(共20张PPT)
如何写指导性说明文
说明文是以说明为主要表达方式对事物的状态、性质、功能等进行介绍，或是阐明事理，给人提供知识的一种文体。知识性、科学性是说明文的主要特点。指导性说明文属于说明事理类文体，它旨在为读者提供未知的知识和原
理，使读者阅读后对文章所写事物有所了解，或掌握解决问题的方法，是一种实用性很强的文体。
【写作指导】
1.
时态：说明文的时态常用一般现在时。
2.
语言：语言要准确、简洁、周密。语言风格可以生动活泼，也可以平实简明，但必须以准确为前提。
3.
结构：先对需要说明的对象作总的概括介绍，然后导入具体的说明，也就是在文章开头提出需要说明的事物或观点，然后加以列举说明，使文章表达清晰、条理清楚、层次分明。
【常用表达】
下列这些表达可以使你的说明更有条理：
First,
second,
third,
at
last
...
First,
next,
then,
finally
...
Firstly
/
First
of
all
/
To
begin
with,
...
Secondly,
....
Besides
/
In
addition,
...
Last
but
not
least
...
结尾常用表达：
We
can
draw
the
conclusion
that
...
In
short
/
In
brief
/
In
a
word,
...
It
seems
clear
that
...
We
can
know
/
learn
that
...
【实战演练】
假设你是李华，你们学校的英语网站正面向全校学生征集有关急救常识的英文稿件。请你给该网站投稿，介绍交通事故方面的急救常识。
内容包括：
1.
首先保持镇静；
2.
检查伤者呼吸情况，呼吸困难要实施人工呼吸；
3.
如伤者有出血情况要用布按压止血，然后等候救护车及警察的帮助。
注意：
1.
可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
2.
词数不少于100。
【参考范文】
First
aid
for
accidents
If
we
happen
to
witness
an
accident,
what
should
we
do
to
save
other
people’s
lives?
Knowing
how
to
respond
properly
can
make
a
big
difference.
Here
are
some
rules
that
we
can
follow.
First,
we
should
stay
calm.
Next,
we
can
ask
simple
questions
such
as
“Are
you
OK?”
to
make
the
person’s
condition
clear.
Then,
we
need
to
check
the
person’s
breathing.
If
it
is
difficult
for
him
to
breathe,
we
should
try
to
start
his
breathing
right
away
with
the
mouth-to-mouth
method.
Also,
if
a
person
is
bleeding,
we
need
stop
the
bleeding
by
pressing
on
the
wound
with
a
clean
cloth.
All
the
above
done,
we
can
stay
with
the
person
until
the
police
and
ambulance
arrive.
通过学习这篇写作指导，你掌握指导性说明文的写作方法了吗？试着根据要求自己写一篇，然后与范文对照，找出其中的不足并加以改进。相信你的写作水平会越来越高！
Write
a
letter
to
your
principal
politely
asking
whether
he
or
she
could
organize
the
first
aid
courses.
Dear
___________,
Our
class
has
been
studying
a
unit
on
first
aid,
___________________________
_________________________
_________________________
__________.
Write
your
principal’s
name
Say
why
the
first
aid
unit
has
been
useful.
it
has
been
very
useful
because
we
have
learnt
about
what
to
do
to
help
someone
who
has
had
an
accident
Even
though
the
unit
has
been
very
interesting
and
useful,__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________.
Say
why
you
would
like
a
first
aid
course.
we
would
like
to
be
able
to
do
a
first
aid
course.
A
first
aid
course
would
give
us
information
about
many
more
situations.
It
would
also
give
us
information
about
many
more
situations.
It
would
also
give
us
the
chance
to
practise
first
aid
treatments.
We
would
like
to
request
that____________________
_____________.
We
think
that
a
first
aid
course
at
the
school
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
.
Yours
sincerely,
_____________
Say
what
you
want
the
principal
to
do.
Summarize
why
a
first
aid
course
would
be
a
good
thing
to
do.
Sign
your
names.
the
school
organizes
a
first
aid
course
is
a
necessary
part
of
our
education
and
will
make
us
more
useful
members
of
our
society.
Perhaps
we
will
even
save
someone’s
life
one
day
Dear
(your
principal’s
name),
Our
class
has
been
studying
a
unit
on
first
aid.
It
has
been
very
useful
because
we
have
learnt
about
what
to
do
to
help
someone
who
has
had
an
accident.
Sample
writing:
Even
though
the
unit
has
been
very
interesting
and
useful,
we
would
like
to
be
able
to
do
a
first
aid
course.
