第二段中的“started beating it with her bare fists. However, that didn’t seem to bother the crocodile at all, so she then used her fingers to gouge its eyes out until it loosened its grasp of Latoya”可知, Rebecca先是赤手空拳地击打鳄鱼, 见此举无效后又改用手指去挖鳄鱼的眼睛直到它松开Latoya为止, 由此可以推断, Rebecca很勇敢并且很聪明。故选A。
3. What message do Fortune Muwani’s words convey
A. He knew every detail about the rescuing process.
B. Latoya’s conditions were far better than expected.
C. Latoya’s being attacked by a crocodile sounded unbelievable.
D. He regretted not accompanying Latoya while she was swimming.
【解析】选B。推理判断题。根据文章第三段中的“For a moment I thought of the worst before I learnt that she’d survived after being saved by Rebecca”可知, Fortune Muwani得知Latoya被鳄鱼攻击时想到了最糟糕的结果, 但后来得知她因被Rebecca救而幸存下来了。由此可以推断, 他认为Latoya的状况比他预期的好得多。故选B。
4. Why were crocodile attacks on the rise
A. Because people have poor awareness of safety.
B. Because people enjoy getting close to animals in the wild.
C. Because people have little knowledge of accessible water sources.
D. Because people have to share limited water sources with wild animals.
【解析】选D。细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中的“the lack of easily accessible water sources is forcing women and children to use unprotected sources like this crocodile-infested stream”可知, 水源缺乏使得妇女和儿童不得不使用像这条遍布鳄鱼的小河一样的无保护的水源, 即人们不得不跟野生动物一起共享有限的水源。故选D。
【词汇积累】
be regarded as 被视为……
scream v. 尖叫 n. 尖叫声
scared adj. 恐惧的
loosen v. 松开
be grateful to 感激……
Ⅱ. 完形填空
(2021·石家庄模拟)
Curtis Whitson, a regular rafter (漂流者), was trapped at the top of a waterfall with his son, Hunter.
This year, 1 snow and spring rains had turned the usually manageable falls into something 2 . Telling from the increasing sound of water, Whitson knew there was no way to go down the rocks as planned. They had no cell service, and they hadn’t seen a 3 person in the past three days. As Whitson was thinking about what to do, he heard 4 coming from the other side of the waterfall. He yelled, but the sound of the rushing water covered his cry.
“We have to get these people a 5 . ” Whitson thought. Meanwhile, he grabbed his water bottle and pulled out his pocket knife to 6 “Help! ” on it. Hunter found a pen and paper to write a note. Then Whitson 7 threw the bottle over the waterfall. But he received no response for a long time.
With no reasonable 8 that their message in a bottle would find its way to anyone, they had another 9 : They spelled out SOS in white rocks. As the evening wore on, they 10 a flashing headlamp aside so that it could be seen from overhead. Soon after, they heard a 11 coming with the magic words: “This is Search and Rescue. You have been found. ” After 12 the helicopter, they got the whole story that two hikers 13 the bottle and handed it to the campground.
This 14 rafting made Whitson and his son realize that with strong faith we will get a stone of 15 out of the mountain of despair (绝望).
【文章大意】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要记叙了Curtis Whitson和儿子Hunter漂流时被困在了瀑布的顶部, 他们巧妙地用求救瓶向外界发出了求救信号, 从而得救的故事。
1. A. permanent B. heavy C. frozen D. soft
【解析】选B。考查形容词词义辨析。句意: 今年, 由于大雪和春雨, 原本可以应付的瀑布变得更加凶猛。 permanent永久的; heavy 沉重的, 巨大的; frozen冻结的; soft柔软的。结合后文Whitson和儿子被围困在瀑布可知今年的大雪和春雨导致瀑布水量增多, 变得湍急。故选B。
2. A. splendid B. small C. unique D. fierce
【解析】选D。考查形容词词义辨析。句意: 今年, 由于大雪和春雨, 原本可以应付的瀑布变得更加凶猛。 splendid华丽的; small小的; unique独特的; fierce凶猛的。根据后文Telling from the increasing sound of water可知瀑布水量增多, 变得凶猛湍急。故选D。
3. A. responsible B. single
C. helpful D. skilled
【解析】选B。考查形容词词义辨析。句意: 他们的手机没有信号, 而且在过去的三天里他们一个人也没见过。responsible负责的; single单一的; helpful 有益的; skilled熟练的。Whitson和儿子被困在瀑布顶部, 他们的手机没有信号, 也没有看到一个人。故选B。
4. A. news B. sigh
C. voices D. advice
【解析】选C。考查名词词义辨析。句意: 正当Whitson想着该怎么办时, 他听到瀑布的另一边传来了说话声。 news新闻; sigh 叹气; voices声音; advice建议。根据下文中的We have to get these people 可知瀑布的另一边传来了人的说话声。故选C。
5. A. call B. notice
C. message D. warning
【解析】选C。考查名词词义辨析。句意: “我们必须给这些人发出一条信息, ”Whitson想。call电话; notice 通知; message消息; warning警告。另一边的人听不到Whitson 的叫喊, 因此 Whitson想到要在水壶上刻字来给他们传递信息。故选C。
6. A. strike B. form
C. sign D. carve
【解析】选D。考查动词词义辨析。句意: 与此同时, 他抓起水壶, 掏出小刀, 刻下了“救命! ”。strike罢工; form构成; sign签名; carve雕刻。故选D。
7. A. casually B. quietly
C. perfectly D. repeatedly
【解析】选C。考查副词词义辨析。句意: 然后Whitson完美地把瓶子扔到了瀑布上。casually随便地; quietly安静地; perfectly完美地; repeatedly重复地。结合后文两个徒步旅行者捡起瓶子并把它交给了营地可知, Whitson完美地把瓶子扔到了瀑布上。最终获救了。故选C。
8. A. decision B. expectation
C. choice D. arrangement
【解析】选B。考查名词词义辨析。句意: 他们根本没有理由期待瓶子里的信息会传递给任何人, 于是他们又试了一次: 用白色的石头拼出SOS。 decision决定; expectation期待; choice选择; arrangement安排。结合后文 that their message in a bottle would find its way to anyone可知Whitson把水壶丢进瀑布希望另一边的人看到的做法非常不可靠, 因此他们也没有理由期待瓶子里的信息会传递给任何人。故选B。
9. A. throw B. trouble
C. try D. tool
【解析】选C。考查名词词义辨析。throw 投掷; trouble麻烦; try尝试; tool工具。根据后文 They spelled out SOS in white rocks. 可知水壶刻字的办法没有奏效, 他们又进行了一次呼救尝试。故选C。
10. A. pushed B. placed
C. deserted D. dropped
【解析】选B。考查动词词义辨析。句意: 随着夜幕的降临, 他们把一盏闪烁的头灯放在一边, 以便从头顶上就能看见。pushed推; placed放置; deserted遗弃; dropped落下。故选B。
11. A. car B. ship
