(共15张PPT)
(十一)定语从句
一、关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词who，whom，whose，which，that引导定语从句
时，可在从句中作主语、宾语、定语等句子成分。who代指
人，作主语或宾语；whom代指人，作动词宾语或介词宾
语；whose代指人(＝of whom)或物(＝of which)，作定语；
which代指物，作主语或宾语；that代指人或物，作主语、宾
语或表语。
This is the detective who came from London.
The book which/that I am reading is written by Thomas
Hardy.
The desk whose leg is broken is very old.
He is no longer the boy that he used to be two years
ago.
使用关系代词时应注意以下几点：
(1)“介词＋关系代词”可以引导定语从句，但关系代词只可用
whom或which，不可用who或that。
The room in which there is a machine is a workshop.
In the dark street，there wasn’t a single person to_whom she could
turn for help.
(2)“whose ＋n.”引导定语从句时，可换成“the ＋n.＋ of
whom/which”或“of which ＋ the ＋n.”。
He lives in a big house whose window faces the sea.
He lives in a big house the window of which faces the sea.
He lives in a big house of which the window faces the sea.
(3)which引导的定语从句还可修饰前面整个主句，此时which相当于and this。
He succeeded in the competition，which made his parents very
happy.
The weather turned out to be very good，which was more than
we could expect.
【注】判断定语从句用什么引导词的关键是看先行词在从句中
作什么成分。
I’ll never forget the day that/which I spent with you on the
farm.(先行词the day作spent的宾语：I spent the day with you on
the farm.)
I’ll never forget the day when I worked together with you on the
farm.(先行词the day在从句中作状语：I worked together with
you on the farm on that day.)
He works in the factory which makes color TV sets.(先行词the
factory在从句中作主语：The factory makes color TV sets.)
He works in the factory where color TV sets are made.(先行词the
factory在从句中作状语：Color TV sets are made in the factory.)
二、关系副词引导的定语从句
1.关系副词when，where，why在定语从句中分别表示时间、地点
或原因。关系副词when在从句中充当时间状语，where充当地点
状语，why充当原因状语。当先行词在定语从句中作状语时，引
导词要用关系副词。
I will never forget the day when I met Mr. Lin.
This is the place where we lived for 5 years.
I know the reason why he came late.
2.关系副词常可换成“介词＋关系代词”。when可换成on/in/by
which等，where可换成at/in/from which等，why换成for which。
This is the factory where I paid a visit the other day.
This is the factory to_which_I_paid_a_visit the other day.
This is the factory that/which_I_visited the other day.
3.that有时可以代替关系副词引导定语从句，此时that可以省去，
不过这是一种非正式用法。
It happened on the day (that/when) I was born.
4.way后面的定语从句不能用how引导。如way在从句中作状语，
应用in which或that引导，甚至还可省略引导词；如作主语或宾
语应用that或which引导。
I don’t like the way (in which/that) he talks.
The way that/which he thought of to solve the problem might be
helpful.
5.from where为“介词＋关系副词”结构，它也可以引导定语从句。
Tom hid himself behind the door，from where he could hear the
steps of his mother clearly.
6.as引导的定语从句
as有“正如，就像”之意，可引导非限制性定语从句，从句可位于
主句的前面、中间或后面；但which引导的非限制性定语从句一
般只能放在主句之后。
As had been expected，the England team won the football match.
The result of the experiment was very good，which we hadn’t
expected.
7.非限制性定语从句与并列句的识别
非限制性定语从句与主句之间要用“逗号”分隔，并且不能加入
and，but，so等连接词。并列句一般由and，but，so等词连接，
或中间用“分号”隔开。
He paid the boy ?10 for washing the windows，most of which
hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year.
He paid the boy ?10 for washing the windows，and
most of them hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year.
He paid the boy ?10 for washing the windows；most of them
hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year.
8.定语从句与同位语从句的区别
同位语从句是位于名词answer，belief，doubt，decision，
explanation，fact，hope，idea，information，news，order，
problem，promise，truth等后的句子，并对这些名词进行补充
说明或解释；从句一般是一个完整的句子，引导词that只起引导
作用，不作句子成分，且that不可省略；同位语从句不可用
which引导。而定语从句通常是一个不完整的句子，缺少主语或
宾语等。
The fact that she hasn’t known the result of the examination is
clear.
