中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
(
阅读六选四解题技巧分析（1）
)
题型介绍：
2017年上海高考阅读题型除了增加一篇summary
writing之外，还增加一个语篇，挖出4个句子，
进行6选4。此题型在篇章后附有6个句子，每句出自篇章的某一段落，要求考生找出与每句相匹配的段落。这一阅读新题型固然有着不同于传统阅读解题方法的种种方面，但同时也具备一些可以为考生所利用的新特点。
题型特点：
题干中的细节往往反映文章的主旨或段落主题，考生可据此了解原文内容。通过快速阅读题干中的若干条细节信息，考生可以迅速了解文章的主旨大意，从而能够在回头阅读原文时加快阅读速度，节省定位时间。
题干提供的细节信息中往往暗含一些文章所必需的逻辑关系，考生可以利用这种关系预先对一些表述进行排序。长篇阅读的文章一般为说明文或议论文，而这类文章最显著的特点就是具有严密的逻辑性。所以，在介绍一个新事物时，文章通常会采用循序渐进、前因后果的方法来叙述，而根据这种逻辑进行解题之前的预先排序对于解答此类题型有着非常重要的意义。
题干提供的信息表述中通常会出现一些具有特殊意义的指示性词语，这类词语虽然不是通常意义上的定位关键词，但其特殊含义可将考生的注意力指向原文的开头、结尾或是某个具:
特殊特征的段落。这些词通常包括如下三类：
①能够指示开头段的词，如：overview，introduction,
initiation,
main
idea,
definition
等；
②能够指示结尾段的词，如
future，solution,
conclusion,
suggestion,
summary等；
③能够帮助考生回原文定位的特殊词，如rate，ratio,
proportion,
percentage,
number,
figure,
statistics等。考生能够通过这些指示性词语缩小回原文定位的范围，从而快速判定其所在细节信息对应的原文段落。
解题步骤：
看标题、副标题预测文章大意
看选项，找出和文章相对应的关键词
通读全文，查看主题句，分析结构
看空前空后内容，分析之间的逻辑性
灵活掌握答题顺序(先易后难)
代入答案，重点核查逻辑关系。
题型分解
[段首题]
1．空格为主旨句
在某段第一句设空的内容通常是该段落主旨句，学生需要通过认真研读该段的内容，然后从选项中查找下文的同义词或其他相关词或句的方法，从而确定答案；有时则需反复读设空处后面一两句或更多内容，确定关键信息词，然后在各个选项中查找关联词和信息句。一般正确答案选项与所设空后的第一句在意义上是紧密衔接的，因此正确选项和原文的内容是连贯且符合逻辑的。
[典例] __37__
In
order
to
make
a
change，you
need
to
decide
why
it’s
important.
Do
you
want
to
get
up
in
time
to
have
breakfast
with
your
family,
get
in
some
exercise,
or
just
be
better
prepared
for
your
day？Once
you
are
clear
about
your
reasons,
tell
your
family
or
roommates
about
the
change
you
want
to
make.
B.
Find
the
right
motivation.
分析：本题空格在段首，需要填一个主旨句或一个承上启下句。由本段中的“为了作出改变，你需要决定为什么它很重要”及“一旦你清楚了自己的理由……”等描述可知，你要想清楚为什么要早起，故选B项“找到合适的动机”。本设空类型属于段落主题句类。
[典例]
__________
If
the
key
to
success
is
to
increase
our
failure,
then
it
makes
sense
to
celebrate
our
setbacks.
Yes,
you
heard
right:
if
someone
turns
you
down,
celebrate
it!
Instead
of
mentally
punishing
yourself
for
not
succeeding,
buy
yourself
ice
cream
and
say,
“I’m
one
step
closer
to
success!”
Stop
letting
failure
have
a
negative
impact
on
your
thoughts
and
emotions.
See
courage
as
a
“muscle”.
Celebrate
your
failures.
Everyone
sets
success
goals.
With
this
thought
in
mind,
you’re
succeeding
even
when
you
fail.
All
the
courage
you
need
to
achieve
success
is
already
in
you,
just
waiting
for
you
to
take
action.
They
see
themselves
in
the
middle,
and
do
everything
they
can
to
move
toward
success
and
away
from
failure.
【分析】B
本段主要讲对待失败的态度，由此可知应选B为本段标题。
2．空格为承上启下句
在某段第一句设空的内容也有可能为承上启下的句子，这就需要学生做到瞻前顾后，既熟悉上一段结尾的内容，又结合下一段的内容，分析所选的答案是否能够将两段内容连贯起来。
[典例]
No
matter
where
you
are
on
the
risk?seeking
range,
scientists
say
that
your
willingness
to
take
risks
increases
during
your
teenage
years.
74
(E.This
is
when
you
start
to
move
away
from
your
family
and
into
the
bigger
world.)To
help
you
do
that，your
brain
increases
your
hunger
for
new
experiences.New
experiences
often
mean
taking
some
risks，so
your
brain
a
rinses
your
tolerance
for
risk
as
well.
__75__For
the
risk?seekers,
a
part
of
the
brain
related
to
pleasure
becomes
active,
while
for
the
rest
of
us，a
part
of
the
brain
related
to
fear
becomes
active.
G．New
brain
research
suggests
our
brains
work
differently
when
we
face
a
nervous
situation.
分析： 本题空格在段首，需要填一个主旨句或一个承上启下句。上文主要讲述了科学家的观点——对冒险活动的热爱在青少年时期有所增长。大脑增加了对新经历的渴望，而新的经历也意味着许多冒险。75题承接上文，引入下文的讲述，即“新的大脑研究表明当我们面对紧张的情况时，我们的大脑的工作方式是不同的。”接着阐述是如何的不同。故选G项。
[段尾题]
1．空格为总结、概括句
做题时一要注意空格前的一句或两句；二是注意在选项中查找表示结果、结论、总结的信号词，如to
conclude，in
a
word，thus，hence，in
short，to
sum
up，therefore，as
a
result等词语；三是要注意与前文的逻辑关系，找到关键的线索词句，如表示转折、对比、并列或排比的关系。如果第一段的段尾是空格，要认真阅读，看此处是细节还是主题。通常文章第一段要提出文章的主题，如果在段尾提出主题，会用一些信号词如转折词引出来，正确答案中应有这样的特征词。
【典例】Rumination:
This
is
when
you
are
too
worried
about
how
bad
the
situation
is,
focusing
only
on
your
fears.
Psychologists
say
the
best
way
to
fight
this
type
of
thinking
is
to
find
something
positive
about
the
experience,
no
matter
how
small,
and
refocus
your
thinking
on
that
thing.
It
could
be
the
nice
view
out
your
window
or
the
movie
being
shown.
__________
The
best
way
to
fight
it
is
to
close
your
eyes
and
relax,
trying
to
enjoy
a
good
sleep.
In
this
case,
it
might
involve
severely
criticizing
oneself
for
being
afraid
of
flying.
The
best
way
to
fight
this
type
of
fear
is
acknowledge
your
fear
and
challenge
it.
Whatever
it
is,
moving
your
thoughts
outside
the
situation
can
help
calm
your
anxiety.
This
is
when
you
can’t
stop
thinking
about
what
may
happen
if
you
leave
anything
valuable
behind.
This
is
when
a
person
allows
himself
to
feel
hopelessly
out
of
control
of
the
environment
around
him.
【分析】D
.
本句是对本段的总结。通读本段可知，本段介绍了害怕飞行的原因之一，即过度专注于自己的害怕情绪，并提出了最好的解决方案是想想飞行中积极正面的东西来转移对害怕情绪的过度关注，与选项D的内容相符。
2．空格为承上启下句
还有可能这一空是引出下一段的内容。如果在选项中找不出与前文之间的关联，此时可考虑与下一段开头是否有一定的衔接。认真阅读下一段开头几句，看是否能与选项的最后一句紧密连接起来。
【典例】Making
good
choices
about
your
own
health
requires
reasonable
evaluation.
A
key
first
step
in
bettering
your
evaluation
ability
is
to
look
carefully
at
your
sources
of
health
information.
Reasonable
evaluation
includes
knowing
where
and
how
to
find
relevant
information,
how
to
separate
fact
from
opinion,
how
to
recognize
poor
reasoning,
and
how
to
analyze
information
and
the
reliability
of
sources.______.
【分析】?G?这个选项是一个段落的结尾句，这种选项通常起着总结上文，提示下文的功能。根据文章第二段、第三段、第四段的首句可以看出作者提供了一些建议，因此本空引出了下文的多个建议，故选择G项。?
[段中题]
段中设空即主题句或展开句。尤其注意分析空前后的逻辑关系和行文逻辑及内容的连贯性，注意句间的衔接手段。其特点主要以转折手法引出主题句，或者是用来承上启下的过渡句，也可能是补充前文具体的事实、事例和说明。因此第一步需要依据信息词将选项进行排除之后，把剩下的几个可能正确的选项依次代入设空处，最终判断和确定一个选项和空白处前后内容能达到语意连贯，逻辑关系清晰，于是得出了正确答案。下面列举常考的依据逻辑关系设置的考题。
1.从行文逻辑上判断——例证关系
前后句的某句是为了证明另一句而举的例子。例证的形式具有多样性，思维过程基本是归纳(从例子到观点)和推理(从观点到例子)。
【典例】The
Bottom
Line.
________70________
Consumer
Reports
recommends
that
adults
eat
no
more
than
1
to
2
cups
of
cooked
(brown
or
white)
rice
a
week.
And
here
is
a
way
to
lessen
risk:
Rinse
your
rice,
cook
it
in
six
parts
water
to
one
part
rice
until
it
reaches
eating
texture,
and
then
pour
off
the
extra
water.
This
can
remove
about
half
the
arsenic.
