高中英语高考二轮专题复习学案——句子成分&句子分类word版有答案

英语
句子成分和句子结构综合复习
I
句子成分
构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。
主语：就是一个句子陈述的对象，或是动作的执行者。它回答的是“谁”
“什么”的问题。主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there
be结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。
主语由名词或相当于名词的词充当，如，名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。
During
the
1990s,
American
country
music
has
become
more
and
more
popular.
（名词）
We
often
speak
English
in
class.
（代词）
One-third
of
the
students
in
this
class
are
girls.
（数词）
谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。
动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语部分中心词一定要是一个动词，要么是行为动词，要么是系动词，不同的动词构成不同的句子类型。
句子的各种时态、人称和数的变化都在谓语动词上变。谓语的构成如下：
简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。
如：He
practices
running
every
morning.
复合谓语：由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。
如：You
may
keep
the
book
for
two
weeks.
3、宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词（介宾）后面。
宾语由名词或相当于名词的词充当，如，名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和宾语从句等表示。
They
went
to
see
an
exhibition
yesterday.
（名词）
The
heavy
rain
prevented
me
from
coming
to
school
on
time.
（代词）
How
many
dictionaries
do
you
have?
I
have
five.
（数词）
宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend
me
your
dictionary,
please.
S十V十O1十O2句式
在此句式中，V是带有双宾语的及物动词。常见的须带双宾语的动词有give，ask，bring，offer，send，pay，lend，show，tell，buy，get；rob，warn等。例如：
He
gave
me
a
book/a
book
to
me．他给我一本书。
He
brought
me
a
pen/a
pen
to
me．他带给我一枝钢笔。
（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They
elected
him
their
monitor.
S十V十O十C句式
在此句式中，V是有宾语补足语的及物动词。常带宾语补足语的词有形容词、副词、介词短语、名词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词。例如：
They
made
the
girl
angry．他们使这个女孩生气了。
I
saw
him
in．我见他在家。
They
named
the
boy
Charlie．他们给这个男孩起名为查理。
表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be,
become,
get,
look,
grow,
turn,
seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。
The
machine
must
be
out
of
order.
（介词短语）
Time
is
up.
The
class
is
over.
（副词）
The
truth
is
that
he
has
never
been
abroad.
（表语从句）
S十V十P句式
在此句式中，V是系动词(link
v．)，常见的系动词有：look，seem，appear，sound，feel，taste，smell，grow，get，fall
ill/asleep，stand/sit
still，become，turn等。例如：
He
is
older
than
he
looks他比看上去要老。
He
seen
interested
in
the
book．他似乎对这本书感兴趣。
5、定语：修饰限定名字、代词的词，说明所修饰词的性质、特征等。可作定语的有形容词、名词、定语从句、分词等。不定代词的定语一律后置。
定语从句：
The
boy
who
is
reading
needs
the
pen
which
you
bought
yesterday.
那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。
6、状语：修饰动词、副词、形容词甚至整句，说明谓语动作发生的时间、地点、方式、伴随状况、目的等等。
The
boy
needs
a
pen
very
much.
男孩非常需要一支钢笔。（程度状语）
The
boy
needs
a
pen
now.
/Now,
the
boy
needs
a
pen.
/The
boy,
now,
needs
a
pen.
男孩现在需要一支钢笔。（时间状语）
介词短语作状语：
In
the
classroom,
the
boy
needs
a
pen.
在教室里，男孩需要一支钢笔。（地点状语）
Before
his
mother,
Tom
is
always
a
boy.
在母亲面前，汤姆总是一个男孩子。（条件状语）
On
Sundays,
there
is
no
student
in
the
classroom.
星期天，教室里没有学生。（时间状语）
The
boy
needs
a
pen
to
do
his
homework.
男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。（目的状语）
分词（短语）作状语：
He
sits
there,
asking
for
a
pen.
他坐在那儿要一支笔。（表示伴随状态）
Having
to
finish
his
homework,
the
boy
needs
a
pen.
/因为不得不完成作业，男孩需要一支笔。（原因状语）
状语从句：
时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、比较状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句
7、宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：
His
father
named
him
Dongming.
（名词）
They
painted
their
boat
white.
（形容词）
8、同位语：当两个指同一人或事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，若其中一个句子成分是用于说明或解释另一个句子成分的，那么用于起说明或解释作用的句子成分就叫做另一成分的同位语。如：
Laura
Myers,
a
BBC
reporter,
asked
for
an
interview.