A
first
aid
course
would
give
us
information
about
many
more
situations.
It
would
also
give
us
the
chance
to
practise
first
aid
treatments.
We
would
like
to
request
that
the
school
organizes
a
first
aid
course.
We
think
that
a
first
aid
course
at
the
school
is
a
necessary
part
of
our
education
and
will
make
us
more
useful
members
of
our
society.
Perhaps
we
will
even
save
someone’s
life
one
day.
Yours
sincerely,
(Sign
your
names)
Thank
You
!(共52张PPT)
Let’s
do
some
revision.
Fill
in
the
blanks.
The
skin
is
an
________
part
of
your
body
and
it’s
largest
______.
You
have
_____
layers
of
skin
which
act
as
a
barrier
_______
disease,
_______
and
the
sun’s
harmful
rays.
The
_________
of
your
skin
are
also
very
_________:
it
keeps
you
______
or
cool;
it
prevents
your
body
from
______
too
much
water;
essential
organ
three
against
poisons
warm
losing
complex
functions
it
is
where
you
feel
____,
heat
or
____
and
it
gives
you
your_____________.
So
as
you
can
imagine,
if
your
skin
gets
_______
it
can
be
very
serious.
First
aid
is
a
very
important
first
step
in
the
_________
of
burns.
cold
pain
sense
of
touch
burned
treatment
Look
at
the
form
of
the
article.
Where
can
you
most
probably
read
this
passage?
a
novel
B.
a
research
paper
C.
a
student’s
composition
D.
a
newspaper
report
Read
the
headline
and
the
lead,
then
answer
the
following
questions.
1)
Who?
_________________________________
2)
What?
_________________________________
3)
Where?
_________________________________
4)
When?
__________________________________
5)
Why?
__________________________________
______________________
teenager
John
Janson
honored
at
the
Lifesaver
Awards
in
Rivertown
last
night
for
giving
first
aid
on
a
neighbor
after
a
shocking
knife
attack
The
story
is
about
a
young
man
who
sets
us
a
good
example
because
he
could
save
one’s
life
using
his
knowledge
of
first
aid.
Read
the
article
carefully
and
then
put
these
events
in
the
order.
__
The
attacker
ran
away.
__
Anne
was
attacked
and
started
to
scream.
__
John
performed
first
aid
on
Anne.
__
John
was
studying
in
his
house.
__
The
ambulance
arrived.
__
John
ran
outside
with
his
father.
__
John
found
Anne
in
her
garden
with
terrible
knife
wounds.
4
2
6
1
7
3
5
2.
Answer
the
questions.
1.
What
was
John
honoured
for?
2.
What
did
John
do
when
he
heard
the
screaming?
3.
What
happened
to
Anne?
4.
What
saved
Ms
Slade’s
life?
5.
What
first
aid
did
John
perform
on
Anne?
6.
What
adjectives
would
you
use
to
describe
John’s
actions?
Give
at
least
three.
1.
What
was
John
honoured
for?
2.
What
did
John
do
when
he
heard
the
screaming?
He
was
honoured
for
giving
lifesaving
first
aid
on
his
neighbour
after
a
shocking
knife
attack.
He
rushed
outside.
4.
What
saved
Ms
Slade’s
life?
John’s
quick
action
and
knowledge
of
first
aid
saved
her
life.
3.
What
happened
to
Anne?
She
had
been
stabbed
repeatedly
with
a
knife
and
was
bleeding
heavily.
Her
hands
had
almost
been
cut
off.
5.
What
first
aid
did
John
perform
on
Anne?
He
used
some
tea
towels
and
tape
to
treat
the
most
severe
injuries
to
Anne’s
hands.
He
slowed
the
bleeding
by
applying
pressure
to
the
wounds
until
the
police
and
ambulance
arrived.
6.
What
adjectives
would
you
use
to
describe
John’s
actions?
Give
at
least
three.
brave,
quick-thinking,
helpful,
heroic,
courageous,
unselfish,
fearless,
confident
Who
What
did
he
hear
Where
did
he
go
John
Janson
__________
___________
of
Ms
Slade
3.
Read
the
text
and
fill
in
the
blanks.
Screaming
Front
garden
What
did
he
do
Where
did
he
get
his
knowledge
What
did
he
receive
Using
some
________
and
tape
to
_____
the
injuries
and
________
pressure
to
the
wounds
to
_________________
Young
Lifesaver
Scheme
at
his
_____
_______
______________________________
The
Lifesaver
Awards
tea
towels
dress
applying
slow
the
bleeding
high
school
1.
