(共47张PPT)
句子的成分
句子通常有两个部分构成，即主语与谓语。主语是句子的中心，谓语是说明主语的动作或状态的(谓语通常是动词或动词短语，后面常跟宾语或状语）
句子的分类
（1) 陈述句：用来说明事实或说话人的看法的句子，叫陈述句。陈述句有肯定式和否定式两种形式。如：
肯定陈述句：This is my pencil.
否定陈述句：This is not my pencil.
（2) 疑问句：用来提出问题的句子叫做疑问句。疑问句可分为有一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句。
一般疑问句：Are you a student
特殊疑问句：What's your name
选择疑问句：Do you like an apple or an orange
（3) 祈使句：表示命令，请求的句子称为祈使句。如：
Stand up, please!
Be quick.
May I use your pencil
（4) 感叹句:表示喜怒哀乐等感情的句子叫做感叹句。
How nice the book is!
What a nice book !
句子谓语动词的特点
含be动词am ，is，are，was, were
２. 含情态动词can，will, may，must，need, could, would等或含助动词do, does或did
3. 含实义动词,除了be动词,情态动词和助动词外的所有动词
→在be动词后面加not
→在情态动词或助动词后面加not
→借助于助动词do, does或did,在do, does或did后面加not（如果句子的主语是第三人称单数，用does，此时原句里的第三人称单数的动词要还原 ）
如何将肯定陈述句变成否定陈述句
如何将陈述句变成疑问句
含be动词am ，is，are，was, were
2. 含情态动词can，will, may，must，need, could, would等或含助动词do, does或did
3. 含实义动词,除了be动词,情态动词和助动词外的所有动词
→将be动词提前
→将情态动词或助动词提前
→借助于助动词do, does或did,将do, does或did提前（如果句子的主语是第三人称单数，用does，此时原句里的第三人称单数的动词要还原 ）
练习：根据所给句子，填入所缺单词完成下列一般疑问句。
1. He is a student.
_______ _______a student？
2. Tom can help his mother.
_______ Tom _______his mother？ 3.Mr．Hu taught Lucy maths last year． _______ Mr．Hu_______Lucy maths last year？ 4.Mike plays computer games every day.
_______Mike_______ computer games every day？
Is
he
Did
teach
play
Does
help
Can
直接引语→间接引语（陈述句／一般疑问句／特殊疑问句/祈使句）
四部走：
１．做判断
２．变人称(和中文里的逻辑是一样的，要符合常理)
３．变时态
４．变指示代词、时间状语、地点状语及方位性动词
(祈使句此步骤省略)
陈述句：
一般疑问句：
特殊疑问句：
加that, that 可以省略
加if 或者whether,再变成陈述句语序
用特殊疑问词开头，直接变成陈述句语序。
1.做判断
谓语动词：
said that…
told me/him/them that…
said to me/him/them that…
谓语动词：
asked (sb.) if/whether…
谓语动词：
asked (sb.) +疑问词…
祈使句+ or/or else/otherwise+简单句(表结果)
祈使句+ and+简单句(表结果)
Eg： Eat three meals a day, _______ you will become fatter.
Eat three meals a day, _______ you will become thinner.
or
and
祈使句：
3.表达的是“建议、劝告”等含义。
1.command ,命令，要求
2.request, 请求,乞求
advise sb. to do sth
suggest doing sth.
He said, “Why not take a rest first ”
He said, “Why don’t you take a rest first ”
Tom said, “Let’s go to the park this weekend.
suggest that…(should) do sth
“What about having a drink ” he said.
What is the difference among the sentences below :
Open the window.
Please open the window.
Would you please open the window
Command（命令）
Request（请求）
Not polite
Very polite
Give me the book.
Please give me the book.
Would you please give me the book
Usually, giving commands is less polite than making requests. 通常，发号施令比做出请求更没有礼貌。
Commands:
Do/Don’t…….
Requests:
Do……, please
Can you……
Could you…..
Will you…….
Would you……
Find the rules：
“Make sure the door is open.” the teacher said to me.
The teacher told me to make sure the door is open.
“Don’t play games in the classroom.” the monitor said to us.
The monitor told us not to play games in the classroom.
“Will you please not smoke here ” she added.
She asked me not to smoke here.
