2021年高考英语专题练习——介词、代词案例解析

文档属性

名称 2021年高考英语专题练习——介词、代词案例解析
格式 zip
文件大小 74.3KB
资源类型 教案
版本资源 通用版
科目 英语
更新时间 2021-04-20 18:22:55

图片预览

文档简介

高考英语专题练习——介词、代词
易错点1
单个介词的误用
1.(2017·北京)Many
people
who
live
along
the
coast
make
a
living
___________
fishing
industry.
A.
at
B.
in
C.
on
D.
by
________________________________________
【错因分析】本题学生易误选C项或D项。很多学生不仔细看题,就认为本题是考查make
a
living
on
(doing)
sth.
以……为生/谋生,直接选C项;也有学生会误以为本题考查by(以……方式,借助……手段)而误选D。
【试题解析】句意:许多住在海边上的人都是靠渔业来谋生的。此处用介词in,不用by,因为by后面通常接做什么事情来谋生,此处是指在捕鱼这个行业里谋生,用in,故选B。
【正确答案】B
________________________________________
常见介词的基本用法
介词在英语中的使用很广泛,也是高考中的重点,正确使用介词是很重要的,下面归类讲述一些重点介词的用法:
一、表示时间的介词
1.
in,on,at,over
(1)in表示在一段时间之内。通常时间较长,如世纪、朝代、时代、年、季节、月及一般(非特指)的早、中、晚等。如:
in
the
1950s,in
1989,in
summer,in
January,in
one’s
thirties,in
the
morning等。
(2)on表示具体的某一天及其早、中、晚。如:
on
May
1st,on
Monday,on
a
cold
night
in
January,
on
a
fine
morning等。
(3)at表示在一个时间点上。指某一时刻或较短暂的时间,也泛指圣诞节,复活节等。如:at
3:20,at
this
time
of
year,at
Christmas,at
night,at
this
moment等。
(4)over后面接一段时间,表示"超过……"或"在……期间"。
(5)在last,next,this,that,some,every等词之前通常不用介词。
2.
in,after
(1)"in+一段时间"表示将来的一段时间之后。
(2)"after+一段时间"表示过去的一段时间之后。
(3)"after+具体时间"表示将来或过去的某一时刻之后。
3.
from,since,for
(1)from后接具体时间,说明从什么时候开始,不说明某动作或情况持续多久。
(2)since后接具体过去时间,表示某动作或情况持续至说话时刻,通常与完成时连用。
(3)for后接一段时间,通常与完成时连用。
二、表示地点、方位的介词
1.
at,in,on,to
(1)at表示在小地方或"在……附近;在……旁边"。
(2)in表示在大地方或"在……范围之内,在……方面"。
(3)on表示毗邻或接壤。
(4)to表示"在……范围外",不强调是否接壤。
2.
above,over,on
(1)above意为"在……上方",只表示位置高于某物,但不强调是否垂直,与below相
对。
(2)over意为"在……之上",表示垂直高于,与under相对。over强调与物体有一定的空间,不直接接触。
(3)on意为"在……之上",表示在某物体上面并与之接触。
1.(2019·新课标I卷·语法填空)Modem
methods
___63___
tracking
polar
bear
populations
have
been
employed
only
since
the
mid-1980s,
and
are
expensive
to
perform
(perform)
consistently
over
a
large
area.
【解析】:考查介词用法。此处tracking
polar
bear
populations作Modern
methods的定语,用of
连接,“methods
of
doing
sth.”,意为“……的方法”,构成固定结构。或者意为“对于跟踪北极熊的方法”用for。故填of/for。
【答案】of/for
2.(2018·北京卷·单项填空)
—Good
morning,
Mr.
Lee’s
office.
—Good
morning.
I’d
like
to
make
an
appointment
_________
next
Wednesday
afternoon.
A.
for
B.
on
C.
in
D.
at
【解析】:考查介词。句意:——早上好,Lee先生办公室。——早上好。我想预约下周三下午(和Mr.
Lee见面)。make
an
appointment
for意为“为……预约”,是固定搭配,故A选项正确。
【答案】A
3.
The
Great
Wall
travels
___________deep
valleys,
___________deserts
and
___________
mountains.
【解析】:through穿过;across从表面横过;over从上方越过。句意:长城穿过深深的峡谷,横过沙漠,越过高山。
【答案】through;
across;
over
4.
—Why
not
buy
this
type
of
car,
sir?
—But
________
the
high
price,
I
could
have
chosen
one.
【解析】:句意:——为什么不买这种汽车,先生?——要不是价格高,我可能已经选了一辆了。but
for要不是。
【答案】for
易错点2
介词短语及语境混淆
2.(2019·江苏卷·单项填空)Favorable
policies
are
___________
to
encourage
employees'
professional
development.
A.
in
effect
B.
in
command
C.
in
turn
D.
in
shape
________________________________________【错因分析】学生容易因搞不清楚句子要表达的意思和混淆介词短语的含义而误选选项。
【试题解析】考查介词短语。句意:好的制度政策实际上都会激发员工的专业水平的提升。A.
in
effect实际上;B.
in
command指挥;C.
in
turn轮流,依次;D.
in
shape在外形上,处于良好的状态。故选A。
【正确答案】A
________________________________________
常见介词短语:
表示的概念
构成
举例
动作(表进行概念、表被动的关系)
at+名词
at
dinner/table在吃饭
at
work在工作
at
war交战
at
church在做礼拜
at
work
在办公
at
play
在玩耍
at
rest在休息
school在上学
beyond+名词
beyond
belief难以置信
beyond
control不听管教,无法掌控
beyond
compare无可比拟
beyond
description难以形容
beyond
expression无法表达
beyond
suspicion无可怀疑,毫无疑问
in+名词
或in
+名词+of+名词
in
the
army在当兵
in
(good)
repair维修良好的
in
progress在进行
in
operation在运行中
in
sight看得见
in
store贮藏着
in
action在运转
in
use
开始使用
in
course
of
construction正在兴建当中
in
need
of需要
in
course
of
shipment正在运输途中
in
charge
of
负责
in
the
charge
of
由……负责
in
possession
of
拥有
in
the
possession
of
被……拥有
on+名词
on
business办事/出差
on
holiday/vacation/leave在休假
on
watch值班
on
duty值勤/日
on
guard在值勤
on
strike在罢工
on
sale出售
on
loan借贷
on
the
air在广播  
on
fire在燃烧
on
show/display/
exhibition在展出
under+名词
under
control在控制之中
under
discussion在讨论中
under
development在发展中
under
observation在观察中
under
test在被测试
under
construction在建设中
under
fire在炮火中
under
examination在检查/调查中
under
consideration在考虑中
under
repair在修理中
under
arrest被逮捕
under
attack受到袭击
under
medical
treatment在治疗中
under
study在研究中
其他
against
one’s
opinion反对某人的见解
for
one’s
opinion同意某人的见解
for
sale供出售
at
the
mercy
of在……支配下;任由……摆布
1.(2018·江苏卷·单项填空)China’s
soft
power
grows
_______
the
increasing
appreciation
and
understanding
of
China
globally.
A.
in
line
with
B.
in
reply
to
C.
in
return
for
D.
in
honour
of
【解析】:考查介词短语词义辨析及语境理解。句意:中国的软实力增长与日俱增全球对中国的赏识和理解相一致。A.
in
line
with按照;与...一致;B.
in
reply
to答复;C.
in
return
for作为
...
的报酬;D.
in
honour
of为纪念。故选A。
【答案】A
2.
(2015·新课标全国卷Ⅰ·语法填空)
For
those
who
fly
to
Guilin,
it’s
only
an
hour
away
     car
and
offers
all
the
scenery
of
the
better-known
city.
【解析】:by
car是固定表达,意为"坐汽车"。by后接交通工具时,表示交通工具的名词前不加冠词。
【答案】by
3.
(2015·新课标全国卷Ⅱ·语法填空)When
a
new
day
breaks,
the
walls
have
given
up
their
heat
and
are
now
cold
enough
to
cool
the
house
during
the
hot
day;
     