Do
you
think
John
was
silly
or
brave
to
get
involved
in
the
situation?
Give
reasons.
2.
Would
you
have
done
the
same
as
John?
Give
reasons.
3.
Do
you
think
it
is
worthwhile
to
take
a
course
in
first
aid?
Give
reasons.
Fill
in
the
Blanks.
Last
night,
John
heard
___________
and
_______
outside.
His
neighbor
Anne
had
been
_______.
She
was
_________
heavily.
John
and
his
father
asked
for
_________,
but
nobody
could
____
____
______
___
them.
They
got
some
tea
______
and
screaming
bleeding
stabbed
rushed
towels
put
their
hands
on
bandages
_____
from
their
house.
John
used
these
to
______
the
most
severe
injuries
and
_______
the
bleeding
by
________
_________
to
the
wounds.
It
was
John’s
______
_______
and
____________
of
first
aid
that
saved
Anne’s
life.
knowledge
action
quick
applying
pressure
dress
slowed
tape
Why
is
first
aid
important
in
our
daily
life?
Because
seconds
count
in
an
emergency,
and
knowing
what
to
do
can
mean
the
difference
between
life
and
death.
What’s
the
most
important
thing
to
remember
when
dealing
with
an
emergency?
To
stay
calm
and
not
to
be
panic.
What
do
the
letters
“DR
ABC”
stand
for?
“D”
stands
for
“Danger”;
“R”
stands
for
“Response”;
“A”
stands
for
“Airway”;
“B”
stands
for
“Breathing”;
“C”
stands
for
“Circulation”.
To
give
first
aid
correctly,
you
can
use
the
letters
“DR
ABC”
to
help
you
remember
the
things
you
need
to
do.
How
do
we
do
the
first
aid
correctly?
First
we
should
make
sure
that
the
accident
scene
is
no
longer
dangerous.
Then
we
can
ask
the
person
simple
questions
to
see
if
he/she
is
conscious
and
can
breathe.
We
must
make
sure
the
person’s
airway
is
open
and
it’s
easy
to
breathe
by
gently
tipping
the
person’s
head
back
slightly.
If
the
person
is
not
breathing,
we
must
try
to
start
his/her
breathing
at
once
within
five
minutes,
or
he/she
may
die.
At
last,
we
can
look
for
colour,
coughing
and
eye
movement
to
see
if
the
person’s
blood
is
circulating.
We
can
also
put
a
finger
on
the
person’s
wrist
or
neck
to
check
his/her
pulse.
If
the
person
is
bleeding,
we
should
cover
the
wound
with
a
clean
piece
of
cloth
and
press
on
the
wound
to
stop
the
bleeding.
1
在救生员颁奖大会
2
在颁奖大会
3
对某人实施急救
4
紧急抢救
5
骇人听闻的持刀杀人
at
the
Lifesaver
Awards
at
a
ceremony
give
first
aid
on
sb.
lifesaving
first
aid
a
shocking
knife
attack
6
找到
7
手上的伤口
8
按住伤口
9
敏捷的思维
10
产生差别
put
one’s
hands
on
=
find
the
injury
to
the
hand/
arm/
leg
…
apply
pressure
to
the
wound
quick
thinking
make
a
difference
1.
John
was
presented
with
his
award
at
a
ceremony
which
recognized
the
bravery
of
ten
people
who
had
saved
the
life
of
another.
which
引导一个定语从句。
who引导一个定语从句。
present
v.
颁发，授予，赠送
e.g.
The
mayor
presented
the
prizes
in
person.
【常用】
present
sb.
with
sth.
=
present
sth.
to
sb.
授予/赠给某人某物
e.g.
He
presented
a
silver
cup
to
the
winner.
他把银杯颁给了获胜者。
此外，present
作动词还有“呈现，显示；
阐述，表达；引见”等意思。
e.g.
The
same
problem
presented
itself
to
her
again.
同样的问题又在她身上出现。
ceremony
n.
(C)典礼；仪式
(U)礼节；礼仪；客套
Expressions:
stand
on
ceremony
拘泥礼节；讲究客套
with
ceremony
正式；隆重
without
ceremony
不拘礼节地；随便地
e.g.
The
wedding
ceremony
was
beautiful.
There
is
no
need
for
ceremony
between
us.
e.g.
The
head
of
state
was
welcomed
with
full
ceremony.