Until
more
studies
are
done,
curb
your
consumption
of
arsenic.
F.
Brown
rice
tends
to
have
more
arsenic
because
the
metal
concentrates
in
the
outer
layers,
which
are
burnished
off
in
white
rice.
【分析】D。总起句为The
Bottom
Line.底线，而后文又提及到一系列具体做法，所以判断为D，直到更多相关研究出来之前，控制你自身对于砷的消耗。
2.从行文逻辑上判断——转折关系
转折关系主要指英语行文中后句对前句构成逆转逻辑关系。如果空格前后两句话之间有however(然而)，nevertheless(然而，不过)，still(还，仍然)，though(可是，不过，然而)，yet(然而)，on
the
contrary(正相反)，in
contrast(与此相反，相比之下)，in
comparison(比较起来，与……比较)，by
comparison(相比之下)等连接词，则表明前后两句话是逻辑上的逆转，空格处很有可能表示转折。
【典例】"People
tend
to
think
in
an
either-or
way.
If
you're
stuck
in
traffic,
then
everything
else
must
be
going
horribly
too,"
says
Anne
Parker,
a
wellness
counselor.
.
Instead,
acknowledge
that
you're
stuck
in
traffic,
but
also
bring
to
mind
something
good,
like
the
beautiful
scenery
outside
the
window.
That
way,
you'll
get
in
the
habit
of
forbidding
negative
circumstances
from
blanketing
your
whole
day.
C.
Act
in
an
optimistic
way:
smile,
laugh,
tell
a
joke.
D.
By
blowing
negative
events
out
of
proportion,
you'
re
setting
yourself
up
for
feeling
down
all
day.
F.
Being
grateful
and
happy
aren't
always
easy.
【分析】D。根据后句Instead,
acknowledge
that
you're
stuck
in
traffic,
but
also
bring
to
mind
something
good,
like
the
beautiful
scenery
outside
the
window.可知该空要填的句子应与instead内容相反，所以选D.
3.从行文逻辑上判断——因果关系
做题时最重要的是要在读懂空格前后的句子的基础上，依据彼此的关系来确认答案。有时，前后的句子之间出现as
a
result(结果)，thus/therefore(因此)，so(such)...that(如此……以至于)等标志性词语，表明前后句有着原因和结果之间的关系，说明前因后果或者前果后因等情况。
【典例】Large
cities
were
impossible
until
agriculture
became
industrialized.
Even
in
advanced
agricultural
societies,
it
took
about
ninety－five
people
on
farms
to
feed
five
people
in
cities.
_________.
??A.That
kept
cities
very
small.
【分析】A
空格的上一句话提到了，即使在先进的农业社会，也需要大约95个农民养活5个城市人，这只有一个结果，就是使得城市很小，与A项信息呼应。
4.从行文逻辑上判断——递进关系
递进关系主要指英语行文中后句对前句是一种顺承逻辑关系。如果空格前后两句话之间有also(也，而且)，further(进一步地，而且)，furthermore(而且，此外)，likewise(同样地，也)，similarly(相同地，类似地)，moreover(而且，此外)，in
addition(另外，加之)，what's
more(更重要的是)，not
only...but
also(不但……而且)等连接词或词组，则表明前后两句是逻辑上的递进关系，空格处很有可能是个递进的句子。
【典例】Over
the
past
two
centuries,
the
Industrial
Revolution
has
broken
this
balance
between
the
city
and
the
country.
________.
Today,
instead
of
needing
ninety－five
farmers
to
feed
five
city
people,
one
American
farmer
is
able
to
feed
more
than
a
hundred
non－farmers.
??F.Modernization
drew
people
to
the
cities
and
made
farmers
more
productive.
【分析】F。解析 空格前面的一句话提到，在过去的两个世纪里，工业革命打破了城乡之间的平衡。后一句话提到，现在的情况不需要95个农民养活5个城市人了，在美国一个农民就能养活一百多个非农民，与F项信息，即：“现代化把人们吸引到城市里来，并使得农民更加多产”一致。
5.从行文逻辑上判断——并列关系
如果空格前后两句话之间有first(首先，第一)，second(第二)，third(第三)；firstly(第一，首先)，secondly(第二(点)，其次)，thirdly(第三)；first(第一)，next(其次)，then(那么，然后)；in
the
first
place(第一，首先)，in
the
second
place(第二，其次)；for
one
thing(首先，一则)，for
another(其次)；to
begin
with(首先，第一)，to
conclude(最后)等连接词或词组，则表明前后两句是逻辑上的并列关系，空格处很有可能是个并列的句子。
【典例】Swearing
to
lose
20
pounds
or
to
run
a
marathon
seems
like
goals
leading
to
happiness,
but
they
take
time
to
achieve.
By
focusing
on
not
having
accomplished
them
yet,
you
will
start
to
feel
down
on
yourself.
_________.
However:
if
you
focus
on
the
small
milestones
that
occur
along
the
way,
you
will
feel
positive
about
your
progress,
which
will
give
you
the
strength
to
keep
going.
B.
You'll
fail
to
appreciate
more
important
things
in
your
life.
E.
You
may
even
end
up
admitting
that
you
have
been
defeated.
【分析】E。根据By
focusing
on
not
having
accomplished
them
yet,
you
will
start
to
feel
down
on
yourself.及空格后However:
if
you
focus
on
the
small
milestones
that
occur
along
the
way,
you
will
feel
positive
about
your
progress,
which
will
give
you
the
strength
to
keep
going.可知空格应与前句构成并列与后句构成转折关系，所以选E.
1
Directions:
Read
the
following
passage.
Fill
in
each
blank
with
a
proper
sentence
given
in
the
box.
Each
sentence
can
be
used
only
once.
Note
that
there
are
two
more
sentences
than
you
need.(8%)
Not
only
must
minerals
be
solid
but
they
also
must
have
a
fixed
chemical
makeup.
The
meaning
of
mineral
depends
on
its
origin
C.
What
exactly
is
meant
by
a
mineral
in
chemistry
term?
D.
She
is
establishing
habits
of
thought
she
can
call
upon
in
order
to
understand
or
solve
future
problems.
For
example,
many
minerals
originate
from
melted
rock
called
magma(岩浆）that
comes
from
deep
within
Earth.
F.
Instead,
it’s
deliberate
practice.
Have
you
ever
played
the
game
Twenty
Questions?
If
so,
you
may
have
been
asked
the
questions”Is
it
animal,
vegetable,
or
mineral?
“The
definition
of
mineral
in
chemistry,
however,
differs
from
the
definition
of
mineral
in
Twenty
Question.
（1）_________Minerals
share
five
basic
characteristics
in
chemistry.
If
a
material
lacks
even
one
of
these
characteristics,
the
material
is
not
a
minerals.
To
begin
with,
minerals
must
be
naturally
occurring.
Scientists
define
“naturally
occurring”
as
coming
from
natural
processes
within
the
earth.
Because
minerals
come
from
the
earth,
they
are
indeed
naturally
occurring.
（2）__________
Over
time.
Some
of
it
rises
to
the
surface,
and
large
glassy
particles
called
crystals
are
formed.
Crystals
come
in
a
variety
of
colors
and
include
quartz
and
diamond.
Minerals
must
also
be
inorganic(无机).
（3）_________
Inorganic
material
doesn’t
have
any
organic
matter.
Additionally,
minerals
have
a
solid
structure.
Unlike
gasses
and
liquids
that
expand
to
fill
whatever
container
they
are
placed
in,
minerals
maintain
a
constant
solid
shape.
（4）
__________
Minerals
are
made
from
atoms
that
are
linked
in
specific
ways.
For
example,
common
salt
is
always
composed
of
one
chlorine(CI)
atom
bonded
to
one
sodium(Na)
atom.
These
atoms
form
one
NaCI
molecule.
Therefore,
no
matter
how
much
salt,
or
sodium
chloride,
is
present,
it
is
always
arranged
in
a
one-to-one
ratio
of
sodium(Na)
to
chlorine(CI)
atoms.
The
final
feature
required
of
minerals
is
that
their
individual
atoms
be
organized
into
regular
repeated
patterns.
These
patterns
are
called
crystal
structures.
Crystals
are
similar
to
a
set
of
blocks,
stacked
alongside
and
on
top
of
one
another.
What
distinguishes
crystals
from
other
materials
is
that
crystals
have
a
3D
shape
that
is
consistently
repeated
throughout
the
substance.
【答案】CEDF
【解析】
1.横线前面一句是讲矿物质在化学中的定义是不同两个问题中是不同的，横线后面是讲解矿物质又物种特性。所以中间很明显是它在化学术语中的不同所以选择C.
2.
前面两句主要说的是矿物质是来源于地表，所以选择E.
3.
前面一句讲矿物质必须是无机的。后面一句说无机物质是不会又有机物质的。所以很明显是选择D。
4.需要把这一段读完，我们可以发现这段主要讲解是矿物质和其他化学成分不同所以选择F.
2
Directions
:
Read
the
following
passage.
Fill
in
each
blank
with
a
proper
sentence
given
in
the
box.
Each
sentence
can
be
used
only
once.
Note
that
there
are
two
more
sentences
than
you
need.
A.
Will
cars
eventually
be
able
to
drive
themselves
?
B.
Magazine
featuring
future
cars
sell
especially
well.
C.
Airbags
aren’
t
the
be-all
and
end-all
in
safety.
D.Crazy
fans
look
forward
to
the
launch
of
future
cars.
E.
All
of
these
things
are
likely
to
change
in
the
not-so-distant
future.
F.
They
featured
unconventional
things
like
small
nuclear
reactors
as
power
sources.