the
same
time,
they
warm
up
again
for
the
night.
【解析】:at
the
same
time意为"同时",为固定短语。由空前的分号可知,此处的at的首字母应用小写。
【答案】at
4.
I
got
a
place
next
     the
window,
so
I
had
a
good
view
of
the
sidewalk.
【解析】:根据句子结构可知此空应填介词。next
to"挨着,仅次于",是固定短语。故填介词to。
【答案】to
易错点3
介词搭配错误或缺失、多余
3.(2017·新课标全国卷II短文改错)They
have
also
bought
for
some
gardening
tools.
________________________________________【错因分析】考生容易一看句子就觉得buy
for是为某人买东西,是正确的,从而遗漏本处或将for错改成其他介词。
【试题解析】考查搭配。bought是及物动词,后无需跟介词,故将for去掉。
【正确答案】将for去掉
________________________________________
高考主要考查学生对固定短语的掌握程度、对短语意义的了解以及介词在固定搭配中的应用。常见的介词搭配有:
1.
名词词组:如solution/approach/way
to……的方法;name
of……的名字;entrance
to/of……的入口等。
2.
动词词组:如remind
sb.
of
sth.提醒某人某事;rob
sb.
of
sth.抢劫某人的……;result
from由……引起;call
at访问(某地);lead
to导致等。
3.
形容词词组:如be
curious
about对……好奇;be
proud
of因……而自豪;be
popular
with受到……的欢迎等。
4.
介词短语:如apart
from
除……之外;in
addition
to除……之外(还);because
of因为;instead
of代替;in
fear
of为……提心吊胆;for
fear
of以免;in
case
of防备,万一;thanks
to由于;in
the
middle
of在……中间according
to根据;in
front
of在……前面;in
return
for作为对……的回报;in
charge
of负责;as
a
result
of作为……的结果;in
exchange
for与……交换;on
the
contrary相反;in
turn依次;in
one’s
opinion根据某人的看法;on
time准时;out
of
reach够不着等。
Lady
Gaga
has
been
struck
___________the
head
by
a
pole
while
performing
a
concert
___________New
Zealand,
which
is
part
of
a
world
tour.
A.
in;
on
B.
in;
at
C.
with;
at
D.
on;
in
【解析】:考查固定结构中的介词搭配。strike
sb.
on
the
head是固定用法,意为"打在某人头上",New
Zealand是国家名,故其前应用介词in。故选D。
【答案】D
2
代词
易错点1
人称代词、物主代词和反身代词的误用
1.
Tom
felt
that
he
knew
everybody’s
business
better
than
they
knew
it
.
A.
themselves
B.
oneself
C.
itself
D.
himself
________________________________________
【错因分析】考生容易因对反身代词理解错误而误选D。如果把注意力放在everybody上,就会误选D。
【试题分析】句意:汤姆感觉他比每个人自己都清楚每个人的职责。这里是强调than后的句子中的主语they,it指代的是business,此处表示的是每个人知道自己的职责,故选A。
【正确答案】
A
________________________________________
【特别提醒】
形容词性物主代词(my,
your,
his,
her,
its,
our,
their)只能在名词前作定语。如果名词前有形容词性物主代词,则不能再使用冠词(a,
an,
the)或指示代词(this,
that,
these,
those)来修饰此名词。
名词性物主代词(mine,
yours,
his,
hers,
its,
ours,
theirs)相当于"形容词性物主代词+名词",在句中可作主语、宾语、表语,而不作定语。
在使用反身代词时,要注意其所在句子的主语。如果主语是I就用myself,是you就用yourself,he用himself,she用herself,it用itself,we用ourself,they用themselves。
1.
人称代词
形式
句法功能
主格
I,we,you,he,she,it,they
主要用作主语,有时用作表语
宾格
me,us,you,him,her,it,them
作动词或介词的宾语;口语中常用宾格作表语
2.
物主代词
形式
句法功能
形容词性物主代词
my,
our,
your,
his,
her,
its,
their
作定语
名词性物主代词
mine,
ours,
yours,
his,
hers,
its,
theirs
作主语、宾语或表语
【特别提醒】
1.
英汉差异。英语中必须有形容词性物主代词,而汉语中往往省略不翻译。
Jack
took
off
his
coat
and
went
go
bed.(his不能省略)
2."of+名词性物主代词"用作定语。
Some
friends
of
mine
will
attend
my
birthday
party.
That
car
of
hers
is
a1ways
breaking
down.
3."形容词性物主代词+own+名词"表示强调,在own前还可加very表示进一步的强调。
It’s
nice
if
a
man
can
have
his
own
car.
I
want
to
have
my
very
own
car.
4."a(an,some,any)
+名词+
of
one’s
own"表示"某人自己的……"的意思。名词前可以用this,
that,
these,
four,
those,
several,
another,
no等修饰,但不能用定冠词the。
5.
含有反身代词的习惯用语:
by
oneslf(
=alone)
独自地,亲自
to
oneself
暗自
for
oneself
为自己
of
oneself
自动地,自发地
be
oneself
玩得愉快
dress
oneself
in
穿着……
help
oneslf
to
随便吃……,自行取用
come
to
oneself
苏醒
make
oneself
at
home
不要客气
devote
oneself
to
专心于;献身于……
find
oneself
in/at发觉
自己来到……
teach
oneself
自学
dress
oneself
自己穿衣
lose
oneself
迷路
1.(2019·天津卷·单项填空)A
study
shows
the
students
who
are
engaged
in
after-school
activities
are
happier
than
_________who
are
not.
A.
ones
B.
those
C.
these
D.
them
【解析】:考查代词。句意:一项研究表明,参加课外活动的学生比不参加课外活动的学生更开心。空格处代词与the
students是对应关系,可以用the
ones或者those替代。“them”指代的是前边提到的复数名词,不能与the
students形成对应关系。“these”一般不用定语从句修饰。故选B。
【答案】B
2.
(2018·新课标卷III·短文改错)Some
of
us
were
confident
and
eager
take
part
in
the
class
activity,
others
were
nervous
and
anxious.
I
had
done
homework
but
I
was
shy.
【解析】:句意:我已经完成了自己的作业。表示“我的”用my不用myself,或改为定冠词the也可以。
【答案】myself改为my/the
3.(2017·浙江卷·语法填空)Paulson
screamed
so
loudly
that
her
daughter
came
running
from
the
house.
"She
thought
I
had
hurt
(I),"says
Paulson.
【解析】:考查代词。主语为I,横线处为宾语,根据语境可知这里指她以为"我"弄伤了自己。故填myself。
【答案】myself
易错点2
不定代词的误用
(2015·重庆)The
meeting
will
be
held
in
September,
but
knows
the
date
for
sure.
________________________________________
【错因分析】考生容易因为没有理解but而误填其他复合不定代词。
【试题解析】句意:会议将在九月召开,但是没人知道具体日期。句中的关键词为but,表转折,故填nobody(没有人),符合句意。
【正确答案】nobody
________________________________________
不定代词有all,
both,
every,
each,
either,
neither,
more,
little,
few,
much,
many,
another,
other,
some,
any
,
one,
no
以及some,
something,
anything,
everything,
somebody,
someone,
anybody,
anyone,
nothing,
nobody,
no
one,
none,
everybody,
everyone等。
(一)不定代词的基本用法:
不定代词用法
用法
each/both/all
each指"(两者或两者以上物或人中的)每个";
both表示"两者都";all指"(三者或三者以上物或人中的)所有,全部"。
either/neither
either表示"(两者中的)任何一个";
neither表示"两者都不"。
none/nothing
none表示"(三者或三者以上)全无,没有一点";
nothing表示"没有任何东西,没有事"。
another
another泛指"(三者或三者以上中的)另一,又一"。
other/others
other泛指"其余的,另外的",只作定语。other+可数名词复数=others。
the
other/
the
others
the
other特指"(两者之中的)另一个"。the
other+可数名词复数=the
others。
(二)复合不定代词的用法
某……
任何……
每个……,所有……
没有……