Direct speech
Indirect speech
told me to
told us not to
asked me not to
Rules and practice of direct and indirect speech
当直接引语为祈使句时，转换为间接引语要用一个带动词不定式的简单句表示命令和请求：
祈使句的直接引语 和间接引语
1.表示命令的祈使句的间接引语
句型：tell/order sb (not) to do sth
1) “Open the door.” he said.
2) “Put up your hand.” he said.
3) “Be quiet.” The teacher said to the students.
He told/ordered me to open the door.
He ordered/told me to put up my hand.
The teacher told/ordered the students to be quite.
4) “Don’t sleep in class.” the teacher said to the students.
The teacher told the students not to sleep in class.
5) “Don’t laugh at others.”his parents said.
His parents told him not to laugh at others.
6) “Don’t touch anything.” he said to him.
He told him not to touch anything.
2.表示请求的祈使句的变成间接引语
句型：ask/beg sb (not) to do sth
1) “Please open your book .” the teacher said.
The teacher asked the students to open the book.
2) “Please don’t leave me.” she said to him.
She begged him not to leave her.
3) “Please turn off the lights when you leave the classroom.”the teacher said to him.
The teacher asked him to turn off the lights when he left the classroom.
3.表示请求的一般疑问句的间接引语
句型：ask/beg sb (not) to do sth
1)“Would you please open the window”he said.
He asked me to open the window.
2) “ May I borrow your pen.” he said.
He asked me to lend him my pen.
特别提醒
1.祈使句变为间接引语，主要使用动词不定式。
2.主句谓语动词要做一定变化。
表示命令，用tell，order，command等。
tell/order sb (not) to do
表示请求，用ask，beg，request等。
ask/beg/request sb (not) to do
表示忠告，用 advise。
advise sb (not) to sth
祈使句
直引：主语+动词+“祈使句”
间引：主语+动词+to Verb
e．g． The teacher said to me, “Come in .”
---The teacher told me to go in 。
John said to me , “Please shut the window。”
---John asked me to shut the window。
The teacher said to me, “ Don’t be late again.”
---The teacher advised me not to be late again.
Open the window.
Direct speech
Indirect speech
Miss Hu told ** to
open the window.
Will you please
open the window
Miss Hu asked ** to
open the window.
told
to
asked
to
Don’t open
the window.
Miss Hu told ** not
to open the window.
not
“Write a letter to your parents.”
“Don’t play games in the classroom.”
“Can you pass on the book to Tom ”
“Will you please not smoke here ”
The teacher told me to write a letter to my parents
The teacher ordered me not to play games ….
The teacher asked me to pass on the book to Tom
The teacher asked me not to smoke there.
Try to do this:
The teacher said to me...
(R)
(R)
(C)
(C)
1. She told him to shut up.
I am sure I heard her say to him:
“_______.”
Shut up
2. He asked her to speak louder.
I am sure I heard him ask her:
“ ____________________ _____ ”
Can you speak louder, please
practice
(C)
(R)
3. She told him to stop wasting time.
I am sure I heard her say to him:
“________________.”
Stop wasting time
4. The girl asked her father to tell her a story.
I am sure I heard her ask him:
“____________________ ”
Can you tell me a story
(R)
(C)
Direct speech
Requests: Do/Don’t ... , please.
Can you (not)...
Could you (not)...
Will you (not)...
Would you (not)...
Commands: Do ...
Don’t ...
Indirect speech
Commands: told/ordered sb (not) to do sth
Requests: asked sb (not) to do sth
Commands Requests
Correct you spelling mistakes.
Go and…!
Do that now!
Hold that elevator!
Say that again!
Go and buy some more petrol!
Take the dog for a walk! Please…
Can I sit here and…
How do you spell that..
Could you please…
Can I please…
Would you please…
Can you repeat the…
Do page 12, Ex.2
Practice
1. Tom said to me, “Speak louder .”
Tom told/ordered me to speaker louder.
2. “ Don’t talk in class”, the teacher said to me.
The teacher told/ordered me not to talk in class.
3. Mrs. Green said, “Can you help me, Tom ”
Mrs. Green asked Tom to help her.
4. “Will you please not read aloud here ” my brother said to me.
My brother asked me not to read aloud there.
Read these sentences and decide which is a command and which is a request.
Then retell them in indirect speech.