Like
many
other
small
boys,
I
was
fascinated
by
cars,
especially
because
my
oldest
brother
was
a
bit
of
a
car
guy
and
subscribed
to
cool
magazines
like
Car
and
Driver
and
Motor
Trend.
Every
so
often,
one
of
those
magazines
would
run
an
article
on
the
"Cars
of
the
Future".
(67)
Yet,
frankly,
my
car
doesn't
do
anything
that
my
brother's
Studebaker
didn't
do.
It
goes,
it
stops,
it
burns
gasoline.
I
still
have
to
steer
it,
and
it
still
runs
into
things
if
I
don't
steer
it
carefully.
????
But
guess
what
?
(68)
It
may
not
burn
gasoline,
I
may
not
have
to
steer
it,
and
it
may
be
a
lot
better
at
not
running
into
things.
??
??
(69)
In
fact,
considering
the
recent
news
about
people
occasionally
being
killed
by
their
airbags
in
low-speed
crashes,
they
obviously
still
need
some
development.
But
they
aren't
going
away,
and
in
fact,
you
can
expect
to
see
cars
appearing
with
additional,
side-impact
airbags,
something
some
European
car
manufacturers
already
offer.
????
Better
than
systems
to
minimize
injury
in
the
event
of
an
accident,
however,
are
systems
that
minimize
the
likelihood
of
an
accident
happening
in
the
first
place
?
Future
cars
may
be
able
to
remove
many
of
the
major
causes
of
accidents,
including
drunk-driving,
and
tailgating
(与前车距离过近)
.
Cars
could
be
equipped
with
sensors
that
can
detect
alcohol
in
a
driver's
system
and
prevent
the
car
from
being
started,
for
example.
As
early
as
next
year,
you'll
be
able
to
buy
cars
with
radar-equipped
control
systems.
If
the
radar
determines
you're
closing
too
quickly
with
the
car
in
front,
it
will
ease
up
on
the
throttle
(油门).
????
Scientists
are
now
working
on
a
system
that
can
brake,
accelerate
and
steer
a
vehicle
down
a
highway
on
its
own.
________(70)
【答案】
67-70
FECA
【分析】
67.F中的They
代指前面的cars
of
the
future，且句子意思对应。选F
68.All
of
these
things
代指前面的traditional
cars
的内容。选E
69.空格后面一句的they
代指前面的空格的airbags，跟安全有关。选C
70.空格前面的内容其实代表的是autonomous
driving，自动驾驶，所以空格选择的A。
3
Most
parents
know
that
they
need
life
insurance.
But
many
would
rather
have
a
root
canal
than
shop
for
the
best
life
insurance
policy.
“People
don’t
think
about,‘What
will
my
family
do
if
I
am
gone
and
not
earning
a
living?’”says
Peter
Katt,
a
fee-only
life
insurance
adviser.“The
whole
point
of
this
kind
of
planning
is
to
provide
the
family
with
maximum
flexibility
so
they’re
not
stuck.”
Planning
for
your
death
is
not
a
cheerful
topic.
Too
often,
parents
make
a
quick
decision,
ignoring
important
considerations.
Among
their
mistakes
one
is
that
they
do
not
buy
enough
life
insurance.
____47____“They
don’t
think
that
the
person
who
is
not
bringing
in
an
income
needs
life
insurance,”says
Greg
Daugherty,
executive
editor
of
Consumers
Union.
But
if
that
person
dies,
the
other
parent
can’t
stop
working
and
usually
has
to
pay
someone
to
help
care
for
the
family.
____48____.
Katt
recommended
that
one
young
couple
should
buy
$3
million
for
the
husband
who
earns
$100,000
a
year
and
$1
million
for
the
stay-at-home
wife.
At
the
same
time,
many
families
rely
on
employer-provided
life
insurance,
but
employer-provided
coverage
is
rarely
sufficient
to
support
your
family.
Many
employer-provided
policies
provide
a
death
benefit
of
$10,000
to
$25,000—barely
enough
to
cover
your
funeral
expense.
Some
employers
provide
a
year’s
salary,
but
that
may
also
fall
well
short
of
the
amount
your
family
would
need
to
maintain
its
standard
of
living.
Some
employers
let
workers
buy
group
life
insurance
through
payroll
deductions.
They
may
be
a
good
deal
for
workers
who
have
health
problems
that
would
disqualify
them
for
an
individual
policy.
But
if
you’re
young
and
healthy,
you
may
be
able
to
get
a
better
rate
on
your
own.
Another
drawback
is
that
if
you
leave
your
job,
you
may
not
be
able
to
take
your
insurance.“Given
the
job
market,
most
of
us
are
not
absolutely
certain
that
our
jobs
are
secure,”Daugherty
says.“____49____.”
On
the
other
hand,
some
families
buy
too
much
insurance.
Not
everyone
needs
life
insurance.
Some
people
buy
life
insurance
for
babies,
which
is
unnecessary,
unless
the
baby
is
a
child
model
who
is
supporting
the
family,
Daugherty
says:
The
purpose
of
insurance
is
to
replace
the
income
that
a
family
has
been
relying
on.
Single
people
and
those
who
have
no
children
to
care
for
usually
don’t
need
life
insurance.
Katt
says
a
man
with
substantial
savings
in
stocks
and
bonds
and
other
sources
of
income
recently
asked
him
how
much
life
insurance
he
needs.“I
said
none,”Katt
says.“____50____.”
A.
There
are
people
who
don’t
need
life
insurance
but
have
it
and
many
more
people
who
need
it
but
are
woefully
uninsured.
B.
Families
don’t
always
insure
a
parent
who
is
staying
home
to
care
for
the
children.
C.
Most
people
put
off
buying
life
insurance
for
any
number
of
reasons
if
they
even
understand
it.
D.
Even
if
you
have
a
lot
of
insurance
at
work,
it
makes
sense
to
have
some
more
insurance
on
your
own.
E.
If
you
fall
seriously
ill
of
suffer
significant
injury
later,
it
will
make
it
tougher
to
get
that
kind
of
policy,
if
any
at
all.
F.
To
make
insurance
more
affordable,
you
may
not
need
to
buy
the
same
amount
of
insurance
for
both
parents.
【答案】B
F
D
A
【分析】本文是一篇社会生活类短文。大多数父母都知道他们需要生命保险，但不愿购买最优质的人寿保险。有些人不需要保险却持有着保险，而许多需要保险的人不幸的是，没有保险。
【47题详解】
根据空格后：因为他们不认为没有收入的人需要人身保险。得知前面说的是人们不会为在家照顾孩子的一个家长买保险。故选B。
【48题详解】
根据空格后：凯特建议一对年轻夫妇给每年收入10万美元的丈夫买300万美元保险，给当家庭主妇的妻子买1百万。可以得知夫妻双方购买的保险数目不用相同。故选F。
【49题详解】
根据空格前：考虑到务工市场，多数人不能确定自己工作的保障性。因此即使你有工作保险，拥有一些保障自己的保险仍然是重要的。故选D。
【50题详解】
根据空格前：卡特说，一个在股票、债券和其他来源上有大量储蓄的人咨询自己要买多少人寿保险，说明卡特想要指出有些人不需要保险却持有着保险，而许多需要保险的人不幸的是，没有保险。故选A。
【点睛】六选四题型要求考生从整体上把握文章的逻辑结构和内容上的联系，理解句子之间、段落之间的关系，对诸如连贯性、一致性等语段特征有较强的意识和熟练的把握。所以懂得整篇文章的基本结构或段落的语篇结构对解题很有用。
分析本文的语篇结构，可以知道第一段是文章的主题句，然后接下来各段的语篇结构都是主题句（总）+支撑句（分）（分述主题的具体内容/说明原因/举例证明等）。所以第2小题是本段的主题句凯特建议夫妻双方购买的保险数目不用相同，这对年轻夫妇给每年收入10万美元的丈夫买300万美元保险，给当家庭主妇的妻子买1百万。可以得知夫妻双方购买的保险不用相同，故选F。
4
We
Americans
ingest
an
average
of
25
pounds
of
rice
a
year﹣and
a
portion
of
that
comes
drinking
beer．
Yes，
rice
is
a
sample
in
our
diet．
But
is
it
a
safe
one？
Consumer
Reports
recently
found"
troubling
"levels
of
inorganic
arsenic，
a
known
human
carcinogen
（a
substance
which
can
cause
cancer），
in
almost
every
rice﹣containing
food
it
tested．
（1）
But
rice
takes
up
arsenic
from
soil
and
water
more
readily
than
other
grains
do．
Health﹣conscious
consumers
rely
on
brown
rice，
which
has
even
more
arsenic．
In
the
Consumer
Reports
test，
a
quarter
cup
of
uncooked
white
rice
had
from
roughly
1
to
7
micrograms
of
inorganic
arsenic，
while
brown
rice
had
from
4
to
10
micrograms．
Why
the
difference？
（2）
．
What
about
rice
cakes？
They
contained
from
2
to
8
micrograms
per
serving，
while
hot
and
ready﹣to﹣eat
rice
cereals
had
2
to
7
micrograms：
These
levels
are
at
least
five
times
higher
than
rice
cereals
had
2
to
7
micrograms．
These
levels
are
at
least
five
times
higher
than
those
found
in
other
cereals，
such
as
oatmeal．
Studies
show
that
people
exposed
to
large
amounts
of
arsenic
for
many
years
are
more
likely
to
die
of
cancer．
In
Bangladesh，
people
who
drank
tap
water
that
contained
50
to
149
micrograms
of
arsenic
per
liter
for
a
0
or
30
years，
for
example，
were
44
percent
more
likely
to
die
of
cancer．
（3）
（The
U．S．
Environmental
Protection
Agency
limits
the
total
amount
of
arsenic
in
drinking
water
to
10
micrograms
per
liter．）
But
our
total
risk
is
unclear．
There
isn't
enough
date
to
set
a
limit
on
inorganic
arsenic
in
food，
says
the
Institute
of
Medicine
of
the
National
Academy
of
Sciences．
The
Bottom
Line：
（4）
Consumer
Reports
recommends
that
adults
eat
no
more
than
11/2
to
2
cups
of
cooked（brown
or
white）rice