someone/somebody
anyone/anybody
everyone/everybody
no
one/nobody

something
anything
everything
nothing
【特别注意】
all,both,everyone,everybody,everything以及"every+名词"都表示全部肯定。
none,no
one,nobody,nothing,neither,not
any
以及"no+名词"均表示全部否定;但当not
与表示全部肯定的不定代词连用时,不管not的位置在其前还是其后,都表示部分否定。
?None
of
them
smoke.
(全部否定)
他们都不吸烟。
?Such
a
person
can’t
be
found
everywhere.(部分否定)
这种人并非随处可见。
(三)指示代词
指示代词
用法
this/these
指在时间或空间上较近的人或事物;this可指下文将要谈到的人或物。
that/those
指在时间或空间上较远的人或事物;that可指上文提到过的人或物。
such
指代前面所叙述的人或事物。作主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于后面的名词或代词的数。
so
代替一个句子或短语所表达的事情,意思是"如此,这样"。在believe,think,expect,suppose,imagine,guess等词后用so代替前文提出的观点。
几组相似的不定代词:
1.
all,
both,
either,
neither,
each和none
(1)both(两者都),either(两者中的任何一个),neither(两者都不)。以上这些词使用范围为两者。
?John
and
Mary
have
both
won
the
prizes.
约翰和玛丽都得了奖。
?The
research
group
produced
two
reports
based
on
the
survey,
but
neither
contained
any
useful
suggestions.
这个调查组在调查的基础上提供了两份报告,但是没有一份包含有用的建议。
?I’ve
lived
in
New
York
and
Chicago,but
don’t
like
either
of
them
very
much.
我曾经在纽约和芝加哥居住过,但是这两个城市我都不是很喜欢。
(2)both与复数名词连用,either与单数名词连用。
?There
are
flowers
on
both
sides
of
the
street.
街道两旁都有花。
?There
are
flowers
on
either
side
of
the
street.
街道的每一边都有花。
(3)all(所有的,全部的人或物),any(任何一个),none(都不)。以上词使用范围为三者或三者以上。
?All
the
students
in
my
class
like
our
teachers.
我们班的所有学生都喜欢我们的老师。
?Although
Rosemary
had
suffered
from
a
serious
illness
for
years,she
lost
none
of
her
enthusiasm
for
life.
虽然罗斯玛丽患上这种严重的疾病多年,但是她一点儿也没有失去对生活的热情。
(4)each可指两者,也可指两者以上。
?They
each
have
a
car.
他们都有车。
2.
no,none,nobody和nothing
(1)no不能单独使用,相当于not
a或not
any,作定语修饰可数名词或不可数名词。
?He
has
no
worry
about
safety.
他一点也不为安全担心。
(2)none既可以指人,也可以指物,侧重指三者或三者以上的人或物,可与介词of连用,用于回答how
many/much引出的疑问句。
?—How
many
people
are
there
in
the
room?
房间里有多少人?
—None.
没有人。
(3)nobody指人,用于回答who引导的疑问句;nothing指物,用于回答what引出的疑问句。
?The
meeting
will
be
held
in
September,
but
nobody
knows
the
date
for
sure.
这次会议将在9月举行,但没人知道确切的日期。
?—What
are
you
doing?
你正在做什么?
—Nothing.没干什么。
1.
(2018·新课标卷I·短文改错)
The
first
time
I
went
there,
they
were
living
in
a
small
house
with
dogs,
ducks,
and
another
animals.
【解析】:他们住在一个小房子里,院子里有狗、鸭子和其他牲畜。根据句意可知,将another改成other。
【答案】another改为other
2.(2017·新课标全国卷II短文改错)Mr.
and
Mrs.
Zhang
all
work
in
our
school.
【解析】:考查both和all的用法。both的主语是两个,而all是三个或者三个以上,句子中只有两个人Mr.
and
Mrs.
Zhang,故将all改为both。
【答案】all改为both
3.—One
week’s
time
has
been
wasted.
—I
can’t
believe
we
did
all
that
work
for
.
A.
something
B.
nothing
C.
everything
D.
anything
【解析】:句意:——一周的时间已被浪费掉了。——我无法相信我们所做的一切毫无结果。前面说"浪费",那么应该是没有什么结果,因此用nothing,for
nothing毫无结果。
【答案】B
易错点3
指示代词的误用
3.(2016·浙江·单项填空)In
many
ways,
the
education
system
in
the
US
is
not
very
different
from
_________
in
the
UK.
A.
that
B.
this
C.
one
D.
it
________________________________________
【错因分析】考生容易因没有弄清楚that,this,it的区别而误选答案。
【试题解析】句意:在很多方面,美国的教育体系和英国的教育体系不太相同。指代上文的名词education
system,是同类不同物,用that,而且后面有介词短语作后置定语。this表示近指,one泛指可数名词单数,it特指上文提到的名词。故选A。
【正确答案】A
________________________________________
指示代词是用来指代或标记人或事物的代词,有this,that,these,those。this,that是单数,these,those是复数。指示代词可以在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语等。
几组常见的指示代词的辨析:
1.
it,one,ones,that,those
(1)it特指上文所提到的同一事物,它所代替的名词常由the,this,that等修饰。
(2)one泛指上文提到的同类事物中的一个,不特指,相当于"a/an+单数名词";the
one特指前面的可数名词单数,有时可以用that来代替(尤其是后面有后置定语时);
(3)ones泛指上文提到的同类事物的复数名词;the
ones特指上文提到的复数名词,有时可以用those代替,尤其在有后置定语的情况下。
(4)that特指前面出现的单数名词或不可数名词,相当于"the+可数名词单数/不可数名词";that
的复数形式为those,替代可数名词复数,既可指人也可指物。
?Yesterday
I
lost
my
pen
and
I
couldn’t
find
it.
So
I
had
to
buy
one.(it指代my
pen;one替代a
pen)
昨天我丢了钢笔而且没找到。所以我不得不再买一支。
?The
books
on
the
desk
are
better
than
those/the
ones
under
the
desk.(those/the
ones替代the
books)
桌子上的书要比桌子下面的好。
?Few
pleasure
can
equal
that
of
a
cool
drink
on
a
hot
day.
没有什么能比得上在炎热的天气里喝上一杯冷饮那样快乐。(that替代pleasure)
【特别注意】
that既可替代可数名词单数,也可替代不可数名词,常有后置定语,一般不指人,复数形式为those;one只能替代可数名词单数,复数形式为ones。当可数名词前有形容词修饰时,只能用one,不用that。当of短语做可数名词单数的后置定语时,用that,不用one。
2.
another,other,the
other和others
(1)another既可以单独使用,也可以用于单数名词前,泛指三者或三者以上中的"另外一个人或物"。还可以用于"another+数词+复数名词"中,表示"再,又"。
?Recycling
is
one
way
to
protect
the
environment;
reusing
is
another.
循环利用是保护环境的一种方式,重新利用是另一种方式。
?You
have
to
wait
for
another
three
weeks.
你还得等待三周。
(2)other
可用作形容词,意思为"别的,其他的",泛指"其他的(人或物)"。
?You
can
ask
other
people
to
help
you.
你可以让其他人帮你。
(3)the
other指两个人或物中的一个,不能用another,此时other为代词。
?The
old
man
has
two
sons.One
is
a
teacher;
the
other
is
a
doctor.
这位老人有两个儿子。一个是老师,另一个是医生。
(4)the
other
后可接可数名词单数,也可接可数名词复数,不接不可数名词。此时other为形容词。
?On
the
other
side
of
the
street,
there
is
a
tall
tree.
在街道的另一边,有一棵高大的树。
?He
is
taller
than
the
other
students
in
his
class.
他比班里其他学生都高。
(5)others
是other的复数形式,泛指"另外几个;其他的"。others不能作定语,表示复数意义,相当于"other+复数名词";the
others相当于"the
other+复数名词",指剩下的全部。
?In
some
countries,people
eat
with
chopsticks,while
in
others,knives
and
forks.
在一些国家里,人们用筷子吃饭,而在另一些国家里,,人们用刀子和叉子。
?Two
students
in
our
class
failed,but
all
the
others
passed
the
exam.
班里两个学生没及格,但其他学生全部通过了考试。
Cars
do
cause
as
us
some
health
problems