The children said to their teacher: “Would you please sing a song for us ”
The mother said to her child: “Turn off the radio!”
The dentist said to a patient: “Open your mouth please, so I can see the bad tooth clearly.”
R
C
R
The children asked their teacher to sing a song for them.
The mother told her child to turn off the radio.
The dentist asked his/her patient to open his/her mouth so that he/she could see the bad tooth clearly.
3
The secretary said to the woman on the phone: “Could you hold on for a minute ”
John said to his classmate: “Can I borrow your pen please ”
The teacher said to his student: “Come up to my office! ”
R
R
C
The secretary asked the woman on the phone to hold on for a minute or two.
John asked his classmate if he could borrow his pen
The teacher told his/her student to come up to his/her office
做判断：
陈述句：
一般疑问句：
加that, that 可以省略
加if 或者whether，
再变成陈述句语序
用特殊疑问词开头，
直接变成陈述句语序
command:
told/ordered sb (not) to do sth
request:
asked sb (not) to do sth
祈使句:
疑问句
特殊疑问句:
选择疑问句:
感叹句:
advice:
……
用whether…or表达，
变成陈述句语序
advised sb. (not) to do sth.
用how 或what引导，语序不变，
或者用that引导的陈述句
做判断
谓语
陈述句
said that…
said to sb. that…
told sb. that…
一般疑问句
特殊疑问句
选择疑问句
asked (sb.) if/whether…
asked (sb.) 特殊疑问词…
asked (sb.) whether…or…
asked
祈使句
疑问句
command
request
advice
told/ordered sb. (not) to do sth.
asked sb. (not) to do sth.
advise sb. (not) to do sth.
suggest sb. (not) to do sth.
×
做判断
谓语
陈述句
said that…
said to sb. that…
told sb. that…
一般疑问句
特殊疑问句
选择疑问句
asked (sb.) if/whether…
asked (sb.) 特殊疑问词…
asked (sb.) whether…or…
asked
祈使句
疑问句
command
request
advice
told/ordered sb. (not) to do sth.
asked sb. (not) to do sth.
advise sb. (not) to do sth.
suggest doing sth.
suggest that…(should) do…
做判断
谓语
陈述句
said that…
said to sb. that…
told sb. that…
一般疑问句
特殊疑问句
选择疑问句
asked (sb.) if/whether…
asked (sb.) 特殊疑问词…
asked (sb.) whether…or…
asked
祈使句
疑问句
command
request
advice
told/ordered sb. (not) to do sth.
asked sb. (not) to do sth.
advise sb. (not) to do sth.
suggest (one’s) doing sth.
suggest (to sb.) that…(should) do…
感叹句
做判断
谓语
陈述句
said that…
said to sb. that…
told sb. that…
一般疑问句
特殊疑问句
选择疑问句
asked (sb.) if/whether…
asked (sb.) 特殊疑问词…
asked (sb.) whether…or…
asked
祈使句
疑问句
command
request
advice
told/ordered sb. (not) to do sth.
asked sb. (not) to do sth.
advice sb. (not) to do sth.
suggest (one’s) doing sth.
suggest (to sb.) that…(should) do…
感叹句
用how 或what引导，语序不变
或者用that引导的陈述句
选择疑问句
He asked, “Do you speak English or French ”
He asked me whether I spoke English or French.
I asked, “Will you take bus or take train ”
I asked him whether he would take bus or take train.
用whether…or…表达，不可以用if…or…，
特别提醒
1.祈使句变为间接引语，主要使用动词不定式（v + sb to do sth)。
2.谓语动词要做一定变化。
表示命令，用tell，order，command等。
表示请求，用ask，beg，request等。
表示忠告，用 。
advise, suggest等等
……
感叹句
直引：主语+动词+“感叹句”
间引：主语+动词+陈述句
e.g. He said, “ what a fine day it is !”
He said what a fine day it was .
He said , “ How fine the day is !”
He said how fine the day was .
He said that it was a fine day.
特别提醒
1.可以用what，how 这两个词引导的从句，也可以用that 从句
2. 间接感叹句的动词said(原形:say)可以改为cried (原形:cry)或exclaimed(原形:exclaim)等等。
3. He said to me, "Are you a student "
4. Miss Hu said, “I am a teacher "
His father told him to be more careful the next time.
Mr. Wang said that he would leave for Shang-hai on
business the next month.