C. person D. helicopter
【解析】选D。考查名词词义辨析。句意: 没过多久, 他们就听到有直升机带着神奇的话语飞来, “这里是搜救队。你们已经被发现了。”car汽车; ship船; person人; helicopter直升机。根据后文the helicopter可知他们听到直升机来了。故选D。
12. A. searching B. spotting
C. following D. boarding
【解析】选D。考查动词词义辨析。句意: 登上直升飞机后, 他们知道了整个事情的经过, 两个徒步旅行者捡起瓶子并把它交给了营地。searching搜寻; spotting发现; following跟随; boarding登机。根据后文the helicopter可知他们登上了直升飞机。故选 D。
13. A. glanced at B. picked up
C. looked for D. dug out
【解析】选B。考查动词短语辨析。句意: 登上直升飞机后, 他们知道了整个事情的经过, 两个徒步旅行者捡起瓶子并把它交给了营地。glanced at瞥见; picked up捡起; looked for寻找; dug out挖出。根据后文the bottle and handed it to the campground. 可知是两个徒步旅行者捡起瓶子并把它交给了营地。故选B。
14. A. unusual B. exciting
C. normal D. pleasant
【解析】选A。考查形容词词义辨析。句意: 这次不同寻常的漂流让Whitson和他的儿子意识到, 只要有坚定的信念, 我们就能从绝望之山中找到希望之石。unusual不寻常的; exciting激动的; normal正常的; pleasant令人愉快的。这次瀑布被困的经历对 Whitson 他们来说是不同寻常的。故选A。
15. A. success B. scare
C. hope D. misfortune
【解析】选C。考查名词词义辨析。句意: 这次不同寻常的漂流让Whitson和他的儿子意识到, 只要有坚定的信念, 我们就能从绝望之山中找到希望之石。success成功; scare恐惧; hope希望; misfortune不幸。结合 Whitson 他们的经历可知, 他们虽然被困, 但是没有放弃求生的希望, 才最终获救的。故此处指从绝望之山中找到希望之石。故选C。
【难句解读】
1. Telling from the increasing sound of water, Whitson knew there was no way to go down the rocks as planned.
分析: 本句是主从复合句。其中there was. . . as planned是省略引导词that的宾语从句; as planned是省略的方式状语从句; Telling from. . . water是现在分词作状语。
句意: 从越来越响的水声中, 惠特森知道没有办法按计划顺着岩石下去。
2. As the evening wore on, they placed a flashing headlamp aside so that it could be seen from overhead.
分析: 本句是主从复合句。其中As引导时间状语从句; so that引导目的状语从句。
句意: 随着夜幕降临, 他们把一盏闪光的头灯放在一边, 这样从头顶上就可以看到它。
Ⅲ. 读后续写
阅读下面材料, 根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段, 使之构成一篇完整的短文。
The big Town Hall clock was striking midnight when Frank began to cross the bridge. The dark night air was cold and a little wet, and the street lamp gave little light. Frank was anxious to get home and his footsteps rang loudly on the silent night.
When he reached the middle of the bridge, he thought he could hear someone coming near behind him. He looked back but could see no one. However, the sound continued and Frank began to walk more quickly. Then he slowed down again, thinking there was nothing to fear in a town as quiet as this.
Just then, he heard short, quick steps closely behind him. By the time he reached the other side of the bridge, he could almost feel someone at his heels. He turned round and there stood a man in a large coat. A hat was pulled down over his eyes and very little of his face could be seen.
Frank said something about the weather in an effort to be friendly. The man did not answer but asked roughly where Oakfield House was. Frank pointed to a big house in the distance and the stranger continued his way.
Then Frank wondered why the stranger had wanted to find Oakfield House at such an hour. He knew that the people who lived there were very rich. Almost without realizing what he was doing, he began following the stranger quickly.
The man was soon outside the house and Frank saw him look up at the windows. A light was still on and the man waited until it went out. When about half an hour had passed, Frank saw him climb noiselessly over the wall and heard him drop on the ground on the other side.
注意: 续写词数应为150左右。
Now Frank knew what the man wanted to do.
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Frank couldn’t just stand in the dark and wait.
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【参考范文】
Now Frank knew what the man wanted to do. Everyone knew that Oakfield House was filled with artworks worth millions of dollars. It was clear to Frank that the family inside was in danger. Would the man have a weapon Would he be strong enough to overpower him before he could harm the people inside Frank’s heart was racing with fear. He reached for his cellphone to call the police, but found it out of power. If only he had charged his phone before leaving the office, but it was too late.
Frank couldn’t just stand in the dark and wait. He had to do something, even if it meant risking his own life. At his feet he silently found several good-sized stones, and he threw them with all his strength right at the windows of the house. The clatter woke up the people inside the house and a light came on upstairs. The man froze, not quite knowing what had just happened. Lights came on everywhere in the house and within a minute the night was filled with sounds of police sirens screaming towards Oakfield House.
【详解】通过阅读所给文章可知, 午夜时分Frank走在路上, 总感觉有人跟着自己, 他放慢脚步, 发现一个身穿大衣, 帽檐遮脸的人, Frank与其交谈, 试图表现出镇定的样子, 而那人并不理睬, 只顾着问Oakfield House怎么走。Frank好奇陌生人为什么这么晚要去Oakfield House, 并且住在那里的人非常富有。想到这些, Frank决定悄悄跟随陌生人看他到底要做什么, 在Oakfield House外, Frank看到陌生人等灯全熄灭后翻墙进入了Oakfield House里面……
根据段落首句, 确定段落走向。
续写部分分为两段, 第一段开头是: 现在Frank知道这个男人要干什么了。可能Frank猜出这个男子是盗贼。接下来Frank会做什么呢 第二段开头是: Frank不能站在那里干等。他又在等什么呢 很有可能Frank报了案, 他认为不能干等着警察来。所以第一段续写Frank报案, 第二段续写Frank接下来采取了什么措施, 最后盗贼被擒住。
【加固训练】
语法填空
(2021·衡水模拟)
Since last September, the Australian bushfires 1. _______ (destroy) around
80, 000 square kilometers of forest.
