(共48张PPT)
人教版
九年级
九年级中考英语总复习
动词的语态
Language
points
一、被动语态概述
语态是动词的一种形式,用来说明句中主语和谓语动词的关系。如果主语是动作的执行者,则使用主动语态;如果主语是动作的承受者,则使用被动语态。被动语态是由“be动词+过去分词”的形式来表达,这里的be有时态的变化,各种不同时态的被动语态变化是通过be来实现的。时态是指谓语动词发生的时间和状态。各种时态都有主动语态和被动语态两种形式,主动语态和被动语态可以互相转换,但主语不同。主动语态变为被动语态时,将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语,将主动谓语变为被动谓语,将主动语态的主语变为by短语。
Language
points
eg:My
mother
made
a
cake
last
night.(主动语态)
A
cake
was
made
by
my
mother
last
night.(被动语态)
我妈妈昨天晚上做了一个蛋糕。
Language
points
二、被动语态的构成
被动语态由“be动词+过去分词”构成,如果要特别强调动作或行为的执行者时,句子后面需接“by短语”,译为“被/由……”。其中be动词要根据人称、数和时态发生变化,be动词后的过去分词不变。
Language
points
名称
构成
以动词write举例
一般现在时被动语态
is/am/are+过去分词
is/am/are+written
一般过去时被动语态
was/were+过去分词
was/were+written
一般将来时被动语态
will/shall
be+过去分词
is/am/are
going
to
be+过去分词
will/shall
be+written
is/am/are
going
to
be+written
过去将来时被动语态
would/should+be+过去分词
would/should+be+written
现在进行时被动语态
is/am/are+being+过去分词
is/am/are+being+written
过去进行时被动语态
was/were+being+过去分词
was/were+being+written
现在完成时被动语态
have/has
been+过去分词
have/has
been+written
过去完成时被动语态
had
been+过去分词
had
been+written
含情态动词的被动语态
情态动词+be+过去分词
情态动词+be+written
Language
points
1、一般现在时的被动语态
肯定句:主语+be(is/am/are)+过去分词+(by……).
否定句:主语+be(is/am/are)+not+过去分词+(by……).
一般疑问句:Be(is/am/are)+主语+过去分词+(by……)?
特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句?
eg:The
car
is
made
in
China.
这辆汽车是中国制造的。
The
car
isn't
made
in
China.
这辆车不是中国制造的。
Is
the
car
made
in
China?
这辆车是中国制造的吗?
When
is
the
car
made
in
China?
这辆车什么时候在中国被制造的?
Language
points
2、—般过去时的被动语态
肯定句:主语+be(was/were)+过去分词+(by……).
否定句:主语+be(was/were)+not+过去分词+(by……).
一般疑问句:Be(was/were)+主语+过去分词+(by……)?
特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句?
eg:The
house
was
built
in
1967.
这房子是1967年建的。
The
house
wasn't
built
in
1967.
这房子不是1967年建的。
Was
the
house
built
in
1967?
房子是1967年建的吗?
When
was
the
house
built?这房子是什么时候建的?
Language
points
3、一般将来时的被动语态
肯定句:主语+will/shall
be+过去分词+(by……).
主语+be(is/am/are)
going
to
be+过去分词+(by……).
否定句:主语+will/shall
be+not+过去分词+(by……).
主语+be(is/am/are)+not+going
to
be+过去分词+(by……).
一般疑问句:Will/Shall+主语+be+过去分词+(by……)?
Be(is/am/are)+主语+going
to
be+过去分词+(by……)?
特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句?
Language
points
eg:The
work
will
be
finished
tomorrow.
这项工作将于明天完成。
The
work
won't
be
finished
tomorrow.
这项工作明天不会完成。
Will
the
work
be
finished
tomorrow?
这项工作明天能完成吗?
When
will
the
work
be
finished?
这项工作什么时候完成
A
new
school
library
is
going
to
be
built
next
year.
明年将建一个新的学校图书馆。
A
new
school
library
isn’t
going
to
be
built
next
year.
明年不打算建一个新的学校图书馆。
Is
a
new
school
library
going
to
be
built
next
year?
明年要建一个新的学校图书馆吗?
When
is
a
new
school
library
going
to
be
built?
新的学校图书馆什么时候被建?
Language
points
4、过去将来时的被动语态
肯定句:主语+would/should
be+过去分词+(by……).
主语+be(was/were)
going
to
be+过去分词+(by……).
否定句:主语+would/should
be+not+过去分词+(by……).
主语+be(was/were)+not+going
to
be+过去分词+(by……).
一般疑问句:Would/Should+主语+be+过去分词+(by……)?
Be(was/were)+主语+going
to
be+过去分词+(by……)?
特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句?
Language
points
eg:I
knew
the
work
would
be
finished
by
5:00
p.m.
我知道这项工作下午5点前就可以完成了。
I
knew
the
work
wouldn't
be
finished
by
5:00
p.m.
我就知道下午5点之前这项工作不会完成。
Would
the
machine
be
repaired
by
these
workers
the
next
day?
这些工人第二天会修理机器吗?
When
would
the
small
garden
be
swept
by
the
students
of
Class?
这个小花园什么时候会被班上的学生打扫?
Language
points
5、现在进行时的被动语态
肯定句:主语+be(is/am/are)+being+过去分词+(by……).
否定句:主语+be(is/am/are)+not+being+过去分词+(by……).
一般疑问句:Be(is/am/are)+主语++being+过去分词+(by……)?
特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句?
eg:Another
bridge
is
being
built
over
the
Changjiang
River.
长江上正在修建另一座大桥。
The
engineer
isn't
being
treated
fairly.
目前这位工程师没有受到公平的待遇
Is
the
life
of
pandas
being
studied
by
the
scientists?
科学家们正在研究熊猫的生活习惯吗?
Where
is
the
new
science
lab
being
built?