He asked me if I was a student.
Miss Hu said that she is a teacher.
1、 "You should be more careful next time,"
his father said to him.
2. Mr. Wang said, “I will leave for Shang-hai on business
next month.”
5. "Have you anything interesting I can read, George " she said.
6. He said, “where is the nearest gas station "
7. “Don’t use mobile phone in class " she said to her students.
8. “What a beautiful girl she is " Tom said.
She asked if George had something interesting she could read.
He asked where the nearest gas station was.
She told her students not to use mobile phone in class.
Tom cried what a beautiful girl she was.
导航及课本练习校对
The children asked their teacher to sing a song for them.
The mother told her child to turn off the radio.
The dentist asked his/her patient to open his/her mouth so that he/ she could see the bad tooth clearly.
The secretary asked the woman on the phone to hold on for a minute or two.
John asked his classmate if he could borrow his pen.
The teacher told his student to come up to his office.
Exercise 3 on page12
Exercise of 导航
if/whether, was;
told, not to;
they had visited, the week before;
told, travels;
told, to go;
had, there;
how she had;
told to stop;
where I had, those;
not to tell
He told the farmers to do things at the right time of the year.
He asked us to open our books.
My mother told me not to eat the cold food.
The boy asked us to tell him the way to the post office.
He ordered the soldiers to put down their guns at once.
She asked me to post the letter for her.
She asked me to hand her the dictionary.
She told her little daughter not to stand in the way.
The police ordered the young man to stand where he was.
He asked me if I was going home that weekend.
Homework
交导航检查；
抄写单词Unit2: command—cab(共58张PPT)
Unit2
English around the world
Period 2
reading
Let’s review together!!!
What does“Bathroom”mean
In American English, a toilet
In British English, a place where there is a bath or shower
厕所，马桶
浴盆，淋浴设备
British English
American English
words
lift (电梯)
elevator
petrol (汽油)
gas
flat (公寓)
apartment
autumn
fall
underground(地铁)
subway
university(大学)
college
rubbish(垃圾)
garbage/trash
dustbin(垃圾箱)
trash can
holiday
vacation
fortnight(两星期）
two weeks
Chinese British English American English
糖果
卡车
汽油
电梯
地铁
公寓住宅
秋天
橡皮擦
sweet
candy
lorry
truck
petrol
gas
lift
elevator
underground
subway
flat
apartment
autumn
fall
rubber
eraser
Which country do you think has the most English learners
Why do so many people speak English
Discussion in pairs:
China —— largest population
A Brainstorming Map:
Why do so many people speak English
Why do so many people speak English
To use for business
One of the official languages of the Olympic Games
To talk to native
English speakers
To read English
books
To surf the Internet
To listen to English music or watch English movies
As an n official language
the reasons for the spread of English around the world.
★ English is one of the official languages of the Olympic Games and the United Nations.
★ English dominates international websites and provides nearly all of the new computer terminology.
★ Tourism and trade from Western Europe and North America has contributed to the spread of English.
★ Satellite TV, radio programs like Joy FM, CDs and, of course, Hollywood films all broadcast English into China. Also, a number of Chinese films include English subtitles.
Suggested answer:
Reading
The Road to Modern English
Look at this title of the text and guess what it is about.
The Road to Modern English
The road to modern English
The road
Modern English
the development of
English language
What kind of English
before Modern English
The future of the
modern English
Guess according to the title.
Skimming
The passage mainly tells us____
A. Why English is more and more widely used in the world today.
B. A very brief history of the English language.
C. The difference between British English and American English.
D. Different kinds of English language
B
Q1:
From the passage, we can infer that the English language was once influences by ____
A. Chinese English
B. South Africa
C. South Asia
D. German and French
D
Q2:
Read the paragraph 1 and answer the following question.
Why was English spoken in many other countries after 17th century
People from England made voyages to conquer other parts of the world.
Main idea:
Many people all over the world speak English.
Read the paragraph 2 and answer the following questions.
Main idea:
Native speakers can understand each even if there are some differences.
1.Do native English speakers have difficulty in understanding each other
No
2 Do they speak the same kind of English Find out an example.
British: would you like to see my ____
American: Yes. I’d like to come up to your ________ .
flat
apartment
Let's learn Paragraph 3.4 and 5.