Early on, most reports about the bushfires focused on the cost to humans. Recently, people have shown more concern about the effects of the fires 2. _______ animals than before. Chris Dickman, a scientist at the University of Sydney tried to figure out how many animals might have been killed by the fires. The number he came up with was 3. _______(surprising) large: over 1 billion animals.
The 4. _______(lose) of animals could be especially bad news in Australia, which 5. _______ (be) home to many special animals that can’t be found anywhere else. Scientists worry that the bushfires might put 6. _______ end to some kinds of animals that were already in danger of dying out.
Even when animals survive, it can be hard for them to stay alive in the world
7. _______(leave) behind by the fires. That’s 8. _______ many of the places they live in and their sources of food have been ruined. For that reason, workers for Australia’s National Park are using helicopters to drop sweet potatoes and carrots onto 12 9. _______ (difference) areas where rock-wallabies (岩袋鼠) live. Rock-wallabies often survive bushfires, but can have difficulty 10. _______ (find) enough to eat.
【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。自去年9月以来, 澳大利亚的森林大火已经摧毁了大约8万平方公里的森林。最近, 人们比以前更加关注火灾对动物的影响。科学家们担心森林大火可能会终结一些已经濒临灭绝的动物。即使动物幸存下来, 它们也很难在大火过后的世界上生存下去。
1. 【解析】have destroyed。考查动词时态。根据上文Since last September可知应用现在完成时, 主语为the Australian bushfires, 助动词应用have。故填have destroyed。
2. 【解析】on。考查介词。句意: 最近, 人们比以前更加关注火灾对动物的影响。结合句意表示“对……的影响”短语为the effects on。故填on。
3. 【解析】surprisingly。考查副词。修饰后文形容词large应用副词surprisingly, 表示“惊人地”。故填surprisingly。
4. 【解析】loss。考查名词。句意: 在澳大利亚, 动物的减少可能是一个特别坏的消息, 那里有许多在其他地方找不到的特殊动物。根据上文the可知应填名词loss作主语, 表示“减少”。故填loss。
5. 【解析】is。考查主谓一致。本句为非限制性定语从句修饰先行词Australia, 且从句陈述客观事实应用一般现在时, 从句中谓语动词与先行词保持一致, 故应用第三人称单数。故填is。
6. 【解析】an。考查冠词。句意: 科学家们担心森林大火可能会终结一些已经濒临灭绝的动物。结合句意表示“终结”短语为put an end to。故填an。
7. 【解析】left。考查非谓语动词。句意: 即使动物幸存下来, 它们也很难在大火过后的世界上生存下去。分析句子结构可知leave在句中应用非谓语动词形式, 与逻辑主语world构成被动关系, 故应用过去分词。故填left。
8. 【解析】because。考查连接词。句意: 这是因为他们生活的地方和食物来源都被破坏了。结合句意表示“这是因为……”句型为that is because. . . 。故填because。
9. 【解析】different。考查形容词。修饰后文名词areas应用形容词different, 表示“不同的”。故填different。
10. 【解析】finding。考查非谓语动词。句意: 岩袋鼠通常在丛林大火中幸存下来, 但是很难找到足够的食物。结合句意表示“做某事有困难”短语为have difficulty (in) doing sth. 。故填finding。(共135张PPT)
Unit 6 Survival
Step 1 诵读经典·渗透文化意识
Ⅰ. 细品味经典文章
(2019·江苏高考)
Wildlife has been greatly threatened in the modern age. There are species (物种) that are disappearing every day. The white-naped crane is a typical example. So scientists are trying their best to save the species from going out of existence.
Chris and Tim work at a zoo, helping endangered cranes with their reproduction. Emma, a female crane, has been in their care since she arrived in 2004.
Born at an international crane foundation, Emma was raised by human caretakers. This led to an unexpected consequence, though she had a wonderful time there. Emma had never taken herself as a crane and become deeply attached to humans. She refused to live with male cranes, and even had a reputation for killing some of them, which made it impossible for her to become a mother.
However, the two zookeepers didn’t want to see the extinction (灭绝) of this precious species. With their patience and efforts, they successfully developed a combination of artificial breeding (人工繁殖) and natural reproduction. This enabled Emma to give birth to five baby cranes.
The two keepers are proud of their productive work. But before they can be assured, more efforts must be made, because the population of the crane in the wild is on the decline, and many other species appear headed toward extinction. After all, not everyone has realized that wildlife has thoughts, feelings, and most importantly, equal rights to survive.
How can we bridge the ever-widening gap that separates us from other animals Chris and Tim offered us the reward: human beings took it for granted that their brains held all the solutions, but maybe their hearts can be a better guide.
Ⅱ. 按要求完成任务
1. 写出文章中关于生命与生存的单词和短语。
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wildlife, threaten, species, disappear, trying one’s best, existence,
endangered, reproduction, lead to, extinction, artificial breeding, natural
reproduction, productive, effort, population, in the wild, on the decline,
survive
2. 为什么举例说明一只名叫Emma的雌鹤繁殖了五只幼鹤
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In order to show that the profound effect that people have had on protecting
the animals.
Step 2 固本强基·锻造语言能力
Ⅰ. 重点词汇
1. appreciate v. 欣赏, 赏识, 鉴赏
【教材原句】
However they adapt to our ways of urban living, it’s important that we get a better understanding of and even learn to appreciate our wild neighbours. (P63)
不管它们如何适应我们的城市生活方式, 重要的是我们要更好地理解, 甚至学会欣赏我们的野生邻居。
【词块必记】
【语境速测】 单句语法填空
①I would greatly appreciate __if you could send me the
application forms as soon as possible.
②We shall appreciate _______(hear) from you again.
③An ___________(appreciate) of art will enrich your life.
④I am ___________(appreciate) of her kindness.
it
hearing
appreciation
appreciative
完成句子
⑤I’ve decided to learn photography in order that I may better _____________
_______________.
我决定学摄影以便能更好地欣赏自然的美。
⑥They encourage others by _____________________.
他们用欣赏和称赞鼓励他人。
appreciate the
beauty of nature
appreciation and praise
【文化金句】
You can’t appreciate English poetry unless you understand its rhythm.
你若不懂英文诗的韵律, 就无法欣赏英文诗。
【熟词生义】
I deeply appreciate your concern. ( )
我非常感激你的关心。
v. 感激
2. react v. 反应
【教材原句】
How do people and organisations react to these crises (P67)个人和组织如何应对这些危机
【词块必记】
【语境速测】 单句语法填空
①Iron reacts ____water and air to produce rust.