新的科技馆正在哪里建造?
Language
points
6、过去进行时的被动语态
肯定句:主语+be(was/were)+being+过去分词+(by……).
否定句:主语+be(was/were)+not+being+过去分词+(by……).
一般疑问句:Be(was/were)+主语++being+过去分词+(by……)?
特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句?
eg:The
rooms
were
being
painted
by
some
workers
at
that
time.
当时一些工人正在粉刷这些房间。
The
rooms
weren't
being
painted
by
some
workers
at
that
time.
当时一些工人没有粉刷这些房间。
Was
Jack
being
read
the
report
at
six
yesterday
evening?
昨天晚上六点杰克正在看报告吗?
What
was
being
decorated
by
the
children
yesterday
?
昨天孩子们在装饰什么?
Language
points
7、现在完成时的被动语态
肯定句:主语+have/has
been+过去分词+(by……).
否定句:主语+have/has+not+
been+过去分词+(by……).
一般疑问句:Have/Has+主语+
been+过去分词+(by……)?
特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句?
eg:My
bag
has
been
stolen.
我的包被偷了。
My
bag
hasn’t
been
stolen.
我的包没被偷。
Has
your
bag
been
stolen?
你的包被偷了吗?
Where
has
your
bag
been
stolen?
你的包在哪里被偷了?
Language
points
8、过去完成时的被动语态
肯定句:主语+had
been+过去分词+(by……).
否定句:主语+had+not+
been+过去分词+(by……).
一般疑问句:Had+主语+
been+过去分词+(by……)?
特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句?
eg:By
the
time
he
got
to
the
school,
the
first
class
had
been
finished.
当他到学校时,第一节课已经结束了。
The
classroom
hadn’t
been
cleaned
before
the
teacher
came.
老师来之前教室还没有打扫干净。
Had
the
new
plan
been
discussed
before
the
meeting?
新计划会前讨论过吗?
How
many
buildings
had
been
destroyed
when
the
strong
wind
ended?
强风结束时有多少建筑物被毁了?
Language
points
9、含情态动词的被动语态
肯定句:主语+情态动词+be+过去分词+(by……).
否定句:主语+情态动词+not+be+过去分词+(by……).
一般疑问句:情态动词+主语+be+过去分词+(by……)?
特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句?
eg:Students
should
be
allowed
to
get
ears
pierced.
学生应该被允许穿耳洞。
Students
shouldn’t
be
allowed
to
get
ears
pierced.
学生不应该被允许穿耳洞。
Should
students
be
allowed
to
get
ears
pierced?
学生应该被允许穿耳洞吗?
When
must
this
work
be
done?
这项工作必须什么时候做?
Language
points
三、被动语态的用法
1、没有必要指出动作的执行者
当我们不知道动作的执行者是谁或由于某种原因不必强调动作的执行者时,要用被动语态,但在翻译时,有时要用主动语态才符合汉语的习惯。
eg:Football
is
played
all
over
the
world.
世界各地都在踢足球。
Do
you
know
when
the
first
train
was
produced
in
China?
你知道中国的第一辆火车是什么时候制造的吗?
The
house
is
being
repaired.
这座房子正在修缮中。
Language
points
2、当我们要强调动作的承受者时,要用被动语态。
eg:The
Great
Wall
was
built
long
ago.
长城是很久以前建成的。
English
is
spoken
as
the
first
language
by
most
people
in
the
USA.
美国大多数人都把英语作为第一语言。
Language
points
3、强调动作的执行者
被动句有时不用by短语,因为使用被动句多因动作执行者不明确或者不重要,但是有时也用by短语来强调或突出重要的、新的信息。
eg:The
painting
on
the
wall
is
very
valuable.
It
was
done
by
Picasso.
(强调do的发出者Picasso)
墙上的那幅画非常珍贵,那是毕加索画的。
The
beautiful
gift
was
given
by
my
grandfather.
(强调give的发出者grandfather)
这份精美的礼物是我爷爷给我的。
Language
points
四、主动语态变为被动语态
被动语态由“be动词+过去分词”构成,过去分词保持不变,所有的变化都是在人称、数、时态的变化,都体现在be动词的变化上。如果能够掌握好be动词的变化,就很容易掌握被动语态。
1、主动语态转化为被动语态的步骤
?
将主动语态的宾语作被动语态的主语
eg:Bruce
writes
a
letter
every
week.
布鲁斯每周写一封信。
A
letter
is
written
by
Bruce
every
week.
Language
points
?
谓语动词变为“be+及物动词的过去分词”,并通过be的变化来表现出不同的时态。
eg:Bruce
writes
a
letter
every
week.
布鲁斯每周写一封信。
A
letter
is
written
by
Bruce
every
week.
?
主动语态的主语变为介词by的宾语(by……),组成介词短语放在被动结构中的谓语动词之后。(有时by短语可以省略)
eg:Bruce
writes
a
letter
every
week.
布鲁斯每周写一封信。
A
letter
is
written
by
Bruce
every
week.
Language
points
注意:把主动语态变为被动语态时,be的人称和数要根据新主语的人称和数变化保持一致,但是时态要与主动语态的时态保持一致。
如果主动语态中的主语是代词,变为被动语态时,要注意转换成相应的宾格形式。
Language
points
2、主动语态转化为被动语态的几种类型
由于主动语态的结构不同,其转化成被动语态时的表达方式也各有不同。下面分别讲解不同结构主动语态的被动语态形式。
Language
points
?
有一个宾语的句子的被动语态(主语+谓语+宾语)
主动句:主+谓+宾
→
被动句:原宾语+be+过去分词+by+原主语的宾格形式
eg:Farmers(主语)
grow(谓语)
rice(宾语)
in
spring.
农民们在春天种植水稻。→
Rice(原宾语)
is
grown(谓语)
by
farmers(原主语)
in
spring.