in
fact
far
more
serious
than
mobile
phones
do.
A.
one
B.
ones
C.
it
D.
those
【解析】:句意:汽车确实给我们造成了一些健康问题,事实上远比手机造成的健康问题严重。这里ones用来替代前面的problems,由于有修饰语serious,故不能填those。
【答案】B
易错点4
代词it的误用
4.
How
would
you
like
if
you
were
watching
your
favorite
TV
program
and
someone
came
into
the
room
and
just
shut
it
off
without
asking
you?
________________________________________【错因分析】学生容易因不清楚it的用法而误填其他答案。
【试题解析】句意:如果你正在看最喜爱的电视节目,这时有人进来没有征求你的意见就把电视关了,你会怎么想?固定表达how
would
you
like
it
if...,在此结构中it为形式宾语,代替后面if从句的内
容。
【正确答案】it
________________________________________
it的用法考点透析:
(一)it作为代词,与one,that的辨析
1.
it
特指,代替单数可数名词,一般代替一个具体的事物,不带修饰成分。
(1)用作人称代词,代替前文提到的事物。
?—What’s
this?这是什么?
—It’s
a
pen.
钢笔。
(2)代替指示代词this,that。
(3)表示时间、天气、距离、季节、明暗等。
?—How
far
is
it
to
New
York?
纽约有多远?
—It’s
400
kilometers.
400公里。
2.
one
(1)泛指,代替前面出现过的名词单数,避免重复(用ones代替前面出现过的复数名词)。可用this/that/each/which及形容词修饰,也可与冠词连用,或带后置定语。
?He
has
no
child,
and
he
wants
to
adopt
one.
他没有孩子,想认养一个。
(2)作不定代词时,可以泛指人,意为"一个人,一种人"。
?One
should
do
one’s
duty.
人人应该尽责。
比较:
?There
was
a
piano
in
the
shop,
so
I
decided
to
buy
it
at
once.
店里有一架钢琴,我决定立刻买下来。(it
特指上文出现的piano,
与piano是同一事物)
?I
wanted
to
buy
a
house
and
I’d
like
one
with
a
garden.
我想买个带花园的房子。(one=a
house)
?There
are
many
good
flats
for
you
to
choose.Would
you
like
to
buy
one?
有许多好的公寓让你选择,你要买一套吗?(one=a
flat,
one
指many
good
flats中的一个)
3.
that
代替单数可数名词或代替不可数名词,只可带后置定语。只能代替物,不能代替人。those可指人,也可指物;在比较状语从句中,特指前面提到的同一类东西。
?The
population
of
Shanghai
is
larger
than
that
of
Beijing.
上海的人口多于北京。
(二)it作形式主语时的常见句型:
1.
It
is
(high)
time
(that)
主语+should
do/did
sth.
?It
is
(high)
time
that
this
problem
was
solved.
是时候解决这个问题了。
2.
It
is...since...
?It
is
two
years
since
he
came
to
work
in
this
city.
自从他来到这个城市工作已经两年了。
3.
It
be...before...
?It
will
be
three
years
before
we
can
meet
again.
我们要三年才能相见。
4.
It
is/was+adj.+for/of
sb.to
do
sth.
?It
was
difficult
for
her
to
move
so
heavy
a
box.
叫他搬这么重的箱子有点难。
5.
It
is/was+adj.+that...
?It
was
clear
that
he
was
lying
to
us.
很明显他在对我们说谎。
6.
It
is+v?ed+that...
?It
is
reported
that
our
team
has
won
the
gold
medal.
据报道我们队获得了金牌。
7.
It
seems/appears/happens
that...
?It
seemed
that
he
had
known
the
truth.
看来他已经知道了真相。
8.
It
matters/doesn’t
matter
that...
?It
matters
a
lot
whether
he
will
agree
to
our
plan.
他是否同意我们的计划关系重大。
9.
It
is
no
use/no
good/no
harm
doing
sth.
?It’s
no
good
arguing
with
him.
与他争吵没好处。
(三)it作形式宾语的常用句型(S代替主语,V代替谓语动词)
1.
S+V+it+adj./n.+to
do
sth.
?We
consider
it
a
great
honor
to
be
able
to
host
the
2020
Olympic
Games.
我们认为能举办2020奥运会是极大的荣幸。
2.
S+V+it+adj./n.+doing
sth.
?They
find
it
no
use
searching
the
empty
house.
他们发觉搜寻这座空房子没用。
?Do
you
consider
it
any
good
trying
again?
你认为再试一次没有任何好处?
3.
主语+谓语+it+that/when...
?I
don’t
like
it
when
you
shout
at
me.
我不喜欢你对我大喊大叫。
4.
强调句:It
is/was+被强调成分+who/that...
如:可对下列句子中四处画线部分进行强调。
?We
saw
Tom
in_the_park
yesterday.
我们昨天在公园看见汤姆。
→It
was
we
who/that
saw
Tom
in
the
park
yesterday.
(强调主语,为人,可用who或that)
是我们昨天在公园看见汤姆的。
→It
was
Tom
who/that
we
saw
in
the
park
yesterday.
(强调宾语)
昨天我们在公园看见的是汤姆。
→It
was
in_the_park
that
we
saw
Tom
yesterday.
(强调地点状语)
我们昨天是在公园看见汤姆的。
→It
was
yesterday
that
we
saw
Tom
in
the
park.
(强调时间状语)
我们是昨天在公园看见汤姆的。
【温馨提示】
1.
It
is...that

不能用来强调谓语动词,强调动词要用"do+动词原形"。
?Do
come
early
tomorrow.
明天一定要早点来。
?The
little
boy
did
work
out
the
problem.
小男孩的确做出了那个题目。
2.
强调时间、地点、某个事物时都要用that,而不能用when,where,which。
1.(2018年·浙江卷·语法填空)Many
westerners
57
who/that
come
to
China
cook
much
less
than
in
their
own
countries
once
they
realize
how
cheap
58
can
be
to
eat
out.
【解析】:考查it用法。句子为感叹句,正常语序应该是it
can
be
cheap
to
eat
out.其中不定式to
eat
out是真正主语,用it
是形式主语。故填it。
【答案】it
2.
I’d
appreciate
__________
if
you
could
let
me
know
in
advance
whether
or
not
you
will
come.
A.
it
B.
you
C.
one
D.
this
【解析】:句意:如果你能让我提前知道你是否能来,我会很感激的。I
would
appreciate
it
if…
"如果……我会很感激的",it是形式宾语,真正的宾语是if引导的从句。
【答案】A
1
介词
常考介词辨析
介词是英语中最活跃的词类之一,使用频率相当高,其用法跟冠词一样复杂。介词按其词义可分为下列几种:
1.
表示方向、地点。如:about,across,after,among,around,behind,below,beside,beyond,down,from,into,off,over,throughout,towards,up,within,without
等。
2.
表示时间。如:about,after,around,as,at,before,behind,between,by,during,for,from,in,into,of,on,over,past,since,through,till(until),to,towards,within
等。
3.
表示除去。如:besides,but,except
等。
4.
表示比较。如:as,like,above,over
等。
5.
表示赞同、反对。如:for,against
等。
6.
表示原因、目的。如:for,with,from
等。
7.
表示结果。如:to,with,without
等。
8.
表示手段、方式。如:by,in,with
等。
9.
表示所属。如:of,with
等。
10.
表示条件。如:on,without,considering
等。
11.
表示让步。如:despite,in
spite
of等。
12.
表示关于。如:about,concerning,regarding,with
regard
to,as
for,as
to
等。
13.
表示对于。如:to,for,over,at,with
等。
14.
表示根据。如:on,according
to
等。
但根据近年来高考命题的情况来看,考生需要掌握以下内容:
1.
表示相同或相似概念的介词(短语)的区别
表示的概念
介词(短语)


时间
in
on
at
at在一个时间点上;
in在一段的时间之内;
on在具体日子。
since
from
since
指从过去到现在的一段时间,和完成时连用;
from指从时间的某一点开始。
in
after
in指在一段时间之后,也可以指一段时间之内(=within);
after表示某一具体时间点之后或用在过去时的一段时间中。
in
the
end
at
the
end
of
by
the
end
of
in
the
end作"最后""终于"解,单独作句子成分,后不接介词of;
at
the
end
of
表示"在……末梢""到……尽头",既可指时间,也可以指地上或物体,不可单独使用;
by
the
end
of
作"在……结束时""到……末为止"解,只能指时间。不可单独使用。
位置
between
among
between表示两者之间;
among用于三者或三者以上的中间。
注意:有时说的虽然是三个以上的人或东西,强调的是两两相互间接关系时、在谈到一些事物或一组事物,而把它们视为两组时以及在谈事物间的差别时,就用between。
in
on
to
in表示在某范围内;
on指与什么毗邻;
to指在某环境范围之外。
on
in
on只表示在某物的表面上;
in表示占去某物一部分。
in
into
in通常表示位置(静态);
into表示动向,不表示目的地或位置。
through
across
through表示从内部通过,与in
有关;
across则表示从一端至另一端在表面上的通过,与on有关。
除了
besides
except
but
except
for
besides指"除了……还有,再加上";
except指"除了,减去什么",不能放在句首;
but与except意思近似,表示"除了……外"经常用在no,
all,
nobody,
anywhere,
everything等和其他疑问词后面;
except
for表示"如无……就,只是"表明理由细节。
2.
常见同一形容词与不同介词搭配时意义上的差别
常见形容词
搭配
意义
absent
(be)
absent
from
缺席
(be)
absent
in
不在……(而在……)
afraid
(be)
afraid
of
担心……
(be)
afraid
for
为……而担心
angry
(be)
angry
with
sb.
对某人生气
(be)
angry
at/about
sth.
因某事而生气
anxious
(be)anxious
for
sth.
急于想得到
(be)anxious
about
sth./sb.
对某事/某人担心
different
(be)
different
from
与……不同
(be)
different
to
不关心
familiar
(be)
familiar
with
精通,熟悉
(be)
familiar
to
为……熟知(悉)
good
(be)
good
at
擅长于
(be)
good
for
对……有益
(be)
good
to
对……友好/态度好
popular
(be)
popular
with
sb.
受……欢迎
(be)
popular
for
因……而流行
strict
(be)
strict
with
sb.
对某人要求严格
(be)
strict
in
sth.
对某事要求严格
3.
容易混淆的含有介词固定搭配的词组