人们以最高规格的仪式欢迎国家首脑。
What
the
old
headmaster
said
at
the
graduation
ceremony
dwells
in
my
mind.
老校长在毕业典礼上讲的话一直留在我的脑海里。
此句型中when作并列连词相当于and
then意为“正当……时突然”，常用于以下句型：
be
doing
…
when…
正在做……突然
be
about
to
do
…
when…
即将做……突然
be
on
the
point
to
do
…
when…
正要去做……突然
2.
John
was
studying
in
his
room
when
he
heard
screaming.
I
had
just
stepped
out
of
the
bathroom
and
was
busy
drying
myself
with
a
towel,
_____
I
heard
the
steps.
while
B.
when
C.
since
D.
after
has
/
have
/
had
done
…
when
…
刚刚
……
这时
(突然)
4.
It
was
John’s
quick
action
and
knowledge
of
first
aid
that
saved
Ms
Slade’s
life.
It
is
/
was
…
that
…
强调句
e.g.
It
was
his
words
that
hurt
her.
It
was
her
that
his
words
hurt.
It
was
yesterday
that
I
met
him.
5.
He
immediately
asked
a
number
of
nearby
people
for
bandages,
but
…
他立即向旁边的一些人要绷带，但
……
a
number
of
+
可数名词，谓语用复数，意为“许多、大量的……”，
the
number
of
+
可数名词，谓语用单数，意为
“……的数目”。例如：
①
A
number
of
problems
have
arisen．
已经出现了许多问题。
②
The
number
of
colleges
has
increased
in
the
past
10
years.
在过去的十年里，大学的数量有所增加。
6.
John
used
these
to
treat
the
most
severe
injuries
to
Ms
Slade’s
hand.
1)
treat
处理
；治疗
e.g.
He
was
treated
for
severe
sunburn.
2)
treat
对待，把……看作，请客
e.g.
The
stepmother
treated
Cinderella
(灰
姑娘)
very
badly.
Please
treat
everything
I
said
as
a
joke.
I’ll
treat
you
all
to
dinner.
apply
申请，请求；使用，应用
e.g.
We
should
apply
both
theories
in
the
language
classroom.
我们应把两种理论都运用到语言教室中去。
apply
to
+
部门,
组织
,
人
向……提出申请
apply
to
do
sth.
申请做某事
apply
oneself
/
sth.
to
sth.
使致力(于),
使专心从事
e.g.
He
applied
himself
to
learning
French.
他致力于学习法语。
We
must
apply
our
minds
to
finding
a
solution.
我们要动动脑筋找出解决的办法来。
apply
for
sth.
申请
apply
for
a
job
/post
/
passport
/
visa
申请工作
/
职位
/
护照
/
签证
apply
to
sth.
适用
e.g.
This
rule
can
not
apply
to
every
case.
这条规则并不是在每种情况下都能适
用的。
e.g.
He
has
applied
for
a
post
in
England.
他已申请在英国供职。
8.
put
one’s
hands
on
找到
e.g.
I
know
their
address
is
here
somewhere,
but
I
can’t
put
my
hands
on
it
(找到它)
right
now.
Whatever
he
puts
his
hands
on
(他无论
着手做什么),
he
does
it
extraordinarily
well.
9.
It
shows
that
a
knowledge
of
first
aid
can
make
a
real
difference.
make
a
(some,
no,
etc)
difference
有（一些，没有什么）区别
e.g.
It
makes
no
difference
to
you
whether
I
like
it
or
not,
because
you
never
listen
to
me.
It
doesn’t
make
any
difference
to
me
where
you
come
from.
I.
根据下列各句句意及所给单词的首字母或汉语提示，写出该单词的正确形式。
Medical
experts
will
train
doctors
to
t______
the
disease.
2.
Don’t
put
so
much
p________
on
the
table;
it’s
going
to
shake
and
break
under
your
weight.
treat
pressure
3.
The
policeman
showed
great
b_______
in
the
face
of
danger.
4.
We
called
the
police
and
___________
(救护车)
but
it
was
a
long
time
before
they
arrived.
5.
The
two
families
are
busy
today
preparing
for
the
wedding
___________
(仪式)
tomorrow.
ceremony
bravery
ambulance
II.
用适当的介词填空。
We
attended
a
dinner
party
hosted
_____
the
president
of
the
company.
2.
Mark
performed
an
operation
________
Daisy’s
ankle
yesterday.
3.
Thank
you
____
giving
me
the
address.
