外研版九年级下Module 9 English for you and me Unit 2 We all own English.

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名称 外研版九年级下Module 9 English for you and me Unit 2 We all own English.
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更新时间 2012-03-16 20:44:20

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(一)丝绸——silk
中国是养蚕大国,丝绸的故乡。瓷器和丝绸始终是古代中国对外贸易的绝密技术和看家商品,直到鸦片战争前,英国进口到广州的钢琴,还干不过珠光宝气的丝绸。 “silk”的发音,显然是汉语的音译,这个词代表了中国高超的工艺技术和贸易强势。即便现在,丝绸仍在现代生活中充当雍容华丽、典雅高贵的象征。
(二)茶——tea
这个词,又是英国人从拗口的闽南话里偷走的。茶,和丝绸、瓷器比肩,堪称古代中国对外贸易的拳头产品。目前,品茶代表了一种生活方式和文化品位,中国人对人生的思考,几乎都能在袅袅茶烟里找到。据萧乾的《茶在英国》介绍:“茶叶似乎是17世纪初由葡萄牙人最早引到欧洲的……英国的茶叶起初是东印度公司从厦门引进的,17世纪40年代,英人在印度殖民地开始试种茶叶,那时,可能就养成了在茶中加糖的习惯。”据说,即使在“二战”那样物资困乏的时期,法国人定量配给咖啡,英国人则要的是茶,还有一点点糖。茶成了欧洲人的“主心骨”,他们只能跟着茶香如醉如痴地行走,这不是本土的历史与遗传;而是异域文化的征服和同化。18世纪的柴斯特顿勋爵干脆在《训子家书》里写道:“尽管茶来自东方,它毕竟是绅士气味的;而可可则是个痞子、懦夫,一头粗野的猛兽。”
(三)世外桃源——Shangrila (Xanadu)
这是两个近意词。都有“世外桃源”的意思。“Shangrila”出自西藏的传说之地——香格里拉,“Xanadu”则是蒙古的元上都。如果要表达 “世外桃源”,通常采用“Xanadu”这个词。看来,以出世自居的美国作家梭罗,白白地在瓦尔登湖旁边,做了那么久的“隐士”。讲究“寄情山水、超然物外”的哲学,中国人是当之无愧的开山鼻祖。
(四)风水——Feng Shui
风水,还是音译。它凝聚了古代中国在活人住宅和死人墓地方面的集体智慧。尽管有人打着所谓“科学”的旗号,指斥风水是封建迷信;但是,迷信所谓“科学 ”,故步自封,则是另外一种迷信。风水的整体原则是“趋利避害”,这也是安全生存最起码的信条。近年来,风水在美国红极一时,从中国人唇齿之间发出的音节,已经成为当代人急需探究的学问。
(五)茶点——dim sum
一听发音,就知道,这个略带小资情调的词儿,来自闽粤。英国人有喝下午茶的习惯,几杯印度红茶,常就一碟甜点。英语原本有表示蛋糕、点心的词,偏偏不用,硬要拽一个来自汉语的生僻字。恐怕多少也有与时尚接轨、和东方同步的优越感吧。中国是茶的故乡,茶点也摇身一变,成为登堂入室的英语外来词。
(六)走狗——running dogs
中国式英语贴切地表达了一种见利忘义、供人驱使的“下三烂”。无从考证,最先运用这个词的是中国人,还是英国人;重要的是,英语世界接纳了“走狗”,并以汉语的思维抚育这个“外来词”。接纳词汇的同时,无形中也接受了中国人的价值观。
(七)纸老虎——paper tiger
这是最令人难忘和扬眉吐气的一个新词。缔造者应该是伟大的民族英雄——毛泽东!他老人家是博学的诗人、雄才大略的政治家、运筹帷幄的军事天才。美国人硬不硬?苏联人牛不牛?原子弹厉害不厉害?……在他眼里,都是色厉内荏的“纸老虎”。只要跟中国人作对,老子就得碰碰硬,看天下“谁主沉浮”。上世纪50 年代的“美帝国主义”、六七十年代的“苏修”,都变成了毛泽东嘲笑的“纸老虎”。这种蔑视强敌、自强不息的精神,当然是中国人对世界文明的贡献。谈笑风声缔造了一个词,足令中国的敌手躲在角落里发抖了。
(八)大款、巨亨——tycoon
这种称呼是近些年才流行街巷的,指有钱有势的商人或者企业家,中国传统的叫法是“大掌柜”。被英语拿走,又是闽粤之地的音译。可见,鸦片战争前,中国商人名声在外,马可·波罗在书里描写的东方,物阜民丰,黄金铺地。来中国走一遭,就像现在某些“假洋鬼子”上趟拉斯维加斯一样。
(九)赌场——Casino
这个词,似乎是地道的西方舶来品,发音“Casino”竟是福建话的音译,可是,为什么英语要拿它表示“赌场”的意思呢?据传,很久以前,移民到美国的福建民工,拿到一点微薄的工资,便在无聊之际,聚众赌博,试试运气。每次开局,都会嚷嚷:“开始了! 开始了!”想不到,阴差阳错地搭给英语一个现代词汇。
(十)小费,赏钱——Cumshaw
这个词是闽南话“感谢”的音译。为了给人一点酬劳,在钞票上意思意思。英语世界也像喜欢“money”一样,渴望“Cumshaw”这个油水丰厚的单词。尽管中国人没有给小费的习惯,但是,对于钱,却并非一毛不拔,甚至比西方人出手还大方。偷走“Cumshaw”这个“鸡蛋字”的欧洲人,一定见过,中国人曾如何挥金似土。其实,东西方对待金钱并没有本质的不同。
(十一)功夫---Kung fu