差一冠词,大相径庭
in
front
of(在……前面)——in
the
front
of(在……前部)
in
charge
of(负责)——in
the
charge
of(由……负责)
out
of
question(毫无疑问)——out
of
the
question(不可能)
at
table(在吃饭;在吃饭时)——at
the
table(在桌子旁边)
有无介词,意义不同
know
sb.认识某人——know
about
sb.了解某人
shoot
sb.击中某人——shoot
at
sb.向某人射击
search
sb.搜身——search
for
sb.搜寻某人
believe
sb.相信某人的话——believe
in
sb.信任某人的人格
benefit
sb.使某人受益——benefit
from
sb.从某人那里得到益处
画蛇添足,误加介词
serve
the
people为人民服务(容易在serve后加for)
enter
the
room进入房间(容易在enter后加into)
follow
me跟在我后面(容易在follow后加behind)
marry
sb.与某人结婚(容易在marry后加with)
go
abroad出国(容易在go后面加to)
live
upstairs住在楼上(容易在live后面加
in)
2
代词
几组易混不定代词的用法区别:
1.
some和any
二者都可用作名词(作主语或宾语),也可用作形容词(作定语)来修饰可数名词或不可数名词。
(1)some一般用于肯定句中。当some用于单数可数名词前时,表示"某一(个)",与数字连用则有"大概,大约"的意思;用于疑问句时,表示说话人希望得到肯定的回答,或表示请求、建议。
?I’ve
read
the
story
in
some
book.
(某一本)
?Some
girl.
is
waiting
for
you
at
the
school
gate.(某个)
?The
country
has
exported
some
two
million
bikes
this
year.
(
大约
)
?May
I
have
some
water?
(表示请求)
?Would
you
like
some
apples?
(邀请)
(2)any多用于疑问句,否定句和条件句中。在肯定句中,any表示"任何的",修饰单数可数名词。也可用作状语,表示程度。
2.
much和many
(1)both两者都,all三者或三者以上,全体;在句中可作主语、宾语、定语和同位语。
(2)all指人,作主语时,谓语动词用复数;指物,表示"所有,一切",作主语时,谓语动词用单数,也可用来作定语,修饰不可数名词。
?All
but
one
are
present.(作主语,指人,谓语动词用复数)
?All
is
over
with
him.(作主语,指物,谓语动词用单数)
?I
have
forgotten
all
about
it(作宾语)
?All
hope
has
gone.(修饰不可数名词)
?They
all
agree
to
stay
here.(作同位语)
3.
much和many
两个词都有"许多"的意思,much表示或修饰不可数名词,many表示或修饰可数名词。在口语中,much或many多用于疑问句或否定句,在肯定句中常用a
lot
of,lots
of,plenty
of,a
large
quantity
of,quantities
of代替。much还可以用a
great
deal
of代替,many可以用a
(1arge)
number
of代替。
(1)much可用作副词,作状语,表程度。be
not
much意为"不怎么样",much还可与too连用构成"too
much+
不可数名词"短语,意为"太多的……","much
too+形容词或副词",意为"太……,非常……",是副词词组,修饰形容词、副词,但不修饰动词。
?The
city
is
much
larger
than
that
one.
?I’ve
visited
the
country
and
it
is
not
much.
?There
is
too
much
noise
in
the
classroom.
?I’m
much
too
busy
to
see
visitors.
(2)many
a
+
可数名词单数,表示"许多"。在名词前如果有冠词或指示代词等词时,要用many
of或much
of结构。
?Many
a
student
has
gone
to
the
cinema.
?Many
of
the/my
books
are
English.
4.
each和every
(1)each强调个体,在句子中充当定语、主语、宾语和同位语,指两者或两者以上的人或事物中的每一个。
?Each
room
can
seat
at
least
fifty
people.
?Each
of
the
students
will
get
a
new
book.
?Each
student
will
get
a
new
book
?The
students
each
will
get
a
new
book.
?There
are
trees
and
flowers
on
each
side
of
the
street.
(街道只有两边,不能用every)
(2)every强调整体,在句中只能作定语,指三者或三者以上的人或事物中的每一个。还可以构成"every+数词+复数名词","every
+
few
+
复数名词""every
+
other
+
单数名词""every
+序数词
+
单数名词"表示"每隔……"。
?Every
one
has
strong
and
weak
points.
?Every
student
has
told
a
story.
?every
three
weeks
每隔三个星期,每隔两个星期
?every
other
week
=
every
second
week
每隔一星期
?every
few
weeks(不能说evesy
a
few
weeks)
每隔几个星期
4.
either
和neither
either指"两个人或物中的任何一个",表示肯定意义;neither指"两个人或物一个也不",表示否定意义。这两个词作主语时,谓语动词要用单数。
①either可放在否定句的句尾,表示"也"。
?I
don’t
know
either.
我也不知道。
②either可用作连词,"或者,要么"的意思,一般与。or连用,构成"either...
or"短语,意为"不是……而是……","或者……或者……"。当这一短语连接两个名词或代词作主语时,谓语动词在人称和数上要同最近的主语保持一致。
?Either
he
or
I
am
to
blame.
?Is
either
he
or
you
going
to
the
cinema?
?Are
either
you
or
he
going
to
the
cinema?
③either修饰名词时,前面不用物主代词,指示代词或定冠词,可以说"either
pen",但不能说"the
either
pen或either
my
pen"。
④either用作代词时,可以单独使用,也可和of连用,of后接复数名词,名词前要用一个物主代词,指示代词或定冠词。
?He
doesn’t
like
either
of
the
two
places.
⑤当either
of作主语时,动词一般用单数形式,但在否定句和疑问句中,动词也常用复数,特别在口语中。
?Either
of
them
is
good
enough.
?I
don’t
think
either
of
them
are
at
home.
6.
no和
none
(1)no表示"不""无",只能作定语,修饰不可数名词或可数名词单复数,相当于not
any或not
a。
?There
is
no
water
in
th
e
bottle.
(2)none表示"没有人,任何人也不",用作名词,相当于no
one或not
any,常同of连用,构成"None
of..."结构
,none作可数名词用时,指三者或三者以上。作主语时谓语动词用单数或复数均可,none作不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数。none在句中作主语或宾语,不作定语,不与名词连用。
?None
of
the
books
are
(is)
interesting.
【特别注意】
1.
"none
but+复数名词"作主语时,谓语动词要用复数。
?None
but
wolves
walk
like
that.除非狼才会那么走。
2.
none和noone的区别:
none回答以howmany/much引出的特殊疑问句或"any
of
+
限定词
+
名词"或表一定范围的一般疑问句,no
one回答以who引出的特殊疑问句及含有anybody或无限定范围的一般问句,简言之,none表示数量,no
one表示没有人。
?—
How
many
students
are
there
in
the
classroom
now?
—None.
?—How
any
of
you
ever
been
to
the
Great
Wall?
—None.
?—Who
can
answer
the
question?
—No
one.
7.
other,another,
others,any
other和the
other
(1)other表示泛指,意为"另外的,其他的",常与复数名词或不可数名词连用。如果其前有the,this,some,any,each,every,no以及形容词性物主代词时,其后就可接单数名词。
?I
have
no
other
place
to
go.
(2)another常用于指三者或三者以上中的"另外一个",泛指单数。可以单独使用,也可以接名词。如果其后接复数名词,则表示"又,再,还"。
?This
cap
is
too
small
for
me.
Show
me
another
(one).
?We
need
another
three
assistants
in
our
company.
(3)others是other的复数形式,表示泛指,意为"别的人或物",但不指全部。特指时在其前加定冠词;前面可加任何限定词以及数量词。
?He
has
more
concern
for
others
than
for
himself.
(4)any
other表示一个之外的其他任何一个,而不是两个之中的另一个。
?China
is
larger
than
any
other
country
in
Asia.
(5)the
other表示两者中的另外一个。可以单独使用,也可接单数名词。
?No
agreement
was
reached
in
the
discussion
as
neither
side
would
give
away
to
the
other.
【巧学妙记】
英语人称代词用法口诀:
人称代词主宾格,作用不同莫用错。
主格动词前作主,动词介词后宾格。
You和it主宾同,其他主宾须分清。
人称代词并列现,尊重他人礼当先。
单数人称二三一,复数人称一二三。
若把错误责任担,第一人称我靠前。
英语物主代词用法口诀:
物主代词分两种,形容词性名词性。
形容词性能力差,自己不能来当家。
句子当中作定语,身后定把名词加。
物主代词名词性,相当名词可单用。
句中充当主宾表,身后没有名词影。
两种代词形不同,添个
s
形变名。
his,
its不用变,my变mine要记清。
高考真题
题组一
介词
I.
单项填空
1.(2019·新课标III卷·语法填空)We
were
first
greeted
with
the
barking
by
a
pack
___63___
dogs,seven
to
be
exact.
【答案】of
【解析】:考查介词。“a
pack
of”意为“一群”。故填of。
2.(2019·浙江卷·语法填空)But
can
uniforms
help
improve
school
standards?
The
answer
___61___
this
question
is
not
clear.
【答案】to
【解析】:考查介词。句意:这个问题的答案不清楚。the
key/answer
to
...这是固定搭配,“……的答案是……”。故填to。
3.(2018·天津卷·单项填空)
Bob
thought
he
couldn't
go
to
the
party
because
he
had
to
write
a
report,
but
he
went
___________.
A.
at
first
B.
after
all
C.
above
all
D.
at
random
【答案】B
【解析】:考查介词短语辨析及语境理解。句意:鲍勃认为他不能去参加聚会,因为他不得不写一份报告,但他终究去了。A.
at
first起初;B.
after
all毕竟,终究。C.
above
all首先;D.
at
random随便地。根据前面的转折连词可知,与前面情况相反,故选B。
4.
(2018·新课标卷II·完形填空)I
still
can’t
believe
what
a
coincidence
it
was.
I’m
just
so
glad
I
was
there
___60___
to
help
my
son.
A.
on
board
B.
in
time
C.
for
sure
D.
on
purpose
【答案】B
【解析】:考查介词词组词义辨析。我高兴的是我在那儿及时帮助了我的儿子。A.
on
board在船上;B.
in
time及时;C.
for
sure肯定;D.
on
purpose目的。故选B项切题。
5.(2017·北京·完形填空)For
example,
she
received
the
2007
BRICK
Award
recognizing
the
efforts
of
young
people
to
change
the
world.
But
all
this,
Hannah
still
has
the
normal
life
of
a
Winnipeg
schoolgirl,
except
that
she
pays
regular
visits
to
homeless
people.
A.
for
B.
through
C.
besides
D.
along
【答案】B
【解析】:考查介词。A.
for为了;B.
through通过;C.
besides此外;D.
along沿着。语境是"但是经过所有这些之后,Hannah依然过着Winnipeg学校一名女生的普通的生活",根据语境可知选B。介词through表示"经历"。
6.(2017·
天津卷·单项填空)When
you
drive
through
the
Redwood
Forests
in
California,
you
will
be
___________
trees
that
are
over
1,000
years
old.
A.
among
B.
against
C.
behind
D.
below
【答案】A
【解析】:句意:当你开车穿过加利福尼亚的红木森林时,你将会穿梭于超过千年历史的树木之间。be
among
位于……之间;be
against
反对;be
behind
在……后面;be
below在……之下。根据句意,故选A。
考点:考查介词辨析。
【名师点睛】
对于介词辨析题目,首先可以从句意着手,看懂句意是解答此类题目的关键,其次对选项的意思及介词的常见搭配也要了如指掌。这是对平时学生的基本知识进行考查,学生在平时的学习中要多记忆,多多积累,以便在考试时能够迅速准确地解答试题。
7.(2017·天津卷·完形填空)My
goal
was
to
lose
150
pounds
in
one
year
and
raise
$50,000
_
a
movement
founded
30
years
ago
to
end
hunger.
A.
in
search
of
B.
in
need
of
C.
in
place
of
D.
in
support
of
【答案】D
【解析】:根据上文raise
$50,000可知,此处表示"为了支持三十年前为了结束饥饿而创办的一项活动"。A.
为了寻找;B.
需要;C.
代替;D.
为了支持。故选D。
8.(2016·天津卷·单项填空)The
dictionary
is
_____________:
many
words
have
been
added
to
the
language
since
it
was
published.
A.
out
of
control
B.
out
of
date
C.
out
of
sight
D.
out
of
reach
【答案】B
【解析】:句意:这本字典过时了:自从它被出版,很多单词被增加到这个语言中。A.失去控制;B.过时的;C看不见的;D.够不着的。根据句意可知选B。
9.(2016·浙江卷·单项填空)That
young
man
is
honest,
cooperative,
always
there
when
you
need
his
help.
___________,
he’s
reliable.
A.
Or
else
B.
In
short
C.
By
the
way
D.
For
one
thing
【答案】B
【解析】:句意:这个年轻人是诚实的,有合作精神的,当你需要他的帮助的时候,他总是在那里。简言之,他是可靠的。A.否则;B.简言之;C.顺便说一下;D.首先。故选B。
10.(2016·浙江卷·单项填空)The
study
suggests
that
the
cultures
we
grow
up
___________influence
the
basic
processes
by
which
we
see
world
around
us.
A.
on
B.
in
C.
at
D.
about
【答案】B
【解析】:句意:研究表明我们成长的文化影响我们看周围世界的基本过程。the
cultures后面是定语从句,省略that,定语从句中cultures作宾语,那么还缺少一个介词,和cultures搭配用介词in,故选B。
11.(2015·福建卷·单项填空)A
common
memory
they
all
have
____________
their
school
days
is
the
school
uniform.
A.
of
B.
on
C.
to
D.
with
【答案】A
【解析】:考查介词辨析。of关于,表示从属关系;on表示在……之上;to表示对于;with表示和……在一起。句意:他们共有的关于他们学校的记忆是校服。have
a
memory
of对……有记忆,是固定短语,故选A。
12.(2015·福建卷·单项填空)Human
life
is
regarded
as
part
of
nature
and,
as
such,
the
only
way
for
us
to
survive
is
to
live
_____________
nature.
A.
in
view
of
B.
in
need
of
C.
in
touch
with
 