I’ll
write
off
at
once.
4.
Ruth
is
looking
forward
to
taking
a
tour
___________
England.
by
on
/
for
for
of
/
around
5.
They
found
that
everything
was
taken
away
______
their
house.
6.
We
are
proud
____
what
you
have
achieved
in
your
study.
7.
What
problems
should
I
watch
out
____
when
buying
an
old
house?
8.
I
don’t
want
to
get
involved
___
some
lengthy
argument
about
who
is
to
blame.
from
of
for
in
III.
用方框内所给短语的适当形式填空。
I
know
their
address
is
here
somewhere,
but
I
can’t
______________
it
right
now.
put
my
hands
on
make
a
difference
put
one’s
hands
on
take
part
in
a
number
of
apply
for
2.
To
repair
this
cupboard,
you
will
need
_____________
specific
tools.
3.
Everyone
has
his
special
skills
and
interests,
and
only
by
discovering
them
can
he
truly
_________________.
4.
Only
this
year’s
graduates
are
allowed
to
__________
the
most
popular
subjects
for
a
Master’s
degree.
5.
People
who
____________
this
sport
are
likely
to
get
injured.
take
part
in
apply
for
make
a
difference
a
number
of
IV.
根据所给提示将下列句子翻译成英语。
1.
Robert因为没有付电费，所以被断电。
(cut
off)
_________________________________
_________________________________
2.
我正要去看你，这时碰到了George。
(when)
__________________________________
________________
I
was
just
coming
to
see
you
when
I
ran
into
George.
The
power
was
cut
off
because
Robert
didn’t
pay
the
bill.
3.
毫无疑问，吸烟会严重损害我们的健
康。(There
is
no
doubt
that
...)
________________________________
________________________________
There
is
no
doubt
that
smoking
can
seriously
damage
our
health.
Thank
You
!(共31张PPT)
Discuss
What
will
you
do
in
such
a
situation?
So
….
There
were
760,327
traffic
accidents
in
China
last
year,
resulting
in
106,367
deaths.
71.16%
of
the
deaths
were
due
to
the
lack
of
timely
first
aid.
First
aid
is
important
for
the
victims
(受害者）,
and
necessary
for
us
to
learn
about.
！
Unit
5
First
Aid
What
is
first
aid?
First
aid
is
___________________
given
to
someone
who
suddenly
___________
or
_____________
before
a
doctor
can
be
found.
a
temporary
form
of
help
falls
ill
gets
injured
Quiz
How
much
do
you
know
about
First
Aid
?
110
119
120
Are
you
familiar
with
the
following
numbers?
Police
department
Fire
department
Medical
emergency(急救)
centre
1.
The
best
way
to
treat
a
sprained
ankle
is
to:
Put
some
ice
on
your
ankle.
Put
a
heating
pad(垫子)around
your
ankle.
Keep
on
walking
and
jumping.
2.
If
you
get
a
nosebleed,
gently
let
your
head
back
to
stop
the
bleeding.
A.
True
B.
False
(It
may
lead
the
blood
into
the
throat
and
easily
cause
choking.)
3.
To
treat
a
burn,
you
should:
A.
Rub(擦)some
butter
on
it.
B.
Hold
the
burnt
part
under
cold
running
water.
C.
Put
salt
on
the
burnt
part.
4.
To
treat
a
choke,
you
should
make
him
/her
spit
by
patting
him/her
on
the
back.
A.
True
B.
False
（吐）
5.
To
treat
a
bleeding,
you
should
put
a
bandage
on
the
wound
and
apply
pressure
to
reduce
the
bleeding.
A.
True
B.
False
6.
To
treat
a
broken
arm,
you:
A.
move
the
broken
bone
in
no
time.
B.
keep
the
arm
still
using
a
sling
to
support
the
broken
arm
Can
you
guess
what
will
happen
to
the
girl?
How
will
her
mother
deal
with
the
burn?
Look
at
the
picture
on
the
left.
What
has
happened?
The
girl
has
pulled
boiling
water
onto
herself.
She
will
get
bad
burns.
Pre-reading
First
Aid
for
Reading
Burns
an
ambulance
bandage
first-aid-kit
Fast
Reading
In
which
order
are
these
topics
covered
in
the
text?
Number
them
from
1
to
5.
_____
the
three
types
of
burns
_____
what
to
do
if
someone
gets
burned
_____
the
purpose
of
skin
_____
the
symptoms
of
burns
_____
how
we
get
burns
3
5
1
4
2
Scanning
Read
part1—part4.