劳拉·迈尔，BBC的记者，要求采访。
Influenza,
a
common
disease,
has
no
cure.
流行性感冒是一种常见病，无特效药。
II
句子结构
英语句子看上去纷繁庞杂，但仔细观察不外乎五个基本句式。这五个基本句式可以演变出多种复杂的英语句子。换言之，绝大多数英语句子都是由这五个基本句式构成的。这五个基本句式如下：
S十V主谓结构
S十V十P主系表结构
S十V十O主谓宾结构
S十V十O1十O2
主谓双宾结构
S十V十O十C
主谓宾补结构
说明：S＝主语；V＝谓语；P＝表语；O＝宾语；O1＝间接宾语；O2＝直接宾语；C＝宾语补足语
1．S十V句式
在此句式中，V是不及物动词，又叫自动词(vi.)。例如：
He
runs
quickly．他跑得快。
They
listened
carefully．他们听得很仔细。
2．S十V十P句式
在此句式中，V是系动词(link
v.)，常见的系动词有：look，seem，appear，sound，feel，taste，smell，grow，get，fall
ill/asleep，stand/sit
still，become，turn等。例如：
He
is
older
than
he
looks.
他比看上去要老。
He
seen
interested
in
the
book.
他似乎对这本书感兴趣。
The
story
sounds
interesting.
这个故事听起来有趣。
3．S十V十O句式
在此句式中，V是及物动词(vt.)，因此有宾语。例如：
I
saw
a
film
yesterday．我昨天看了一部电影。
They've
put
up
a
factory
in
the
village．他们在村里建了一座工厂。
4．S十V十O1十O2句式
在此句式中，V是带有双宾语的及物动词。常见的须带双宾语的动词有give，ask，bring，offer，send，pay，lend，show，tell，buy，get；rob，warn等。例如：
He
gave
me
a
book/a
book
to
me．他给我一本书。
He
offered
me
his
seat/his
seat
to
me．他把座位让给我。
5．S十V十O十C句式
在此句式中，V是有宾语补足语的及物动词。常带宾语补足语的词有形容词、副词、介词短语、名词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词。
They
made
the
girl
angry．他们使这个女孩生气了。
They
found
her
happy
that
day．他们发现那天她很高兴。
句子成份巩固练习
一
Name：________
School:
Marks:
(一)指出下列句中主语的中心词
(4分，4分钟)
①
The
teacher
with
two
of
his
students
is
walking
into
the
classroom.
②
There
is
an
old
man
coming
here.
③
The
useful
dictionary
was
given
by
my
mother
last
year.
④
To
do
today’s
homework
without
the
teacher’s
help
is
very
difficult.
(二)选出句中谓语的中心词
(10分，10分钟)
①
I
don’t
like
the
picture
on
the
wall.
A.
don’t
B.
like
C.
picture
D.
wall
②
The
days
get
longer
and
longer
when
summer
comes.
A.
get
B.
longer
C.
days
D.
summer
③
Do
you
usually
go
to
school
by
bus?
A.
Do
B.
usually
C.
go
D.
bus
④
There
will
be
a
meeting
at
the
library
this
afternoon.
A.
will
be
B.
meeting
C.
the
library
D.
afternoon
⑤
Did
the
twins
have
porridge
for
their
breakfast?
A.
Did
B.
Twins
C.
have
D.
breakfast
⑥
Tom
didn’t
do
his
homework
yesterday.
A.
Tom
B.
didn’t
C.
do
D.
his
homework
⑦
What
I
want
to
tell
you
is
this.
A.
want
B.
to
tell
C.
you
D.
is
⑧
We
had
better
send
for
a
doctor.
A.
We
B.
had
C.
send
D.
doctor
⑨
He
is
interested
in
music.
A.
is
B.
interested
C.
in
D.
music
⑩
Whom
did
you
give
my
book
to?
A.
give
B.
did
C.
Whom
D.
Book
(三)
挑出下列句中的宾语
(10分，10分钟)
①
My
brother
hasn’t
done
his
homework.
②
People
all
over
the
world
speak
English.
③
You
must
pay
good
attention
to
your
pronunciation.
④
How
many
new
words
did
you
learn
last
class?
⑤
Some
of
the
students
in
the
school
want
to
go
swimming,
how
about
you?