D.
in
harmony
with
【答案】D
【解析】:考查短语辨析。in
view
of在……眼里,在……看来;in
need
of需要;in
touch
with和……接触;in
harmony
with与……和谐相处。这四个短语后面都应该接名词,该句意思为:人的生活是自然的一部分,因此,我们生存下来的唯一的方法就是与自然和谐相处。根据句意,故选D。
II.
语法填空
1.(2017·新课标全国卷I语法填空)This
trend,
which
was
started
by
the
medical
community(医学界)
_____________
a
method
of
fighting
heart
disease,
has
had
some
unintended
side
effects
such
as
overweight
and
heart
disease

the
very
thing
the
medical
community
was
trying
to
fight.
【答案】as
【解析】:考查介词。句意:这一趋势最初始于医学界作为一种对抗心脏病的方法。as表示"作为,以……身份",故填as。
2.(2017·新课标全国卷II语法填空)In
1863
the
first
underground
passenger
railway
in
the
world
opened
in
London.
It
ran
for
just
under
seven
kilometers
and
allowed
people
to
avoid
terrible
crowds
on
the
roads
above
as
they
travelled
to
and
   
  
work.
【答案】from
【解析】:考查介词。to
and
from来回,故填from。
3.(2017·新课标全国卷III语法填空)After
school
she
plans
to
take
a
year
off
to
model
full-time
before
going
to
university
to
get
a
degree
engineering
or
architecture.
【答案】in
【解析】:考查介词。in表示"在某方面",获得某项学位"get
a
degree
in…"。
4.
(2016·新课标全国卷I语法填空)Most
of
us
are
more
focused
    
 our
tasks
in
the
morning
than
we
are
later
in
the
day.
【答案】on
【解析】:focus
on
"关注,聚焦",为固定短语,因此填on。
5.
(2016·新课标全国卷III语法填空)In
India,for
example,most
people
traditionally
eat
  
   their
hands.
【答案】with 
【解析】:句意:例如,在印度,大部分人传统上用手吃饭。介词with表示"用……"之意,表达方式。
6.
(2016·四川语法填空)The
mother
continued
to
care
for
the
young
panda
   