The fact (that/which) she told me yesterday is very important.
过关落实
1.Some pre school children go to a day care center，________ they
learn simple games and songs.
A.then B.there C.while D.where
解析：where引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作地点状语。
答案：D
2.He was educated at the local high school，________ he went on
to Beijing University.
A.after which B.after that
C.in which D.in that
解析：after which引导定语从句，which指上面的句子He was
educated at the local high school，表示“在当地高中受教
育后上了北京大学”。
答案：A
3.Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity
________ sight matters more than hearing.
A.when B.whose C.which D.where
解析：先行词是activity，关系词在从句中作地点状语，表示
“在这种活动中”，故选where。
答案：D
4.—Where did you get to know her
—It was on the farm ________ we worked.
A.that B.there C.which D.where
解析：where引导定语从句修饰the farm，在从句中作地点状语。
答案：D
5.The book was written in 1946，________ the education system
has witnessed great changes.
A.when B.during which
C.since then D.since when
解析：1946是先行词，when引导定语从句，由句意可知，关系
词前应加since，译为“自从那时……”。
答案：D
6.By serving others，a person focuses on someone other than
himself or herself，________ can be very eye opening and
rewarding.
A.who B.which C.what D.that
解析：which引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作主语。
答案：B
7.I was given three books on cooking，the first ________ I really
enjoyed.
A.of that B.of which C.that D.which
解析：of which指of the three books on cooking；of结构提
前，指物时关系代词用which。
答案：B
8.The Beatles，________ many of you are old enough to
remember，came from Liverpool.
A.what B.that C.how D.as
解析：as引导非限制性定语从句。
答案：D
9.We saw several natives advancing towards our party，and one of
them came up to us，________ we gave some bells and glasses.
A.to which B.to whom
C.with whom D.with which
解析：当介词结构(to)提前，指人时，关系代词用whom。
答案：B
10.I saw a woman running toward me in the dark.Before I could
recognize who she was，she had run back in the direction
________ she had come.
A.of which B.by which
C.in which D.from which
解析：“从哪个方向来”为come from the direction，变为定语
从句时from提前，用which引导定语从句。
答案：D
11.It is far better for one to drink milk，______ one gets healthful
nutrients，than to drink coffee，________ contains no
nutrients at all.
A.what；what B.where；as
C.from which；which D.in which；what
解析：根据句意“人们从牛奶中得到有益健康的营养成分”可
知，第一个空应填from which；两个从句都是非限制性定语从
句，指物时，关系代词用which，故选C项。
答案：C
12.Last October China launched its second manned spaceship
Shenzhou Ⅵ，________ two Chinese astronauts traveled in
space for five days.
A.in which B.at which
C.by which D.from which
解析：先行词为Shenzhou Ⅵ，定语从句表示“两名宇航员来此
飞船……”，故用in which。
答案：A
13.—The authors of computer viruses are geniuses.
—I agree.They can apply their wisdom to other net technology
________ human beings can benefit.
A.in which B.through which
C.on which D.from which
解析：benefit from，从……中获益，获得好处；from提前且
定语从句先行词为物时，用which。
答案：D
14.Today’s Sichuan has become a representative of the west
development，a place ________ hopes and opportunities have
replaced poverty and backwardness.
A.which B.that C.where D.there
解析：where引导定语从句，且在句中作地点状语。
答案：C
15.Their goods are exchanged for such machinery and equipment
________ we need to buy abroad.
A.that B.what C.as D.which
解析：such...as...意思是“像……这样的”，as作关系代词，
引导定语从句，as在定语从句中作need的宾语；而
such...that...中的that引导结果状语从句只起引导作用，不
在句子中作成分。
答案：C(共18张PPT)
(五)介 词
一、方位介词
1.above，over，on；below，under，beneath
(1)above侧重于相对水平高度，不一定在正上方，其反义词是
below。
(2)over侧重于垂直高度，即位于正上方，其反义词是under。
(3)on侧重于与物体表面接触，其反义词是beneath。
Be careful，there is a heavy box over your head.
The position he pointed to was below the sea level.