⑥
The
old
man
sitting
at
the
gate
said
he
was
ill.
⑦
They
made
him
monitor
of
the
class.
⑧
Go
across
the
bridge
and
you
will
find
the
museum
on
the
left.
⑨
You
will
find
it
useful
after
you
leave
school.
⑩
They
didn’t
know
who
“Father
Christmas”
really
is.
(四)
挑出下列句中的表语
(5分，5分钟)
①
The
old
man
was
feeling
very
tired.
②
Why
is
he
worried
about
Jim?
③
The
leaves
have
turned
yellow.
④
Soon
They
all
became
interested
in
the
subject.
⑤
She
was
the
first
to
learn
about
it.
挑出下列句中的定语
(6分，6分钟)
①
They
use
Mr,
Mrs
with
the
family
name.
②
What
is
your
given
name?
③
On
the
third
lap
are
Cla1
and
Cla3.
④
I
am
afraid
some
people
forgot
to
sweep
the
floor.
⑤
The
man
downstairs
was
trying
to
sleep.
⑥
I
am
waiting
for
the
sound
of
the
other
shoe.
挑出下列句中的宾语补足语
(6分，6分钟)
①
She
likes
the
children
to
read
newspapers
and
books
in
the
reading-room.
②He
asked
her
to
take
the
boy
out
of
school.
③
She
found
it
difficult
to
do
the
work.
④
They
call
me
Lily
sometimes.
⑤
I
saw
Mr
Wang
get
on
the
bus.
⑥
Did
you
see
Li
Ming
playing
football
on
the
playground
just
now.
挑出下列句中的状语
(8分，8分钟)
①
There
was
a
big
smile
on
her
face.
②
Every
night
he
heard
the
noise
upstairs.
③
He
began
to
learn
English
when
he
was
eleven.
④
The
man
on
the
motorbike
was
travelling
too
fast.
⑤
With
the
medicine
box
under
her
arm,
MiLi
hurried
off.
⑥
She
loves
the
library
because
she
loves
books.
⑦
I
am
afraid
that
if
you’ve
lost
it,
you
must
pay
for
it.
⑧
The
students
followed
Uncle
Wang
to
see
the
other
machine.
(八)
划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语
(5分，5分钟)
①
Please
tell
us
a
story.
②
My
father
bought
a
new
bike
for
me
last
week.
③
Mr
Li
is
going
to
teach
us
history
next
term.
④
Here
is
a
pen.
Give
it
to
Tom.
⑤
Did
he
leave
any
message
for
me?
英语句子分类
按照句子内部的结构分类
这里所说的结构，主要是指句子中主语和谓语之间所构成的各种关系。如果按照句子内部结构分类，英文句子可分为三个类型：简单句(Simple
Sentence)，并列句(Compound
Sentence)和复合句(Complex
Sentence)。
1、简单句(Simple
Sentence)：简单句只有一个主谓关系。句子可能有两个或更多的主语，也可能有两个或更多的谓语，但是句子中的主谓关系只有一个。例如：
China
and
Chinese
people
are
incredibly
progressing
in
many
aspects.
Computers
mean
a
lot
to
human
beings
and
are
paid
more
and
more
attention
by
people.
2、并列句(Compound
Sentence)：并列句有两个或两个以上的主谓结构。这些主谓结构之间的关系是并列的、对等的。从语法上讲，所谓“并列”、“对等”是指任何一个主谓结构都能独立地表达意思，谁也不从属于谁。尽管如此，这些主谓结构在意思或逻辑上有一定程度的内在联系。否则，它们就可能被分别写成简单句，而没有必要写在一起构成并列句了。在并列句中，要使两个或几个主谓结构（或者说，分句）连接在一起，就要用并列连词。按照并列的不同情况，有下面几种：
(1)
表示转折意思
:
but,
yet,
however,
nevertheless
例如：
Everything
in
the
world
is
outside
you
but
health
belongs
to
yourself.
He
has
learned
English
for
only
one
year,
yet
he
can
communicate
with
people
in
English.
John
has
his
shortcomings;
however,
that
doesn’t
mean
he
is
not
qualified
for
the
job.
(2)
表示因果关系:
or,
so,
therefore,
hence
例如：
You’d
better
take
an
umbrella
with
you,
for
it’s
going
to
rain.