水稻在春天被农民们种植。
No
one(主语)
has
ever
beaten(谓语)
Lucy(宾语)
at
tennis.
从来没有人网球上打败过露西。
Lucy(原宾语)
has
never
been
beaten(谓语)
(by…))
at
tennis.
Language
points
?
有二个宾语的句子的被动语态(主语+谓语+间宾+直宾)
主动句:主+谓+间接宾语+直接宾语
→
被动句:原间接宾语+be+过去分词+原直接宾语+by+原主语的宾格
原直接宾语+be+过去分词+介词+原间接宾语+by+原主语的宾格
◆
主动语态里有两个宾语(间接宾语和直接宾语)时,可以用其中的任何一个宾语作被动语态的主语,剩下的宾语保留在过去分词之后。
◆
用直接宾语作被动语态的主语时,保留在过去分词后面的保留宾语之前要加一个适当的介词,如to,
for,
of等。
Language
points
eg:They(主语)
gave(谓语)
the
children(间宾)
many
good
books.(直宾)
→
他们给了孩子们许多好书。
The
children(间宾作主语)
were
given
many
good
books
(by
them).
Many
good
books(直宾作主语)
were
given
to
the
children
(by
them).
I(主语)
have
asked
(谓语)
Mike
(间宾)
the
question.(直宾)
→
我已经问了迈克这个问题了。
Mike(间宾作主语)
has
been
asked
the
question
(by
me).
迈克被问了这个问题。
The
question(直宾作主语)
has
been
asked
to
Mike
(by
me).
这个问题我问迈克了。
Language
points
注意:◆
双宾动词可有两种被动语态的动词
buy买
give
给
leave离开
offer提供
pay支付
teach教
tell告诉
award奖励;颁奖
lend借给
show展示;指示;引导
eg:He
lent
me
a
bike.
他借给我一辆自行车。→
A
bike
was
lent
to
me(by
him).
一辆自行车被(他)借给我
了。
I
was
lent
a
bike
(by
him).
我被(他)借给了一辆自行车。
Language
points
◆
有些双宾动词在变为被动语态时,要用直接宾语作为被动句的主语。
sing唱歌
sell出售;卖
bring拿来;带
pass传递
do做;制作
write
写(信)
make制作
send送;寄
eg:She
wrote
me
a
long
letter.
她给我写了一封长信。→
I
was
written
a
long
letter.
(×)
(不合习惯)
A
long
letter
was
written
to
me.
(√)
(符合习惯)
Language
points
◆
有些双宾动词在变为被动语态时,要用间接宾语作为被动句的主语。
spare节约;分出
save解救;节省;保存
answer回答
envy嫉妒;羡慕
deny否认;拒绝
refuse拒绝;谢绝
eg:I
refused
him
the
invitation.
我拒绝邀请他。→
He
was
refused
the
invitation
by
me.
(√)(符合习惯)
The
invitation
was
refused
him
by
me.
(×)
(不合习惯)
Language
points
?
含有宾语补足语的句子的被动语态(主+谓+宾+宾语补足语)
主动句:主+谓+宾+宾语补足语
被动句:原宾语+be+过去分词+宾语补足语+by+原主语的宾格
有宾语补足语的主动语态改为被动语态时,补足语放在过去分词之后,其位置虽然保持不变,但语法功能变了,此时的补足语不再是宾语补足语,而变成了主语补足语。
eg:We
made
Mr.
White
leader
of
the
team(宾补).
→
我们让怀特先生当队长。
Mr.
White
was
made
leader
of
the
team.(主补)
We
call
her
a
beauty.(宾补)
我们叫她“美女”。→
She
is
called
a
beauty(主补)
(by
us).
她被(我们)称为“美女”。
Language
points
注意:所有带不定式宾语补足语的动词,在变为被动语态时,不定式前都要加to。特别是感官动词(see,
watch,
look
at,
observe,
listen
to,
hear,
feel
等)和使役动词(make,
have
等),在主语语态的句子中,宾语补足语前省略to;在变为被动语态时,主语补足语前一律
加to。但含有let的句子在变为被动语态时,to可以省略。
eg:I
heard
him
sing
in
the
room
just
now.
刚才听到他在房间里唱歌。→
He
was
heard
to
sing
in
his
room
just
now(by
me).
I
saw
Tom
fall
off
the
tree
just
now.
刚才看到汤姆从树上掉下来。→
Tom
was
seen
to
fall
off
the
tree
just
now.
刚才看到汤姆从树上掉下来。
Language
points
?
含有宾语从句的被动语态(主+谓+宾语从句)
★
主动句:主+谓+宾语从句
被动句:It+be+过去分词+原来的宾语从句
eg:They
say
that
Nell
is
one
of
the
richest
people.→
他们说内尔是最富有的人之一。
It
is
said
that
Nell
is
one
of
the
richest
people.
据说内尔是最富有的人之一。
补充:it充当形式主语的被动语态结构的常用句式有:
It
is
said
that……
据说……
It
is
believed
that……
据信……
It
is
thought
that……
认为……
It
is
reported
that……
据报道
It
is
hoped
that……
有望……
It
is
known
that……
众所周知……
Language
points
★
主动句:主语+谓语+宾从连接词+从句的主语+从句的谓语+其他
被动句:原从句的主语+be+过去分词+不定式to
do+其他
eg:We
believed
that
he
would
succeed.
→
我们相信他会成功的。
He
was
believed
to
succeed
(by
us).
人们相信他会成功。
Language
points
?
祈使句的被动语态
主动句:谓语+宾语+其他.
被动句:Let+原宾语+be+过去分词.
eg:Open
the
door.
打开门。
Let
the
door
be
opened.
Empty
the
rubbish
bin
at
once!
立刻清空垃圾箱!
Let
the
rubbish
bin
be
emptied
at
once!