这个不用解释,是李小龙老师的功劳。
(十二)苦力——Cooly / Coolie
英文中本来没有“苦力”这个意思的词,后来照着中文中“苦力”的发音发明的词cooly,就是中文“苦力”的意思。
(十三)磕头——Kowtow / Kotow:
在1816年,英国访问中国的大使宁死也不愿意向当时的中国皇帝磕头,英国人也不知道怎么解释这个词,所以就直接借用拿中文磕头的发音创造了一个词。
另外还有:
Shaolin:少林
mahjong:麻将Mahjong或Mah-jong (1920年来自“麻将”)
chipao/qipao:旗袍
oolong:乌龙(茶)
ginseng:人参
kanbai: 干杯
brainwash:洗脑
ketchup:番茄酱来自广东话,说是英国人初到香港时,见到当地居民把西红柿捣烂作成番茄酱,问这叫什么,答曰“茄酱”,用拼音写出来大概是类似kieziong的音,英国人就把它拼作ketchup。所以,虽然番茄是从西方传来的,但是把它作成酱还是中国人的发明。
tofu (bean curd):豆腐
chi (energy of life):气
I Ching:易经
ba gua (octagonal Chinese design):八卦
yin and yang:阴阳
pot sticker :锅贴
egg roll:油炸春卷
wonton:混沌
Kung Pao chicken:宫保鸡丁
Szechun xxxx:川菜xxxx
Sun Tzu/The Art of War :孙子/孙子兵法
Confucius:孔子/孔老夫子
Acupuncture:针灸
wok:锅
Zen:禅
Tao:道Tao (1736年来自“道”)
Taoism:道教
Baozi:包子
mantou:馒头
typhoon:台风
Long time no see:好久不见
Yin yang (1671年来自“阴阳”)
Kowtow (1804年来自“叩头”) Kowtow from Chinese 叩头, lit. knock head
Lychee或litche (1588年来自“荔枝”)
Gung ho或gung-ho(热心) (1939年来自“工合”或“共好”)
Feng shui (1797年来自“风水”)
Tai chi (1736年来自“太极”)
Yamen (1747年来自“衙门”)
Kaolin (1727年来自“高岭”--高岭土)
Kylin (1857年来自“麒麟”)
Longan (1732年来自“龙眼”)
Pe-tsai (1795年来自“白菜”) Bok choy (1938年来自“白菜”,比Pe-tsai常用)
Petuntse (1727年来自“白墩子”)
Sampan (1620年来自“舢板”)
Suan-pan (1736年来自“算盘”)
Taipan(大商行的总经理) (1834年来自“大班”)
Toumingdu(透明度) (来自1980年代中英谈判期间用语“透明度”)
Typhoon (来自“台风”)
Tuchun (1917年来自“督军”)
Tung(油桐属) (1788年来自“桐”)
Ho-ho bird (1901年来自“凤凰”)
Wampee(一种果) (1830年来自“黄皮”)
Whangee(一种竹) (1790年来自“黄藜”)
Mandarin(官话) (来自“满大人(中国清朝的官吏)”) 现在指汉语
Qi Bo (来自“情报”)
来自粤语
Typhoon (1771年来自“台风”)
Dim sum (1948年来自“点心”) Dim sum and Dim sim from Cantonese 点心 (dimsam), lit. touch of heart
Yum cha (大概15年前来自“饮茶”[2004])
Wok (1952年来自“镬(炒锅)”)
Bok choy (1938年来自“白菜”,比Pe-tsai常用)
Chop-suey (1888年来自“杂碎”)
Won ton (1948年来自“云吞”) 象馄饨,广东人也叫扁食
Chow mein (1903年来自“炒面”)
Paktong(一种钱币) (1775年来自“白铜”)
Sycee(一种钱币) (1711年来自“丝”)
Souchong(一种茶) (1760年来自“小种”)
来自闽南话
Cumshaw(赏钱) (1839年来自“感谢”)、
豆浆 Soybean milk
板条 Flat noodles
烧饼 Clay oven rolls
榨菜肉丝面 Pork , pickled mustard green noodles
油条 Fried bread stick
米粉 Rice noodles
水饺 (Boiled)dumplings
紫菜汤 Seaweed soup
馒 头 steamed buns, steamed bread
牡蛎汤 Oyster soup
饭团 Rice and vegetable roll
蛋花汤 Egg & vegetable soup
皮蛋 100-year egg
鱼丸汤 Fish ball soup
咸鸭蛋 Salted duck egg
臭豆腐 Stinky tofu (Smelly tofu)
稀饭 Rice porridge
油豆腐 Oily bean curd