2.across，over，through，past
across意为“横穿、穿越”，表示运动发生在物体的表面。over意
为“跨过，越过”，表示运动发生在物体的上方。through意为
“穿 过，通过”，表示运动发生在某物的空间。past意为“从……
旁经过”，表示运动发生在某物旁边。
The Great Wall winds its way from west to east，across desert，
over mountains，through valleys till at last it reaches the sea.
3.in，on，to在方位名词前的区别。
in表示在范围之内；to表示在某范围之外的地方；on表示“毗
邻”“接壤”。
Shandong Province is/lies in the east of China.
Japan is/lies to the east of China.
二、时间介词
1.at，in，on，by，after
2.for，from，since
for后接时段的名词词组，表示行为状态持续了多久。from接时
间点的名词词组，表示行为或状态的起始点，而不涉及其持续
时间的长短。since接时间点的名词词组，不仅表示行为或状态
的起始点，而且还强调该行为或状态从起始点一直持续到此时
此刻，因而与延续性动词的现在完成时连用。
Mr.Brown enjoyed the country life and lived there for almost
fifteen years after his retirement.
My younger sister began to learn dancing from the age of five.
He has been working in Tibet since he graduated from college.
三、工具、手段、方式介词
1.by，in，on三词都表示旅行的方式。
名词前有冠词、物主代词、指示代词等时用on/in。
travel to New York in this plane；go to school on my bike
【说明】 步行、骑马、骑骆驼均用on。
on foot，on horseback, on a horse，on the camel
2.with，by，in三词均译为“用”，表示行为的工具、手段或方式。
They are digging with a pick/spade.
by hand；in ink
in English/Japanese
四、原因介词
She often hangs her head for shame.
He went red with anger.
The sports meet will be put off till next Saturday because_of
the heavy rain.
His illness was due_to smoking and drinking.
Thanks_to the Party’s good policy，the farmers are now
living a happy and rich life.
五、介词与某些词类的搭配
1.名词与介词的固定搭配
(1)常与to搭配的名词：key，answer，visit，apology，
introduction
(2)常与in搭配的名词：interest，satisfaction，expert
(3)常与on搭配的名词：mercy，congratulation
(4)常与其他介词搭配的名词：prize for，respect for，victory
over，struggle with
2.形容词与介词的固定搭配
(1)与at搭配的形容词：afraid，angry，good，bad，clever，
surprised，excited，puzzled，frightened
(2)与of搭配的形容词：afraid，sure，certain，full，tired，
fond，proud，worthy
(3)与with搭配的形容词：angry，strict，careful，busy，
popular
(4)与in搭配的形容词：weak，strict，rich，interested，successful
(5)与to搭配的形容词：next，good，polite，kind，cruel，rude，
known，married，close，similar，due
(6)与for搭配的形容词：sorry，famous，fit，unfit，eager，
anxious，hungry
(7)与from搭配的形容词：far，different，free，safe，absent，
tired
(8)与about搭配的形容词：sorry，worried，anxious，careful，
sure，certain
【注】 ①同一形容词与不同的介词搭配其含义会不同。
②of＋抽象名词＝形容词
of great value＝very valuable
of no use＝useless
a man of wealth＝a wealthy man
③to与情感名词连用，表示“某种行动后产生的感觉”：
Much to my joy，he was quite from danger.
④at与某些名词搭配表示“一……就……”
at the sight of at the thought of
过关落实
1.The manager suggested an earlier date ________ the meeting.
A.on B.for C.about D.with
解析：suggest a date for为(某事)提议一个日期。
答案：B
2.Some people choose jobs for other reasons ________ money these
days.
A.for B.except C.besides D.with
解析：besides同as well as 或in addition to，表示“除……
之外还有……”。
答案：C
3.Experts have been warning ________ of the health risks caused
by passive smoking.
A.at a time B.at one time
C.for some time D.for the time
解析：for＋some time表示“有一段时间”。
答案：C
4.—I think he is taking an active part in social work.
—I agree with you ________.
A.in a way B.on the way
C.by the way D.in the way
解析：in a way在某种程度上。
答案：A
5.This is a junior school.You should go to a senior school ________
girls of your age.
A.for B.about C.from D.to
解析：for此处意为“(专门)为(你这个年龄的女孩子们准备的)”。
答案：A
6.Although ________ my opinion，the old professor didn’t come
up with his own.