a
week，
And
here
is
a
way
to
lessen
risk：
Rinse
your
rice，
cook
it
in
six
parts
water
to
one
part
rice
until
it
reaches
eating
texture，
and
then
pour
off
the
extra
water．
This
can
remove
about
half
the
arsenic．
A．You
might
wonder
what
one
conscious
portion
of
rice
could
do
for
your
whole
body
B．Americans
are
lucky
to
be
exposed
to
lower
levels
of
arsenic．
C．This
poisonous
element
is
in
a
wide
range
of
food﹣﹣including
fruits，
vegetables
and
grains．
D．Until
more
studies
are
done，
curb
your
consumption
of
arsenic．
E．Brown
rice
appears
to
be
the
most
effective
whole
grain
for
the
healthy
growth
of
human
beings，but
its
darker
color
can
easily
absorb
too
much
arsenic．
Brown
rice
tends
to
have
more
arsenic
because
the
metal
concentrates
in
the
outer
layers，
which
are
burnished
off
in
white
nice．
【解答】CFBD
1．C．联系上文题．根据前文Consumer
Reports
recently
found"
troubling
"levels
of
inorganic
arsenic，
a
known
human
carcinogen
（a
substance
which
can
cause
cancer），
in
almost
every
rice﹣containing
food
it
tested．可知消费者报告最近发现，几乎每一种大米中都含有"令人不安的"无机砷，一种已知的人类致癌物．C项：This
poisonous
element
is
in
a
wide
range
of
food﹣﹣including
fruits，
vegetables
and
grains．这种有毒元素存在于多种食物中，包括水果、蔬菜和谷物．符合文意，故选C．
2．F．理解判断题．根据前文In
the
Consumer
Reports
test，
a
quarter
cup
of
uncooked
white
rice
had
from
roughly
1
to
7
micrograms
of
inorganic
arsenic，
while
brown
rice
had
from
4
to
10
micrograms．
Why
the
difference？可知在消费者报告测试中，四分之一杯未煮熟的白米含有大约1到7微克的无机砷，而糙米含有4到10微克的无机砷．为什么会有差异？F项：Brown
rice
tends
to
have
more
arsenic
because
the
metal
concentrates
in
the
outer
layers，
which
are
burnished
off
in
white
nice．
糙米往往含有更多的砷，因为金属集中在外层，外层被打磨成白色．符合文意，故选F．
3．B．语境辨析题．根据后文The
U．S．
Environmental
Protection
Agency
limits
the
total
amount
of
arsenic
in
drinking
water
to
10
micrograms
per
liter．可知美国环境保护署将饮用水中砷的总量限制在每升10微克．B项：Americans
are
lucky
to
be
exposed
to
lower
levels
of
arsenic．美国人很幸运能接触到低水平的砷．符合语境，故选B．
4．D．逻辑推理题．根据后文Consumer
Reports
recommends
that
adults
eat
no
more
than
11/2
to
2
cups
of
cooked（brown
or
white）rice
a
week，可知《消费者报告》建议成年人每周食用不超过11/2至2杯煮熟（棕色或白色）大米．D项：Until
more
studies
are
done，
curb
your
consumption
of
arsenic．在做更多的研究之前，控制你对砷的消费．符合文意，故选D．
1
Directions:
Complete
the
following
passage
by
using
the
sentences
listed
below.
Each
sentence
can
only
be
used
once.
Note
that
there
are
two
sentences
more
than
you
need.
A.
Even
now,
some
Adidas
employees
and
Puma
employees
don’t
talk
to
each
other.
B.
The
brothers
finally
began
to
talk
with
each
other
again
after
so
many
years.
C.
At
first
he
wanted
to
call
it
Ruda,
but
eventually
he
called
it
Puma,after
the
wild
cat．
D.
You
cannot
play
sports
wearing
shoes
that
you'd
walk
around
town
with
E.
But
in
1948
the
brothers
argued
F.
It
became
popular
almost
overnight.
Brotherly
Love?
Adidas
and
Puma
have
been
two
of
the
biggest
names
in
sports
shoe
manufacturing
for
over
half
a
century.But
the
story
of
these
two
companies
begins
in
one
house
in
the
town
of
Herzogenaurach，Germany．
Adolph
and
Rudolph
Dassler
were
the
sons
of
a
shoemaker．They
loved
sport
but
complained
that
they
could
never
find
comfortable
shoes
to
play
in．Rudolph
always
said，“————67———．”So
they
started
making
their
own．In
1920
Adolph
made
the
first
pair
of
athletics
shoes
with
spikes(钉)，produced
on
the
Dasslers’kitchen
table．
On
lst
July
1924
they
formed
a
shoe
company，Dassler
Brothers
Ltd
and
they
worked
together
for
many
years．The
company
became
successful
and
it
provided
the
shoes
for
Germany’s
athletes
at
the
1928
and
1932
Olympic
Games．
———68———
No
one
knows
exactly
what
happened，but
family
members
have
suggested
that
the
argument
was
about
money
or
women．The
result
was
that
Adolph
left
the
company．His
nickname
was
Adi，and
using
this
and
the
first
three
letters
of
the
family
name，Dassler，he
founded
Adidas．
Rudolph
relocated
across
the
River
Aurach
and
founded
his
own
company
too.______69_______The
famous
Puma
logo
of
the
Jumping
cat
has
hardly
changed
since．
After
the
big
split
of
1948
Adolph
and
Rudolph
never
spoke
to
each
other
again
and
their
companies
havc
now
been
in
competition
for
over
sixty
years．Both
companies
were
for
many
years
the
market
leaders．though
Adidas
has
always
been
more
successful
than
Puma．
The
terrible
family
argument
should
really
be
forgotten，but
ever
since
it
happened，over
sixty
years
ago,the
town
has
been
split
into
two._____70__________
Keys:
67-70:DECA
2
Directions:
Complete
the
following
passage
by
using
the
sentences
given
below.
Each
sentence
can
be
used
only
once.
Note
that
there
are
two
more
sentences
than
you
need.
A.
The
thing
that
relieves
stress
from
dual-working
couples
is
having
a
job
with
considerable
flexibility
B.
But
research
shows
that
if
you
are
coupled
up
these
days,
there's
a
good
chance
that
both
you
and
your
partner
are
in
paid
work
C.
They
officially
have
a
relationship
contract
requiring
100
minutes
of
deadline
time
together
a
week
D.
It
is
important
to
recognize
that
when
that
happens
rather
than
heap
more
on
each
other
and
look
at
bringing
in
extra
hands
E.
Some
power
couples
emphasize
quality
over
quantity
in
terms
of
sacrifice
F.
Committing
to
both
careers
often
mean
that
one
person
will
have
to
sacrifice
for
the
other
The
Special
Skills
Power
Couples
Cultivate
There
is
no
question
that
George
Clooney
is
one
of
the
most
successful
actors
in
Hollywood.
But
it
wasn't
until
he
teamed
up
with
Amal
Alamuddin,
a
barrister
specializing
in
public
international
law
and
human
rights
who
has
represented
high-profile
clients
like
WikiLeaks
founder
Julian
Assange
that
he
suddenly
made
up
one
half
of
another
status
all
together--that
of
the
power
couple.
Power
couple--those
in
a
relationship
who
strive
for
success
in
their
field
while
supporting
each
other's
ambitions--come
in
many
different
forms.
It's
obviously
not
necessary
that
both
have
careers.__67__Today
about
48%
of
married
couples
in
the
US,
for
example,
aren't
dual
income,
compared
with
25%
in
1960.
That
percentage
increases
to
61%
if
the
couple
has
children.
How
do
successful
dual
income
couples
balance
the
demands
of
their
careers
and
relationships?
__68__But
it
should
be
taken
in
turns
with
long-term
goals
in
mind.
Phyllis
Moen,
a
sociologist
at
the
University
of
Minnesota,
says,
People
found
that
one
career
might
have
to
come
first.
It
wasn't
and
shouldn't
necessarily
be
the
same
career
over
time.
You
can
leapfrog
over
time
so
it
will
be
a
different
person
whose
career
take
priority.
She
adds
that
it's
easier
to
prioritize
your
partner
's
career
over
your
own
when
you
know
it's
temporary
and
will
even
out
over
time.
Carving
out
time
and
holding
it
sacred
for
families
is
critical.
If
it
falls
through
because
of
work,
it's
essential
to
rebook
that
time
somewhere
else.
Some
couples,
like
Mark
Zuckerberg
and
Priscilla
Chan,
acknowledged
the
time
commitment
officially.
__69__
It
is
critical
to
outsource
household
work
when
possible
so
it
doesn't
fall
on
one
person
over
the
other.
Moen
and
his
wife
employ
housekeepers
and
a
dog-walker.
We
are
both
maxed
out
in
terms
of
bandwidth.
__70__
Keys:
67-70
BFCD
3
Directions:
After
reading
the
passage
below,
choose
the
best
answers
from
the
six
statements
according
to
what
you
have
just
read.
A．The
affected
person
will
go
to
great
lengths
to
avoid
the
situation
or
object,
typically
to
a
degree
greater
than
the
actual
danger
posed.
B.
You
probably
don’t,
and
yet
these
are
recognized
medical
conditions,
though
very
rare
ones.
C.
Phobias
often
originate
from
upsetting
experiences
earlier
in
life.
D.
There
are,
of
course,
dozens
of
different
kinds,
ranging
from
the
obscure
to
the
well-known.
