中考英语复习句类语法专题---宾语从句

【本讲教育信息】
一、教学内容：寒假复习专题 宾语从句
【具体教学内容】
复合句中用作宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。宾语从句是初中英语中最重要的一种从句，它内容完整，句型结构较为复杂，主句和从句时态搭配要求严格，在中考试题中频频出现。而且学好宾语从句也可为到高中学习间接引语、主语从句、表语从句及同位语从句打下良好的基础。学习宾语从句并不难，只要你能过好下面的三道关：
第一关，选好连接词（也叫关联词）。
引导宾语从句的连接词，课本上写有三类，但从学习的角度看，分为四类更为实用。
1. 连词that：只起连接作用，在从句中不作句子成分，也无词汇意义，在口语中或非正式文体中常被省略。例如：
He knew（that）he should work hard.
他知道他应该努力工作。
I am glad（that）you’ve passed the exam.
我很高兴你通过了考试。
2. 连词whether或if：它们起连接作用，在从句中不作句子成分，作“是否”解，口语中多用if。例如：
Do you know whether he will ride here at 8 tomorrow morning？
你知道他是否在明天8点骑车到这儿？
Tom didn’t know if／whether his grandpa liked the present.
汤姆不知道他的爷爷是否喜欢这个礼物。
● 但在下面几种情况下whether和if不能互换：
whether 后面有or not出现时。例如：
I don’t know whether or not she can arrive on time.
我不知道她是否会准时到达。
宾语从句放在句首时，whether 不可由if来替换。例如：
Whether he will succeed, we can’t say.
他是否能成功，我们说不准。
3. 连接代词who，whom ，whose，what， which：它们起连接作用，作句子成分，各有自己的意义。例如：
The teacher asked the new student which class he was in.
（which引导宾语从句，在从句中作定语，修饰class，意为“哪个”。）
Can you tell me whom he is waiting for？
4. 连接副词when，where， why，how：起连接作用，分别作时间、地点、原因、方式状语，各有自己的意义。例如：
I wonder where he got so much money．对他从哪里弄到那么多钱我感到疑惑。
（where在从句中作地点状语，修饰got，意为“哪里；什么地方”。）
He didn’t tell me how old his friend was.
（how引导宾语从句，作程度状语，修饰old，意为“怎样；如何”等意。）
【中考链接】
① —May I come in I’m sorry I am late.
—Come in, please. But could you please tell me
A. why you are late again B. what were you doing then
C. who you talked with D. how do you come to school
② —Why did Miss Wang look so worried when we saw her
—Because she wondered .
A. where did the other students go
B. when would the policeman come
C. what her students have done during the trip
D. if her students had survived the earthquake
③ I didn’t know they could pass the exam or not.
A. why B. when C. that D. whether
④ —Excuse me, could you tell me
—Certainly. Go straight ahead and you’ll see it on your left.
A. where the post office is B. when you will visit the museum
C. where is the post office D. when will you visit the museum
第二关，牢记宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序，即“连接词＋主语＋谓语＋其他”。这里要特别强调的是，它的主语和谓语的语序是陈述句的语序，而不是疑问句的倒装语序。例如：
① You must remember what your teacher said.
② —Dad，do you know when the football game will start？—In half an hour.
③ 汉译英：你能不能告诉我，我们去看望谁？
误：Can you tell me who（m）do we have to see？
正：Can you tell me who（m）we have to see？
错句的错误出在宾语从句中误用了疑问句的结构——主语前加了个助动词do。因为我们已经习惯了特殊疑问句的句式，如What time does the plane arrive in Paris？于是就顺口说出“Do you know what time does the plane arrive in Paris？”这种错误句子来。但当我们注意了，不久我们就会习惯于说“Do you know what time the plane arrives in Paris？”了。
第三关，注意时态的呼应。
宾语从句中谓语动词的时态，常常受主句谓语时态的制约，这种现象称为“时态的呼应”。
1. 当主句为现在时态时，宾语从句的时态不受主句时态的限制，可用所需的任何时态，如：
2. 当主句为过去时态时，宾语从句的时态受主句时态的限制，一般只能用表示过去的某种时态，即：
一般现在时～一般过去时
一般过去时～过去完成时
现在进行时～过去进行时
一般将来时～过去将来时
现在完成时～过去完成时
1) She said, “We hope so.” →She said（that）they hoped so.
