中考英语词类语法专题复习---名词

一、学习目标
知识目标：掌握名词的相关语法知识
能力目标：学会归纳整理语法知识
二、重点、难点
重点：名词的单数和复数形式
难点：可数名词和不可数名词
三、知能提升
(一)名词的类型
1. 专有名词 ( Proper Nouns)
2. 普通名词 (Common Nouns)
【知识讲解】
1. 专有名词 ( Proper Nouns)
【定义】专有名词主要指人名、地名以及某些人和事物专有的名称。
【分类】
①人名： Tom, Mr. Green, President Obama
②地名： New York, Beijing, the Yellow River , Heping Street
③某类人的名称： Chinese, Americans
④某些抽象事物的名称： French, EU (European Union)
⑤月份、星期、节日的名称：February, Monday, New Year’s Day
⑥书名、电影、诗歌的名称： Harry Potter
⑦家庭成员的称呼： Mum, Dad, Uncle
【考点】专有名词的第一个字母要大写
2. 普通名词 (Common Nouns)
【知识详解】
①个体名词 （Individual Nouns）
个体名词是指作为个体而存在的人、物品或抽象的事物。
【示例】
I have five brothers, but I don’t have a sister.
There are two books on the desk.
I have a dream.
Happy New Year!
可用下列词语表示可数名词的复数：
a few, some, few, many, plenty of, a lot of, lots of
◆ 名词复数的构成形式
名词单数变复数，直接加-s的占多数；
desk — desks map — maps face — faces orange — oranges
词尾若是-s，-x，-ch，sh，直接加上-es。
bus — buses brush — brushes watch — watches box — boxes
词尾字母若是o，加-es的有hero，tomato和potato。
radio — radios photo — photos piano — pianos zoo — zoos
“辅音字母+y”，要把y变为i再加-es。
family — families baby — babies factory — factories story — stories
以元音字母加y结尾的名词后直接加-s，读作［ｚ］。例如：
boy——boys男孩 key——keys钥匙
词尾若是f或fe，加-s之前要把f或fe变为ve；
树叶半数自己黄，妻子拿刀去割粮，架后窜出一只狼，就像小偷逃命忙。
leaf→leaves; half→halves; wife→wives; knife→knives;
shelf→shelves; wolf→wolves; thief→thieves
两个特例：roof→roofs（顶；顶部）, scarf→scarfs/scarves（围巾）
【走近中考】
①Some animals, for example, elephants and koalas, live on grass and （树叶）.
②There are a lot of (leaf) on the tree when spring comes.
还有一些不规则变化，下面咱们来说一说：
男人女人变一个；脚牙一变变一双；小孩后面加三个。
man — men男人 woman – women 女人
foot — feet脚 tooth — teeth牙齿
child — children孩子 mouse — mice老鼠
鹿和绵羊是一家，单数复数无变化。
one deer一只鹿 — three deer三只鹿
a sheep一只绵羊 — five sheep五只绵羊
表示“某国人”的名词变复数
中日不变英法变，其他-s加后面。
Chinese, Japanese, Englishman, Frenchman, American, Australian, German
【走近中考】①They bought some at the supermarket yesterday. (potato)
②How many (月) are there in a year
They are from . They’re .