Language
points
主动句:Don't+谓语+宾语.
被动句:Don't
let+原宾语)+be+过去分词.
eg:Don't
tell
the
truth
to
him.
别告诉他事情的真相。
Don't
let
the
truth
be
told
to
him.
Language
points
五、被动语态的注意事项
1、主动形式表示被动意义的情况
?
表示“需要”意思的一些动词,如need,
require,
want等后接动名词时,用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。
eg:The
flowers
want
watering.
这些花需要浇水。
The
problem
requires
studying
with
great
care.
这个问题需要认真研究。
Language
points
?
在短语“be
worth
doing”中doing与该句的主语为主动形式表被动含义。
eg:This
novel
is
well
worth
reading.
这部小说很值得读。
The
song
is
worth
singing.
这首歌很值得唱。
?
“too……to……”结构中,不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。
eg:The
plane
is
too
high
to
see.飞机飞得太高了,都看不见了。
The
place
is
too
far
to
reach.
这个地方远得溢去到达。
Language
points
?
形容词easy,
difficult,
hard,
cheap,
expensive,
fit,
nice,
dangerous,
exciting,
funny,
heavy,
important,
good,
interesting等后面接不定式作状语时,往往用主动形式表达被动含义。
eg:The
question
is
difficult
to
answer.
这个问题很难回答。
This
text
is
easy
to
understand.
这篇课文容易理解。
?
动词不定式作定语时,如果它的逻辑主语是句子的主语或宾语,则可以用主动形式表达被动含义。
eg:They
have
a
lot
of
work
to
do.
他们有很多工作要做。
I
have
a
lot
of
homework
to
do.
我有许多作业要做
Language
points
?
不及物动词wash
sell,
write,
read,
close,
open,
wear,
catch,
drive等往往用主动形式表达被动含义,说明主语的性质或特征。
eg:This
kind
of
cloth
wears
well.
这种布很耐穿。
The
car
drives
well.
这辆车开得很好。
?
表示“发生、传播”意义的动词,如:happen,
take
place,
break
out,
spread等,常用主动形式表示被动意义。
eg:The
news
spread
in
a
small
village.
这消息在一个小村庄里传开了。
The
accident
happened
last
week.
事故是上周发生的。
Language
points
2、短语动词的被动语态
一般情况下,只有及物动词后面能跟宾语,而不及物动词后面不能跟宾语,所以只有及物动词有被动语态,不及物动词则没有。但有些不及物动词后面跟上介词或副词后,变成一个短语动词,相当于一个及物动词,这时它就可以有被动语态。
主动句:主语+谓语(不及物动词)+介词+宾语
被动句:原宾语+be+过去分词+介词+(by+原主语的宾格形式)
eg:She
looks
after
her
grandmother.
她照顾她的奶奶。
Her
grandmother
is
looked
after
(by
her).
她的奶奶被(她)照顾。
A
truck
is
running
over
a
bag.
一辆卡车碾过一个袋子。
A
bag
is
being
run
over
(by
a
truck).
一个袋子正被(卡车)辗过。
Language
points
注意:由被动语态形成的动词短语本身即是被动语态的形式,不需再加by。
be
covered
with
用……覆盖着
be
interested
in
对……感兴趣
be
made
of/from
用……制造的
be
surprised
at
对……感到惊奇
Language
points
3、使役动词和感官动词的被动语态
使役动词let,
have,
make及感官动词feel,
see,
hear等,后接省略to的不定式充当宾语补足语的主动语态,在变为被动语态时要还原to。
主动句:主语+谓语(使役/感官动词)+宾语+其他
被动句:原宾语+be+过去分词+to+其他+(by+原主语的宾格形式)
eg:I
heard
him
sing
in
the
room
just
now.
刚才听到他在房间里唱歌。→
He
was
heard
to
sing
in
his
room
just
now(by
me).
I
saw
Tom
fall
off
the
tree
just
now.
刚才看到汤姆从树上掉下来。→
Tom
was
seen
to
fall
off
the
tree
just
now.
刚才看到汤姆从树上掉下来。
His
mother
told
him
to
sit
down.
他妈妈让他坐下。→
He
was
made
to
sit
down
(by
his
mother).
他妈妈让他坐下。
Language
points
4、不能使用被动语态的情况
?
某些表示“静态”的及物动词(表示状态而不是动作,而且常常是不可用于进行时态的动词)如have,fit,suit,hold(容纳),cost,suffer,last(持续)等不能用于被动语态。
eg:They
have
a
nice
car.他们有一辆漂亮的汽车。
My
shoes
don't
fit
me.我的鞋不合适。
My
brain
can't
hold
so
much
information
at
one
time.
我的脑子一下子记不住这么多资料。
Our
holiday
lasts
10
days.我们的假期有十天。
Language
points
?
动词leave(离开),enter(进入),join(参加)不可用于被动语态。
eg:The
car
left
the
road
and
hit
a
tree.
车子离开了道路,撞上了树。
?
宾语是反身代词或相互代词时,不可用于被动语态。
eg:She
can
dress
herself.她可以自己穿衣服。
We
could
hardly
see
each
other
in
the
fog.
在雾中我们彼此几乎看不见。
Language
points
?
宾语是同源宾语时,不可用于被动语态。
eg:They
live
a
happy
life.他们过着幸福的生活。
The
girl
dreamed
a
sweet
dream.那女孩做了个甜美的梦。
?
宾语带有与主语有照应关系的物主代词时,不可用于被动语态。
eg:The
old
man
broke
his(=the
old
man's)
legs.
那老人把自己的腿弄断了。
The
girl
shook
her(=the
girl's)
head.那女孩摇了摇头。
Language
points
5、被动语态与系表结构的区别
“be+过去分词”可能是被动语态,也可能是系表结构,其主要区别是:被动语态表示以主语为承受者的动作,而系表结构则表示主语的特点或所处的状态。
eg:The
letter
was
written
yesterday.