②The rise in oil costs reacted ________the price of food.
③This chemical _______(react) generates a lot of heat.
with
on/ upon
reaction
完成句子
④A dog ________kindness by wagging its tail.
狗摇尾巴以报答人们的爱护。
⑤He _____________my suggestion.
他反对我的建议。
reacts to
reacted against
【写作金句】
How did they react to your suggestion
他们对你的建议有什么反应
3. terrifying adj. 极其可怕的, 骇人听闻的
【教材原句】
But they are also preparing for the worst: what can we do if the terrifying scenes in films such as The Day After Tomorrow happen in real life (P68)
但他们也在为最坏的情况做准备: 如果《后天》这样的电影中的可怕场景发生在现实生活中, 我们能做什么呢
【词块必记】
(1)派生词: terrifyingly adv. 恐怖地
(2)同义词: frightening adj. 令人恐惧的
scary/ terrible/ terrific adj. 可怕的
【知识拓展】
(1)terrify v. 使害怕, 使恐怖
terrify sb. into doing sth. 恐吓某人做某事
terrify sb. out of doing sth. 恐吓某人不做某事
(2)terrified adj. 恐惧的; 受惊吓的
be terrified of 害怕……
【语境速测】 单句语法填空
①The most _________(terrify) aspect of nuclear bombing is radiation.
②They terrified the boy ____telling what he had seen.
③The ________(terrify) children ran home.
④The old lady was terrified __crossing the busy road.
⑤Before long they discover that the seemingly peaceful town they’ve moved into is
hiding a __________(terrify) dark secret.
terrifying
into
terrified
of
terrifyingly
完成句子
⑥The little girl _____________lightning.
那小女孩害怕闪电。
was terrified of
【写作金句】
That must have been a terrifying experience for you.
对你来说那一定是一次非常可怕的经历。
Ⅱ. 核心短语
4. get rid of 摆脱, 除去
【教材原句】
Plus, it also includes a free poster illustrating new plans to get rid of the Ebola virus once and for all. (P67)
此外, 还有一张免费海报, 说明一次性消灭埃博拉病毒的新计划。
【词块必记】get短语
get across (使)被理解; (使)被接受
get along (with) (与……)和睦相处
get around/ round 随意走走; 旅行
get away (from) (从……)离开/逃跑
get away with 干了(坏事)而不受处分
get down to 开始认真处理/对待
get off 下(车、马)
get on 上(车、马)
get to 到达
get over 克服
get through (用电话)接通某人; 用完, 花光
【语境速测】 单句语法填空
①We have a fan in the kitchen to get rid __the smell of cooking.
②The meaning of the play certainly gets ______.
③In this country ruled by law, few criminals can get away ____their crimes.
④She decided to get down __her French.
⑤The bus broke down and all the passengers had to get ___it.
⑥We will find ways to get ____the difficulties.
of
across
with
to
off
over
完成句子
⑦Don’t think you can ____________telling lies.
不要以为你撒了谎就可以这样算了。
⑧When you __________it, it isn’t so difficult.
当你开始认真对待事情时, 事情就不难。
get away with
get down to
【写作金句】
The fat boy went on a diet to get rid of his excess weight.
这个胖男孩节制饮食以减轻过量的体重。
Ⅲ. 经典句式
5. No matter how many crimes he committed, the police were powerless to arrest him.
不管他犯了多少罪, 警察都无力逮捕他。
【典型例句】
No matter how small a drop of water we might study under the microscope, we could not see the hydrogen and oxygen in it.
可以放在显微镜下进行研究的水滴无论怎么微小, 我们都不能看到其中的氢和氧。
【句型公式】 “no matter + wh-”引导让步状语从句
no matter作“无论, 不管”解, 后面接关系代词或关系副词who, what, where, when, how, whether等, 引导状语从句在句中作让步状语。
【知识拓展】“wh- + ever”引导让步状语从句和名词性从句
no matter wh-只能引导让步状语从句, 而wh-ever 既可以引导名词性从句, 也可以引导让步状语从句; 换句话说, wh-ever 包含了no matter wh- 的用法。
【语境速测】 单句语法填空
①No matter ____hard it was snowing, the little sisters managed to round the sheep
up and drive them back home safely.
②No matter _____happens, don’t be discouraged.
③________does best will get the prize.
how
what
Whoever
完成句子
④_________________________________, you can always find time to study.
无论你在哪里工作, 你都能找到时间学习。
⑤Don’t trust him, _____________________________.
无论他说什么, 都别相信他。
No matter where/ Wherever you work
no matter what/ whatever he says
【写作金句】
No matter how hard I work, there is always more to do.
不管我干得多么卖力, 总是有做不完的工作。
6. It’s been a week since the other astronauts left Mars and went back to Earth, accidentally leaving me here alone. 自从其他宇航员离开火星回到地球已经一个星期了, 不小心把我一个人留在了这里。
【典型例句】
It is/ has been ten years since he left Beijing.
自从他离开北京已经十年了。
【句型公式】 “It’s been + 时间段 + since + did. . . ”句型
在“It is/ has been + 时间段 + since从句(从句用一般过去时)”句型中, 表示“从……起已有多长时间了”。如果since从句的谓语动词是瞬间性动词, 表示肯定意义; 如果since从句的谓语动词是延续性动词, 则表示否定意义。
【知识拓展】
(1)“It was + 一段时间 + since从句(从句用过去完成时had done)”, 即主句用一般过去时, 从句用过去完成时;
(2)“It had been + 一段时间 + since从句(从句用一般过去时)”即主句用过去完成时, 从句用一般过去时。
【语境速测】 单句语法填空
①It is/ has been ten years _____he was a doctor.
②__was three years since Jack had been a teacher.
③It’s been years since I _______(enjoy) myself so much.
④It __________(be) decades since I read it.
since
It
enjoyed
is/ has been
完成句子
⑤____________since we last met.
自从我们上次见面已经过去许多年了。
⑥It is three years ______________.
他不吸烟已有3年了。
⑦_____________________since I began learning English.
我学英语已经四年了。
It’s been ages
since he smoked
It is/ has been four years
【备选要点】
1. estimate v. 估计, 估算
【教材原句】
Recent studies estimate that between 400 million and 1 billion birds die from window impacts each year in the US alone. (P63)最近的研究估计, 仅在美国, 每年就有4亿到10亿只鸟死于窗户撞击。
【词块必记】
【语境速测】 单句语法填空
①The medicare cost ____________(estimate) to be one billion dollars.