2) Jean said, “He will go to see his friend.” →Jean said he would go to see his friend.
3) She said, “I told her the news yesterday.” →She said she had told her the news the day before.
【中考链接】
① When do the Smiths leave Beijing Can you tell me （合并成宾语从句）
Can you tell me the Smiths Beijing
② Mike says, “I like seeing action movies.” （改为同义句）
Mike says that seeing action movies.
3. 宾语从句说明的是客观真理或客观事实时，宾语从句的时态不受主句时态的限制，即时态不变。
Our teacher said that lights travel faster than sounds.
我们老师说光比声音传播得快。
The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth.
老师告诉我们地球绕着太阳转，月球绕着地球转。
最后，为了帮助同学们更好的掌握宾语从句，请同学们记住下面这一口诀：
　　学习宾从三注意，连词时态和语序。
　　that连接陈述句，省与不省要注意。
　　从句若表“是否”时，if/whether要慎记。
特殊问句作宾语，仍用原来疑问词。
主句若为现在时，从句时态随句意；
　　主句若为过去时，从句时态变过去；
　　宾从若是表真理，时态不变无质疑。
　　语序要用陈述序，切莫照搬疑问句。
三个问题需记牢，切莫丢东忘了西。
【中考链接】
1. —Do you know for Shanghai last night —At 9:00.
A. what time he leaves B. what time does he leave
C. what time he left D. what time did he leave
2. Do you know
A. when will the Beijing Olympic Games end
B. when the Beijing Olympic Games will end
C. when would the Beijing Olympic Games end
D. when the Beijing Olympic Games would end
3. The boy asked .
A. when could they go B. what they would do next
C. where they will go D. how did they get there
4. Please tell me . I have some good news for him.
A. where Robert lives B. where does Robert live
C. where Robert lived D. where did Robert live
5. You are growing so fast. Can you tell me now
A. how fast are you B. how fast you are
C. how tall are you D. how tall you are
6. Excuse me, but may I ask you
A. what business are you in B. what business you’re in
C. in what business are you D. are you in what business
7. —Do you know —Sorry, I don’t know.
A. where does Jimmy work B. where Jimmy works
C. how does Jimmy go to work D. what does Jimmy do
8. —Do you know , Mike —On May 12th, 2008.
A. when the earthquake took place in Wenchuan
B. when did the earthquake take place in Wenchuan
C. when the earthquake will take place in Wenchuan
9. The shop assistant said she knew .
A. where does the manager live B. where the manager lives
C. where did the manager live D. where the manager lived
10. —Sorry, I don’t know what the teacher said just now.
—He asked Maria .
A. how long she usually spends on her homework
B. what she was doing these days
C. why didn’t Mike come to the meeting yesterday
D. when the speech will begin
11. I’m a teenager’s mother. Sometimes I don’t know .
A. what my son needs most
B. what does my son want to get
C. why my son gets annoyed very often
12. —Do you know last night
—Sorry, I don’t know. But I think he should go to bed early because he will have an English exam this afternoon.
A. when he goes to bed B. when he went to bed C. when did he go to bed
13. I wonder .
A. how much cost these shoes B. how much these shoes cost
C. how much do these shoes cost D. how much are these shoes cost
14. My friend wanted to know with his new car.
A. what wrong is B. what is wrong
C. what wrong was D. what was wrong
15. Mom wanted to know last weekend.
A. what Amy does B. what does Amy do
C. what Amy did D. what did Amy do
16. You must remember .
A. what your father said B. what did your father say C. your father said what
注意：
1. 主句：宾语从句中由具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语：时态不变。
e.g.: Xiao Wang said, “I was born on April 21,1980.” →
Xiao Wang said he was born on April 21,1980.
2. 原句如果是祈使句，宾语从句应改为“tell(ask, order, beg等)sb.(not)to do sth.句型。
eg. 1) “Don’t make any noise.” she said to the children→.
She told the children not to make any noise.
2) “Bring me a cup of tea, please,” said she. →
She asked him to bring her a cup of tea.
