2012年中考复习系列：阅读理解应试指导

阅读理解应试指导
　　　　　　　　　　　
一、中考要求：
　　阅读理解中考要求是：
　　1. 考查学生理解短文的主旨和主题要义能力；
　　2. 理解短文具体信息（包括图文转换的信息）的能力；
　　3. 根据短文上下情景猜测单词的能力；
　　4. 根据短文的内容判断和推理能力；
　　5. 理解作者的意图和态度的能力。
　　纵观全国各地中考试卷，中考阅读理解考试题的比例在整个试卷占了比较大的比例，阅读理解的成绩直接决定学生能否在中考中取得优秀成绩。中考阅读短文的题材除了选一些通俗易懂的文学作品和故事体裁的小短文，还经常选用一些富有时代鲜明特征、实用性比较强的语言材料。例如：报刊杂志的文章、使用说明书、招贴告示、广告和各种各类图表。选择这些材料不仅能够提高测试的真实性，还能展示目标语言在现实生活中的真实运用来激发学生学习英语的兴趣。
二、知识要点
A. 阅读理解的题型：
　　近几年中考试卷的阅读理解测试题主要有选择型测试题、判断正误型测试题和任务型测试题三种形式。根据阅读理解的题干部分可以分为以下几种测试题型：
1. 理解主旨大意题：
　　考查学生对于文章的中心思想或全文梗概的领会、理解和概括能力。我们可以通过“略读－skimming”来获取文章或者段落的主题和主旨大意。在略读时要注意寻找主题句（topic sentence）以帮助理解文章的主题和了解文章的大意。有一些同学可能认为没有仔细阅读文章的细节而感觉不太放心，其实没有必要担心，因为我们了解的文章的大意以后，然后对文章做仔细阅读，比较难的短文理解起来就容易多了。
　　略读时应该注意：主题句一般是短文第一个句子或者最后一个句子，偶尔位于段落的中间；每一段的主题句一般也是在每段的第一、二个句子或者最后一个句子。其次作者提供其写作意图，如：提供信息、描述人物、事物或者事件、讨论问题、说服某人、提出建议或者对两种观点或者事件进行比较。而其他的句子是对主题句的进一步发展及说明性的例子，有时是为主题句提供时间、地点或者原因等背景。
　　主旨大意题常见的设问方式
　　1) What’s the main idea of this passage
　　2) What does the passage mainly tell us
　　3) The writer means to tell us that ______.
　　4) The main idea / point of the passage is that ______.
　　5) The passage is mainly about ______.
　　6) From the passage, we can learn/ conclude ______.
　　7) What can we know from the whole passage
　　8) The last paragraph is chiefly concerned with ______.
　　9) What’s the best title for the passage
　　10) The best title for this story can be _______.
　　实例说明：
　　October 16 is World Food Day. This day is also the anniversary (纪念日) of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (联合国粮农组织). More than 100 countries are holding special events. All of these aims to celebrate the establishment of the FAO in 1945. The theme chosen for this year’s World Food Day is “Water: Source(资源) of Food Security”.
　　A UN report says that over 6 million people have died from hunger and related diseases so far this year alone. More than 850 million people, or about one in seven, around the world do not get enough food, and the need for food will increase as the world’s population grows. The UN also reports that by year 2030, the world may need 60% more food. Most of that increase will have to come from agriculture supported by water irrigation (灌溉). However, fresh water is already in short supply in many countries.
　　Jacques Diouf, the director of the FAO, says that there are 20 countries that do not have enough water to produce enough food for their populations. Ten nations use more than 40% of their total fresh water for agriculture. He fears that the problem will only become worse as the need for water by people and by industry grows. So water is one of the most important things in the world today.
　　( ) 65. The passage is mainly about _________.
　　A. how to celebrate World Food Day　　　　B. the increase of food in many countries
　　C. the importance of water for food　　　 D. the UN Food and Agriculture Organization
　　〔解析〕
　　答案是C。本题是考查短文主题理解能力。从短文的第一段的最后一个句子可以判断短文的主题句是：Water: Source(资源) of Food Security，而第一段开头是引出主题句，其它两段是说明主题句。所以本题“本短文主要是讨论水对于食物的重要性”。
2. 具体信息理解题
　　考查对事实或者细节的理解和辨别，即考查短文中直接或间接提到的具体信息的细节及线索。对于这种阅读理解题，需要仔细比较所给的四个选项，找出语言表达差别的关键词来重点思考。做这种考试题我们一般用“扫读Scanning”来从短文中寻找答案。
　　扫读是有目的地在短文中为寻找某一个具体的信息或者细节而进行的搜索性阅读。特别是寻找人名、地名、时间或者某一个关键词。找到这个关键词时我们要进行局部地细心地阅读，以保证我们所寻找的答案在此处。为了保证扫读的有效性，我们在扫读之前必须认真审题，因为审题的过程就是我们明确阅读目的的过程。一般来说，这种阅读理解测试题的答案是比较好寻找的。也是同学们阅读理解测试中得分比较高的题目。只要同学们仔细阅读，认真比较，把握各准确的事实信息，从短文发现与其密切相关的信息，按照题干对号入座是很容易寻找准确的答案的。
　　实例说明：
　　Nick is twenty-three and works in a middle school. Two and a half years ago he was ill in hospital and there he knew a beautiful nurse named Rita. The girl took good care of him and he made friends with her. They loved each other. About six months later they married.