Make a timeline of the development of English, using the passage to help you.
2
From AD 450 to AD 800
From AD 800 to 1150
By the 1600s
English was first spoken in . It was based more on .
New settlers enriched its .
3. made use of a wider vocabulary than ever before.
England
German
vocabulary
Shakespeare
In 1620
Later in 18th century
1765-1947
4.Some British settlers moved to .
5.Some British people were taken to .
6.English was spoken in . as well as in and .
It became the language for and in India.
America
Australia
India
Africa
Asia
government
education
Today
By 19th century
7. English was settled. Two big changes in :
.Samuel Johnson wrote his .
.Noah Webster wrote and give a separate identity to English spelling.
dictionary
spelling
American
A large number of people study English and may have the largest number of English learners.
China
How did the author organize these paragraphs
chronological order （时间顺序）
logical order （逻辑顺序）
spatial order （空间顺序）
Development of English
the end of the 16th century
the next century
today
England
Many other countries
More people speak in more countries
Homework
准备听写
背诵第一、二段（组长检查）
导航3、4、5
Period 2
Reading
Fast reading
Answer the questions of
Ex.1 on page 10
Ex1 on P 10
1. F
2.T
3.F
4.F
5.T
6.T
1.English has/had the most speakers___.
A. now
B. when the British ruled many
parts of the world
C. in the time of Shakespeare
D. in the 12th century
Review
2.Which of the following statement is true
A. Languages always stay the same
B. Languages change only after wars
C. Languages no longer change
D. Languages change when cultures change
3. From AD 450 to 1150, English sounded more like_____
A. French B. Chinese
C. German D. Russian
4. Shakespeare’s English was spoken around ______
A. 1400’s B. 1150’s
C. 450’s D. 1600’s
5. Which country has the fastest growing number of English speakers in the world
A. Australia
B. China
C. India
D. Britain
match the main idea with the
corresponding paragraph
English is spoken as a foreign language or second language in Africa and Asia.
Paragraph 1
Paragraph 2
Paragraph 3&4
Paragraph 5
The spread of the English language around the world.
Native speaker can understand each other but they may not be able to understand everything.
All languages change when cultures communicate with one another.
“listen to Para 1 and fill in the blanks, still with your books closed.”
1._____________ the 16th century, about __________ people spoke English.
2.Today, more people speak English as their first, second or foreign language ________________.
3.China may __________________ of English speakers.
At the end of
5 to 7 million
than ever before
have the largest number
Do they speak English the same
para2
come up to my flat for a visit
apartment
such as
(for example)
: visit my flat
Para3. So why has English changed over time / The reason and the history of English changing.
How do English change Para3.
All languages change when _____ communicate with one another.
The English spoken Between about AD 450and 1150 was ______
_____Today. _____, it _____ _____ more ___ German than
_____ ___________. From 1150 to 1500,it became more
like French because those who ______ England spoke French.
It became ____ ____now. In the 1600’s, Shakespeare
_____ ____ __ a wider ___________than ever before.
After Noah Webster’s dictionary,American has its
_____ ______. Later, Australia English has too.
cultures
actually
was based on
present day English
ruled
closer to
made use of
vocabulary
own identity
different
from
Para4. Finally by the 19th century the language was settled.
the number of a number of para.4
3. ___ large ______ ___ Indian people speak English.
4.___ ____ ___ of people learning English in China
is increasing fast.
rapidly
a number of
大量的（其后谓语动词用复数）
A number of people have came.
the number of …的数目
（其后谓语动词用单数）
A number of
The number of
Para5. English is now spoken as a foreign or second language in South Asia.
Question for para5:
a). Why India takes English as their second language
Britain ruled India from 1765 to 1947.
b). Do you know any other kinds of English formed for this reason
South African English, Singapore English, Malaysian English, Hong Kong English…
Find out the characteristics of each time according to the time axis
AD800-1150
German
Shakespeare’s English
Australian English
less like German; more like French
American English
AD450-1150
In the 1600’s
in 18th century
In the 19th century
Two big changes in English spelling
time
place
Language can change with time.
Language can change when cultures communicate with each other.
Conclusion:
Why did different kinds of
English come about
Time The state of English reason
AD450-AD800 Based on German than the
English we speak at
present.