白饭 Plain white rice
虾球 Shrimp balls
糯米饭 Glutinous rice
春卷 Spring rolls
蛋炒饭 Fried rice with egg
蛋卷 Chicken rolls
刀削面 Sliced noodles
肉丸 Rice-meat dumplings
麻辣面 Spicy hot noodles
火锅 Hot pot
乌龙面 Seafood noodles
卤味 braised food
普洱茶,Pu-er 或 Pu-erh。
普洱茶产于云南西双版纳等地,因自古以来即在普洱集散,因而得名。普洱县城又作普洱哈尼族自治县,隶属思茅地区,位于云南省南部,距昆明373公里,原称宁洱县。“普洱”为哈尼语,“普”为寨,“洱”为水湾,意为“水湾寨”,带有亲切的“家园”的含义。
bonsai 盆栽
但是这个是日语的发音,可是日文的写法就是盆栽。
也算是一个由汉语衍变而来的一个词吧。
“chengguan”成英文新“外来语”
外媒各自解释“chengguan”定义   
    在报道新闻的同时,国外媒体对于“chengguan”这一外来语,也给出了不同的解释。印度媒体解释称,“‘chengguan’主要的任务就是驱赶街头无照商贩,以及检查各类许可证。”  
    而英国《卫报》对此的定义则似乎更“专业”些,该报在23日的报道称,所谓“chengguan”是指“一些处理轻微犯罪和无序状态的雇员”。  
    《每日电讯报》则解释称,所谓“chengguan”,“是指一种警察力量,他们主要负责处理那些他们认为破坏稳定的人,包括驱赶中国城市的非法摊贩、清除黑车、以及查验许可证。”
shanghai 绑架、诱骗,呵呵不知道和上海有什么关系
renminbi 呵呵不用说了吧
mandarin 普通话。这个比较有意思,是从“满大人”音译而来的
kumquat 金橘,又是一个从广东话来的词
Taikonaut 宇航员
B
Bok choy
(Cantonese) 白菜 (baakchoi), a Chinese cabbage: literally 'white vegetable'
C
Char
colloquial English word for 'tea', originally from Chinese 茶 (Mandarin chá).
Cheongsam
from Cantonese 长衫 (cheungsaam), lit. long clothes.
Chop chop
from Cantonese gup 急, lit. hurry, urgent
Chopsticks
from Chinese Pidgin English chop chop.
Chop suey
from Cantonese 杂碎 (tzapseui), lit. mixed pieces
Chow
from Chinese Pidgin English chowchow which means food, perhaps based on Cantonese 炒, lit. stir fry (cooking)
Chow chow
any of a breed of heavy-coated blocky dogs of Chinese origin
Chow mein
from Taishanese 炒面 (chau meing), lit. stir fried noodle, when the first Chinese immigrants, from Taishan came to the United States.
Confucianism
from Confucius, Latinized form of 孔夫子 (kǒng fūzǐ) 'Master Kong'
Coolie
questionably Chinese 苦力, lit. suffering labor. Some dictionaries say the word came from Hindi kull.
Cumshaw
from Amoy 感谢, feeling gratitude
D
Dim sum and Dim sim
from Cantonese 点心 (dimsam), lit. touch of heart
F
Fan-tan
from Cantonese 番摊 (fāntān), lit. (take) turns scattering
Feng shui
from feng, wind and shui, water 风水
Foo dog
from Mandarin 佛 fó Buddha (from their use as guardians of Buddhist temples)
G
Ginkgo
mistransliteration of 银杏 in Japanese
Ginseng
from Mandarin 人参 (renshen), name of the plant. Some say the word came via Japanese (same kanji), although 人参 now means 'carrot' in Japanese; ginseng is 朝鲜人参 ('Korean carrot').