　　Nick likes reading. When he comes home, he always reads some newspaper or books. Rita begins to cook in the kitchen. And when the meat is roasted (烤), she always tells her husband to cut it in two. Then they begin to have supper together. After supper they go out for a walk, or they go to the cinema. And they enjoy themselves.
　　One day Nick planted trees with his students. They climbed up a mountain and worked hard. When he got home, he felt hungry. His wife roasted a piece of chicken that evening and told him to cut it. This time he chose a bigger piece of chicken for himself and gave her the smaller one.
　　“I remember, dear,” Rita said with a smile. “When we married, you always gave me the bigger part. Why do you give me the smaller one now ”
　　Nick felt shy and didn’t know what to say. He thought for a while and said, “You cook better now than before.”
　　1. What does Nick do He is ___________________.
　　A. a teacher 　　　B. a nurse　　　 C. a doctor　　　 D. a player
　　2. What did Nick choose for himself this He chose________________________.
　　A. the bigger part of the roast beef　　　B. the smaller part of the roast chicken
　　C. the bigger part of the roast chicken 　D. the smaller part of the roast beef
　　〔解析〕
　　1. A。本题是考查学生对短文的细节理解能力。通过比较四个选项可以理解是涉及到Nick的职业。带着这个信息从短文寻找，从短文的第一个句子 “Nick is twenty-three and works in a middle school.”可以找到他的职业是教师，所以选择A。
　　2. C。本题是考查学生对细节理解能力和具体信息判断能力。比较所给的选项我们选择的关键信息是bigger还是smaller，是beef还是chicken。从短文的第三段最后一个句子This time he chose a bigger piece of chicken for himself and gave her the smaller one.可以寻找到答案。
3. 根据上下文猜测单词题：
　　这种阅读理解测试题是对短文中某一个句子中的某一个超纲的单词或者短语画线，让考生猜测其汉语意思或者英语解释意义。短文中出现的超纲词或者短语要求学生在读懂短文的内容，理解短文的大概意思的基础上并且根据短文上下文的意思和情景进行猜测和推断。一般来说这些词汇是比较难或者是同学们没有学过的。如果同学们的词汇量比较大，那么解决这种阅读理解测试题就有很大的优势。但是如果能够理解短文的内容和意思，通过上下句子和情景进行合理的猜测，其正确率还是比较高的。
　　猜测单词的一些方法：
　　1. 首先要保持冷静，迅速判断。如果是对上下文理解影响不大的词，就不要停留，继续读下去。如果
　 　　是影响理解的词，尤其是划线的词，就要运用猜测单词的技巧来猜测单词的意思。
　　2. 如果是but连接前后两个句子，那么其意思是表示转折，后面句子的画线单词表示的意思可能和前面
　 　　的句子的意思是相反的。
　　3. 如果是and连接前后两个句子，那么后面句子的画线单词的意思可能和前面句子的意思一致。
　　4. 画线的单词我们可能不认识，但这个句子的某一部分的单词或者短语是我们认识的。这时，我们可
　 　　以根据所认识的部分去猜测不认识的单词意思，就像在做填空题一样，看看这个空应该填入什么
　 　　（一般下面有选项可选）。
　　5. 注意下文，有时后面的句子或在下文中可能解释这个单词的意义。
　　6. 有时即使我们猜测不出来单词的具体意思也不要紧，我们只需要了解这个单词是表示积极的还是消
　 　　极的意思。通过辨认这个单词的位置和目的来确定它是动词、形容词还是副词，然后从选项中选
　 　　择。
　　实例说明：
　　Once there was a baby eagle living in a nest on a cliff (山崖).The baby eagle loved his nest. It was warm, soft and comfortable. And even better, he had all the food and love that his mother could give. Whenever the baby eagle was hungry, his mother would always come just in time with the delicious food he liked.