【中考链接】
“Get to school on time next week”, my mother said to me. （改为间接引语）（2008四川省自贡市）
My mother told me to school on time the next week.
3. 宾语从句的否定：
一般情况下，宾语从句的否定与一般句子的否定一样，但动词think, believe等后跟宾语从句时，宾语从句的否定通常前移至主句中
eg. I don’t think you are right. 我认为你不对。
We don’t believe she can swim.我们相信她不会游泳。
4. 宾语从句与反意疑问句连用规律
含有宾语从句的反意疑问句有两种形式：
1）反意部分和主句的谓语动词呼应：He says that he is wrong, doesn’t he
2）如果主句的主语是第一人称单数I且谓语动词为think, believe, suppose等,反意疑问句一般和宾语从句的谓语呼应。
I think he is right, isn’t he
I don’t believe that he will come, will he
【模拟试题】（答题时间：40分钟）
Ⅰ. 单项选择
1. Do you know
A. who is she writing to B. whom is she writing to
C. who she is writing to D. whom she is writing to
2. The little boy asked which star the nearest to the earth.
A. is B. are C. was D. were
3. —Excuse me. Could you tell me get to the plane
—Certainly. Go along the road.
A. how can we B. how we can C. when can we D. when we can
4. You must remember .
A. what your teacher said B. what did your teacher say
C. your teacher said what D. what has your teacher said
5. Excuse me. Could you tell me
A. where is the bank nearest B. where is the nearest bank
C. where the nearest bank is D. the nearest bank is where
6. They wondered if the teacher them some songs the next week.
A. would teach B. had taught C. will teach D. taught
7. He told me that the sun in the east.
A. rises B. raises C. rose D. raised
8. The boy asked I any noise from outside.
A. when, heard B. why, had heard
C. whether, had heard D. what, heard
9. He said he here for ten years.
A. teach B. teaches C. had taught D. has taught
10. I don’t remember the boy by himself.
A. why did she leave B. why she left
C. why had she left D. why she had left
11. —“Do you know ”
—“They moved here soon after their son was born.”
A. when would the Greens move here B. when the Greens moved here
C. if the Greens would move here D. when the Greens would move here
12. I don’t know .
A. what the population of Nanjing is
B. what is the population of Nanjing
C. how much the population in Nanjing is
D. how much is the population is Nanjing
13. You can’t imagine when they received these nice Christmas cards.
A. how they were excited B. how excited they were
C. how excited were they D. they were how excited
14. —“Could you tell me ”
—“Sorry, I don’t know. I wasn’t at the meeting.”
A. what does he say at the meeting B. what did he say at the meeting
C. what he says at the meeting D. what he said at the meeting
15. The teacher asked the students .
A. if they were interested in computers B. when was Albert born
C. what they will do with the computers D. how many trees they have planted
16. I wondered
A. whether they have made a mistake or not
B. how we could download the information
C. that he graduated from Beijing University
D. why did the journalist interview the ordinary worker
17. Do you know
A. if it will be fine tomorrow B. where did they see her
C. when shall we have a picnic D. which would you like
18. He left home so long that they didn’t know .
A. what his son looks like B. what does his son look like
C. what his son looked like D. what did his son look like
19. He asked his classmate where .
A. does his teacher see the film B. his teacher saw the film
C. did his teacher see the film
20. I wanted to know the next day.
A. what he will do B. what will he do
C. what he did D. what he would do
21. I don’t know _______ the day after tomorrow．
A. when does he come B. how will he come
C. if he comes D. whether he’ll come
22. Could you tell me_______
A. when did Tom come back B. when does Tom come back
C. when Tom will come back D. when Tom comes back
23. The teacher told us yesterday that December 25 _ __Christmas Day.
A. is B. was C. has been D. were
24. I wonder _ you would like to come to my birthday party.
A. that B. whether C. that if D. that whether
25. Do you know _ during the coming holiday
A. what will Tom do B. what did Tom do
C. what Tom will do D. what Tom did
【试题答案】
Ⅰ. 1~5 DABAC 6~10 AACCB 11~15 BABDA 16~20 BACBD 21~25 DCABC