Go
From the Japanese name igo 囲碁 of the Chinese board game. Chinese 围棋, Mandarin: Weiqi.
Gung-ho
from Mandarin 工合, short for 工业合作社
Gyoza
Japanese ギョーザ, gairaigo from Chinese 饺子 (Mandarin: Jiaozi), stuffed dumpling. Gyoza refers to the style found in Japan.
H
Hoisin (sauce)
from Cantonese 海鲜 (hoísin), lit. seafood
K
Kanji
Japanese name for Chinese characters: 汉字, lit. Chinese characters. Chinese: Hanzi.
Kaolin
from 高岭, lit. high mountain peak
Keemun
kind of tea, 祁门 Mandarin qímén
Ketchup
possibly from Amoy 茄汁, lit. tomato sauce/juice
Koan
Japanese 公案 kōan, from Chinese 公案 (Mandarin gōng'àn), lit. public record
Kowtow
from Chinese 叩头, lit. knock head
Kumquat or cumquat
from Cantonese name of the fruit 柑橘 (Gamgwat)
Kung fu
a martial art; from Cantonese 功夫 (Gongfu), lit. efforts
L
Lo mein
from Cantonese 捞面 (lòu-mihn), lit. scooped noodle
Longan
from Cantonese 龙眼, name of the fruit
Loquat
from Cantonese 芦橘, old name of the fruit
Lychee
from Cantonese 荔枝 (laitzi), name of the fruit
M
Mao-tai or moutai
from Mandarin 茅台酒 (máotái jiǔ), liquor from Maotai
Mahjong
from Cantonese 麻将 (mah-jeung), lit. the mahjong game
Mu shu (pork)
from Mandarin 木须 (mùxū), lit. wood shredded
N
Nunchaku
Okinawan Japanese, from Min (Taiwan/Fujian) 双节棍, lit. double jointed sticks
O
Oolong
oolong 乌龙, lit. black dragon
Pekoe
from Amoy 白毫, lit. white downy hair
P
pinyin
from Mandarin 拼音, lit. put together sounds
Q
Qi
from Mandarin 气 (qì), spirit
R
Ramen
Japanese ラーメン, gairaigo, from Chinese 拉面 (Lamian) lit. pulled noodle. Ramen refers to a particular style flavored to Japanese taste and is somewhat different from Chinese lamian.
S
Sampan
from Cantonese 舢舨, the name of such vessel.
Shar Pei
from Cantonese 沙皮, lit. sand skin.
Shih Tzu
from Mandarin 狮子狗, lit. Chinese lion dog
Shogun
Japanese 将军, from Chinese 将军, lit. general (of) military. The full title in Japanese was Seii Taishōgun (征夷大将军), "generalissimo who overcomes the barbarians"
Sifu
from Cantonese 师傅, (Mandarin shīfu), master.
Silk
possibly from 'si' 丝, lit. silk
Souchong
from Cantonese 小种茶 (siúchúng ch'ā), lit. small kind tea
soy
From Japanese shoyu 醤油, Chinese 酱油, (Mandarin jiàngyóu).
T
Tai Chi
from Mandarin 太极
Tai-Pan
from Cantonese 大班 (daaibaan), lit. big rank (similar to big shot)
Tangram
from Chinese Tang (唐) + English gram
Tao and Taoism
(also Dao/Daoism) from Mandarin 道 dào
Tea
from Amoy 茶
Tofu
Japanese 豆腐, lit. bean rot. from Chinese 豆腐 (Mandarin dòufu).
Tong
from Cantonese 堂
Tycoon
via Japanese 大官, lit. high official; or 大君, lit. great nobleman
Typhoon
台风 not to be confused with the monster typhon. See also other possible Arabic origin.
W
Wok
from Cantonese 镬
Won ton
from Cantonese 云吞 , lit. 'cloud swallow' as a description of its shape, similar to Mandarin 馄饨
Wushu
from Mandarin 武术, lit. martial arts
Y
Yamen
from Mandarin 衙门, lit. government gate
yen (craving)
from Cantonese 瘾, lit. addiction (to opium)
Yen (Japanese currency)
Japanese 円 en, from Chinese 圆 (Mandarin yuán), lit. round, name of currency unit
Yin Yang
阴阳 from Mandarin 'Yin' meaning feminine, dark and 'Yang' meaning masculine and bright
Z
Zen
Japanese 禅, from Chinese 禅 (Mandarin Chán), originally from Sanskrit Dhyāna / Pali jhāna.