Then
answer
the
following
questions.
Part
1
What
can
skin
do
for
our
body
?
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
1.
Protect
you
against
diseases,
poisons
and
the
sun’s
harmful
rays.
2.
Keep
you
warm
or
cool
3.
Prevent
you
from
losing
water
4.
Give
you
your
sense
of
touch
CAUSES
of
burns
steam
radiation
hot
l
iquids
c
hemicals
H2SO4
fire
the
Sun
electricity
Part
2
ypes
different
t
of
burns
Types
of
burns
Characteristics
B
A
C
Extremely
painful
Mildly
swollen
Often
tissue
under
them
can
be
seen.
Read
part
4
second
degree
burn
first
degree
burn
third
degree
burn
How
will
her
mother
deal
with
the
burn?
1.
________
clothing
and
jewellery
near
the
burns.
2.
______
the
burns
with
cool
water.
3.
______
cool,
clean
wet
cloths
on
the
burns.
4.
______
the
burned
area
gently.
5.
______
the
burned
area
with
a
dry
clean
bandage.
6.
______
the
burned
area
______
than
the
heart,
if
possible.
7.
______
the
victim
____the
doctor
or
hospital,
if
possible.
Summary
of
first
aid
treatment
Take
off
Cool
Place
Dry
Cover
Keep
higher
Get
to
Try
our
best
to
give
them
effective
first
aid
if
they
are
in
danger.
Life
is
precious
We
should
care
about
others
,
and
help
people
in
an
emergency.
Homework
1.
Learn
the
new
words
by
heart.
2.
Read
the
passage
“First
aid
for
burns”
carefully
and
pay
attention
to
the
useful
words
and
expressions.
3.
Finish
Exx.1-2
on
page
36.
Homework
Thank
You
!(共39张PPT)
Unit
5
First
aid
省略（Ellipsis）
为了避免重复，省略句中的一个或几个成分，这种语法现象称为“省略”。
Discovering
useful
structures
简单句中的省略
1、省略主语
祈使句中主语通常省略；其它省略主语多限于少数现成的说法。
(1)
(I)
Thank
you
for
your
help.
(2)
(I)
See
you
tomorrow.
(3)
(It)
Doesn’t
matter.
(4)
(I)
Beg
your
pardon.
2、省略主谓或主谓语的一部分
(1)
(There
is)
No
smoking
.
(2)
(Is
there)
Anything
wrong
?
(3)
(Will
you)
Have
a
smoke
?
(4)
What/How
(do
you
think)
about
a
cup
of
tea
?
(5)
Why
(do
you)
not
say
hello
to
him
?
3、省略作宾语的不定式短语，只保留to，但如果不定式to后是be或完成时态，则须保留be或have:
–Are
you
going
there?
-
Yes,
I’d
like
to
(go
there).
(2)
He
didn’t
give
me
the
chance,
though
he
had
promised
to
(give
me
the
chance).
(3)
–Are
you
an
engineer?
-
No,
but
I
want
to
be.
(4)
–He
hasn’t
finished
the
task
yet.
-
Well,
he
ought
to
have.
4、省略表语
(1)
–Are
you
thirsty?
-
Yes,
I
am
(thirsty).
(2)
His
brother
isn’t
lazy,
nor
is
his
sister
(lazy).
5、同时省略几个成分
(1)
Let’s
meet
at
the
same
place
as
(we
met)
yesterday.
(2)
–
Have
you
finished
your
work
?
-
(I
have)
Not
(finished
my
work)
yet.
主从复合句中的省略
1、主句中有一些成分被省略
(1)
(
I’m
)
Sorry
to
hear
that
you
are
ill.
(2)
(
It’s
a
)
Pity
that
he
missed
such
a
good
chance.
2、not，
so常用来替代从句。
(1)
–Is
he
coming
back
tonight?
-
I
think
so.
(2)
–She
must
be
busy
now?
-
If
so,
she
can’t
go
with
us.
(3)
–Is
she
feeling
better
?
-
I’m
afraid
not.
(4)
–Do
you
think
he
will
attend
the
meeting?
-
I
guess
not.
so常用于替代肯定形式的从句，而not常用来替代否定形式的从句。常见的动词有：think、imagine、guess、say、hope、fear等。
这种用法常见的有：How
so?
Why
so?
3、连词的that省略
(1)
宾语从句中常省略连词that，但也有不能省略的情况。
(2)
在定语从句中，that在从句中作宾语时可省略.