信是昨天写的。(动作)
The
letter
is
written
in
English.
这封信是用英文写的。(特点)
The
store
was
closed
at
five.
这个商店5点钟关门。(动作)
The
store
is
close
today.
这个商店今天不开门。(状态)
注意:为了明确说明该被动语态是表示动作的,可用get来代替be动词。
eg:My
bike
got
stolen.
我的自行车被偷了。(got代替was)
https://www.21cnjy.com/help/help_extract.php中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
人教版九年级中考英语总复习语法专题
动词的语态
一、被动语态概述
语态是动词的一种形式,用来说明句中主语和谓语动词的关系。如果主语是动作的执行者,则使用主动语态;如果主语是动作的承受者,则使用被动语态。被动语态是由“be动词+过去分词”的形式来表达,这里的be有时态的变化,各种不同时态的被动语态变化是通过be来实现的。时态是指谓语动词发生的时间和状态。各种时态都有主动语态和被动语态两种形式,主动语态和被动语态可以互相转换,但主语不同。主动语态变为被动语态时,将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语,将主动谓语变为被动谓语,将主动语态的主语变为by短语。
eg:My
mother
made
a
cake
last
night.(主动语态)
A
cake
was
made
by
my
mother
last
night.(被动语态)
我妈妈昨天晚上做了一个蛋糕。
二、被动语态的构成
被动语态由“be动词+过去分词”构成,如果要特别强调动作或行为的执行者时,句子后面需接“by短语”,译为“被/由……”。其中be动词要根据人称、数和时态发生变化,be动词后的过去分词不变。
名称
构成
以动词write举例
一般现在时被动语态
is/am/are+过去分词
is/am/are+written
—般过去时被动语态
was/were+过去分词
was/were+written
一般将来时被动语态
will/shall
be+过去分词
is/am/are
going
to
be+过去分词
will/shall
be+written
is/am/are
going
to
be+written
过去将来时被动语态
would/should+be+过去分词
would/should+be+written
现在进行时被动语态
is/am/are+being+过去分词
is/am/are+being+written
过去进行时被动语态
was/were+being+过去分词
was/were+being+written
现在完成时被动语态
have/has
been+过去分词
have/has
been+written
过去完成时被动语态
had
been+过去分词
had
been+written
含情态动词的被动语态
情态动词+be+过去分词
情态动词+be+written
1、一般现在时的被动语态
肯定句:主语+be(is/am/are)+过去分词+(by……).
否定句:主语+be(is/am/are)+not+过去分词+(by……).
一般疑问句:Be(is/am/are)+主语+过去分词+(by……)?
特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句?
eg:The
car
is
made
in
China.
这辆汽车是中国制造的。
The
car
isn't
made
in
China.
这辆车不是中国制造的。
Is
the
car
made
in
China?
这辆车是中国制造的吗?
When
is
the
car
made
in
China?
这辆车什么时候在中国被制造的?
—般过去时的被动语态
肯定句:主语+be(was/were)+过去分词+(by……).
否定句:主语+be(was/were)+not+过去分词+(by……).
一般疑问句:Be(was/were)+主语+过去分词+(by……)?
特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句?
eg:The
house
was
built
in
1967.
这房子是1967年建的。
The
house
wasn't
built
in
1967.
这房子不是1967年建的。
Was
the
house
built
in
1967?
房子是1967年建的吗?
When
was
the
house
built?这房子是什么时候建的?
3、一般将来时的被动语态
肯定句:主语+will/shall
be+过去分词+(by……).
主语+be(is/am/are)
going
to
be+过去分词+(by……).
否定句:主语+will/shall
be+not+过去分词+(by……).
主语+be(is/am/are)+not+going
to
be+过去分词+(by……).
一般疑问句:Will/Shall+主语+be+过去分词+(by……)?
Be(is/am/are)+主语+going
to
be+过去分词+(by……)?
特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句?
eg:The
work
will
be
finished
tomorrow.
这项工作将于明天完成。
The
work
won't
be
finished
tomorrow.
这项工作明天不会完成。
Will
the
work
be
finished
tomorrow?
这项工作明天能完成吗?
When
will
the
work
be
finished?
这项工作什么时候完成
A
new
school
library
is
going
to
be
built
next
year.
明年将建一个新的学校图书馆。
A
new
school
library
isn’t
going
to
be
built
next
year.
明年不打算建一个新的学校图书馆。
Is
a
new
school
library
going
to
be
built
next
year?
明年要建一个新的学校图书馆吗?
When
is
a
new
school
library
going
to
be
built?新的学校图书馆什么时候被建?
4、过去将来时的被动语态
肯定句:主语+would/should
be+过去分词+(by……).
主语+be(was/were)
going
to
be+过去分词+(by……).
否定句:主语+would/should
be+not+过去分词+(by……).
主语+be(was/were)+not+going
to
be+过去分词+(by……).
一般疑问句:Would/Should+主语+be+过去分词+(by……)?
Be(was/were)+主语+going
to
be+过去分词+(by……)?
特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句?
eg:I
knew
the
work
would
be
finished
by
5:00
p.m.
我知道这项工作下午5点前就可以完成了。
I
knew
the
work
wouldn't
be
finished
by
5:00
p.m.我就知道下午5点之前这项工作不会完成。
Would
the
machine
be
repaired
by
these
workers
the
next
day?
这些工人第二天会修理机器吗?
When
would
the
small
garden
be
swept
by
the
students
of
Class?
这个小花园什么时候会被班上的学生打扫?
5、现在进行时的被动语态
肯定句:主语+be(is/am/are)+being+过去分词+(by……).
否定句:主语+be(is/am/are)+not+being+过去分词+(by……).
一般疑问句:Be(is/am/are)+主语++being+过去分词+(by……)?