2007-06-02 07:29:16 川东 (和光同尘) 特色中餐英文名(共37张PPT)
Module 9 English for you and me
Unit 2 We all own English
Lanxi Junren School Zhong Jianfei
How much can you understand
1. Which language is spoken
by the largest number of
people in the world
2. Which language is most widely
used in the world
Chinese
English
largest number
1.How many people in the world speak
English as their first language
Reading
Read through Para.1 with the questions.
2. Where are they from
3. How many people are using English
in the world now
4. Is it possible for the people who can speak
English travel around the world Why
How many people in the world speak
English as their first language
Reading
Read through Para.1 with the questions.
English is spoken by about 400 million people
They are from Australia, Britain, Canada,
Ireland, New Zealand, South Africa and
the USA.
Where are they from
How many people are using English
in the world now
Is it possible for the people who can speak English travel around the world Why
English is used by about 1.5 billion
people or a quarter of the world’s
population.
Yes. Because wherever you go
in the world, there is a good chance
that someone will speak English.
Let’s review
English is________(说) by about 400 m________
people in Australia, Britain, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa and the USA.
In China and most other ___________(国家), it’s the most important language ________children
will learn at school, _________ it’s essential for
tourism , international __________(事务), entertainment , radio, television, newspapers and the Internet. So English is now _____(使用)
by about 1.5 b________ people.
spoken
illion
countries
that/which/不填
because
business
used
illion
essential
tourism
English hasn’t always been
a common language before.
English spelling didn’t give much help with pronunciation,
And its grammar used to be very difficult, especially the word order.
People who had education at that time usually spoke French.
How can English become
an international language
the UK
the USA
play the important role
Read through Para.3.
Find out how the USA and UK make English an international language.
industrial products
were sold
all over the world
In the 18th century, the UK is a country whose
_______________________________________.
industrial products were sold all over the world
In the 18th century
the UK
spread English all over the world through…
In the 20th century
newspapers
televisions
films
advertising
international travel
science
industry
Information technology
Internet
the USA
Little by little, English has become
the most important international
language.
How can English become so important in the world _______ and ___________play the most important role. In the 18th century, the UK is a country whose ___________________________
all over the world. The USA ________ English all over the world ________newspapers, televisions, f________ and advertising. It’s now the common language for international travel, science, i________ and information t___________ and the Internet.
Let’s review:
The UK
the USA
industrial products were sold
spread
through
ilms
ndustry
echnology
As cultures meet and people from different
countries communicate with each other more
conveniently and more often. Many new words
come into English and become part of it.
Chinese: Kowtow, Kungfu, mahjong, tofu…
Japanese: Judo, kimono, geisha, sushi…
Malay: bamboo, sarong…
Australia: kangaroo, koala
Hebrew(希伯来语): amen…
German: kindergarten…
French: Chef, chic, ballet, unique…
English has also borrowed many words
from other languages either exactly
the same word or very similar.
restaurant
(French)
zero
(Arabic)
piano
(Italian)
typhoon
(Chinese)
china
Read Para.4 to find out some more borrowed English words.
Since English has borrowed more
and more words from other countries, will the importance
of English last
Read Para.5&6 and state your ideas.
1.Who owns English
2.Will the importance of English last
3. Do you think that Chinese will one day replace English
Will Chinese one day replace English
as the international language
Let’s review:
Complete the sentence:
1.English is a language which/that____________
_________________________________________.
2.English is a language which/that____________ _________________________________________.
3. Wherever you go, there is a good chance which/that________________________________.
4. Until English became important in the 20th
century, people who____________ speak French.
about 400 million people as the first language
is spoken by
is used by
about 1.5 billion people or a quarter of world’s population
someone will speak English
had education
Will Chinese one day replace English as the international language
1.Write notes for the composition.
2. Try to use the topic sentence, the clauses and link words.
The future of Chinese
Writing
3. Check the composition.
1. Chinese is spoken by 800 million people at home in China.
2. Chinese is also spoken outside China such as
in Singapore, Malaysia and many Chinese communities(华人社区) all over the world.
3. School children in Canada, the USA and many more countries are learning Chinese .
4. The importance of China as a world leader is growing faster and faster.
5. Many people find Chinese an easy language to learn.
6. More and more schools in Europe are
also teaching Chinese as a foreign language
in place of other European language.