A.against B.on C.for D.in
解析：against在本句中表示“反对，不赞同”。
答案：A
7.Fred，who had expected how it would go with his daughter，
had a great worry ________ his mind.
A.on B.in C.with D.at
解析：have...on/upon one’s mind表“关心，为……担心”。
答案：A
8.It’s quite ________ me why such things have been allowed to
happen.
A.for B.behind C.against D.beyond
解析：It’s beyond sb.意为“某人不能明白”；beyond意为“(程
度)超出，为……所不及”。
答案：D
9.—When do we need to pay the balance
—________ September 30.
A.In B.By C.During D.Within
解析：by此处意为“(时间)在……之前，不迟于”。
答案：B
10.My sister was against my suggestion while my brother was
________ it.
A.in honour of B.in memory of
C.in favour of D.in search of
解析：in honour of 意为“尊敬”；in memory of 表“为了纪
念”；in search of 指“为了寻找”；in favour of 则为“赞成、
拥护、支持”，与against相对。
答案：C
11.I am afraid that I won’t be able to spend the weekend with you
in Dalian.________，I have no money and for another I am too
busy.
A.After all B.For one thing
C.Above all D.As well
解析：for one thing...，for another...(用以陈述理由或
观点)一则……，再则……。
答案：B
12.He hesitated，wondering if he had asked too much ________
the lady.
A.from B.of C.for D.to
解析：ask sth.of sb.期望，要求；ask too much of sb.要
求过高。
答案：B
13.The two phrases are similar ________ structure but different
________ meaning.
A.in；in B.to；to C.in；from D.with；from
解析：be similar/different in 意为“在……方面相似(不 同)”。
答案：A
14.—Shall I come for the suit on Friday
—You’d better not.It won’t be ready ________ Friday.You can
come and collect it next week.
A.by B.till C.at D.after
解析：by此处意为“(时间)在……之前，不迟于”。
答案：A
15.This year the white ducks are no longer lovely in locals’ eyes，
________ their fear of bird flu.
A.except for B.due to C.in case of D.instead of
解析：due to (doing)意为“归咎于，归结于，归因于”。
答案：B(共17张PPT)
(十)名词性从句
一、主语从句
主语从句在复合句中作主句的主语，引导主语从句的词有
that，whether，who，what，which，whoever，whatever，
whichever，when，where，why，how等。
That she was chosen made us very happy.
What caused the accident is a complete mystery.
Whoever comes to the party will receive a present.
【注】有时为了使句子结构平衡，避免“头重脚轻”，常用it作
形式主语，而把从句放在后面。
It depends on the climate whether they are going shopping
today.
二、表语从句
表语从句在复合句中作主句的表语，引导表语从句的词有
that，whether，who，what，which，whoever，whatever，
whichever，when，where，why，how，because等。
The reason is that you don’t trust her.
This is where I disagree.
这一点是我所不同意的。
三、宾语从句
宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语，引导宾语从句的词有
that，whether，if，who，what，which，whoever，
whatever，whichever，when，where，why，how等。宾语从
句一般放在动词、介词或形容词后。
She explained that she was late because of the heavy traffic.
【注】①有时要用it作形式宾语，而把宾语从句放在句子的后面。
He has made it clear that he will not give in.
②如do you think/believe/suppose/expect/imagine后接特殊疑问词
引导的宾语从句，疑问词要放在句首。
What do you think is going on outside
③I/We (don’t) think/believe/suppose/expect/imagine后接宾语从
句时，反义疑问句要与从句中的主语和谓语保持一致。
I don’t suppose he cares，does he
④在宾语从句中，引导词whether和if基本一样，但介词后的宾语
从句多用whether。
It all depends upon whether we can get their cooperation.
⑤动词doubt如用于肯定句，其后的宾语从句常用if/whether
引导，如用于否定句或疑问句，则宾语从句用that引导。
I doubt if/whether our football team will win the match.
I don’t doubt that I can defeat him in the contest.
四、同位语从句
在主从复合句中作同位语的从句称为同位语从句。同位语从
句一般用that，whether，who，which，what，where，
when，why，how等词引导，常放在fact，news，idea，
truth，hope，problem，information等名词后面，用以说明
该名词的具体内容。
The news that they had won the game soon spread over the
whole school.