特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句?
eg:Another
bridge
is
being
built
over
the
Changjiang
River.
长江上正在修建另一座大桥。
The
engineer
isn't
being
treated
fairly.
目前这位工程师没有受到公平的待遇
Is
the
life
of
pandas
being
studied
by
the
scientists?
科学家们正在研究熊猫的生活习惯吗?
Where
is
the
new
science
lab
being
built?
新的科技馆正在哪里建造?
6、过去进行时的被动语态
肯定句:主语+be(was/were)+being+过去分词+(by……).
否定句:主语+be(was/were)+not+being+过去分词+(by……).
一般疑问句:Be(was/were)+主语++being+过去分词+(by……)?
特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句?
eg:The
rooms
were
being
painted
by
some
workers
at
that
time.
当时一些工人正在粉刷这些房间。
The
rooms
weren't
being
painted
by
some
workers
at
that
time.
当时一些工人没有粉刷这些房间。
Was
Jack
being
read
the
report
at
six
yesterday
evening?
昨天晚上六点杰克正在看报告吗?
What
was
being
decorated
by
the
children
yesterday
?
昨天孩子们在装饰什么?
7、现在完成时的被动语态
肯定句:主语+have/has
been+过去分词+(by……).
否定句:主语+have/has+not+
been+过去分词+(by……).
一般疑问句:Have/Has+主语+
been+过去分词+(by……)?
特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句?
eg:My
bag
has
been
stolen.
我的包被偷了。
My
bag
hasn’t
been
stolen.
我的包没被偷。
Has
your
bag
been
stolen?
你的包被偷了吗?
Where
has
your
bag
been
stolen?
你的包在哪里被偷了?
8、过去完成时的被动语态
肯定句:主语+had
been+过去分词+(by……).
否定句:主语+had+not+
been+过去分词+(by……).
一般疑问句:Had+主语+
been+过去分词+(by……)?
特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句?
eg:By
the
time
he
got
to
the
school,
the
first
class
had
been
finished.
当他到学校时,第一节课已经结束了。
The
classroom
hadn’t
been
cleaned
before
the
teacher
came.
老师来之前教室还没有打扫干净。
Had
the
new
plan
been
discussed
before
the
meeting?
新计划会前讨论过吗?
How
many
buildings
had
been
destroyed
when
the
strong
wind
ended?
强风结束时有多少建筑物被毁了?
9、含情态动词的被动语态
肯定句:主语+情态动词+be+过去分词+(by……).
否定句:主语+情态动词+not+be+过去分词+(by……).
一般疑问句:情态动词+主语+be+过去分词+(by……)?
特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句?
eg:Students
should
be
allowed
to
get
ears
pierced.
学生应该被允许穿耳洞。
Students
shouldn’t
be
allowed
to
get
ears
pierced.
学生不应该被允许穿耳洞。
Should
students
be
allowed
to
get
ears
pierced?
学生应该被允许穿耳洞吗?
When
must
this
work
be
done?
这项工作必须什么时候做?
三、被动语态的用法
1、没有必要指出动作的执行者
当我们不知道动作的执行者是谁或由于某种原因不必强调动作的执行者时,要用被动语态,但在翻译时,有时要用主动语态才符合汉语的习惯。
eg:Football
is
played
all
over
the
world.
世界各地都在踢足球。
Do
you
know
when
the
first
train
was
produced
in
China?
你知道中国的第一辆火车是什么时候制造的吗?
The
house
is
being
repaired.
这座房子正在修缮中。
2、当我们要强调动作的承受者时,要用被动语态。
eg:The
Great
Wall
was
built
long
ago.
长城是很久以前建成的。
English
is
spoken
as
the
first
language
by
most
people
in
the
USA.
美国大多数人都把英语作为第一语言。
3、强调动作的执行者
被动句有时不用by短语,因为使用被动句多因动作执行者不明确或者不重要,但是有时也用by短语来强调或突出重要的、新的信息。
eg:The
painting
on
the
wall
is
very
valuable.
It
was
done
by
Picasso.
(强调do的发出者Picasso)
墙上的那幅画非常珍贵,那是毕加索画的。
The
beautiful
gift
was
given
by
my
grandfather.
(强调give的发出者grandfather)
这份精美的礼物是我爷爷给我的。
四、主动语态变为被动语态
被动语态由“be动词+过去分词”构成,过去分词保持不变,所有的变化都是在人称、数、时态的变化,都体现在be动词的变化上。如果能够掌握好be动词的变化,就很容易掌握被动语态。
1、主动语态转化为被动语态的步骤
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将主动语态的宾语作被动语态的主语
eg:Bruce
writes
a
letter
every
week.
布鲁斯每周写一封信。
A
letter
is
written
by
Bruce
every
week.
?
谓语动词变为“be+及物动词的过去分词”,并通过be的变化来表现出不同的时态。
eg:Bruce
writes
a
letter
every
week.
布鲁斯每周写一封信。
A
letter
is
written
by
Bruce
every
week.
?
主动语态的主语变为介词by的宾语(by……),组成介词短语放在被动结构中的谓语动词之后。(有时by短语可以省略)
eg:Bruce
writes
a
letter
every
week.
布鲁斯每周写一封信。
A
letter
is
written
by
Bruce
every
week.
注意:把主动语态变为被动语态时,be的人称和数要根据新主语的人称和数变化保持一致,但是时态要与主动语态的时态保持一致。
如果主动语态中的主语是代词,变为被动语态时,要注意转换成相应的宾格形式。
2、主动语态转化为被动语态的几种类型
由于主动语态的结构不同,其转化成被动语态时的表达方式也各有不同。下面分别讲解不同结构主动语态的被动语态形式。
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有一个宾语的句子的被动语态(主语+谓语+宾语)
主动句:主+谓+宾
→
被动句:原宾语+be+过去分词+by+原主语的宾格形式
eg:Farmers(主语)
grow(谓语)
rice(宾语)
in
spring.