7. Tourism puts China into the top 10 countries. More and more people want to travel around China.

Linking words
因果:because, as, so, since, as a result , so…that…
转折:but, however, or, on the other hand, in spite of…
并列 : or, and, also, too, not only … but also, as well as, both… and, either …or, neither …nor
条件:so/as long as, if, unless …
Linking words
列举:first(ly), second(ly), last but not least…
递进:what’s more, besides, what’s worse…
目的:so that, in order to, for this reason, for this purpose…
总结:in a word, on the whole, in all, in general, in short, generally speaking, in summary, in conclusion…
The sample
It’s reported that if China continues to grow in importance , Chinese will become as common as English by the middle of the 21st century. Maybe it will replace English as the international language in the near future..
Chinese is spoken by 800 million people just at home in China. The number is twice the number of those people who speak English as their mother language.
The future of Chinese
It’s reported that
who
speak English as their mother language.
Maybe it will replace English as the international language in the near future
Meanwhile the people who are from foreign country like Singapore and Malaysia use Chinese widely. On the other hand, Chinese is known as the most traditional culture among the others. It is very rich including food, paintings, poems and handwriting.
As a result, a large number of foreigners
are interested in Chinese. Also, nowadays
many countries begin to start the Chinese
class as we have English lesson.
Meanwhile
who are from foreign
country like Singapore and Malaysia
On the other hand
As a result
Let’s take schoolchildren in the UK and the USA for example, Chinese has been seen as
the most important foreign language that
they should learn at school.
In conclusion, Chinese will be much more
popular with people all over the world due to the important role that China plays. I’m sure that the future of Chinese is bright and
hopeful.
take
for example
they should learn at school.
In conclusion
that China plays
that
Homework
Oral:
Read and recite the 1st and 5th paragraph.
Recite the new words
Written:
Write the composition
the future of Chinese
English changes every year with new words
and expressions.
Who owns English
Everyone (who speaks it) owns English.
The English, the Indians and the Chinese
and all the other countries all help make it
a rich language.
Scanning to get more detail information
Choose the best answer.
1. In a country like India, English is _______.
a) not taught in school
b) spoken by everyone
c) the most important foreign language
d) not the language everyone speaks at home
2. English became more common because
_______________.
a) of the growth of the UK
b) it’s an easy language to learn