　　He was growing happily day after day. But suddenly his world changed. His mother stopped coming to the nest. He was full of sadness and fear. He thought he would die soon. He cried, but nobody heard him.
　　Two days later his mother appeared with some nice food, The baby eagle was wild with joy. But his mother put the food at the top of the mountain and then looked down at her baby. The baby eagle cried out. “Mum, why did you do this to me I’m hungry. Don’t you know I will die if I have nothing to eat ”
　　“Here is the last meal I give e and get it by yourself,” his mother said. Then she flew down and pushed the baby eagle out of the nest.
　　The baby eagle fell down, faster and faster. He looked up at his mum, “Why do you abandon me ” He looked down at the earth. The ground was much closer. Then something strange happened. The air caught behind his arms and he began to fly! He wasn’t moving to the ground any more. Instead, his eyes were pointed up at the sun.
　　“You are flying! You can make it!” His mother smiled.
　　1. What does the word “abandon” in the fifth paragraph mean
　　A.抛弃 　　　B.保护　　　 C.歧视 　　　D.拯救
　　〔解析〕
　　答案是A。本题是考查单词猜测能力。从短文的上下文的意思，特别是上一段短文的内容和本题句子的意思猜测这个单词的意思是“抛弃”。
4. 简单的判断推理题：
　　考查学生根据短文的内容进行简单的判断或推理的能力。中考阅读理解不仅要读懂一个个的句子，而且要理解这些句子之间的内在联系。如果上下文之间存在未充分表达的内容，学生就应该充分激活头脑中的知识和经验，根据字面意思和句子的意思，通过语篇逻辑关系来研究细节的暗示、推敲作者的态度、理解文章的寓意。这就是我们平时所说的深层理解。深层理解是一种创造性的思维活动。它必须忠于原文，要以文章提供的事实和线索为依据，立足已知的知识来推断未知的知识，不能凭空想象、随意推测；它要求考生对文章的表面信息进行分析、挖掘和逻辑推理，不能就事论事，以偏概全。只有吃透文章的字面意思，才能有推理的前提和基础。
　　判断推理题常见的设问方式：
　　1) It can be inferred/concluded that ＿＿＿.
　　2) Which of the following conclusions can we draw according to the passage
　　3) In which of the following publication would this passage most likely be printed
　　4) The passage implies, but doesn’t directly state that ＿＿＿.
　　5) The writer suggests that ＿＿＿.
　　6) What’s the author’s attitude toward … ?
　　7) The writer probably feels that ＿＿＿.?
　　8) The author uses the examples of ... to show that ＿＿＿.?
　　9) From the passage, we can see ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿.
　　10) According to the passage, we can infer __________________.
　　实例说明：
　　Take a class at Dulangkou School, and you’ll see lots of things different from other schools. You can see the desks are not in rows and students sit in groups. They put their desks together so they’re facing each other. How can they see the blackboard There are three blackboards on the three walls of the classroom!
　　The school calls the new way of learning “Tuantuanzuo”, meaning sitting in groups. Wei Liying, a Junior 3 teacher, said it was to give students more chance to communicate.
　　Each group has five or six students, according to Wei, and they play different roles (角色). There is a team leader who takes care of the whole group. There is a “study leader” who makes sure that everyone finishes their homework. And there is a discipline (纪律) leader who makes sure that nobody chats in class.
　　Wang Lin is a team leader. The 15-year-old said that having to deal with so many things was tiring.
　　“I just looked after my own business before,” said Wang. “But now I have to think about my five group members.”
　　But Wang has got used to it and can see the benefits (好处) now.
　　“I used to speak too little. But being a team leader means you have to talk a lot. You could even call me an excellent speaker today.”
　　Zhang Qi, 16, was weak in English. She used to get about 70 in English tests. But in a recent test, Zhang got a grade of more than 80.
　　“I rarely（很少）asked others when I had problems with my English. But now I can ask the team leader or study leader. They are really helpful.”