E.
Phobias
can
be
divided
into
specific
phobias,
social
phobia,
and
agoraphobia.
F.
Therapy
of
this
kind
is
said
to
be
very
effective,
although
in
this
case
perhaps
not
very
enjoyable.
Do
you
know
anyone
who
suffers
from
equinophobia,
pluviophobia
or
leukophobia?
Or,
to
put
it
another
way,
do
you
know
anyone
who
is
very
afraid
of
horses,
rain
or
the
colour
white?
(67).________
According
to
many
surveys,
more
than
ten
per
cent
of
people
in
the
United
States
have
some
kind
of
phobia
(the
word
comes
from
the
Greek
phobós,
meaning
fear).
(68)
________
The
names
of
most
of
them
have
been
created
by
adding
‘phobia’
to
a
Greek
or
Latin
root
–
a
process
that
has
turned
into
something
of
a
word
game,
with
people
inventing
names
for
conditions
that
perhaps
exist
only
in
theory
(for
example
androidophobia,
the
fear
of
robots).
True
phobias
consist
of
an
intense
fear
that
produces
a
very
strong
desire
to
avoid
the
object
of
that
fear.
Without
specialist
help
they
are
very
difficult
to
control
and
tend
to
disrupt
the
daily
life
of
the
sufferer.
________
(69)
For
example,
an
intense
fear
of
dogs
(cynophobia)
often
comes
from
having
been
bitten
by
one;
In
some
cases,
however,
experts
suggest
phobias
are
to
some
extent
evolutionary,
arising
not
from
personal
experience
but
from
inherited
memory
lying
deep
in
our
brains.
Arachnophobia
and
ophidiophobia
(the
fear
of
snakes)
are
often
suggested
as
examples:
for
our
distant
ancestors,
who
lived
closer
to
nature
than
we
do,
fear
of
poisonous
spiders
and
snakes
would
have
served
the
useful
evolutionary
purpose
of
helping
them
avoid
potentially
fatal
bites.
A
common
technique
for
treating
some
phobias
is
that
of
‘progressive
exposure’
in
which
sufferers
are
encouraged
by
a
therapist
to
gradually
get
closer
to
the
object
of
their
fear.
The
idea
is
that
at
each
step
the
patient
realizes
nothing
bad
is
happening
to
them,
which
should
lead
to
their
fear
gradually
decreasing.
With
someone
who
is
terrified
of
spiders,
for
example,
the
therapist
might
start
by
showing
them
a
picture
of
a
spider,
then
introducing
a
real
spider
in
a
glass
box
and
slowly
moving
the
box
closer
to
them,
then
finally
having
them
hold
the
spider
in
the
palm
of
their
hand.
(70)________.
Keys:
67-70
BDCF
21世纪教育网
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21世纪教育网(www.21cnjy.com)中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
(
阅读六选四解题技巧分析（1）
)
题型介绍：
2017年上海高考阅读题型除了增加一篇summary
writing之外，还增加一个语篇，挖出4个句子，
进行6选4。此题型在篇章后附有6个句子，每句出自篇章的某一段落，要求考生找出与每句相匹配的段落。这一阅读新题型固然有着不同于传统阅读解题方法的种种方面，但同时也具备一些可以为考生所利用的新特点。
题型特点：
题干中的细节往往反映文章的主旨或段落主题，考生可据此了解原文内容。通过快速阅读题干中的若干条细节信息，考生可以迅速了解文章的主旨大意，从而能够在回头阅读原文时加快阅读速度，节省定位时间。
题干提供的细节信息中往往暗含一些文章所必需的逻辑关系，考生可以利用这种关系预先对一些表述进行排序。长篇阅读的文章一般为说明文或议论文，而这类文章最显著的特点就是具有严密的逻辑性。所以，在介绍一个新事物时，文章通常会采用循序渐进、前因后果的方法来叙述，而根据这种逻辑进行解题之前的预先排序对于解答此类题型有着非常重要的意义。
题干提供的信息表述中通常会出现一些具有特殊意义的指示性词语，这类词语虽然不是通常意义上的定位关键词，但其特殊含义可将考生的注意力指向原文的开头、结尾或是某个具:
特殊特征的段落。这些词通常包括如下三类：
①能够指示开头段的词，如：overview，introduction,
initiation,
main
idea,
definition
等；
②能够指示结尾段的词，如
future，solution,
conclusion,
suggestion,
summary等；
③能够帮助考生回原文定位的特殊词，如rate，ratio,
proportion,
percentage,
number,
figure,
statistics等。考生能够通过这些指示性词语缩小回原文定位的范围，从而快速判定其所在细节信息对应的原文段落。
解题步骤：
看标题、副标题预测文章大意
看选项，找出和文章相对应的关键词
通读全文，查看主题句，分析结构
看空前空后内容，分析之间的逻辑性
灵活掌握答题顺序(先易后难)
代入答案，重点核查逻辑关系。
题型分解
[段首题]
1．空格为主旨句
在某段第一句设空的内容通常是该段落主旨句，学生需要通过认真研读该段的内容，然后从选项中查找下文的同义词或其他相关词或句的方法，从而确定答案；有时则需反复读设空处后面一两句或更多内容，确定关键信息词，然后在各个选项中查找关联词和信息句。一般正确答案选项与所设空后的第一句在意义上是紧密衔接的，因此正确选项和原文的内容是连贯且符合逻辑的。
[典例] __37__
In
order
to
make
a
change，you
need
to
decide
why
it’s
important.
Do
you
want
to
get
up
in
time
to
have
breakfast
with
your
family,
get
in
some
exercise,
or
just
be
better
prepared
for
your
day？Once
you
are
clear
about
your
reasons,
tell
your
family
or
roommates
about
the
change
you
want
to
make.
B.
Find
the
right
motivation.
分析：本题空格在段首，需要填一个主旨句或一个承上启下句。由本段中的“为了作出改变，你需要决定为什么它很重要”及“一旦你清楚了自己的理由……”等描述可知，你要想清楚为什么要早起，故选B项“找到合适的动机”。本设空类型属于段落主题句类。
[典例]
__________
If
the
key
to
success
is
to
increase
our
failure,
then
it
makes
sense
to
celebrate
our
setbacks.
Yes,
you
heard
right:
if
someone
turns
you
down,
celebrate
it!
Instead
of
mentally
punishing
yourself
for
not
succeeding,
buy
yourself
ice
cream
and
say,
“I’m
one
step
closer
to
success!”
Stop
letting
failure
have
a
negative
impact
on
your
thoughts
and
emotions.
See
courage
as
a
“muscle”.
Celebrate
your
failures.
Everyone
sets
success
goals.
With
this
thought
in
mind,
you’re
succeeding
even
when
you
fail.
All
the
courage
you
need
to
achieve
success
is
already
in
you,
just
waiting
for
you
to
take
action.
They
see
themselves
in
the
middle,
and
do
everything
they
can
to
move
toward
success
and
away
from
failure.
【分析】B
本段主要讲对待失败的态度，由此可知应选B为本段标题。
2．空格为承上启下句
在某段第一句设空的内容也有可能为承上启下的句子，这就需要学生做到瞻前顾后，既熟悉上一段结尾的内容，又结合下一段的内容，分析所选的答案是否能够将两段内容连贯起来。
[典例]
No
matter
where
you
are
on
the
risk?seeking
range,
scientists
say
that
your
willingness
to
take
risks
increases
during
your
teenage
years.
74
(E.This
is
when
you
start
to
move
away
from
your
family
and
into
the
bigger
world.)To
help
you
do
that，your
brain
increases
your
hunger
for
new
experiences.New
experiences
often
mean
taking
some
risks，so
your
brain
a
rinses
your
tolerance
for
risk
as
well.
__75__For
the
risk?seekers,
a
part
of
the
brain
related
to
pleasure
becomes
active,
while
for
the
rest
of
us，a
part
of
the
brain
related
to
fear
becomes
active.
G．New
brain
research
suggests
our
brains
work
differently
when
we
face
a
nervous
situation.
分析： 本题空格在段首，需要填一个主旨句或一个承上启下句。上文主要讲述了科学家的观点——对冒险活动的热爱在青少年时期有所增长。大脑增加了对新经历的渴望，而新的经历也意味着许多冒险。75题承接上文，引入下文的讲述，即“新的大脑研究表明当我们面对紧张的情况时，我们的大脑的工作方式是不同的。”接着阐述是如何的不同。故选G项。
[段尾题]
1．空格为总结、概括句
做题时一要注意空格前的一句或两句；二是注意在选项中查找表示结果、结论、总结的信号词，如to
conclude，in
a
word，thus，hence，in
short，to
sum
up，therefore，as
a
result等词语；三是要注意与前文的逻辑关系，找到关键的线索词句，如表示转折、对比、并列或排比的关系。如果第一段的段尾是空格，要认真阅读，看此处是细节还是主题。通常文章第一段要提出文章的主题，如果在段尾提出主题，会用一些信号词如转折词引出来，正确答案中应有这样的特征词。
【典例】Rumination:
This
is
when
you
are
too
worried
about
how
bad
the
situation
is,
focusing
only
on
your
fears.
Psychologists
say
the
best
way
to
fight
this
type
of
thinking
is
to
find
something
positive
about
the
experience,
no
matter
how
small,
and
refocus
your
thinking
on
that
thing.
It
could
be
the
nice
view
out
your
window
or
the
movie
being
shown.
__________
The
best
way
to
fight
it
is
to
close
your
eyes
and
relax,
trying
to
enjoy
a
good
sleep.
In
this
case,
it
might
involve
severely
criticizing
oneself
for
being
afraid
of
flying.
The
best
way
to
fight
this
type
of
fear
is
acknowledge
your
fear
and
challenge
it.