c) it was used in television, films and
the Internet
d) it was sold like an industrial product
3. English has many words which
_______________.
a) are difficult to remember
b) first came from other languages
c) look as if they come from another
language
d) are important to remember
4. In the middle of the twenty-first century, Chinese____________.
a) may replace English as an international language
b) will be taught in all schools as a foreign language
c) will be used as widely as English
d) won’t be used as widely as English英语是当今世界上使用最广泛的语言,随着我国对外交往的日益频繁,来自英语的外来词(借词)日益增多,特别是在中国进行改革开放的新时期,中外文化的多层次、多渠道的交流为词语的借用提供了多种条件。中国成功加入WTO,也促使更多的英语词汇进入了我们的生活。正如美国著名的语言学家萨丕尔所言:"一种语言对另一种语言最简单的影响是词的''''借贷''''。只要有文化借贷,就可能把有关的词也借过来。"汉语中从英语借来的大量新词就是这种文化交流和融合的产物。因此,我们可以从借词中窥见文化交流的方方面面,并通过词语借用方式来发掘沉积在一个民族心理结构中的深层内蕴。新时期源于英语的借词涉及哪些方面,它们是如何在汉语中"安家落户"的,又出现了哪些新的借入形式,这些外来词对我们民族传统观念和文化心理有何影响?这些正是本文所要探讨的内容。
一、源自英语外来词所涉及的内容
汉语所吸收的英语外来词很多是跟日常生活密切相关的词语。现代生活节奏加快,新事物、新产品不断涌现,这些在外来词的吸收上可以得到明显反映。如:
饮食方面:绿色食品 (green food)、肯德基 (Kentucky)、麦当劳 (McDonald''''s)、自助餐 (buffet)、奶昔 (milkshake)、热狗 (hot dog)、奶酪 (cheese)、土司 (toast)、三文鱼 (salmon)、沙丁鱼 (sardine)、配司 (paste)、西冷牛排(sirloin steak)、培根 (bacon)、速溶咖啡 (instant coffee)、扎啤 (a jar of beer)、雪碧 (Sprite)、可口可乐 (Coca-Cola)、百事可乐 (Pepsi-cola)、软饮料 (soft drink)。
穿着方面:牛仔裤 (jeans)、迷你裙 (miniskirt)、比基尼 (bikini)、运动夹克衫 (bi-swing)。日常用品方面:隐形眼镜 (contact lenses)、香波 (shampoo)、席梦思 (shermons)、腊克 (locquer)、马赛克 (mosaic)、特氟隆 (teflon)。交通工具方面:汽轮机列车 (turbotrain)、空中客车 (airbus)、ATV (air-terrain vehicle能行驶于各种地形的全地形汽车)等。
此外还有桑拿浴 (sauna)、太阳浴 (suntan)、士多店 (store)、超市 (supermarket)、SOS儿童村、伟哥 (Viagra)、爱滋病 (AIDS)等等,也都与现代生活密切相关。
艺术、娱乐、体育方面,如:爵士乐 (jazz music)、肥皂剧 (soap opera)、迷幻摇滚乐 (acid rock)、摇滚舞音乐 (big beat)、爵士摇滚(jazz rock)、乡村摇滚 (rockability)、迪斯科 (disco)、霹雳舞 (break dance)、甲壳虫乐队 (the Beetles)、辣妹合唱组 (the Spice Girls)、派对 (party)、MTV (music television)、背景音乐 (background music)、迪斯尼乐园 (Disney land)、溜溜球 (yo-yo)、NBA (美国职业篮球联赛)、呼啦圈(hula-hoop)、保龄球 (bowling)、高尔夫球 (golf)、拉力赛 (rally)、卡丁车 (karting)、蹦极跳 (bunge jumping)、飞镖 (boomerang)、水上芭蕾 (water ballet)、局点 (game point)、赛末点 (match point)、冠军点 (championship point)等。帕默尔说:"语言忠实地反映了一个民族的的全部历史、文化,忠实地反映了它的各种游戏和娱乐、各种信仰和偏见,这一点现在是十分清楚了。"这一观点在此可以得到印证。
大众传媒迅速发展使不同文化相互融合,有关西方道德文化价值观念的词也不断涌现:代沟 (generation gap)、文化差距 (culture gap)、单身母亲 (bachelor mother)、应召女郎 (call girl)、嬉皮士 (Hippies)、雅皮士 (Yuppies)、荫皮士 (Yumpies)、朋克 (punk)、裸体飞跑 (streaking)等等。随着社会分工日益明确,除了传统上的"白领阶层"(white collar)、"蓝领阶层"(blue collar)外,又出现了"灰领阶层"(gray collar,从事维修保养技术工作的人)、"粉领阶层"(pink collar,指从业人员多半为妇女的职业)和"铁领阶层"(iron collar,指机器人)。新的科学理论的创立和新技术的出现产生一批新词:高科技园 (hi-tech park)、硅谷 (silicon valley)、传真 (fax)、激光打印机 (laser printer)、电视电话 (videophone)、IC (集成电路)、DNA (脱氧核糖核酸)、试管婴儿 (test-tube baby)、克隆羊 (clone sheep)等都是近年才出现的新词。因此可以说语言所反映的就是科学理论的惊人进展及工艺技术的花样翻新。