　　53. We can tell from the story that some students __________ this new way of learning.
　　A. get benefits from 　　　B. are tired of　　　 C. cannot get used to　　　 D. hate
　　【解析】：A。写作意图推断题。从短文的作者写作意图可以判断作者是告诉人们杜朗口中学的学生从这种新的教学方法中得到益处。所以选择A。
B. 阅读理解的解题技巧：
I. 事实细节题的理解方法和技巧：
　　1.详读细节，理顺思路与文章脉络。文章绝不是互不相干的句子杂乱无章的堆砌。作者为文，有脉可循。如记叙文多以人物为中心，以时间或空间为线索，按事件的发生、发展、结局展开故事；论述题则包含论点、论据、结论三大要素，通过解释、举例来阐述观点。你可根据文章的特点，详读细节，以动词、时间、地点、事件、因果等为线索，找出关键词语，运用“画图列表法”，勾画出一幅完整清晰的文章主题和细节的认知图。
　　2.抓住文章的脉络和每一段中心，后面都是围绕这个中心展开分析，如为什么会出现这种现象。把握了文章的脉络后，相对来说定位就比较方便，解答细节题和主旨题就很方便了。
　　3.学会瞻前顾后和左顾右盼方法来理解细节题目，也就是从短文的上下联系来找到解决问题的关键细节。
　　4.注意引出细节的信息词，如：for example, an example of, the most important example, first, second, next, then, last, finally, to begin with, also, besides等。
II. 推理判断题的方法和技巧：
　　阅读理解题中难度最大且出现频率很高的是推理判断题，近几年的中考每年都保持在2、3题左右。这种题要求考生根据文章中出现的暗示，抓住内含语义，用逻辑思维的方法加以整理，然后做出合理的判断。推理的方法大致可分为：简单推理和复杂推理。
　　1、简单推理　
　　所谓简单推理就是以表面文字为前提，以具体事实为依据进行推理，做出判断。这种推理方式比较直接，只要弄清事实，即可结合常识推断出合理的结论。　
　　2、复杂推理　　
　　复杂推理不但要以文字为依据，而且还要以文章的语境、内涵为前提。这是一种间接而复杂的逻辑推理方式。考生要推断出文章没有表明但又合乎逻辑的推理，就必须由表及里地归纳或演绎。下面是几种复杂的推理方法：
　　（1）推测作者的写作目的和意图，此类的设题形式有：
　　　　 The purpose in writing this text is to .
　　　　 The author writes this passage to .
　　　　 The author in this passage intends to .
　　推测作者的写作目的,必须要先了解文章的主题,然后分析作者的论述方法、论述的重点和材料的安排。
　　（2）推测文章的观点或结论，此类设题形式有:
　　　　 It can be inferred from the passage that .
　　　　 What conclusion can be drawn from the passage
　　　　 From the passage we can conclude that .
　　这类问题问的不一定是全文的中心思想或作者的全部观点，可能只是文章中的某一观点。但要推测出文中的某一观点，仍离不开对全文主要观点或中心思想的把握。
　　（3）推断文章的出处，设题形式有:
　　　　 The passage is most likely to be taken from .
　　　　 Where would this passage most probably appear
　　　　 The passage is most likely a part of .
　　这类问题应从文章的内容或结构来判断其出处：
　　①报纸：前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称；
　　②广告：因其格式和语言特殊，容易辨认；
　　③产品说明：器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式，而药品的服用说明会告知服用时间、次
　　　数、药量等。
　　（4）推断短文中人物性格，设题形式有:
　　　　 What do we know about somebody in the text
　　　　 What kind of man somebody is
　　　　 Somebody can be said to be .
　　做这类题时一定要注意：
　　①准确把握字里行间的意思，切忌用自己的观点代替作者的观点；
　　②特别注意表达情感、态度和观点的词语。
　　（5）借助文章结构进行推测
　　有些推断题要从文章结构的角度进行分析，才能推断出正确答案。因此，阅读时不仅要注重词、句的理解，而且还要分析语篇的组织结构。
III. 单词猜测词义的方法和技巧：
　　1. 根据上下文猜测词意，例如：
　　After giving a talk at a high school, I was asked to pay a visit to a special student. An illness had kept the boy home…
　　During the nine-mile drive to his home, I found out something about Matthew. He had muscular dystrophy(肌营养不良). When he was born, the doctor told his parents that he would not live to five, and then they were told he would not make it to ten. Now he was thirteen.
　　…
　　Last summer I received a letter from Matthew’s parents telling me that Matthew had passed away…
　　Dear Rick,
　　My mom said I should send you a thank-you letter for the picture you sent me. I also want to let you know that the doctors tell me that I don't have long to live any more. …
　　上面短文中passed away的含义，可以根据上文的“When he was born, the doctor told his parents that he would not live to five, and then they were told he would not make it to ten.”和下文Matthew的信中猜测出来，意为“去世”。
　　2. 根据构词法猜测词意。
　　在阅读文章时，我们总会遇上一些新词汇，有时很难根据上下文来推断其词意，而它们对文章的理解又有着举足轻重的作用，此时，如掌握了一些常用的词根、前缀、后缀等语法知识，这些问题便不难解决了。例如：
　　前缀un-表反义词，如happy、unhappy，fair、unfair，important、unimportant等。
　　后缀- ment表名词，如develop、development，state、statement，argue、argument等。
　　后缀-er、-or或-ist表同源名词，如calculate/ calculator; visit/ visitor; law/ lawyer; wait/waiter; science/ scientist; art/ artist等。
　　3. 通过因果关系猜词。
　　首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系，然后猜词。有时文章借助关联词(如because，as，since，for，so，thus，as a result，of course，therefore等等)表示前因后果。例如：
　　You shouldn’t have blamed him for that，for it wasn’t his fault.