Whatever
it
is,
moving
your
thoughts
outside
the
situation
can
help
calm
your
anxiety.
This
is
when
you
can’t
stop
thinking
about
what
may
happen
if
you
leave
anything
valuable
behind.
This
is
when
a
person
allows
himself
to
feel
hopelessly
out
of
control
of
the
environment
around
him.
【分析】D
.
本句是对本段的总结。通读本段可知，本段介绍了害怕飞行的原因之一，即过度专注于自己的害怕情绪，并提出了最好的解决方案是想想飞行中积极正面的东西来转移对害怕情绪的过度关注，与选项D的内容相符。
2．空格为承上启下句
还有可能这一空是引出下一段的内容。如果在选项中找不出与前文之间的关联，此时可考虑与下一段开头是否有一定的衔接。认真阅读下一段开头几句，看是否能与选项的最后一句紧密连接起来。
【典例】Making
good
choices
about
your
own
health
requires
reasonable
evaluation.
A
key
first
step
in
bettering
your
evaluation
ability
is
to
look
carefully
at
your
sources
of
health
information.
Reasonable
evaluation
includes
knowing
where
and
how
to
find
relevant
information,
how
to
separate
fact
from
opinion,
how
to
recognize
poor
reasoning,
and
how
to
analyze
information
and
the
reliability
of
sources.
____.
【分析】?G?这个选项是一个段落的结尾句，这种选项通常起着总结上文，提示下文的功能。根据文章第二段、第三段、第四段的首句可以看出作者提供了一些建议，因此本空引出了下文的多个建议，故选择G项。?
[段中题]
段中设空即主题句或展开句。尤其注意分析空前后的逻辑关系和行文逻辑及内容的连贯性，注意句间的衔接手段。其特点主要以转折手法引出主题句，或者是用来承上启下的过渡句，也可能是补充前文具体的事实、事例和说明。因此第一步需要依据信息词将选项进行排除之后，把剩下的几个可能正确的选项依次代入设空处，最终判断和确定一个选项和空白处前后内容能达到语意连贯，逻辑关系清晰，于是得出了正确答案。下面列举常考的依据逻辑关系设置的考题。
1.从行文逻辑上判断——例证关系
前后句的某句是为了证明另一句而举的例子。例证的形式具有多样性，思维过程基本是归纳(从例子到观点)和推理(从观点到例子)。
【典例】The
Bottom
Line.
________70________
Consumer
Reports
recommends
that
adults
eat
no
more
than
1
to
2
cups
of
cooked
(brown
or
white)
rice
a
week.
And
here
is
a
way
to
lessen
risk:
Rinse
your
rice,
cook
it
in
six
parts
water
to
one
part
rice
until
it
reaches
eating
texture,
and
then
pour
off
the
extra
water.
This
can
remove
about
half
the
arsenic.
Until
more
studies
are
done,
curb
your
consumption
of
arsenic.
F.
Brown
rice
tends
to
have
more
arsenic
because
the
metal
concentrates
in
the
outer
layers,
which
are
burnished
off
in
white
rice.
【分析】D。总起句为The
Bottom
Line.底线，而后文又提及到一系列具体做法，所以判断为D，直到更多相关研究出来之前，控制你自身对于砷的消耗。
2.从行文逻辑上判断——转折关系
转折关系主要指英语行文中后句对前句构成逆转逻辑关系。如果空格前后两句话之间有however(然而)，nevertheless(然而，不过)，still(还，仍然)，though(可是，不过，然而)，yet(然而)，on
the
contrary(正相反)，in
contrast(与此相反，相比之下)，in
comparison(比较起来，与……比较)，by
comparison(相比之下)等连接词，则表明前后两句话是逻辑上的逆转，空格处很有可能表示转折。
【典例】"People
tend
to
think
in
an
either-or
way.
If
you're
stuck
in
traffic,
then
everything
else
must
be
going
horribly
too,"
says
Anne
Parker,
a
wellness
counselor.
.
Instead,
acknowledge
that
you're
stuck
in
traffic,
but
also
bring
to
mind
something
good,
like
the
beautiful
scenery
outside
the
window.
That
way,
you'll
get
in
the
habit
of
forbidding
negative
circumstances
from
blanketing
your
whole
day.
C.
Act
in
an
optimistic
way:
smile,
laugh,
tell
a
joke.
D.
By
blowing
negative
events
out
of
proportion,
you'
re
setting
yourself
up
for
feeling
down
all
day.
F.
Being
grateful
and
happy
aren't
always
easy.
【分析】D。根据后句Instead,
acknowledge
that
you're
stuck
in
traffic,
but
also
bring
to
mind
something
good,
like
the
beautiful
scenery
outside
the
window.可知该空要填的句子应与instead内容相反，所以选D.
3.从行文逻辑上判断——因果关系
做题时最重要的是要在读懂空格前后的句子的基础上，依据彼此的关系来确认答案。有时，前后的句子之间出现as
a
result(结果)，thus/therefore(因此)，so(such)...that(如此……以至于)等标志性词语，表明前后句有着原因和结果之间的关系，说明前因后果或者前果后因等情况。
【典例】Large
cities
were
impossible
until
agriculture
became
industrialized.
Even
in
advanced
agricultural
societies,
it
took
about
ninety－five
people
on
farms
to
feed
five
people
in
cities.
_________.
??A.That
kept
cities
very
small.
【分析】A
空格的上一句话提到了，即使在先进的农业社会，也需要大约95个农民养活5个城市人，这只有一个结果，就是使得城市很小，与A项信息呼应。
4.从行文逻辑上判断——递进关系
递进关系主要指英语行文中后句对前句是一种顺承逻辑关系。如果空格前后两句话之间有also(也，而且)，further(进一步地，而且)，furthermore(而且，此外)，likewise(同样地，也)，similarly(相同地，类似地)，moreover(而且，此外)，in
addition(另外，加之)，what's
more(更重要的是)，not
only...but
also(不但……而且)等连接词或词组，则表明前后两句是逻辑上的递进关系，空格处很有可能是个递进的句子。
【典例】Over
the
past
two
centuries,
the
Industrial
Revolution
has
broken
this
balance
between
the
city
and
the
country.
________.
Today,
instead
of
needing
ninety－five
farmers
to
feed
five
city
people,
one
American
farmer
is
able
to
feed
more
than
a
hundred
non－farmers.
??F.Modernization
drew
people
to
the
cities
and
made
farmers
more
productive.
【分析】F。解析 空格前面的一句话提到，在过去的两个世纪里，工业革命打破了城乡之间的平衡。后一句话提到，现在的情况不需要95个农民养活5个城市人了，在美国一个农民就能养活一百多个非农民，与F项信息，即：“现代化把人们吸引到城市里来，并使得农民更加多产”一致。
5.从行文逻辑上判断——并列关系
如果空格前后两句话之间有first(首先，第一)，second(第二)，third(第三)；firstly(第一，首先)，secondly(第二(点)，其次)，thirdly(第三)；first(第一)，next(其次)，then(那么，然后)；in
the
first
place(第一，首先)，in
the
second
place(第二，其次)；for
one
thing(首先，一则)，for
another(其次)；to
begin
with(首先，第一)，to
conclude(最后)等连接词或词组，则表明前后两句是逻辑上的并列关系，空格处很有可能是个并列的句子。
【典例】Swearing
to
lose
20
pounds
or
to
run
a
marathon
seems
like
goals
leading
to
happiness,
but
they
take
time
to
achieve.
By
focusing
on
not
having
accomplished
them
yet,
you
will
start
to
feel
down
on
yourself.
_________.
However:
if
you
focus
on
the
small
milestones
that
occur
along
the
way,
you
will
feel
positive
about
your
progress,
which
will
give
you
the
strength
to
keep
going.
B.
You'll
fail
to
appreciate
more
important
things
in
your
life.
E.
You
may
even
end
up
admitting
that
you
have
been
defeated.
【分析】E。根据By
focusing
on
not
having
accomplished
them
yet,
you
will
start
to
feel
down
on
yourself.及空格后However:
if
you
focus
on
the
small
milestones
that
occur
along
the
way,
you
will
feel
positive
about
your
progress,
which
will
give
you
the
strength
to
keep
going.可知空格应与前句构成并列与后句构成转折关系，所以选E.
1
Not
only
must
minerals
be
solid
but
they
also
must
have
a
fixed
chemical
makeup.
The
meaning
of
mineral
depends
on
its
origin
C.
What
exactly
is
meant
by
a
mineral
in
chemistry
term?
D.
She
is
establishing
habits
of
thought
she
can
call
upon
in
order
to
understand
or
solve
future
problems.
For
example,
many
minerals
originate
from
melted
rock
called
magma(岩浆）that
comes
from
deep
within
Earth.
F.
Instead,
it’s
deliberate
practice.
Have
you
ever
played
the
game
Twenty
Questions?
If
so,
you
may
have
been
asked
the
questions”Is
it
animal,
vegetable,
or
mineral?
“The
definition
of
mineral
in
chemistry,
however,
differs
from
the
definition
of
mineral
in
Twenty
Question.
（1）_________Minerals
share
five
basic
characteristics
in
chemistry.
If
a
material
lacks
even
one
of
these
characteristics,
the
material
is
not
a
minerals.
To
begin
with,
minerals
must
be
naturally
occurring.
Scientists
define
“naturally
occurring”
as
coming
from
natural
processes
within
the
earth.
Because
minerals
come
from
the
earth,
they
are
indeed
naturally
occurring.
（2）__________
Over
time.
Some
of
it
rises
to
the
surface,
and
large
glassy
particles
called
crystals
are
formed.
Crystals
come
in
a
variety
of
colors
and
include
quartz
and
diamond.