4、在某些状语从句中，从句的主语与主句的主语一致时，可省去“主语+be”部分
When
(he
was)
still
a
boy
of
10,
he
had
to
work
day
and
night.
She
tried
her
best
though
(she
was)
rather
poor
in
health.
If
(you
are)
asked
you
may
come
in.
If
(it
is)
necessary
I’ll
explain
to
you
again.
并列句中的省略
两个并列句中，后一个分句常省略与前一分句中相同的部分。
(1)
My
father
is
a
doctor
and
my
mother
(is)
a
nurse.
(2)
I
study
at
college
and
my
sister
(studies)
at
high
school.
(3)
When
summer
comes,
the
day
is
getting
longer
and
longer,
and
the
night
(is
getting)
shorter
and
shorter.
其他省略
1、不定式符号to的省略
并列的不定式可省去后面的
to.
I
told
him
to
sit
down
and
wait
for
a
moment.
(2)
help
当“帮助”讲时，后面的宾语或宾补的不定式符号to可带可不带.
I
will
help
(to)
do
it
for
you.
I
will
help
you
(to)
do
it.
（3）介词but前若有动词do,后面的不定式不带
to.
The
boy
did
nothing
but
play.
(4)
某些使役动词（let,
make,
have）及感官动词（see,
watch,
hear,
notice,
observe,
feel,
look
at,
listen
to等）后面作宾语补足语的不定式一定要省去
to,
但在被动语态中须将to
复原。
I
saw
the
boy
fall
off
the
tree.
The
boy
was
seen
to
fall
off
the
tree.
The
boss
made
us
work
12
hours
a
day.
We
were
made
to
work
12
hours
a
day.
(5)
主语从句中有动词do,后面作表语的不定式的
to可带可不带。
All
we
can
do
now
is
(to)
wait.
What
we
can
do
now
is
(to)
wait.
(6)
find
当“发现”讲时，后面作宾语补足语的不定式符号to可带可不带。
We
found
him
(to)
work
very
hard
at
the
experiment.
但如果是不定式
to
be，则不能省略。
She
found
him
to
be
dishonest.
2、连词if在部分虚拟条件句中可省略，但后面的语序有变化。
(1)
Had
they
time,
they
would
certainly
come
and
help
us.
(2)
Were
I
you,
I
would
do
the
work
better.
(3）Should
there
be
a
flood,
what
should
we
do?
3、主句和从句各有一些成分省略。
The
sooner
(you
do
it),
the
better
(it
will
be).
(I)
Beg
your
pardon.
(It)
Sounds
like
a
good
idea.
(Is)
Anybody
here?
(Is
there)
Anything
I
can
do
for
you?
A:
Where
has
Mr.
Smith
gone?
B:
Sorry,
I
don’t
know
(where
he
has
gone.)
省略主语
省略谓语或谓语的一部分
省略宾语
为了使语言简洁或避免重复，省略句中的一个或几个句子成分，这种语法现象称为省略。
(Are
you)
Hungry?
(I
want)
Orange
juice,
please.
A:
Would
you
like
to
come
to
the
party?
B:
I’d
love
to
(come
the
party.)
省略主语
和谓语
省略不定式后省略动词
Can
you
find
at
least
three
sentences
with
ellipsis
from
the
Warming
Up
and
the
Reading?
Write
down
the
sentences
you
found
below.
1
Often
the
illness
or
injury
is
not
serious,
but
there
are
other
times
when
(the
illness
or
injury
is
serious
and
)
giving
first
aid
quickly
can
save
lives.
Burns
are
called
first
(degree
burns),
second
(degree
burns)
or
third
degree
burns
…
These
affect
both
the
top
(layer
of
the
skin)
and
the
second
layer
of
the
skin.
In
groups,
look
at
these
pairs
of
sentences.
Discuss
the
difference
between
A
and
B
in
each
pair.
Also
discuss
which
is
the
better
sentence
and
why.
2
The
difference
between
sentence
A
and
B:
●
There
are
lots
of
repeated
words
and
phrases
in
sentence
A.
●
Sentence
B
is
better
than
Sentence
A
because
it
doesn’t
have
unnecessary
repetition
in
it,
and
it
is
easier
to
understand
and
it
sounds
much
less
awkward
than
sentence
A.
3
Rewrite
these
sentences
by
taking
out
the
unnecessary
parts.
The
burn
that
she
got
from
the
iron
was
red
and
it
was
very
painful.