②The police estimated the number of tourists __about 20, 000.
③The man estimated ___the repair of the car.
④It is estimated ____total investment in the country will continue to increase this
year.
⑤We need to make accurate _________(estimate) beforehand.
was estimated
at
for
that
estimation
完成句子
⑥We _______________to be five thousand dollars.
我们估计费用为5000美元。
⑦I _________________thirty-five.
我估计他年龄在35岁。
estimate the cost
estimated his age at
【写作金句】
I estimate that it will take three months to build the bridge.
我估计建造这座桥得用3个月的时间。
2. optimistic adj. 乐观的; 乐观主义的
【教材原句】
Robinson Crusoe is a clever and optimistic man. (P66)
鲁滨逊·克鲁索是个聪明又乐观的人。
【词块必记】
【知识拓展】
(1)optimism n. 乐观; 乐观主义
(2)optimist n. 乐观主义者
(3)pessimism n. 悲观主义
(4)pessimist n. 悲观主义者
【语境速测】 单句语法填空
①The experts are _________(optimism) that we will succeed.
②She is optimistic _____the future.
③_________(optimist) would announce that peace was at hand.
optimistic
about
Optimists
完成句子
④They __________________the company’s future.
他们对公司的前景很乐观。
⑤We are influenced by ___________.
他的乐观影响了我们。
⑥It’s safe to say ______________.
可以说我是个乐观主义者。
are optimistic about
his optimism
I’m an optimist
【写作金句】
We are still optimistic, whatever the result may be.
我们仍然乐观, 不论结果如何。
3. bring. . . under control 使……处于控制之下
【教材原句】
Firefighters bring blaze under control. (P67)
消防员控制住了火势。
【词块必记】“control”短语
(1)beyond control 无法控制
(2)in control of 掌握着; 控制着
in the control of 受着……的控制
(3)take control of 对……控制
lose control of 失去对……的控制
(4)out of control 失去控制
(5)under control 情况正常的; 处于控制之下的
under the control of . . . 在……的控制下
【语境速测】 单句语法填空
①I shall put an experienced teacher in charge of that class to bring the children
______control.
②The plane got out __control and crashed.
完成句子
③The event is not ______________human power.
这件事是人力无法控制的。
under
of
in the control of
④The fire was soon ____________.
火很快控制住了。
under control
【写作金句】
We brought everything under control.
一切都在我们掌控之中。
4. consist of 由……组成, 由……构成
【教材原句】
It consisted of a closed space in which people, animals and plants could live together. (P69)它包括一个封闭的空间, 在这里人、动物和植物可以生活在一起。
【词块必记】“由……组成”短语
be made up of
be composed of
【知识拓展】
consist v. 由……组成
(1)consist of 由……组成/构成
(2)consist in 在于; 存在于
(3)consist with 与……并存/一致
【语境速测】 单句语法填空
①The United Kingdom consists __Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
②Our class is made ___of 56 students.
③The committee is composed mainly __layers.
④The beauty of Venice consists largely __the style of its ancient buildings.
⑤The report does not consist ____the fact.
of
up
of
in
with
【写作金句】
How many players does a baseball team consist of
棒球队由几名队员组成
5. There is evidence that urban racoons are more intelligent than their wild cousins, as they frequently have to figure out difficult problems such as how to open rubbish bins and other containers which they would not find in the wild.
有证据表明, 城市浣熊比它们的野生近亲更聪明, 因为它们经常要解决一些难题, 比如如何打开它们在野外找不到的垃圾箱和其他容器。
【句型公式】 同位语从句
同位语从句, 指的是在复合句中充当同位语的从句, 属于名词性从句的范畴, 同位语从句用来对其前面的抽象名词进行解释说明, 被解释说明的词和同位语在逻辑上是主表关系。同位语从句即重复说明同一个称谓或事件的从句。
(1)可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有news, idea, fact, promise, question, doubt, thought, hope, message, suggestion, word(消息), evidence, proof, possibility, decision等(一般的“抽象”名词都可用)。
(2)英语中引导同位语从句的词通常有连词that, whether, 连接代词what, who。连接副词how, when, where等。(注: if不能引导同位语从句。)
(3)that连接从句时从句为一个句意完整的陈述句。that不能省略, 没有具体的意思, 不充当句子成分, 只起连接作用。
(4)suggestion/request/order等名词后的同位语从句用虚拟语气, 从句中的谓语动词要用“(should+)动词原形”的形式, 其中should一词可省略。
【知识拓展】同位语从句与定语从句的区别
同位语从句是用于说明所修饰名词的具体内容的, 它与被修饰词语通常可以划等号; 而定语从句是限制所修饰名词的, 它的作用是将所修饰的名词与其他类似的东西区别开来。
(1)that既可引导同位语从句又可引导定语从句, 其区别在于:
①同位语从句由连接词that引导, 连接词that本身无意义, 在同位语从句中不充当任何成分, 不可省略, 不可以用其他词替代;
②定语从句由关系代词that引导, 关系代词that在从句中充当一定的成分, 作宾语时可省略。
(2)由when, where, why引导的同位语从句和定语从句的区别在于:
①同位语从句由连接副词引导只起连接作用, 没有指代作用;
②定语从句由关系副词引导, 关系副词具有指代先行词的作用, 常用一个介词加关系代词替换。
【语境速测】 单句语法填空
①There was evidence ____thirteen people in all had taken part in planning the
murder.
②I heard the news ____our team had won.
③The girls were surprised at the fact ____ocean ships can sail up the Great Lakes.
④He must answer the question _______he agrees with it or not.
⑤We are glad at the news __________he told us.
⑥The idea __________you put forward at the meeting is wrong.
⑦They are familiar with the opinion ____all matter consists of atoms.
that
that
that
whether
that/ which
that/ which
that
句型转换
⑧The idea is quite wrong. You can do this work well without thinking.
→The idea _________________________________________is quite wrong.
⑨There was a suggestion. Brown should be dropped from the team.
→There was a suggestion _______________________________________.
⑩We are glad at the news. He will come.
→We are glad at the news _______________.
that you can do this work well without thinking
that Brown should be dropped from the team
that he will come
I have no idea. When will they come
→I have no idea __________________.
She made a request. The doctor (should) be sent for at once.
→She made a request _____________________________________.
I’ve come to the conclusion. It was unwise to do that.
→I’ve come to the conclusion _________________________.
when they will come
that the doctor (should) be sent for at once
that it was unwise to do that
【写作金句】
Physical activity does the body good, and there’s growing evidence that it helps the brain too.