农民们在春天种植水稻。→
Rice(原宾语)
is
grown(谓语)
by
farmers(原主语)
in
spring.
水稻在春天被农民们种植。
No
one(主语)
has
ever
beaten(谓语)
Lucy(宾语)
at
tennis.从来没有人网球上打败过露西。
Lucy(原宾语)
has
never
been
beaten(谓语)
(by…)(原主语可省略)
at
tennis.
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有二个宾语的句子的被动语态(主语+谓语+间宾+直宾)
主动句:主+谓+间接宾语+直接宾语
→
被动句:原间接宾语+be+过去分词+原直接宾语+by+原主语的宾格
原直接宾语+be+过去分词+介词+原间接宾语+by+原主语的宾格
◆
主动语态里有两个宾语(间接宾语和直接宾语)时,可以用其中的任何一个宾语作被动语态的主语,剩下的宾语保留在过去分词之后。
◆
用直接宾语作被动语态的主语时,保留在过去分词后面的保留宾语之前要加一个适当的介词,如to,
for,
of等。
eg:They(主语)
gave(谓语)
the
children(间宾)
many
good
books.(直宾)
→
他们给了孩子们许多好书。
The
children(间宾作主语)
were
given
many
good
books
(by
them).
Many
good
books(直宾作主语)
were
given
to
the
children
(by
them).
I(主语)
have
asked
(谓语)
Mike
(间宾)
the
question.(直宾)
→
我已经问了迈克这个问题了。
Mike(间宾作主语)
has
been
asked
the
question
(by
me).
迈克被问了这个问题。
The
question(直宾作主语)
has
been
asked
to
Mike
(by
me).
这个问题我问迈克了。
注意:◆
双宾动词可有两种被动语态的动词
buy买
give
给
leave离开
offer提供
pay支付
teach教
tell告诉
award奖励;颁奖
lend借给
show展示;指示;引导
eg:He
lent
me
a
bike.
他借给我一辆自行车。→
A
bike
was
lent
to
me(by
him).
一辆自行车被(他)借给我
了。
I
was
lent
a
bike
(by
him).
我被(他)借给了一辆自行车。
◆
有些双宾动词在变为被动语态时,要用直接宾语作为被动句的主语。
sing唱歌
sell出售;卖
bring拿来;带来
pass传递
do做;制作
write
写(信)
make制作
send送;寄
eg:She
wrote
me
a
long
letter.
她给我写了一封长信。→
I
was
written
a
long
letter.
(×)
(不合习惯)
A
long
letter
was
written
to
me.
(√)
(符合习惯)
◆
有些双宾动词在变为被动语态时,要用间接宾语作为被动句的主语。
spare节约;分出
save解救;节省;保存
answer回答
envy嫉妒;羡慕
deny否认;拒绝
refuse拒绝;谢绝
eg:I
refused
him
the
invitation.
我拒绝邀请他。→
He
was
refused
the
invitation
by
me.
(√)(符合习惯)
The
invitation
was
refused
him
by
me.
(×)
(不合习惯)
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含有宾语补足语的句子的被动语态(主+谓+宾+宾语补足语)
主动句:主+谓+宾+宾语补足语
被动句:原宾语+be+过去分词+宾语补足语+by+原主语的宾格
有宾语补足语的主动语态改为被动语态时,补足语放在过去分词之后,其位置虽然保持不变,但语法功能变了,此时的补足语不再是宾语补足语,而变成了主语补足语。
eg:We
made
Mr.
White
leader
of
the
team(宾补).
我们让怀特先生当队长。→
Mr.
White
was
made
leader
of
the
team.(主补)
We
call
her
a
beauty.(宾补)
我们叫她“美女”。→
She
is
called
a
beauty(主补)
(by
us).
她被(我们)称为“美女”。
注意:所有带不定式宾语补足语的动词,在变为被动语态时,不定式前都要加to。特别是感官动词(see,
watch,
look
at,
observe,
listen
to,
hear,
feel
等)和使役动词(make,
have
等),在主语语态的句子中,宾语补足语前省略to;在变为被动语态时,主语补足语前一律
加to。但含有let的句子在变为被动语态时,to可以省略。
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含有宾语从句的被动语态(主+谓+宾语从句)
★
主动句:主+谓+宾语从句
被动句:It+be+过去分词+原来的宾语从句
eg:They
say
that
Nell
is
one
of
the
richest
people.
他们说内尔是最富有的人之一。→
It
is
said
that
Nell
is
one
of
the
richest
people.
据说内尔是最富有的人之一。
补充:it充当形式主语的被动语态结构的常用句式有:
It
is
said
that……
据说……
It
is
believed
that……
据信……
It
is
thought
that……
认为……
It
is
reported
that……
据报道
It
is
hoped
that……
有望……
It
is
known
that……
众所周知……
★
主动句:主语+谓语+宾语从句的连接词+从句的主语+从句的谓语+其他
被动句:原从句的主语+be+过去分词+不定式to
do+其他
eg:We
believed
that
he
would
succeed.
我们相信他会成功的。→
He
was
believed
to
succeed
(by
us).
人们相信他会成功。
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祈使句的被动语态
主动句:谓语+宾语+其他.
被动句:Let+原宾语+be+过去分词.
eg:Open
the
door.
打开门。
Let
the
door
be
opened.
Empty
the
rubbish
bin
at
once!
立刻清空垃圾箱!
Let
the
rubbish
bin
be
emptied
at
once!
主动句:Don't+谓语+宾语.
被动句:Don't
let+原宾语)+be+过去分词.
eg:Don't
tell
the
truth
to
him.
别告诉他事情的真相。
Don't
let
the
truth
be
told
to
him.