五、名词性从句的难点
1.引导词that与what的区别
what既有引导主语从句的作用，同时又在从句中作句子成分(主
语、宾语、表语等)，这时what相当于all that/everything that
等，常译成“所……的(东西、事情、话等)”；而that只起连接作
用，本身无实际意义，在从句中也不充当任何句子成分，但that
引导的主语从句放在句首时，不能省略that。
What we can’t get seems better than what we have.
That a new teacher will come to teach us geography is true.
2.引导词if和whether的区别
if和whether引导动词后面的宾语从句时一般可通用，但介词后
的宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句不能用if引导。
I don’t care if/whether he will come to my party.
Whether she will go home or not is unknown.
The question is whether we can collect enough money.
3.引导词who与whoever的区别
whoever引导名词性从句时，相当于anyone who或those who，它
既是从句的主语，又是主句的主语。而who只作从句的主语，它
引导的从句才是主句的主语。
Whoever has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising.
Who will be elected president doesn’t make much difference to
me.
4.引导词what与whatever的区别
whatever引导名词性从句时，与what差不多，只是语气上更强
些，有“任何一切……”之意。
It is generally considered unwise to give a child whatever he or
she wants.
This is exactly what I want.
5.同位语从句与定语从句的区别
同位语从句用于解释前面名词的内容，从句本身是一个非常完
整的句子，所以其前的名词在同位语从句中不作任何成分；定
语从句对其前的名词加以限制和修饰，从句本身不够完整，因
此其前的名词在定语从句中通常作主语、宾语或表语等成分。
I made a promise that if anyone set me free I would make him
very rich.
The mother made a promise that pleased all her children.
6.whoever与no matter who；whatever与no matter what
whoever和whatever既可以引导名词性从句，也可引导让步状语
从句；no matter who和no matter what只引导让步状语从句。
Whatever(＝No matter what) you may think，I’m going ahead
with my plans.
Take whatever you need and leave me alone.
7.名词性从句的语序
名词性从句一律用陈述语序。
No one will be sure what man will look like in a million years.
没人知道百万年后人会是什么样子。
8.名词性从句中的语气
(1)在It is necessary/natural/important/strange...＋that从句中，
从句中的谓语动词用“should＋原形动词”表虚拟语气，且should
可省略。
It is necessary that the problem should be settled at once.
(2)表示“建议、命令、要求”意义的动词，后接that从句时，从句
中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气，即“should＋原形动词”，且should
可省略。
Bob’s doctor suggests that he(should) rest for a few days.
(3)表示“建议、要求、命令、想法”意义的名词，后接that从句
时，从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气：“should＋动词原形”，
should可以省略。这类名词有：advice，agreement，
command，decision，demand, determination，order，
preference，proposal，request，requirement等。
This is our only request that this (should) be settled as soon as
possible.
同样，如主语是表示“建议、要求、命令、想法”意义的名词，
那么that引导的表语从句中也要用虚拟语气。
Her suggestion was that they (should) carry on their conversation
in French.
过关落实
1. matters most in learning English is enough practice.
A.What B.Why C.Where D.Which
解析：what引导的句子作主语，在从句中what作主语。
答案：A
2.Choosing the right dictionary depends on ________ you want to
use it for.
A.what B.why C.how D.whether
解析：what引导宾语从句，在从句中作宾语。
答案：A
3.The seaside here draws a lot of tourists every summer.Warm
sunshine and soft sands make ________ it is.
A.what B.which C.how D.where
解析：what引导宾语从句，在从句中作表语。
答案：A
4.You can only be sure of ________ you have at present；you
cannot be sure of something ________ you might get in the future.
A.that；what B.what；/
C.which；that D./；that
解析：what引导宾语从句；that引导定语从句，在从句中作宾
语，可省略。
答案：B
5.Why not try your luck downtown，Bob That’s ________ the
best jobs are.
A.where B.what C.when D.why
解析：由“downtown”可知，应该使用表地点的引导词“where”。
答案：A
6.Having checked the doors were closed，and ________ all the
lights were off，the boy opened the door to his bedroom.
A.why B.that C.when D.where
解析：and连接两个宾语从句，第二个宾语从句的引导词that不
能省略。
答案：B
7.The traditional view is ________ we sleep because our brain is
“programmed” to make us do so.