体力活动对身体有好处, 越来越多的证据表明, 体力活动对大脑也有好处。
Step 3 强化检测·提升学习能力
Ⅰ. 单句语法填空
1. (2020·全国Ⅱ卷)His son, age 15, who had taken an art ___________(appreciate)
class, thought that there was something unusual about the one with a young girl
sitting on a garden chair.
2. (2019·浙江高考)They were not sure how the Americans would react __the new
type of music.
appreciation
to
3. (2020·天津高考)Thanks to the Silence Machine, a British invention, you can get
rid __the sound without upsetting the boy or his parents.
4. (2020·天津高考)Next time you visit Bob, remember to give him a call __advance.
5. (2020·浙江高考)________(terrify), Elli and I tried all the bear defense actions
we knew.
of
Terrified
in
Ⅱ. 完成句子
1. He was angry; but with everybody present, he _____________________________.
他有些生气, 但当着大家的面不好发作。
2. A football team _________11 players.
一支足球队由11名队员组成。
brought his temper under control
consists of
3. I’ll wait for you _________________________it is.
不管有多晚我都会等着你。
4. The evidence ____________________________is very compelling.
吸烟导致肺癌的证据非常有说服力。
5. ____________________since we last saw each other.
自从我们上次见面到现在已经六年了。
no matter how/ however late
that smoking causes lung cancer
It is/has been six years
Ⅲ. 语法填空
My brother, sister and I love 1. ________(rain) days. We enjoy 2. _______
(play) in the rain very much. There is a very shallow stream near our house. Each
time 3. ________rains, we go there to sail our paper boats. The rain 4. _______
(make) the water in the stream 5. _______(deep) and it is 6. ______(excite) to watch
the swift currents flow over the stones, carrying away leaves and grass. We watch
7. ______(careful) as our paper boats are sailing in the water. They then sail swiftly
down the stream and we often wonder 8. ______they finally end up.
Sometimes, we run 9. ______the rain, throw stones into the puddles
of water and watch the ripples of water growing bigger and bigger. The water
looks 10. _____rings of silver as the shining raindrops fall onto the surface.
【文章大意】本文主要讲述了作者喜欢下雨天, 以及下雨时在小溪边玩耍的故事。
1. 【解析】rainy。考查形容词。形容词修饰名词days, 故填rainy。
2. 【解析】playing。考查非谓语动词。enjoy后接动词的ing形式, 故填playing。
3. 【解析】it。考查代词。当表示无生命的金钱、时间、距离、天气的时候, 常用代词it作主语, 故填it。
4. 【解析】makes。考查动词时态。该句讲述的是客观事实, 应使用一般现在时态, 故填makes。
5. 【解析】deeper。考查形容词比较级。下雨的时候, 小溪的水量会增加, 故小溪的水应该是更深了, 故填deeper。
6. 【解析】exciting。考查形容词。该句的真正主语是to watch the swift currents flow over the stones, 这里是物作主语, 故应该用excite的-ing形式。
7. 【解析】carefully。考查副词。副词修饰动词watch, 故填carefully。
8. 【解析】where。考查宾语从句。我们对纸船漂向何处感到好奇, 指地点, 应该用引导词where。
9. 【解析】in。考查介词。我们喜欢下雨天, 所以此处应该是在雨中奔跑, 故填in。
10. 【解析】like。考查固定搭配。该句为比喻句, look like看起来像, 那些涟漪看起来就像是银环, 故填like。
直击高考·培养思维品质
Ⅰ. 话题与阅读理解
(2021·钦州模拟)
Seni Felic has already lived through a crisis. He came to America in 1994 as a refugee (难民) from the war in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. He was 29 years old at the time and alone.
These days, he owns a restaurant in San Francisco called Bistro SF Grill, and he is feeling optimistic despite the crisis. “We’re going to pool our resources and people will pull together, and it will have a strong effect on solving any problem, ” he told Reader’s Digest.
With that attitude in mind, he posted this on Nextdoor: “We are inviting all to stop by Bistro SF Grill at 1305 Castro St. to grab a lunch or dinner prepackaged box beginning Tuesday, March 17, beginning at noon and every day after. Price is only $5. 50 and it covers our expenses, ” he wrote.
Bistro SF Grill will be offering three different meals: chicken, rice, and vegetables; fish, rice, and vegetables; and vegan mushroom paella. All are gluten-free (无谷蛋白). The menu will change weekly.
“A lot of seniors, families, and people who don’t know how to cook are in need of fresh, high-quality food daily, ” Felic said. “I’ve seen much worse than this—groups of people with guns, and people killed. I was hungry for three years. Under these conditions, food is necessary. Our idea was: Let’s try to help. We’d like to give for free but we can’t afford it. ”
The restaurant started GoFundMe (请资助我) page to further lower the cost of the meals. So far, neighbors have pitched in almost $2, 000.
He believes that working together and helping others will be the key to helping us—all of us—get through this. “This problem will be contained, and I just feel optimistic, ” he added. “When people come together, I think we can overcome almost anything. ”
【文章大意】本文是一篇记叙文。Seni Felic作为南斯拉夫战争的难民来到美国。当时他29岁, 孤身一人。这些天来, 他在旧金山开了一家名叫Bistro SF Grill的餐厅, 在疫情期间为公众提供便宜的午餐。
1. Why did Seni Felic post a message on Nextdoor
A. To provide free food.
B. To sell a cheap lunch.
C. To make more money.
D. To earn a good name.
【解析】选B。推理判断题。根据第三段的最后一句Price is only $5. 50 and it covers our expenses. 可知, 价格只要5. 50美元, 就够我们的开销了。此人在网上发帖是为了宣布为他人提供便宜午餐。故选B。
2. One of Seni Felic’s experiences in the past was he _______.
A. used to suffer from hunger
B. didn’t know how to cook
C. was offered food for free
D. faced the threat of death
【解析】选A。细节理解题。根据第五段I was hungry for three years. 可知, 我曾经有三年经常挨饿, 可以判断出此人过去曾经挨饿。故选A。
3. What does the underlined phrase “pitched in” in Paragraph 6 mean
A. Dealt with.
B. Focused on.
C. Accounted for.
D. Contributed to.
【解析】选D。短语猜测题。根据上文的The restaurant started GoFundMe page to further lower the cost of the meals. 可知, 为了进一步降低餐费, 这家餐厅还开设了GoFundMe (请资助我)网页。此处pitch in的意思是“资助”, 与contribute to同义。句意: 到目前为止, 邻居们已经资助了近2 000美元。故选D。
4. Which of the following is Seni Felic’s belief
A. Equality for all.
B. Greeting with each other.
C. Spirit of cooperation.
D. Being confident.
【解析】选C。细节理解题。根据最后一段的最后一句When people come together, I think we can overcome almost anything. 可知, 当人们同心的时候, 我认为我们可以克服几乎任何事情。因此, Seni Felic的人生信念是合作精神。故选C。
【语用提能】
话题词汇 crisis, refugee, optimistic, hungry, afford, overcome
短语 live through, despite. . . , pull together, have a strong effect on, solve any problem, in need of, work together, get through, come together
熟词新义 own v. 拥有
pool v. 集中资源(或材料等)
cover v. 支付……的费用
【长难句剖析】
He believes that working together and helping others will be the key to helping us—all of us—get through this.