五、被动语态的注意事项
1、主动形式表示被动意义的情况
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表示“需要”意思的一些动词,如need,
require,
want等后接动名词时,用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。
eg:The
flowers
want
watering.
这些花需要浇水。
The
problem
requires
studying
with
great
care.
这个问题需要认真研究。
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在短语“be
worth
doing”中doing与该句的主语为主动形式表被动含义。
eg:This
novel
is
well
worth
reading.
这部小说很值得读。
The
song
is
worth
singing.
这首歌很值得唱。
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“too……to……”结构中,不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。
eg:The
plane
is
too
high
to
see.飞机飞得太高了,都看不见了。
The
place
is
too
far
to
reach.
这个地方远得溢去到达。
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形容词easy,
difficult,
hard,
cheap,
expensive,
fit,
nice,
dangerous,
exciting,
funny,
heavy,
important,
good,
interesting等后面接不定式作状语时,往往用主动形式表达被动含义。
eg:The
question
is
difficult
to
answer.
这个问题很难回答。
This
text
is
easy
to
understand.
这篇课文容易理解。
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动词不定式作定语时,如果它的逻辑主语是句子的主语或宾语,则可以用主动形式表达被动含义。
eg:They
have
a
lot
of
work
to
do.
他们有很多工作要做。
I
have
a
lot
of
homework
to
do.
我有许多作业要做
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不及物动词wash
sell,
write,
read,
close,
open,
wear,
catch,
drive等往往用主动形式表达被动含义,说明主语的性质或特征。
eg:This
kind
of
cloth
wears
well.
这种布很耐穿。
The
car
drives
well.
这辆车开得很好。
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表示“发生、传播”意义的动词,如:happen,
take
place,
break
out,
spread等,常用主动形式表示被动意义。
eg:The
news
spread
in
a
small
village.
这消息在一个小村庄里传开了。
The
accident
happened
last
week.
事故是上周发生的。
2、短语动词的被动语态
一般情况下,只有及物动词后面能跟宾语,而不及物动词后面不能跟宾语,所以只有及物动词有被动语态,不及物动词则没有。但有些不及物动词后面跟上介词或副词后,变成一个短语动词,相当于一个及物动词,这时它就可以有被动语态。
主动句:主语+谓语(不及物动词)+介词+宾语
被动句:原宾语+be+过去分词+介词+(by+原主语的宾格形式)
eg:She
looks
after
her
grandmother.
她照顾她的奶奶。
Her
grandmother
is
looked
after
(by
her).
她的奶奶被(她)照顾。
A
truck
is
running
over
a
bag.
一辆卡车碾过一个袋子。
A
bag
is
being
run
over
(by
a
truck).
一个袋子正被(卡车)辗过。
注意:由被动语态形成的动词短语本身即是被动语态的形式,不需再加by。
be
covered
with
用……覆盖着
be
interested
in
对……感兴趣
be
made
of/from
用……制造的
be
surprised
at
对……感到惊奇
3、使役动词和感官动词的被动语态
使役动词let,
have,
make及感官动词feel,
see,
hear等,后接省略to的不定式充当宾语补足语的主动语态,在变为被动语态时要还原to。
主动句:主语+谓语(使役/感官动词)+宾语+其他
被动句:原宾语+be+过去分词+to+其他+(by+原主语的宾格形式)
eg:I
heard
him
sing
in
the
room
just
now.
刚才听到他在房间里唱歌。→
He
was
heard
to
sing
in
his
room
just
now(by
me).
I
saw
Tom
fall
off
the
tree
just
now.
刚才看到汤姆从树上掉下来。→
Tom
was
seen
to
fall
off
the
tree
just
now.
刚才看到汤姆从树上掉下来。
His
mother
told
him
to
sit
down.
他妈妈让他坐下。→
He
was
made
to
sit
down
(by
his
mother).
他妈妈让他坐下。
4、不能使用被动语态的情况
?
某些表示“静态”的及物动词(表示状态而不是动作,而且常常是不可用于进行时态的动词)如have,fit,suit,hold(容纳),cost,suffer,last(持续)等不能用于被动语态。
eg:They
have
a
nice
car.他们有一辆漂亮的汽车。
My
shoes
don't
fit
me.我的鞋不合适。
My
brain
can't
hold
so
much
information
at
one
time.我的脑子一下子记不住这么多资料。
Our
holiday
lasts
10
days.我们的假期有十天。
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动词leave(离开),enter(进入),join(参加)不可用于被动语态。
eg:The
car
left
the
road
and
hit
a
tree.车子离开了道路,撞上了树。
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宾语是反身代词或相互代词时,不可用于被动语态。
eg:She
can
dress
herself.她可以自己穿衣服。
We
could
hardly
see
each
other
in
the
fog.在雾中我们彼此几乎看不见。
?
宾语是同源宾语时,不可用于被动语态。
eg:They
live
a
happy
life.他们过着幸福的生活。
The
girl
dreamed
a
sweet
dream.那女孩做了个甜美的梦。
?
宾语带有与主语有照应关系的物主代词时,不可用于被动语态。
eg:The
old
man
broke
his(=the
old
man's)
legs.那老人把自己的腿弄断了。
The
girl
shook
her(=the
girl's)
head.那女孩摇了摇头。
5、被动语态与系表结构的区别
“be+过去分词”可能是被动语态,也可能是系表结构,其主要区别是:被动语态表示以主语为承受者的动作,而系表结构则表示主语的特点或所处的状态。
eg:The
letter
was
written
yesterday.
信是昨天写的。(动作)
The
letter
is
written
in
English.
这封信是用英文写的。(特点)
The
store
was
closed
at
five.
这个商店5点钟关门。(动作)
The
store
is
close
today.
这个商店今天不开门。(状态)
注意:为了明确说明该被动语态是表示动作的,可用get来代替be动词。
eg:My
bike
got
stolen.
我的自行车被偷了。(got代替was)
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