  more
than
two
years.
【答案】for 
【解析】:"for+一段时间",表示持续一段时间。
III.
改错
1.
(2018·新课标卷II·短文改错)They
would
say
to
me
that
playing
card
games
would
help
my
brain.
Still
I
was
unwilling
to
play
the
games
for
them
sometimes.
【答案】for改为with
【解析】:考查介词。play
the
games
with
sb.表示“和某人一块玩游戏”,故把for改为with。
2.(2017·新课标全国卷III·短文改错)When
I
look
at
this
picture
of
myself,
I
realize
of
how
fast
time
flies.
【答案】删除of
【解析】:考查介词。realize是及物动词,后面接宾语时不需要介词。
3.(2017·新课标全国卷I·短文改错)It
was
a
relief
and
I
came
to
a
suddenly
stop
just
in
the
middle
on
the
road.
(1)【答案】suddenly改为sudden
【解析】:考查形容词。句意:我来了个紧急刹车。suddenly是副词,表示"意外地,忽然地"。sudden为形容词,表示"突然的;迅速的",修饰名词stop用形容词,故将suddenly改为sudden。a
sudden
stop表示"急刹车"。
(2)【答案】on改为of
【解析】:考查介词。分析语境可知此处表示"在路中间急刹车",on
the
road表示"在路上",the
middle
of
the
road表示"路的中央",强调的是"the
middle",故将on改为of。
【应试点拨】
高考短文改错中关于介词的错误主要是:
1.
词组中的介词误用;
2.
介词意思理解偏差;
3.
介词的多用或少用。
题组二
代词
I.
改错
1.(2017·新课标全国卷I·短文改错)I
still
remember
how
hard
first
day
was.
【答案】first前加the/my
【解析】:句意:我依然记得第一天是多么艰难。句中特指开始学驾照的第一天,所以在first前加上the。也可以加上my,my
first
day表示"我(学驾照)的第一天",故在first前加the或my。
2.(2017·新课标全国卷III·短文改错)Around
me
in
picture
are
the
things
they
were
very
important
in
my
life
at
that
time:
car
magazines
and
musical
instruments.
(1)【答案】they→that/which
【解析】:they不能引导定语从句,因为指代things,所以把they改为that或者which。
(2)【答案】在picture前加the/
this
【解析】:单数可数名词前应该有限定词,根据句意可知在picture前加the或者this。
3.(2017·新课标全国卷III·短文改错)This
picture
often
brings
back
to
me
many
happy
memories
of
your
high
school
days.
【答案】your→my
【解析】:考查代词。根据句意可知此处是我高中时代生活的美好回忆,故把your改为my。
【应试点拨】
高考短文改错中关于代词的错误主要是:
1.
代词的主格和宾格(I/me;
he/him;
she/her;
we/us;
they/them)错误;
2.
反身代词(myself/yourself/himself/herself/themselves/ourselves)使用错误;
3.
代词的单数和复数使用错误;
4.
代词指代错误;
5.
多代词或少代词。
II.
语法填空
1.(2017·新课标全国II卷·语法填空)However,
the
railway
quickly
proved
to
be
a
great
success
and
within
six
months,
more
than
25,000
people
were
using
____________
every
day.
【答案】it
【解析】:考查代词,这里用it指代前句的the
railway,故填it。
2.
(2016·新课标全国卷Ⅰ)On
my
recent
visit,
I
held
a
lively
three?month?old
twin
that
had
been
rejected
by
____________
(it)
mother.
【答案】its
【解析】:句意:在我最近的一次看望中,可爱的三个月大的双胞胎中的一只被它的母亲遗弃了。由后面的mother和句意可知,此处指代前面的twin,且应用形容词性物主代词表示所属关系,故用its。
3.
(2016·四川)By
that
time,
the
panda
no
longer
needed
_____________(it)
mother
for
food.
【答案】its
【解析】:句意:到那时,这只熊猫不再需要从它的母亲那里获取食物了。此处主语是the
panda,用形容词性物主代词its修饰mother。
4.
(2016·浙江)In
many
ways,
the
education
system
in
the
US
is
not
very
different
from
___________
in
the
UK.
【答案】that
【解析】:句意:在很多方面,美国的教育体系和英国的教育体系很不一样。这里指代前面的名词education
system,同类不同物,所以用that。
5.
(2015·陕西)To
warm
himself,
the
sailor
sat
in
front
of
the
fire
rubbing
one
bare
foot
against
the
___
.
【答案】other
【解析】:句意:为了让自己暖和起来,这个水手坐在火堆旁,光着脚,用一只脚搓另一只脚。表示两者中的一个……,另一个……,用one...the
other...。
6.
(2015·四川)Niki
is
always
full
of
ideas,but
____
is
useful
to
my
knowledge.
【答案】none
【解析】:句意:Niki总是有很多主意,但是没有一个主意对我的知识有用。三者或三者否定以上用none,可指人也可指物。
7.
(2015·天津)The
quality
of
education
in
this
small
school
is
better
than
____
in
some
larger
schools.
【答案】that
【解析】:句意:这所规模较小的学校的教育质量比一些规模较大的学校的教育质量好得多。表示比较时,指代前面的quality
of
education要用that,为了避免重复,可以代替前面提到的不可数名词。
8.
(2015·福建)The
research
group
produced
two
reports
based
on
the
survey,
but
____
contained
any
useful
suggestions.
【答案】neither
【解析】:考查代词。句意:这个研究组发布了以调查为基础的两个报道,但是都没有有用的建议。根据句意
,两者都不用neither。
9.
(2015?新课标全国卷Ⅰ)
A
few
hours
before/earlier,
I’d
been
at
home
in
Hong
Kong,
with
____
(it)
choking
smog.
【答案】its
【解析】:此处用形容词性物主代词修饰choking
smog。its的意思是"香港的"。
经典演练
题组一
I.
语法填空
1.
Many
of
the
things
we
now
benefit
from
would
not
be
around
but
Thomas
Edison.
【答案】for
【解析】:句意:如果没有托马斯·爱迪生的话,我们现在所受益的许多东西是不会出现的。but
for如果没有……的话。
2.
Have
you
ever
heard
of
the
trees
that
are
homes
animals
both
on
land
and
sea?
【答案】to
【解析】:句意:你听说过作为既可以生活在陆地上又可以生活在海里的动物的家的树木吗?home
to是……的家园/故乡,为固定表达。
3.
Most
people
work
because
it’s
unavoidable.
contrast,
there
are
some
people
who
actually
enjoy
work.
【答案】By
【解析】:句意:大多数人工作是因为无法避免,相比之下,也有一些人真的喜欢工作。固定表达by
contrast相比之
下。
4.
These
comments
came
in
response
specific
questions
often
asked
by
local
newsmen.
【答案】to
【解析】:句意:这些解释是对当地记者经常询问的特定问题的回应。固定表达in
response
to作为对……的回答,作为对……的反应。
5.
This
meeting
room
is
a
non-smoking
area.
I
would
like
to
warn
you
advance
that
if
you
smoked
here
you
would
be
fined.
【答案】in
【解析】:句意:这个会议室是禁烟区。我想提前警告你,如果你吸烟,你会被罚款的。固定表达in
advance预先,提前。
6.
Last
year
was
the
warmest
year
on
record,
with
global
temperature
0.68