A
boy
was
on
the
left
side
of
the
sick
woman,
and
a
girl
was
on
the
right
side
of
the
sick
woman
(
)
______).
(____
3.
She
has
a
daughter
who
is
in
hospital.
4.
He
went
to
the
doctor
because
he
had
to
go
to
the
doctor
.
5.
Did
she
pass
the
first
aid
test
that
she
did
yesterday
or
didn’t
she
pass?
(
)
(
)
(
)
not
6.
She
could
not
decided
whether
to
send
him
to
hospital
or
not
to
send
him
to
hospital.
7.
When
your
nose
is
bleeding,
you
should
bend
forward
so
that
the
blood
runs
out
of
your
nose
and
the
blood
doesn’t
run
down
your
throat.
8.
Only
some
of
the
students
have
done
a
first
aid
course
but
most
of
the
students
haven’t
done
a
first
aid
course.
not
These
sentences
are
correct.
However,
one
or
more
words
have
been
left
out.
Can
you
tell
your
partner
which
words
are
missing
?
4
1
The
temple
surrounded
by
a
wall
belongs
to
the
local
government.
The
temple
(which
is)
surrounded
by
a
wall
belongs
to
the
local
government.
2)?The
first
book
I
read
this
term
was
more
interesting
than
the
second.
The
first
book
(that)
I
read
this
term
was
more
interesting
than
the
second
(book
that
I
read
this
term).
定语从句中的省略
3
To
her
teacher’s
surprise,
she
did
better
in
her
first
aid
exam
than
expected.
??
To
her
teacher’s
surprise,
she
did
better
in
her
first
aid
exam
than
(she
was)
expected
(to
do).
在than,
as引导的比较状语从句中的省略
4
I
don’t
think
they
have
returned
from
the
hospital,
but
they
might
have.
I
don’t
think
they
have
returned
from
the
hospital,
but
they
might
have
(returned
from
the
hospital).
在并列中，后面分句中与前面分句中相同的部分常可省略
?
5
He
wanted
to
help
the
accident
victim
but
his
friend
didn’t.
He
wanted
to
help
the
accident
victim
but
his
friend
didn’t
(want
to
help
the
accident
victim).
在并列中，后面分句中与前面分句中相同的部分常可省略
??
6
You
can
borrow
my
first
aid
notes
if
you
want
to.
You
can
borrow
my
first
aid
notes
if
you
want
to
(borrow
my
first
aid
notes).
不定式后省略动词
??
7
Sounds
like
a
good
idea.
(It)
sounds
like
a
good
idea.
??
8
Anything
I
can
do
for
you?
(Is
there)
anything
I
can
do
for
you?
Do
practice
on
page
71
Ex.
1
,
2
and
3
Using
structures
on
page
71
It’s
still
bleeding
and
very
painful.
Yes,
I’d
love
you
to
.
Yes,
I’ll
do
it
now.
Yes,
let’s
do
that.
No,
I
don’t
think
so.
Answer
key
for
Exercise
1
I
beg
your
pardon?
I
haven’t
seen
you
for
ages.
I’m
sorry
to
hear
that.
Are
you
coming
swimming?
Have
you
found
her
telephone
number
yet?
Answer
key
for
Exercise
2
6.
Would
you
like
some
more
tea?/
Do
you
want
some
more
tea?
7.
It
doesn’t
matter.
8.
It’s
a
pity
that
you
couldn’t
come.
9.
That/
It
sounds
fine
to
me.
10.
What
terrible
weather
it
is!
JENNY:
I’ve
heard
there’s
a
ghost
in
this
castle
that
comes
out
in
the
middle
of
the
day.
RALPH:
Really?
Are
you
sure?
JENNY:
Well,
this
one’s
a
queen.
She
was
very
young
and
her
husband,
the
king,
was
very
old.
He
saw
her
dancing
with
a
young
man
of
the
court.
Suggested
answers
to
Exercise
3
RALPH:
Dancing
with
a
young
man!
Oh
dear!
JENNY:
Well,
the
king
didn’t
like
it
so
he
had
her
killed.
RALPH:
Had
her
killed!
So
cruel!
JENNY:
They
say
that
it’s
her
ghost
running
to
the
king
to
ask
him
to
forgive
her.
RALPH:
Have
you
seen
it?
JENNY:
No,
never,
but
I’ve
met
people
who
say
they
have.
RALPH:
Well,
I
don’t
believe
in
ghosts
but
it’s
good
story
to
frighten
people
who
do!