Minerals
must
also
be
inorganic(无机).
3）____
Inorganic
material
doesn’t
have
any
organic
matter.
Additionally,
minerals
have
a
solid
structure.
Unlike
gasses
and
liquids
that
expand
to
fill
whatever
container
they
are
placed
in,
minerals
maintain
a
constant
solid
shape.
（4）
__________
Minerals
are
made
from
atoms
that
are
linked
in
specific
ways.
For
example,
common
salt
is
always
composed
of
one
chlorine(CI)
atom
bonded
to
one
sodium(Na)
atom.
These
atoms
form
one
NaCI
molecule.
Therefore,
no
matter
how
much
salt,
or
sodium
chloride,
is
present,
it
is
always
arranged
in
a
one-to-one
ratio
of
sodium(Na)
to
chlorine(CI)
atoms.
The
final
feature
required
of
minerals
is
that
their
individual
atoms
be
organized
into
regular
repeated
patterns.
These
patterns
are
called
crystal
structures.
Crystals
are
similar
to
a
set
of
blocks,
stacked
alongside
and
on
top
of
one
another.
What
distinguishes
crystals
from
other
materials
is
that
crystals
have
a
3D
shape
that
is
consistently
repeated
throughout
the
substance.
2
A.
Will
cars
eventually
be
able
to
drive
themselves
?
B.
Magazine
featuring
future
cars
sell
especially
well.
C.
Airbags
aren’
t
the
be-all
and
end-all
in
safety.
D.Crazy
fans
look
forward
to
the
launch
of
future
cars.
E.
All
of
these
things
are
likely
to
change
in
the
not-so-distant
future.
F.
They
featured
unconventional
things
like
small
nuclear
reactors
as
power
sources.
Like
many
other
small
boys,
I
was
fascinated
by
cars,
especially
because
my
oldest
brother
was
a
bit
of
a
car
guy
and
subscribed
to
cool
magazines
like
Car
and
Driver
and
Motor
Trend.
Every
so
often,
one
of
those
magazines
would
run
an
article
on
the
"Cars
of
the
Future".
(67)
Yet,
frankly,
my
car
doesn't
do
anything
that
my
brother's
Studebaker
didn't
do.
It
goes,
it
stops,
it
burns
gasoline.
I
still
have
to
steer
it,
and
it
still
runs
into
things
if
I
don't
steer
it
carefully.
????
But
guess
what
?
(68)
It
may
not
burn
gasoline,
I
may
not
have
to
steer
it,
and
it
may
be
a
lot
better
at
not
running
into
things.
??
??
(69)
In
fact,
considering
the
recent
news
about
people
occasionally
being
killed
by
their
airbags
in
low-speed
crashes,
they
obviously
still
need
some
development.
But
they
aren't
going
away,
and
in
fact,
you
can
expect
to
see
cars
appearing
with
additional,
side-impact
airbags,
something
some
European
car
manufacturers
already
offer.
????
Better
than
systems
to
minimize
injury
in
the
event
of
an
accident,
however,
are
systems
that
minimize
the
likelihood
of
an
accident
happening
in
the
first
place
?
Future
cars
may
be
able
to
remove
many
of
the
major
causes
of
accidents,
including
drunk-driving,
and
tailgating
(与前车距离过近)
.
Cars
could
be
equipped
with
sensors
that
can
detect
alcohol
in
a
driver's
system
and
prevent
the
car
from
being
started,
for
example.
As
early
as
next
year,
you'll
be
able
to
buy
cars
with
radar-equipped
control
systems.
If
the
radar
determines
you're
closing
too
quickly
with
the
car
in
front,
it
will
ease
up
on
the
throttle
(油门).
????
Scientists
are
now
working
on
a
system
that
can
brake,
accelerate
and
steer
a
vehicle
down
a
highway
on
its
own.
________(70)
3
Most
parents
know
that
they
need
life
insurance.
But
many
would
rather
have
a
root
canal
than
shop
for
the
best
life
insurance
policy.
“People
don’t
think
about,‘What
will
my
family
do
if
I
am
gone
and
not
earning
a
living?’”says
Peter
Katt,
a
fee-only
life
insurance
adviser.“The
whole
point
of
this
kind
of
planning
is
to
provide
the
family
with
maximum
flexibility
so
they’re
not
stuck.”
Planning
for
your
death
is
not
a
cheerful
topic.
Too
often,
parents
make
a
quick
decision,
ignoring
important
considerations.
Among
their
mistakes
one
is
that
they
do
not
buy
enough
life
insurance.
____47____“They
don’t
think
that
the
person
who
is
not
bringing
in
an
income
needs
life
insurance,”says
Greg
Daugherty,
executive
editor
of
Consumers
Union.
But
if
that
person
dies,
the
other
parent
can’t
stop
working
and
usually
has
to
pay
someone
to
help
care
for
the
family.
____48____.
Katt
recommended
that
one
young
couple
should
buy
$3
million
for
the
husband
who
earns
$100,000
a
year
and
$1
million
for
the
stay-at-home
wife.
At
the
same
time,
many
families
rely
on
employer-provided
life
insurance,
but
employer-provided
coverage
is
rarely
sufficient
to
support
your
family.
Many
employer-provided
policies
provide
a
death
benefit
of
$10,000
to
$25,000—barely
enough
to
cover
your
funeral
expense.
Some
employers
provide
a
year’s
salary,
but
that
may
also
fall
well
short
of
the
amount
your
family
would
need
to
maintain
its
standard
of
living.
Some
employers
let
workers
buy
group
life
insurance
through
payroll
deductions.
They
may
be
a
good
deal
for
workers
who
have
health
problems
that
would
disqualify
them
for
an
individual
policy.
But
if
you’re
young
and
healthy,
you
may
be
able
to
get
a
better
rate
on
your
own.
Another
drawback
is
that
if
you
leave
your
job,
you
may
not
be
able
to
take
your
insurance.“Given
the
job
market,
most
of
us
are
not
absolutely
certain
that
our
jobs
are
secure,”Daugherty
says.“____49____.”
On
the
other
hand,
some
families
buy
too
much
insurance.
Not
everyone
needs
life
insurance.
Some
people
buy
life
insurance
for
babies,
which
is
unnecessary,
unless
the
baby
is
a
child
model
who
is
supporting
the
family,
Daugherty
says:
The
purpose
of
insurance
is
to
replace
the
income
that
a
family
has
been
relying
on.
Single
people
and
those
who
have
no
children
to
care
for
usually
don’t
need
life
insurance.
Katt
says
a
man
with
substantial
savings
in
stocks
and
bonds
and
other
sources
of
income
recently
asked
him
how
much
life
insurance
he
needs.“I
said
none,”Katt
says.“____50____.”
4
A.
There
are
people
who
don’t
need
life
insurance
but
have
it
and
many
more
people
who
need
it
but
are
woefully
uninsured.
B.
Families
don’t
always
insure
a
parent
who
is
staying
home
to
care
for
the
children.
C.
Most
people
put
off
buying
life
insurance
for
any
number
of
reasons
if
they
even
understand
it.
D.
Even
if
you
have
a
lot
of
insurance
at
work,
it
makes
sense
to
have
some
more
insurance
on
your
own.
E.
If
you
fall
seriously
ill
of
suffer
significant
injury
later,
it
will
make
it
tougher
to
get
that
kind
of
policy,
if
any
at
all.
F.
To
make
insurance
more
affordable,
you
may
not
need
to
buy
the
same
amount
of
insurance
for
both
parents.
We
Americans
ingest
an
average
of
25
pounds
of
rice
a
year﹣and
a
portion
of
that
comes
drinking
beer．
Yes，
rice
is
a
sample
in
our
diet．
But
is
it
a
safe
one？
Consumer
Reports
recently
found"
troubling
"levels
of
inorganic
arsenic，
a
known
human
carcinogen
（a
substance
which
can
cause
cancer），
in
almost
every
rice﹣containing
food
it
tested．
（1）
But
rice
takes
up
arsenic
from
soil
and
water
more
readily
than
other
grains
do．
Health﹣conscious
consumers
rely
on
brown
rice，
which
has
even
more
arsenic．
In
the
Consumer
Reports
test，
a
quarter
cup
of
uncooked
white
rice
had
from
roughly
1
to
7
micrograms
of
inorganic
arsenic，
while
brown
rice
had
from
4
to
10
micrograms．Why
the
difference？
（2）
．
What
about
rice
cakes？
They
contained
from
2
to
8
micrograms
per
serving，
while
hot
and
ready﹣to﹣eat
rice
cereals
had
2
to
7
micrograms：These
levels
are
at
least
five
times
higher
than
rice
cereals
had
2
to
7
micrograms．
These
levels
are
at
least
five
times
higher
than
those
found
in
other
cereals，such
as
oatmeal．
Studies
show
that
people
exposed
to
large
amounts
of
arsenic
for
many
years
are
more
likely
to
die
of
cancer．
In
Bangladesh，people
who
drank
tap
water
that
contained
50
to
149
micrograms
of
arsenic
per
liter
for
a
0
or
30
years，for
example，were
44
percent
more
likely
to
die
of
cancer．（3）（The
U．S．Environmental
Protection
Agency
limits
the
total
amount
of
arsenic
in
drinking
water
to
10
micrograms
per
liter．）
But
our
total
risk
is
unclear．
There
isn't
enough
date
to
set
a
limit
on
inorganic
arsenic
in
food，
says
the
Institute
of
Medicine
of
the
National
Academy
of
Sciences．
The
Bottom
Line：
（4）
Consumer
Reports
recommends
that
adults
eat
no
more
than
11/2
to
2
cups
of
cooked（brown
or
white）rice
a
week，
And
here
is
a
way
to
lessen
risk：
Rinse
your
rice，
cook
it
in
six
parts
water
to
one
part
rice
until
it
reaches
eating
texture，
and
then
pour
off
the
extra
water．
This
can
remove
about
half
the
arsenic．
A．
You
might
wonder
what
one
conscious
portion
of
rice
could
do
for
your
whole
body
B．
Americans
are
lucky
to
be
exposed
to
lower
levels
of
arsenic．
C．
This
poisonous
element
is
in
a
wide
range
of
food﹣﹣including
fruits，
vegetables
and
grains．
D．
Until
more
studies
are
done，
curb
your
consumption
of
arsenic．
E．
Brown
rice
appears
to
be
the
most
effective
whole
grain
for
the
healthy
growth
of
human
beings，
but
its
darker
color
can
easily
absorb
too
much
arsenic．
F
Brown
rice
tends
to
have
more
arsenic
because
the
metal
concentrates
in
the
outer
layers，
which
are
burnished
off
in
white
nice．
1
Directions:
Complete
the
following
passage
by
using
the
sentences
listed
below.