the
average.
【答案】above
【解析】:句意:去年是有记录以来最热的一年,比全球平均气温高0.68度。above
高于,在……之上,符合句意。
II.
单项填空
1.
Cambridge
gave
a
positive
answer
inquiries
on
whether
it
recognizes
scores.
A.
in
favor
of
B.
in
response
to
C.
in
salute
to
D.
in
consequence
of
【答案】B
【解析】:考查介词短语辨析。句意:在回答是否承认高考分数的问题时,剑桥给出了积极的回答。A.
in
favor
of支持;B.
in
response
to回应;C.
in
salute
to致敬;D.
in
consequence
of由于……的缘故。表示“回应”in
response
to,故选B。
2.
In
some
countries,
people
eat
with
chopsticks,
while
in
________,
knives
and
forks.
A.
another
B.
other
C.
others
D.
the
other
【答案】C
【解析】:考查不定代词。句意:在一些国家,人们用筷子吃饭,而在另一些国家,人们用刀叉吃饭。固定搭配:some…,
others…“一些……,另一些……”,others在此相当于other
countries,故选C。
3.
Some
experts
think,
genes,
intelligence
also
depends
on
an
adequate
diet,
a
good
education
and
a
nice
home
environment.
A.
instead
of
B.
except
for
C.
apart
from
D.
far
from
【答案】C
【解析】:考查介词短语辨析。A.
instead
of代替;B.
except
for除了;C.
apart
from除……之外还;D.
far
from远非。句意:一些专家认为,除了基因,智力还取决于充足的饮食、良好的教育以及良好的家庭环境。根据“intelligence
also
depends
on
an
adequate
diet,
a
good
education
and
a
nice
home
environment.”可知此处表示“除……之外还”,故C项正确。
4.
Nick,
it’s
good
for
you
to
read
some
books
____________
China
before
you
start
your
trip
there.
 A.
in
B.
for
C.
of
D.
on
【答案】D
【解析】:on
表示"关于",some
books
on
China意为"一些关于中国的书"。句意:Nick,你在去中国旅行之前最好读一些关于中国的书。故选D项。
5.
I’m
sorry
I
didn’t
phone
you,
but
I’ve
been
very
busy
____________
the
past
couple
of
weeks.
 A.
beyond
B.
with
C.
among
D.
over
【答案】D
【解析】:前半句"I’ve
been
very
busy"为现在完成时,由此可知搭配用的时间状语为"在过去的几周里",故选over。句意:很抱歉没给你打电话,可是在过去的几周里我一直很忙。
6.
Having
been
treated
in
the
hospital
for
as
long
as
six
months,
the
man
injured
in
the
car
crash
is
now
eventually
back
_______
his
feet.
A.
at
B.
in
C.
on
D.
to
【答案】C
【解析】:考查介词辨析。句意:在医院接受了长达六个月的治疗后,在车祸中受伤的那个人现在终于恢复了健康。A.
at
在……旁;B.
in在……里;C.
on在……上;D.
to
往。be
back
on
one's
feet“恢复;完全复原”为固定短语。故C选项正确。
7.
Music
treatment
involves
a
specialist
playing
an
instrument
or
sing
_______
the
patient's
mood.
A.
by
means
of
B.
with
regard
to
C.
in
response
to
D.
on
account
of
【答案】C
【解析】:考查介词短语。句意:音乐疗法就是一位专家根据患者的心情来弹奏一门乐器或者唱歌。A.
by
means
of通过,借助;B.
with
regard
to关于;C.
in
response
to回应;D.
on
account
of由于。根据前文Music
treatment可知,音乐疗法是对患者的心情做出回应,故选C。
8.
—Oh,
my
God!
What's
wrong
with
you?
—I
was
going
the
normal
speed
limit
when
a
truck
appeared
in
front
of
me
_______
and
I
didn't
have
time
to
stop.
A.
between
the
lines
B.
around
the
clock
C.
out
of
the
blue
D.
over
the
moon
【答案】C
【解析】:考查介词短语。句意:——天啊,你怎么了啊?——我以正常速度行驶,突然一辆卡车一下子冲到我的前面,我没有足够的时间踩刹车了。A.
between
the
lines字里行间;B.
around
the
clock全天24小时;C.
out
of
the
blue出其不意地;D.
over
the
moon狂喜。根据后文I
didn't
have
time
to
stop可知,卡车突然出现在前面,故选C。
9.
After
she
became
ill,
I
felt
______
with
her—she
was
cheery
while
I
felt
gloomy.
A.
out
of
tune
B.
out
of
breath
C.
out
of
curiosity
D.
out
of
mind
【答案】A
【解析】:考查介词短语辨析。句意:她病后,我觉得与她格格不入——她高兴而我沮丧。A.
out
of
tune格格不入;B.
out
of
breath上气不接下气;C.
out
of
curiosity出于好奇心;D.
out
of
mind心不在焉。根据he
was
cheery
while
I
felt
gloomy.可知这里的意思是我觉得与她格格不入,故选A。
10.
The
style
of
the
campus
is
quite
different
from
______
of
most
Chinese
universities
where
visitors
were
amazed
by
the
complex
architectural
space
and
abundant
building
types.
A.
that
B.
one
C.
the
one
D.
those
【答案】A
【解析】:考查代词的辨析。句意:校园的风格与大多数中国大学(的风格)大不相同,在那里,参观者对复杂的建筑空间和丰富的建筑类型感到惊奇。分析句子可知,本空特指前面的“风格”,但同类不同物,相当于the
style。分析选项可知,A.
that意为“那个”,指代前面的可数名词单数或不可数名词,具体指哪个取决于其后定语of短语,常与前面所指代的是同类但不同物,相当the
+名词;B.
one泛指,与前面所指代的名词属于同类但不是同一个,即同类中的一个,相当于a/an+可数名词的单数;C.
the
one特指前面的可数名词单数,意为“那个”;D.
those指代前面的可数名词的复数,与前面指代的名词同类但不同物,相当于“the+名词复数”。根据语境可知,是特指大多数中国大学的风格,故选A。
11.
________
has
greater
potential
than
flammable
ice
being
mined
from
underneath
the
South
China
Sea
when
it
comes
to
a
global
energy
revolution.
A.
Nothing
B.
Neither
C.
No
one
D.
None
【答案】D
【解析】:考查代词。句意:在全球能源革命中,没有什么比从中国南海海底开采可燃冰更有潜力了。nothing
一般用来回答含anything的一般问句及what引起的特殊问句;neither是指两者之中一个都不,一般与nor连用;no
one没有人;none指三者或三者以上中的一个都不,故选D。
12.
The
exchange
student
from
Kenya
often
shares
with
us
the
news
of
his
country
and
____of
his
neighbouring
countries.
A.
those
B.
that
C.
it
D.
the
one
【答案】B
【解析】:考查代词。句意:来自肯尼亚的交换生经常与我们分享他的国家和邻国的新闻。the
news为不可数名词,用that
来代指,不可以用the
one。故选B。
题组二
Ⅰ.
单句填空
1.
After
what
seemed
to
be
a
hundred
years,
I
found
my
audience
applauding

I
made______________!
2.
To
be
a
competitor,
_______________must
be
over
18.
3.
All
in
all,
we
students
should
behave
       (we)
and
keep
away
from
violence.
4.
They
are
calmer
and
     (they)
mood
improves.
5.
Taxis
are
certainly
the
most
convenient
means
of
transport,
as
     requires
little
effort
to
raise
your
arm
to
call
a
cab.
6.
I
don’t
like
science
fiction
novels
much.
When
you’ve
read
     ,
you’ve
read
them
all.
7.
—Would
you
like
tea
or
coffee?
—      .I
really
don’t
mind.
8.
The
couple
had
one
biological
child
and
adopted
three
      .
9.
Mark
whispered
so
softly
that
     but
Julie
heard
him.
10.
They
had
gone
to
a
great
deal
of
expense
for
       .
11.
This
result
is
only
slightly
different
from
     obtained
in
the
US.
12.
That
first
hot
dog
tasted
so
good
that
I’d
like
      .
13.
The
cells
of
the
body,
especially
      of
the
brain,can
live
only
minutes
without
circulating
blood.
14.
If
you
don’t
build
your
dream,
someone
will
hire
you
to
build
      (they).
15."One
time
I
asked
her,
why
is
     (me)
listening
comprehension
so
bad?"Mr.
Zuckerberg
said.
【答案】
1.
it 【解析】:make
it意为"获得成功",为固定搭配,故用代词it。
2.
one/you 【解析】:句子缺少主语,one或you都可以用于泛指人。句意:如果想成为参赛选手,你必须超过18岁。
3.
ourselves 【解析】:behave
oneself为固定搭配,意为"举止规矩有礼,检点",故用反身代词。根据主语we可知,空处应用ourselves。
4.
their 【解析】:要用形容词性物主代词修饰名词mood,根据前面的代词They可知这里用their。
5.
it 【解析】:此处的it为形式主语,真正的主语是后面的to
raise
your
arm
to
call
a
cab。
6.
one 【解析】:此处用one泛指前面提到的同类事物中的一个。
7.
Either 【解析】:句意:——你想喝茶还是喝咖啡?——什么都可以,我真的不介意。either表示两者中任意一个。注意首字母要大写。
8.
others 【解析】:others是other的复数形式,此处表示泛指。句意:这对夫妇有一个亲生孩子,领养了三个孩子。
9.
none 【解析】:此处none表示"没有人",强调数量为零。
10.
nothing 【解析】:根据句意"他们白白牺牲了很多东西"可知,应用nothing,意为"没有东西"。
11.
that 【解析】:that代替前面的this
result,表示特指,为同类不同物。that往往用来指代上文提到的事物,this指下文要陈述的事物。
12.
another 【解析】:此处用another泛指同类的事物,指"再来一个热狗"。
13.
those 【解析】:those用来替代前面的the
cells,特指那些细胞,因此用复数形式。
14.
theirs 【解析】:句意:如果你不构建自己的梦想,那么就会有人雇用你去构建他们的梦想。本空在句中作build的宾语,与前面的build
your
dream呼应,表示build
their
dreams,因此应用名词性物主代词theirs代替their
dreams。
35
/
35