　　通过for引出的句子所表示的原因(那不是他的错)，可猜出blame的词义是“责备”。
　　4. 通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词。
　　通过同义词猜词，一是要看由and或or连接的同义词词组，如happy and gay，即使我们不认识gay这个词，也可以知道它是愉快的意思；二是看在进一步解释的过程中使用的同义词，如Man has known something about the planets Venus，Mars，and Jupiter with the help of spaceships.此句中的Venus (金星)、Mars (火星)、Jupiter (木星)均为生词，但只要知道planets就可猜出这几个词都属于“行星”这一义域。通过反义词猜词，一是看表示转折关系的连词或副词，如but，while，however等；二是看与not搭配的或表示否定意义的词语，如：
　　He is so homely，not at all as handsome as his brother.
　　根据not at all...handsome我们不难推测出homely的意思，即不英俊、不漂亮的意思。
　　5. 通过定义或释义关系来推测词义。例如：
　　But sometimes，no rain falls for a long，long time. Then there is a dry period，or drought.
　　从drought所在句子的上文我们得知很久不下雨，于是便有一段干旱的时期，即drought，由此可见drought意思为“久旱”，“旱灾”。而a dry period和drought是同义语。这种同义或释义关系常由is，or，that is，in other words，be called或破折号等来表示。
　　6. 通过句法功能来推测词义。例如：
　　Bananas，oranges，pineapples，coconuts and some other kind of fruit grow in warm areas.假如pineapples和coconuts是生词，我们可以从这两个词在句中所处的位置来判断它们大致的意思。从句中不难看出pineapples，coconuts和bananas，oranges是同类关系，同属fruit类，因此它们是两样水果，准确地说，是菠萝和椰子。
　　
　　8. 通过描述猜词。
　　描述即作者为帮助读者更深更感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物做出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写。例如：
　　The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Although it cannot fly，it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish.
　　从例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一种生活在南极的鸟类。后面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性。
C. 判断正误型阅读和任务型阅读
　　以上涉及到的都是在中考题中出现最多的选择型阅读测试题的做题技巧。除此之外，还有正误型阅读和任务型阅读两种考查形式。
　　正误型阅读出现的逐渐减少，难度降低，一般试题在短文中可以直接找到答案，也可以用上述的方法来做题，这里不多讲述。
　　任务型阅读：
　　任务型阅读是近年来推出的新题型，命题灵活，题型多样，可能是问答题，也可能是翻译句子，填写表格信息等，能够很好地考查学生的英语综合能力。但是只要我们注意养成良好的阅读心理，提高阅读速度，就能做好这种题。解题时注意：
　　1. 浏览试题，明确要求。带着问题去读短文，有的放矢。
　　2. 浏览全文，捕捉有用信息。阅读时，注意有关的人物、事件、时间、地点、起因及一些定义、数据
　 　　和一些关键词语，可以做出标记，有目的地把文后题目和短文中相关信息加以比较，从而找到正确
　 　　答案。
　　3. 复读全文，抓住细节。答题时有问题，要重新在短文中寻找答案， 注意短文的首尾句或每一段的首
　 　　尾句，那往往是事件的结果或作者的态度、意图等。
　　4. 再读全文，核对答案。要用全文的主题大意重新审核各题答案，看前后是否一致，是否符合短文的
　 　　主旨大意，细节方面是否和短文一致，是否有拼写和语法错误等。
三、易错点点拨
　　I. 信息错位，表里不一
　　1.阅读文章时信息错位。
　　2. 把题目考查的内容与文章的信息对应时出错，也就是关键句的确认失误。
　　II. 无据推理，张冠李戴
　　1.做题时，所做的推理在文章中找不到相应的依据。
　　2.在文章中找相应的依据时出现张冠李戴的情况。
　　3.凭借自己的经验作出错误的判断。
　　III. 仅凭印象，胡乱猜词
　　1. 对于生词，抛弃上下文，仅仅根据自己的印象来猜测词义。
　　2. 没能掌握关键性词语的意思，在判断生词意思的时候出错。