A.when B.why C.whether D.that
解析：that引导表语从句，不做任何句子成分，但一般不能省
略。
答案：D
8.—It’s thirty years since we last met.
—But I still remember the story，believe it or not，________ we
got lost on a rainy night.
A.which B.that C.what D.when
解析：此处that引导的句子作the story的同位语从句。
答案：B
9.________ team wins on Saturday will go through to the national
championships.
A.No matter what B.No matter which
C.Whatever D.Whichever
解析：whichever引导的句子在句中作主语，不能用no matter
which代替，因为后者只能引导让步状语从句。
答案：D
10.Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class
________ he had to meet his uncle at the airport.
A.why B.that C.where D.because
解析：此处that引导的句子作his reason 的同位语。
答案：B
11.________ different life is today from ________ it used to be ten
years ago!
A.How；what B.What；what
C.How；that D.What；that
解析：how与形容词different 构成感叹句；what it used to
be...作介词from的宾语。
答案：A
12.—Do you think it a must for me to try to do everything for my
children
—No，that’s ________ you are mistaken；they should do
something on their own.
A.where B.when C.so D.how
解析：“那就是你错的地方”，where 引导表语从句。
答案：A
13.I was shocked by the news，which made me realize ________
terrible problems we would face.
A.how B.which C.what D.that
解析：what terrible problems we would face作realize的宾
语从句，what在从句中作face的宾语。
答案：C
14.I was close to being killed the other day.A car passed me at
________ I thought was a dangerous speed.
A.as B.which C.what D.that
解析：what I thought was a dangerous speed作at的宾语，I
thought是插入语，what在句中作主语。
答案：C
15.I am lucky ________ the thing I enjoy doing more is ________
I’ve ended up doing.
A.what；what B.that；what
C.what；that D.that；that
解析：that在状语从句中只起连接作用，不能作成分；what在
从句中作end up doing的宾语。此句要注意分析句子成分，明
确that在名词性从句和定语从句中所起的作用是不同的。
答案：B(共22张PPT)
(十三)句式结构
一、祈使句
1.祈使句的否定式是在句首原形动词前加don’t或never。
Please don’t forget to take your medicine.
2.祈使句的反义疑问句是在句末加“will you？”。
Have another piece of cake，will you
Don’t make any noise，will you
3.祈使句前加助动词do用来加强语气。
Do turn off the light before you leave.
4.祈使句可以带主语。
(1)为了加强语气或特别指明向谁提出要求或发出命令时，需加上
主语“you”，有时还可同时加上称呼语。
Tom，you water the flowers!
(2)命令或吩咐几个人分头做几件事情时，祈使句需带主语“you”。
You，girls，clean the desks，you，boys，sweep the floor.
(3)表达“不高兴、厌烦”等情绪时，可带主语“you”。
You mind your own business！你少管闲事！
(4)祈使句的主语还可用“everybody，everyone，somebody，
somone，nobody”或第三人称。
Someone answer the phone！谁去接一下电话！
5.以Let’s或Let us开头的祈使句。
Let’t get down to work，shall_we
Let us calm down，will_you
6.构成句式：祈使句＋and/or＋简单句。
Make a move and I’ll shoot.
(＝If you make a move，I’ll shoot.)
Go away，or I will call the police.
(＝If you don’t go away，I will call the police.)
二、感叹句
1.基本句式
(1)What＋a/an＋形容词＋单数可数名词＋主语＋谓语
What a clever boy he is!
(2)What＋形容词＋不可数名词＋主语＋谓语
What fine weather we are having today!
(3)What＋形容词＋复数名词＋主语＋谓语
What beautiful flowers these are!
(4)How＋形容词或副词＋主语＋谓语
How high the mountain is!
2.特殊句式
(1)How＋形容词＋a/an＋单数可数名词＋主语＋谓语
How difficult a problem it is!
(2)How＋主语＋谓语
How we love our motherland!
三、there be句型
1.There be句型是一种特殊句式，表示“在什么地方存在什么人或
事物”。在此句式中，be是谓语动词，be后面的名词是主语。
There is a tall tree in front of the classroom.
There are many desks and chairs in the room.