分析: 该句是主从复合句。that引导宾语从句。从句的主语working together and helping others是动名词短语形式。
翻译: 他认为, 共同努力, 帮助他人, 将是帮助我们所有人渡过难关的关键。
【微技能点拨】 推理判断题
推理判断题属于高层次阅读理解题。这种题型包括判断题和推理题。这两类题常常相互依存, 推理是为了得出正确的判断, 正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。
根据事实细节, 推断合理信息。推理题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上, 作出一定推论和判断, 从而得到文章的深层意义。推理题做题的指导思想都是以文字信息为依据, 既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根据的推理, 也不能根据表面文字信息做多步推理。也就是说, 要做到判断有据, 推论有理, 忠实原文。切忌用自己的观点代替作者的本意, 切忌片面思考, 得出片面结论。
例如, 本文中第1题, 根据策略解题如下:
Step 1 准确定位: 第三段的最后一句“Price is only $5. 50 and it covers our
expenses, ”he wrote.
Step 2 寻找关键信息: 价格只要5. 50美元, 就够我们的开销了。此人在网上发
帖是为了宣布为他人提供便宜午餐。
Step 3 比较选项找最佳: A. To provide free food. 提供免费的食物。B. To sell a
cheap lunch. 提供便宜的午餐。C. To make more money. 挣到更多的钱D. To earn
a good name. 挣一个好名声。故答案为__。
B
【微完形填空】
(2019·浙江高考阅读理解C改编)
California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s, according to a study to be published Tuesday and climate change seems to be a major factor (因素).
The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46, 000 square miles of California forests, the new study finds. No area was spared or unaffected, from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels above Los Angeles. In the Sierra high country, the number of big trees has 1 by more than 55 percent; in parts of southern California the decline was nearly 75 percent.
Many factors contributed to the decline, said Patrick Mclntyre, an ecologist
2 was the lead author of the study. Woodcutters targeted big trees. Housing
development pushed into the woods. Aggressive wildfire control has left California
forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources (资源).
But in comparing a study of California 3 done in the 1920s and 1930s with another one between 2001 and 2010, Mclntyre and his colleagues documented a widespread death of big trees that was evident even in wildlands protected from woodcutting or development.
The loss of big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water shortage. The researchers figured out 4 stress with a computer model that calculated how much water trees were getting in comparison with how much they needed, taking into account such things as rainfall, air temperature, dampness of soil, and the timing of snowmelt (融雪).
Since the 1930s, Mclntyre said, the biggest 5 driving up water stress in the state have been rising temperatures, which cause trees to lose more water to the air, and earlier snowmelt, which reduces the water supply available to trees during the dry season.
1. A. risen B. fallen C. spared D. affected
2. A. who B. whom C. whose D. which
3. A. trees B. forests
C. colleagues D. documents
4. A. air B. land C. tree D. water
5. A. states B. areas C. factors D. supplies
答案: 1～5. BABDC
Ⅱ. 话题与写作
阅读下面材料, 根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段, 使之构成一篇完整的短文。
The Mesmerizing Canyon(峡谷)
I woke up in the harsh, damp weather of the shining Grand Canyon. My ears rang from the screeching of the group leader yelling to get up. I got up as fast as I could, hoping I was going to do something fun today. I heard the apprentice yelling for people to get on the boat. As I was still trying to wake up, I smelled the fresh air just like the roses in my aunt’s garden. The group leader made us all get on the raft and then we immediately left.
When we arrived at our destination, it turned out that they both were just playing a trick on us and wanted to surprise us with a beautiful glistening waterfall. We were all very glad as we saw the waterfall. We all wanted to go up to it and walk in it. We were required to climb up big rocks and hike little distances in order to get to the waterfall, but it was really worth it.
We left the waterfall and set up a camp near it. My grandma handed me a tent and said, “You do it yourself, and I want you to learn some things. ”
I took 30 minutes to set up the tent and tried to make it perfectly symmetrical
(对称的). However, when my grandma and I were about to get in it, it fell over. We
sighed and my grandma walked over to the other family’s tent and sat down
perfectly stationary. So I knew I had to do it over again, and I took about 5 minutes
to set up the tent with my previous knowledge. I also added some sticks to the top of
the tent for some decoration. As the tent swayed, I was required to put some weight
on the edges of the tent. So I put two rocks on each side of the tent. My grandma
walked over and was very impressed. That really inspired me to keep learning new
things.
When my grandma and I woke up, there was already breakfast waiting for us. There was a mixed variety of different foods on the table, such as bacon, beef jerky, eggs and sausages.
注意: 续写词数应为150左右。
After we ate breakfast, we got on the boat where we floated down the river.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
The night fell on us.___________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Step 1 写作技巧
1. 通读全文, 知悉前文要领
(1)体裁: 记叙文
(2)前文线索: 我们去大峡谷游玩。第二天一早, 领队带着我们去看大瀑布。离开瀑布后, 我们在附近搭起了帐篷, 但第一次搭的帐篷倒了, 第二次才成功, 此次经历激励着我去学习新的东西。又一次我们醒来, 吃一顿丰盛的早餐。……
2. 研段首句, 合理设计情节
Paragraph 1: 根据段首句After we ate breakfast, we got on the boat where we floated down the river. (早饭后, 我们登上了顺流而下的船。)可知, 此时, 我们要在峡谷内顺流而下, 再结合上文信息及划线词waterfall和leader可联想当时的情景是: 我们要在领队的带领下, 在激流中观看壮观的瀑布及乘船顺流而下人们的表现, 例如: 激动兴奋等。
Paragraph 2: 根据段首句The night fell on us. (夜幕降临了。)可知, 此时天色已黑, 再结合set up和上文搭建帐篷的情节可联想, 此时天色已晚, 我们需要露营过夜。此段可重点写此次搭建帐篷, 我已轻车熟路, 很快搭好了帐篷。
3. 斟词酌句——细节描写
①所有的人都很兴奋, 并为在峡谷中的旅行做好了准备。
All people ___________and prepared for the journey in the canyon.