AD800-1150 Less like German;
English language was
enriched especially its
vocabulary. Danmark and
Frence ruled England.
1620-18th century English was spoken in
America and Australia. Some British settlers
move to America and
Australia.
By the 19th century The language was settled;
two big changes in
English spelling / British
English spelling and
American English spelling Samuel Johnson and
Noah Webster wrote
their dictionaries.
All languages change when cultures communicate with one another.
Reference: the road to modern English
During the 5th century AD: English was based more on German.
Between about AD800 and 1150: English was influenced by Danish and French invaders.
By the 1600s: Shakespeare used a wider vocabulary than ever before.
1620: Some British settlers moved to America.
From 18th century: British colonized Australia.
1765---1947: English spoken in India.
By 19th century: Dictionaries standardized the spelling of English.
A timeline of the development of English
The Road to Modern English
At first, only people in ______ spoke English. Later, peo-
ple from England _____ to other parts, so English began to be spoken ___________________. Today, more and more people speak English as their ___________________ language. Native English speakers ______________
each other but not everything. All languages change when ________________________________, so there are _________ English, ________ English, _________English and so on. They all have their own ________. English is also spoken as a second or foreign language in many other countries. Maybe Chinese English will become one of the _____________ in the future.
Retelling
England
moved
first, second or foreign
can understand
cultures communicate with one another
British
identity
world Englishes
in many other countries
American
Australian
Retell the text of “the road
to modern English” according to the words given.
At first,only people, in England, speak…
Later…move to…so English, begin to …speak, in many countries, today, more people…as…first, second or foreign language. Native English…
can …but not everything. All …change
when cultures…So there are American English…and so on. They all have their own identity. English…also,
speak…a foreign or second …in many
other …Maybe Chinese English …
At first, only people in England spoke English.Later, people from English moved to other parts, so English began to be spoken in many countries.Today,more people speak English as their first,second or foreign language. Native speakers can understand each other but not everything.
All languages change when cultures
communicate with each other. So there are British English,American
English,Australian English and so on.They all have their own identity.
English is also spoken as a foreign or second language in many other countries.Maybe one day Chinese English will become one of the world Englishes.
The road to modern English
AD 450-1150 The English was spoken in England. It was based more on _German _than the English we speak at present.
AD 800-1150 Because the people who _ruled _ England spoke first Danish and later French, English became _less_ like German.
In the 1600s __Shakespeare__ made use of a wider vocabulary than ever before.
In 1620 Some British settlers moved to __America_.
In the 18th century Some British people were taken to __Australia_.
1765-1947 English was spoken in India as well as in Africa and Asia. It became the language for _government_ and education in India.
By the 19th century The English language was settled. Two big changes:
Samuel Johnson wrote his _dictionary_.
Noah Webster wrote _The American Dictionary of the English Language_ and gave a separate identity to _Americian_ English spelling.
Now English is spoken in _India_, _Singapore_, _Malaysia_, _South Africa_ _China_ and so on.
Summary
Discussion :
Pease discuss the following questions and
tell us your answers.
Do you think it matters what kind of English you learn Why
Why do you think people all over the world want to learn English
Will Chinese English become one of the world Englishes
One possible answer:
In my opinion, we can learn any kind of English because people can
understand each other even if they don’t speak the same kind of
English.
2.With the development of economy, it
is necessary for people from different
countries to communicate with each
other. So we need a language to be work
language , while it is the most widely
used language . So people all over the world want to learn English.
One possible answer:
Do you think Chinese will become the most popular language in the world instead of English in the world
3. Maybe it will . Because a large
number of Chinese especially young
people are learning English. English is communicating with Chinese culture. There will be Chinese English .
One possible answer:
Page11. Ex.1-4
2.准备单词听写: unit2
subway到usage
3.导航
Inferred answer from the text:
England was strong and made voyages to conquer other parts of world.
Britain ruled some countries and taught them English.
What other factors affected the use of language
international role
economic development
development of democracy 民主
the image形象 in the world
cultural development
Why do many people speak English
Some proper items about English teaching and learning
Native speaker: A person who speaks English since birth but who may not speak a standard form of it. L1 speaker: A native speaker of English who uses it as his or her mother tongue or an immigrant to an English-speaking country who always prefer to use it ESL: English as a Second Language L2 speaker: A second language speaker of English EFL: English as a Foreign Language