2.there be句式中的be有时可用seem to be，happen to be，used to
be，have to be等替代。
There seems to be something wrong with me.
There used to be a cinema here before the war.
3.there be句式中的be可用remain，live，stand，lie，exist等不及
物动词替代。
There remains nothing more to be done.
No one knows exactly if there exist other living things in the
universe.
4.there be句式有时可用于非谓语动词中，有两种形式：there
being和there to be。
There being no further business，I declared the meeting closed.
由于没有其他事情，我宣布散会。
I don’t want there to be another conflict.
我不希望再有冲突发生。
5.用于组成特殊句式。
(1)there is no use/point/sense(in)doing...“做某事没用或没意义”。
There is no point(in)worrying about it.
(2)there is no doubt about.../there is no doubt that...“毫无疑
问……”。
There is no doubt that she has told the truth.
(3)there is no need for.../there is no need to do...“没有必要……”。
There is no need to hurry，is there
(4)there is no doing...“不可能……；无法……；没有办法……”。
There is no knowing how long he might be away.
无法知道他要离开多长时间。
There is no joking about such matters.
这种事不可开玩笑。
四、强调句型
1.强调句型用于强调陈述句。
形式：it is/was＋被强调部分＋that/who...
It is I who am to blame.应受责备的是我。
2.强调句型用于强调一般疑问句。
形式：is/was it＋被强调部分＋that/who...
Was it in 1896 that the modern Olympic Games started
此时，还可以把强调句型用于宾语从句中，但要注意语序的变
化。
I wonder if it is Professor Wang that teaches you English.
3.强调句型用于强调特殊疑问句。
形式：疑问词＋is/was it that...
Who was it that broke the window
打破窗子的是谁？
此时，强调句型亦可用于宾语从句中，但要注意语序的变化。
I don’t understand why it is that smoking is not allowed here.
4.强调句型用于强调not...until...句型。
形式：it is/was not until＋被强调部分＋that...
It was not until ten o’clock that he went to bed.
5.强调句型与状语从句、定语从句的区别。
判断是否为强调句型，可先把it is/was...that/when/where/since...
去掉，如果剩下的部分无论在语法上还是在意义上都仍然是完
整的句子，那么就是强调句型，否则就不是。
It was on Januray 1st that I paid a visit to my friend Jennifer.
(去掉it was...that...后：On January 1st I paid a visit to my friend
Jennifer.很明显句子是完整的，所以这是一个强调句型。句意是
“我是在元月一日拜访了朋友詹尼佛。”)
It was January 1st when I paid a visit to my friend Jennifer.
(去掉it was...when...后：January 1st I paid a visit to my friend
Jennifer.显然句子不完整，所以这不是一个强调句型，而是一
个带有时间状语从句的复合句。句意是“那天是元月一日，我去
拜访了朋友詹尼佛。”)
五、倒装句
1.全部倒装
下列情况下，句子要使用全部倒装
(1)表示方位的副词(如up，down，out，in，away，round，
here，there)放在句首，句子的谓语动词是表示运动的不及物动
物(如go，come，run，rush，fly)，主语是名词(注：不能是代
词)。
Here comes the train to Beijing.
但主语如果是人称代词，则句子不用倒装，主语仍置于动词之前。
The door opened and in she came.
【注】在全部倒装句中，谓语动词通常用一般现在时或一般过去
时，不能用进行时、将来时或完成时态。
(2)表示时间的副词now，then放在句首，句子的谓语动词是
come，主语是名词(注：不能是代词)。
Now comes your turn.
(3)介词短语放在句首作状语，句子的谓语动词是不及物动词(如
lie，stand，sit，exist，stretch，come)或系动词be，主语是名词
(注：不能是代词)。
After the banquet came a firework display in the garden.
(4)代词such放在句首，句子的谓语动词是be。
Such are the facts；no one can deny them.
(5)分词短语放在句首，句子的谓语动词是be，主语是名词。
Lying on the floor was a boy aged about 17.
2.部分倒装
下列情况下，句子要使用部分倒装：
(1)“only＋副词、介词短语或从句”放在句首时。
Only when the war was over in 1918 was he able to get happily
back to work.
(2)含有否定意义的副词(如never，seldom，little，nowhere，
hardly等)放在句首时。
Never in history has technology made such rapid progress.