②它们是所有人见过的最大的海浪。
They were _______________everybody had ever seen.
were excited
the biggest waves
Step 2 妙笔成篇
After we ate breakfast, we got on the boat where we floated down the river. “Today we are going to hit the biggest rapids and see the incredible waterfalls, ” called out the group leader. It was up to him to lead us there. All people were excited and prepared for the journey in the canyon. Five minutes later, huge crashing waves appealed to us all. They were the biggest waves everybody had ever seen. As we entered the rapids, everybody was thrown around but luckily our boat was not upside down and nobody was thrown off the boat. After the rapids were over, everybody was wet and excited widely.
The night fell on us. We set up a camp near the exit of the canyon. This time it took only five minutes for me to put up the steady camp, after I put two rocks on each side of the tent. What I did caught my grandma’s eye. Putting up the tent by myself in such a short time impressed her very much. She was glad that I learned new things in the camping at last. From this experience I understood, just as the saying goes, “Nothing is difficult in the world if you put your heart into it”.
阅读理解
(2021·银川模拟)
If humans ever settle on Mars, they will need water. There is just one problem—there seems to be only huge sheets of ice. Luckily, we know how to drill (钻孔) ice for water. Such methods are already used in Antarctica, and researchers now think they could get them to work on the Red Planet, too. The atmosphere of Mars is too dry to make extracting water vapour from it possible. So ice seems the best bet. But the obvious ice sheets are in the unlivable polar ice caps and would be difficult to reach for drilling.
However, in 2018, at the edge of the cliffs, NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter spotted relatively accessible water ice that is probably at least 130 metres thick and covered in just a few metres of rock and dust. These may be the best place to get the water needed for future exploration of the planet.
The drilling techniques needed have already been developed for cold areas on
Earth where we need to melt buried ice for water. In the early 1960s the US Army
used a type of subsurface reservoir (水库) called Rod Well, in army camps in
Greenland. The method works by drilling through the ground into the ice, melting
the ice to create a pool, and then pumping water up. By supplying heat continuously,
they create a reservoir and a steady water supply. It has been used in remote areas
such as the Amundsen Scott South Pole Station Stephen Hoffman at the Aerospace
Corporation in Texas and his colleagues simulated (模拟) how a Rod Well would do
on Mars. They found that with the power of 9 kilowatts (千瓦) to melt ice, it could
in theory produce about 380 litres of water each day and maintain a reservoir of constant size at the bottom of a borehole (钻孔). That is close to the average daily water use each person in the US, but about 10 times what each astronaut on the International Space Station uses daily.
【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。文章告诉我们如果人类要在火星上生存可以通过人类现有的技术在火星巨大的冰层上钻冰取水。
1. Which of the following can replace the underlined word “extracting” in the first paragraph
A. obtaining B. protecting
C. Preventing D. choosing
【解析】选A。词义猜测题。根据第一段The atmosphere of Mars is too dry to make extracting water vapour from it possible(火星的大气层太干燥, 无法从其中_______水蒸气)可知, 依据画线单词前提到了火星的大气层太干燥可推出从大气层“获取”水蒸气是不可能的。 obtaining 获取; protecting 保护; preventing 阻止; choosing 选择。故选A。
2. Why does the author mention the Rod Well in Paragraph 3
A. To explain how water ice is drilled on Mars.
B. To tell about the history of water ice drilling techniques.
C. To prove the importance of water ice drilling techniques.
D. To show techniques for drilling water wells in Martian ice exist.
【解析】选D。推理判断题。根据第三段The drilling techniques needed have already been developed for cold areas on Earth where we need to melt buried ice for water. In the early 1960s the US Army used a type of subsurface reservoir called Rod Well, in army camps in Greenland(在地球上寒冷的地区, 我们需要融化地下的冰以获得水, 而所需的钻探技术已经开发出来。在20世纪60年代早期, 美国军队在格陵兰的军营中使用了一种叫做Rod Well的地下水库)可知融化地下冰来获得水的技术已经开发出来了。文章第一段中提及人类是无法从火星的大气层中获得水的, 只能从巨大的冰层中钻冰取水。第三段告知我们钻冰取水的技术已经有了, 将来可用于火星开发中。故选D。
3. On average, how much water does an astronaut on the International Space Station use daily
A. 10 litres. B. 38 litres.
C. 160 litres. D. 380 litres.
【解析】选B。细节理解题。根据文章最后一段They found that with the power of 9 kilowatts to melt ice, it could in theory produce about 380 litres of water each day and maintain a reservoir of constant size at the bottom of a borehole. That is close to the average daily water use each person in the US, but about 10 times what each astronaut on the International Space Station uses daily. (他们发现, 用9千瓦的能量融化冰, 理论上每天可以产生380升的水, 并在一个钻孔底部维持一个恒定大小的蓄水池。这接近于美国人均日用水量, 但大约是国际空间站每位宇航员日用水量的10倍)可知, 美国人均日用水量是380升的水, 这个用水量是每位宇航员日用水量的10倍。因此可以算出宇航员日用水量38升左右。故选B。
4. What would be the best title for the text
A. Preparing to settle on the Red Planet one day.
B. Finding water on the Red Planet for survival.
C. Using some ways to create a livable environment on Mars.
D. Drilling water wells in Martian ice to survive on Mars.
【解析】选D。标题归纳题。根据文章第一段If humans ever settle on Mars, they will need water. There is just one problem—there seems to be only huge sheets of ice. Luckily, we know how to drill ice for water. Such methods are already used in Antarctica, and researchers now think they could get them to work on the Red Planet, too. (如果人类在火星定居, 他们将需要水。只有一个问题——这里似乎只有巨大的冰层。幸运的是, 我们知道如何钻冰取水。这种方法已经在南极洲使用, 研究人员现在认为他们也可以在这颗红色星球上使用)可知, 如果人类要在火星上生存可以通过人类现有的技术在火星巨大的冰层上钻冰取水。在文章第二段提到, 在火星上找到了可被人类利用的冰。文章第三段提到了现有的“钻冰取水”的技术。综合分析, 故选D。