A. Germany; Germans B. Germans; Germany
C. German; Germany D. Germany; Germen
复合名词的复数形式：
把复合名词中起主导作用的主体名词变为复数形式。例如：
girl-friend→girl-friends 女朋友 apple tree→apple trees 苹果树
tooth-brush→tooth-brushes牙刷 passer-by→passers-by 过路人
如果没有主体名词，就把复数词尾加在最后一个词上。例如：
grown-up→grown-ups 成年人
构成复合名词的两个词都要变为复数。例如：
man teacher →men teachers woman doctor→ women doctors
②集体名词 （Collective Nouns）
【定义】 集体名词表示由个体组成的集体。
army 军队 family 家，家庭 committee 委员会
group 小组 staff 全体员工 team 队，小组
【解析】 集体名词有时被看作单数，有时被看作复数。
【考点】
单 数 复 数
视为整体 视为个体时，注重每个成员
His family isn’t large.他家人不多。 His family are all music lovers.他家的人都喜欢音乐。
③物质名词 （Material Nouns）：一般来说，物质名词指无法分为个体的东西，因此物质名词是不可数的。
【示例】cheese , jam, meat, ice, salt, soup, tea, snow, sugar
④抽象名词 （Abstract Nouns）：抽象名词表示一些抽象概念，一般不可数，因此没有复数形式。
【示例】age, childhood, peace, time, respect, death
◆不可数名词的量
当表示不可数名词的确切数量时，通常可在不可数名词的前面加上表示数量的单位词。
a jar of jam 一罐果酱 a piece of advice一条建议
two bags of rice 两袋米 three cups of coffee 三杯咖啡
five kilos of meat 五公斤肉
在初中阶段我们主要考查的不可数名词有：
water, meat, rice, bread, milk, tea, orange(桔汁), air, snow, work, homework, housework, paper(纸), time(时间), music, weather, grass, news, fish(鱼肉), coke, porridge, advice, knowledge, exercise（锻炼）, room（空间）等。
有些不可数名词在用作不同意义时是可数名词。如：
glass玻璃 →a glass一个玻璃杯/ glasses眼镜；
room地方/空间→a room一个房间
fish鱼肉→a fish/two fish一条/两条鱼/ fishes 鱼的种类；
chicken鸡肉→a chicken一只小鸡
【即学即练】
一、将下列名词分为可数名词和不可数名词：
rice
school
city
country
bread
money
news
fish
people
air
water
chalk
meat
question
二、写出下列名词的复数形式：
brother -
bus -
country -
cake -
glass -
boy -
potato -
radio -
half -
watch -
三、选择填空
1. There on the wall. They are very beautiful.
A. photo B. photos C. is a photo D. are photos
2. This kind of car made in Shanghai.
A. is B .are C .were D .has
3. There are four and two in the group.
A. Japan, Germany B Japanese, German C. Japanese, Germans
4. The boys have got already.
A. two bread B. two pieces of bread D. two piece of bread
5. The old man wants .
A. six boxes of apples B. six boxes of apple C. six box of apples
一、单项选择
（ ）1. How much are the ___________________
A. meat B. eggs C. your shoe D. those bread
（ ）2. They have been in ____________ for long.
A. Jims B. Kate’s C. Green D. Mikes’
（ ）3. The ___________ in our garden are very beautiful.
A. cloth B. water C. flowers D. woman
（ ）4. Only Class Six ____________ on the third floor.
A. are B. is C. am D. were
（ ）5. There _____________ a lot of water in the bottle.
A. is B. are C. be D. /
（ ）6. Jim is one of the American _____________ in our school.
A. boy B. boys C. boies D. girls
二、选出下列名词复数形式的正确拼写
1. child A. children B. childs
2. sheep A. sheeps B. sheep
3. boy A. boys B. boies
4. watch A. watchs B. watches
5. coat A. coats B. coates
6. leaf A. leafs B. leaves
7. German A. Germans B. Germen
8. mouth A. mouths B. mouthes
9. woman doctor A. women doctor B. women doctors
10. baby horse A. babyies horses B. baby horses
三、从方框中选词并用其适当形式填空


My parents often take me to my uncle’s 1________ on 2________. The farm isn’t far from my house. It’s only one 3_______ walk by 4________. The 5________ there are very friendly to me. So I like going there very much. I can not only play with them, but also learn a lot from them. Besides this, there are also many different 6________ of animals on that farm. My uncle owns a very big 7________ with three floors. All around it, you can see many 8________. When autumn comes, the 9________ of the plants turn yellow, the whole farm seems to be a golden garden. Nice! It’s really very nice, please come and have a look at it at that 10________, OK
PAGE