Each
sentence
can
only
be
used
once.
Note
that
there
are
two
sentences
more
than
you
need.
A.
Even
now,
some
Adidas
employees
and
Puma
employees
don’t
talk
to
each
other.
B.
The
brothers
finally
began
to
talk
with
each
other
again
after
so
many
years.
C.
At
first
he
wanted
to
call
it
Ruda,
but
eventually
he
called
it
Puma,after
the
wild
cat．
D.
You
cannot
play
sports
wearing
shoes
that
you'd
walk
around
town
with
E.
But
in
1948
the
brothers
argued
F.
It
became
popular
almost
overnight.
Brotherly
Love?
Adidas
and
Puma
have
been
two
of
the
biggest
names
in
sports
shoe
manufacturing
for
over
half
a
century.But
the
story
of
these
two
companies
begins
in
one
house
in
the
town
of
Herzogenaurach，Germany．
Adolph
and
Rudolph
Dassler
were
the
sons
of
a
shoemaker．They
loved
sport
but
complained
that
they
could
never
find
comfortable
shoes
to
play
in．Rudolph
always
said，“————67———．”So
they
started
making
their
own．In
1920
Adolph
made
the
first
pair
of
athletics
shoes
with
spikes(钉)，produced
on
the
Dasslers’kitchen
table．
On
lst
July
1924
they
formed
a
shoe
company，Dassler
Brothers
Ltd
and
they
worked
together
for
many
years．The
company
became
successful
and
it
provided
the
shoes
for
Germany’s
athletes
at
the
1928
and
1932
Olympic
Games．
———68———
No
one
knows
exactly
what
happened，but
family
members
have
suggested
that
the
argument
was
about
money
or
women．The
result
was
that
Adolph
left
the
company．His
nickname
was
Adi，and
using
this
and
the
first
three
letters
of
the
family
name，Dassler，he
founded
Adidas．
Rudolph
relocated
across
the
River
Aurach
and
founded
his
own
company
too.______69_______The
famous
Puma
logo
of
the
Jumping
cat
has
hardly
changed
since．
After
the
big
split
of
1948
Adolph
and
Rudolph
never
spoke
to
each
other
again
and
their
companies
havc
now
been
in
competition
for
over
sixty
years．Both
companies
were
for
many
years
the
market
leaders．though
Adidas
has
always
been
more
successful
than
Puma．
The
terrible
family
argument
should
really
be
forgotten，but
ever
since
it
happened，over
sixty
years
ago,the
town
has
been
split
into
two._____70__________
2
Directions:
Complete
the
following
passage
by
using
the
sentences
given
below.
Each
sentence
can
be
used
only
once.
Note
that
there
are
two
more
sentences
than
you
need.
A.
The
thing
that
relieves
stress
from
dual-working
couples
is
having
a
job
with
considerable
flexibility
B.
But
research
shows
that
if
you
are
coupled
up
these
days,
there's
a
good
chance
that
both
you
and
your
partner
are
in
paid
work
C.
They
officially
have
a
relationship
contract
requiring
100
minutes
of
deadline
time
together
a
week
D.
It
is
important
to
recognize
that
when
that
happens
rather
than
heap
more
on
each
other
and
look
at
bringing
in
extra
hands
E.
Some
power
couples
emphasize
quality
over
quantity
in
terms
of
sacrifice
F.
Committing
to
both
careers
often
mean
that
one
person
will
have
to
sacrifice
for
the
other
The
Special
Skills
Power
Couples
Cultivate
There
is
no
question
that
George
Clooney
is
one
of
the
most
successful
actors
in
Hollywood.
But
it
wasn't
until
he
teamed
up
with
Amal
Alamuddin,
a
barrister
specializing
in
public
international
law
and
human
rights
who
has
represented
high-profile
clients
like
WikiLeaks
founder
Julian
Assange
that
he
suddenly
made
up
one
half
of
another
status
all
together--that
of
the
power
couple.
Power
couple--those
in
a
relationship
who
strive
for
success
in
their
field
while
supporting
each
other's
ambitions--come
in
many
different
forms.
It's
obviously
not
necessary
that
both
have
careers.__67__Today
about
48%
of
married
couples
in
the
US,
for
example,
aren't
dual
income,
compared
with
25%
in
1960.
That
percentage
increases
to
61%
if
the
couple
has
children.
How
do
successful
dual
income
couples
balance
the
demands
of
their
careers
and
relationships?
__68__But
it
should
be
taken
in
turns
with
long-term
goals
in
mind.
Phyllis
Moen,
a
sociologist
at
the
University
of
Minnesota,
says,
People
found
that
one
career
might
have
to
come
first.
It
wasn't
and
shouldn't
necessarily
be
the
same
career
over
time.
You
can
leapfrog
over
time
so
it
will
be
a
different
person
whose
career
take
priority.
She
adds
that
it's
easier
to
prioritize
your
partner
's
career
over
your
own
when
you
know
it's
temporary
and
will
even
out
over
time.
Carving
out
time
and
holding
it
sacred
for
families
is
critical.
If
it
falls
through
because
of
work,
it's
essential
to
rebook
that
time
somewhere
else.
Some
couples,
like
Mark
Zuckerberg
and
Priscilla
Chan,
acknowledged
the
time
commitment
officially.
__69__
It
is
critical
to
outsource
household
work
when
possible
so
it
doesn't
fall
on
one
person
over
the
other.
Moen
and
his
wife
employ
housekeepers
and
a
dog-walker.
We
are
both
maxed
out
in
terms
of
bandwidth.
__70__
3
Directions:
After
reading
the
passage
below,
choose
the
best
answers
from
the
six
statements
according
to
what
you
have
just
read.
A．The
affected
person
will
go
to
great
lengths
to
avoid
the
situation
or
object,
typically
to
a
degree
greater
than
the
actual
danger
posed.
B.
You
probably
don’t,
and
yet
these
are
recognized
medical
conditions,
though
very
rare
ones.
C.
Phobias
often
originate
from
upsetting
experiences
earlier
in
life.
D.
There
are,
of
course,
dozens
of
different
kinds,
ranging
from
the
obscure
to
the
well-known.
E.
Phobias
can
be
divided
into
specific
phobias,
social
phobia,
and
agoraphobia.
F.
Therapy
of
this
kind
is
said
to
be
very
effective,
although
in
this
case
perhaps
not
very
enjoyable.
Do
you
know
anyone
who
suffers
from
equinophobia,
pluviophobia
or
leukophobia?
Or,
to
put
it
another
way,
do
you
know
anyone
who
is
very
afraid
of
horses,
rain
or
the
colour
white?
(67).________
According
to
many
surveys,
more
than
ten
per
cent
of
people
in
the
United
States
have
some
kind
of
phobia
(the
word
comes
from
the
Greek
phobós,
meaning
fear).
(68)
________
The
names
of
most
of
them
have
been
created
by
adding
‘phobia’
to
a
Greek
or
Latin
root
–
a
process
that
has
turned
into
something
of
a
word
game,
with
people
inventing
names
for
conditions
that
perhaps
exist
only
in
theory
(for
example
androidophobia,
the
fear
of
robots).
True
phobias
consist
of
an
intense
fear
that
produces
a
very
strong
desire
to
avoid
the
object
of
that
fear.
Without
specialist
help
they
are
very
difficult
to
control
and
tend
to
disrupt
the
daily
life
of
the
sufferer.
________
(69)
For
example,
an
intense
fear
of
dogs
(cynophobia)
often
comes
from
having
been
bitten
by
one;
In
some
cases,
however,
experts
suggest
phobias
are
to
some
extent
evolutionary,
arising
not
from
personal
experience
but
from
inherited
memory
lying
deep
in
our
brains.
Arachnophobia
and
ophidiophobia
(the
fear
of
snakes)
are
often
suggested
as
examples:
for
our
distant
ancestors,
who
lived
closer
to
nature
than
we
do,
fear
of
poisonous
spiders
and
snakes
would
have
served
the
useful
evolutionary
purpose
of
helping
them
avoid
potentially
fatal
bites.
A
common
technique
for
treating
some
phobias
is
that
of
‘progressive
exposure’
in
which
sufferers
are
encouraged
by
a
therapist
to
gradually
get
closer
to
the
object
of
their
fear.
The
idea
is
that
at
each
step
the
patient
realizes
nothing
bad
is
happening
to
them,
which
should
lead
to
their
fear
gradually
decreasing.
With
someone
who
is
terrified
of
spiders,
for
example,
the
therapist
might
start
by
showing
them
a
picture
of
a
spider,
then
introducing
a
real
spider
in
a
glass
box
and
slowly
moving
the
box
closer
to
them,
then
finally
having
them
hold
the
spider
in
the
palm
of
their
hand.
(70)________.
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