美国未来学家约翰 奈斯比特在他的著作《全球杂谈》(Global Paradox)中描述经济全球化的背景时指出,跨国界的计算机网络和信息高速公路 (information super-highway)的建立,使电视、电话、计算机连为一体,将整个世界变成了一个地球村 (global village)。大量的计算机词汇已经融入我们的日常用语,如:硬件 (hardware)、软件 (soft ware)、数据库 (data bank)、电子邮件 (E-mail)、因特网 (internet)、Windows98、鼠标 (mouse)、对话框 (dialog box)、超文本 (hypertext)和CAI (computer-assisted instruction,计算机辅助教学)。伴随互联网络的兴起,又出现了:网络人 (cybernaut)、网络冲浪者 (cybersurfer)、网迷 (cyber mania)、网络资源 (cyber source)、网吧 (cyber bar)、网络文化 (cyber culture)、环球网 (worldwide web)、远程网 (remote computer network)等。
当今电讯技术得到长足发展,电子产品日新月异,这方面的外来词已经进入我们的生活,例如:拷机 (call)、PPS电话机 (pocket phone service)、移动电话 (cellular phone)、CD (compact disc碟片)、VCD (video-compact disc,小影碟)、DVD (digital video disc,数码影音光碟;digital versatile disc,数码多功能光碟)、VTR (video tape recorder,磁带录像机)、VCR (video cassette recorder,盒式磁带录像机)、家庭录像 (family video)、毫微技术 (trinitron)。
从以上举例可以看出,新时期来源于英语的借词,数量大、涉及面广,尤其是科技借词多。这一方面说明科学没有国界,人类创造的科学文化知识为全人类所共享。世界范围的科技交流传播使得某些科技术语由一种语言进入多种语言,为大多数文化群体所接受。另一方面也说明了英语作为国际通用语所具有的特殊地位和影响。
二、汉语对外来词所采用的翻译方式
外来词要进入汉语的词汇系统,必须接受汉语的语音、语法和构词规则等各方面的改造,以符合汉语的发音习惯、语法和词汇规则。汉语的单音节、象形方块文字的特点等,使汉语对外来词的改造要比西方语言间的词语借用显得复杂,却又别具一格,更富于创造性。概括起来,汉语对外来词所采用的方式主要有以下几种:
1.音译:用发音近似的汉字将外来语翻译过来,这种用于译音的汉字不再有其自身的原意,只保留其语音和书写形式,如:酷 (cool)、迪斯科 (disco)、欧佩克 (OPEC)、托福 (TOEFL)、雅皮士 (Yuppies)、特氟隆 (teflon)、比基尼 (bikini)、尤里卡 (EURECA)、披头士 (Beatles)、腊克 (locquer)、妈咪 (mummy)、朋克 (punk)、黑客 (hacker)、克隆 (clone)等。
2.半音半意:这种方法主要用于复合外来词,可以分为两类。一是前半部分采用音译,后部分采用意译,如:呼拉圈 (hula-hoop)、冰淇淋 (ice-cream)、因特网 (internet)、道林纸 (Dowling paper)、唐宁街 (Downing street)等。另外一种是前半部分采用意译,后半部分采用音译,如:文化休克 (culture shock)、水上芭蕾 (water ballet)、奶昔 (milk shake)等。
3.音译附加汉语语素:以单音节、双音节译词加汉语语素的借词使用最多:一类为音译语素加汉语语素,如:嘉年华会 (carnival+会)、高尔夫球 (golf+球)、保龄球 (bowling+球)、桑拿浴 (sauna+浴)、拉力赛 (rally+赛)、拷机 (call+机)等。另一类为汉语语素加音译语素,如:打的 (打+taxi)、小巴 (小+bus)、中巴 (中+bus)、酒吧 (酒+bar)等。其中音译语素有的代表一个英语单词,有的代表部分语素。汉语语素有的是词根语素,有的是词缀语素。
4、音意兼顾:即选用接近外来词词义的汉字进行转写。汉语同音字多,为译名用字的筛选提供了方便。或者是部分或者是全部音意兼顾。如:施乐 (Xerox)、香波 (shampoo)、味美思 (vercuth)、销品茂 (shopping mall)等。汉语作为表意文字具有很强的审美意味,所选用汉字往往可以诱发人的联想。美国有一种叫Revlon的化妆品被巧妙地译为"露华浓"。"露华浓"一词取自唐朝诗人李白描写杨贵妃花容月貌的名诗《清平调三章》之一:"云想衣裳花想容,春风拂槛露华浓。若非群玉山头见,会向瑶台月下逢。"这可称为归化的音意兼顾的译法,堪称两全其美,体现了汉语在吸收外来词时特有的汉化处理功能。
5.借译:按照外来词的形态结构和构词原理直译过来。例如:超人 (superman)、超级明星 (superstar)、超市 (supermarket)、毫微技术 (nano-technology)、千年虫 (millennium bug)、热线 (hot line)、冷战 (cold war)、绿卡 (green card)、情商 (emotional quotient)等。
6.英文字母附加汉字:CT检查、BP机、T恤衫、IC卡、PHS电话机、SOS儿童村、三S研究会、ABC原则、OA病、BB仔、5A办公室、ABC革命、ZTZF学习等。
7.英文字母缩写形式或单词:CD、VCD、DVD、DOS、TV、MTV、PC、BOT、CD-ROM、DNA、GRE、Windows98、cute等。
从以上列举的实例不难看出,新时期外来词的输入的数量不断加大,而且外来词的借入形式又有了突破性的进展,主要表现为上面提到的6、7两种形式,即用英文字母加上汉字或英文单词的"中西合壁"甚至"全洋"的词汇直接搬入汉语,一步到位,投入流通。
这两种借入形式的出现,一方面显示出当今汉语与英语的接触已达到了"你中有我,我中有你"的相互交融的状态,说明了中国人的英语水平普遍提高了,汉语对外来词的承受能力正在加强;另一方面也说明了有些外来词的确难以译成简洁的汉语。新的借词形式具有简洁、活泼、异域风味十足的特点,可以大大缩短外来语言信息进入汉语的过程。因此,新的借入形式的出现和存在是十分必要的,并且具有一定的积极意义,对此,我们应有兼收并蓄的宽容态度。