I’ve
got
a
meeting
to
attend,
so
I
have
to
go
now.
You
are
in
the
right,
therefore
we
should
support
you.
The
town
was
built
on
the
side
of
a
hill,
hence
it’s
named
Hillside.
(3)
表示并列关系:
and,
or,
either…or,
neither
/
nor,
not
only…but
(also),
both…and,
as
well
as
例如：
She
came
to
my
house
yesterday
evening,
and
I
went
to
hers.
Do
it
this
way
or
you’ll
be
in
trouble.
Either
you
tell
him
the
truth,
or
I
do
it.
He
doesn’t
know
your
address,
neither/nor
do
I.
3、复合句(Complex
Sentence)
复合句是指含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。从句按其在复合句中的作用,
分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、定语从句和状语从句等。例如：
Whether
he
comes
or
not
doesn’t
make
any
difference
to
me.
主语从句
There
is
disagreement
among
economists
about
what
money
is
and
how
money
is
measured.
宾语从句
Is
there
any
proof
that
the
food
of
plant
differs
from
that
of
animals?
同位语从句
Taxes
consist
of
money
that
people
pay
to
support
their
government.
定语从句
句子成份巩固练习
二
Name:________
School:
Marks:
指出下列句子中划线部分的句子成分：
1.
Whether
we’ll
go
depend
on
the
weather.
2.
People’s
standards
of
living
are
going
up
steadily.
3.
That
was
how
they
were
defeated.
4.
The
nursery
takes
good
care
of
our
children.
5.
I’ll
return
the
book
to
you
tomorrow.
6.
We
are
sure
that
we
shall
succeed.
7.
The
woman
with
a
baby
in
her
arms
is
his
other.
8.
There
are
many
film
that
I’d
like
to
see.
9.
Have
you
met
the
person
about
whom
he
was
speaking?
10.
I
have
a
lot
of
work
to
do.
11.
Anyway
I
won’t
stop
you
from
doing
it.
12.
I
said
it
in
fun.
13.
We
can
send
a
car
over
to
fetch
you.
14.
She
had
to
work
standing
up.
15.
Seeing
this,
some
comrades
became
very
worried.
16.
Much
interested,
he
agreed
to
give
it
a
try.
17.
The
bus
arrived
ten
minutes
late.
18.
We
should
serve
the
people
heart
and
soul.
19.
Spring
coming
on,
the
tree
turned
green.
20.
Some
farmers
saw
something
strange
in
the
sky.
21.
We
think
it
necessary
that
everyone
should
attend
the
meeting.
22.
It’s
strange
that
she
doesn’t
come
today.
23.
It
was
in
the
library
that
I
come
today.
24.
He
likes
drawing
at
times
when
he
isn’t
working.
25.
We
left
in
such
a
hurry
that
we
forgot
to
lock
the
dog.
句子成份巩固练习一
答案
(一)
①teacher
②man
③dictionary
④to
do
today’s
homework
(二)
①~⑤
BACAC
⑥~⑩
CDCAA
(三)
①homework
②English
③attention
④words
⑤to
go
swimming
⑥he
was
ill
⑦him
monitor
⑧bridge;
museum
⑨it;
school
⑩who
“Father
Christmas”
really
is
(四)
①tired
②worried
③yellow
④interested
⑤the
first
(五)
①family
②given
③third
④some
⑤downstairs
⑥of
the
other
shoe
(六)
①to
read
newspapers
and
books
②to
take
the
boy
③difficult
④Lily
⑤get
on
the
bus
⑥playing
football
(七)
①on
her
face
②Every
night
③when
he
was
eleven
④too
fast
⑤With
the
medicine
box
under
her
arm
⑥because
she
loves
books
⑦if
you’ve
lost
it
⑧to
see
the
other
machine
(八)
①O1：us
O2：a
story
②O1：me
O2：a
new
bike
③O1：us
O2：history
④O1：Tom
O2：it
⑤O1：me
O2：message
句子成份巩固练习二
答案
1.
主语
2.
谓语
3.
表语
4.
宾语
5.
宾语
6.
宾语
7.
定语
8.
定语
9.
定语
10.
定语
11.
状语
12.
状语
13.
状语
14.
状语
15.
状语
16.
状语
17.
状语
18.
状语
19.
状语
20.
宾补
21.
宾语
22.
主语
23.
状语
24.
定语
25.
状语