(3)“not a＋n.”“not a single＋n.”“not once”或“not until...”等短语放
在句首时。
Not a word did he say at the last meeting.
(4)表示否定意义的介词短语(如at no time，on no account，under
no circumstances，by no means，in no way等)放在句首时。
Under no circumstances could I agree to such a principle.
(5)在hardly...when...，no sooner...than...，not only...but also...引导
两个分句时，如把hardly，no sooner或not only放在句首，前一
个分句中的主谓要用部分倒装，后一个分句中则不用倒装。
Hardly had he begun to speak when his father stopped him.
(6)在“so＋助动词＋主语”和“neither/nor＋助动词＋主语”中。
They love having lots of friends；so do those with disabilities.
I don’t know，nor do I care.
(7)在“so＋adj./adv.＋that...”句式中，如将“so＋adj./adv.”放在句首
时。
So moved was she that she could not say a word.
So loudly did he speak that even the people in the next room could
hear him.
(8)当if引导的虚拟条件从句中含有助动词had，were或should时，
如将if省略，则要将had，were或should等移到主语前。
Had it not been for your support，I would not have succeeded.
Should it rain tomorrow，we would put off the sports meet.
过关落实
1.—It’s a long time since I saw my sister.
—________ her this weekend
A.Why not visit B.Why not to visit
C.Why not visiting D.Why don’t visit
解析：“why not do...”means“why don’t you do...”用来提出
建议“为何不……”。
答案：A
2.—My room gets very cold at night.
—________.
A.So is mine B.So mine is
C.So does mine D.So mine does
解析：“so＋助动词＋主语”表示前面出现的情况同样适用于后
者。
答案：C
3.I don’t mind her criticizing me，but ______ is how she does it
that I object to.
A.it B.that C.this D.which
解析：强调句型中只能用it。
答案：A
4.You have failed two tests.You’d better start working harder，
________ you won’t pass the course.
A.and B.so C.but D.or
解析：并列连词or译为“否则”。
答案：D
5.When you’ve finished with that book，don’t forget to put it back
on the shelf，________？
A.do you B.don’t you C.will you D.won’t you
解析：否定祈使句的反意疑问句应用“will you？”。
答案：C
6.Help others whenever you can ________ you will make the world
a nicer place to live in.
A.and B.or C.unless D.but
解析：祈使句＋and＋简单句。
答案：A
7.—Jack bought a new mobile phone the other day.
—________？ That’s his third one in just one month.
A.Had he B.Did he C.Does he D.Has he
解析：由上下文可知，应用一般过去时。
答案：B
8.—You should apologize to her，Barry.
—________，but it’s not going to be easy.
A.I suppose so B.I feel so
C.I prefer to D.I like to
解析：“我也这么认为。”是简略答语。
答案：A
9.Reality is not the way you wish things to be，nor the way they
appear to be，________ the way they actually are.
A.as B.or C.but D.and
解析：“not...nor...but...”表示“不是……，也不是……，而
是……”。
答案：C
10.The little boy came riding with full speed down the motorway on
his bicycle.________ it was!
A.What a dangerous scene B.What dangerous a scene
C.How a dangerous scene D.How dangerous the scene
解析：感叹句what＋a/an＋adj.＋单数可数名词＋主语＋谓语。
答案：A
11.David said that it was because of his strong interest in literature
________ he chose the course.
A.that B.what C.why D.how
解析：此句包括了it was＋被强调的原因状语＋that句型结构。
答案：A
12.So difficult ________ it to work out the problem that I decided
to ask Tom for advice.
A.I did find B.did I find
C.I have found D.have I found
解析：本句中so＋difficult(adj.)位于句首，前一分句要用
部分倒装。
答案：B
13.—Did Linda see the traffic accident
—No，no sooner ________ than it happened.
A.had she gone B.she had gone
C.has she gone D.she has gone
解析：no sooner...than...引导两个分句时，no sooner 位于
句首，前一分句要用部分倒装。
答案：A
14.I’ve tried very hard to improve my English.But by no means
________ with my progress.
A.the teacher is not satisfied
B.is the teacher not satisfied
C.the teacher is satisfied
D.is the teacher satisfied
解析：表示否定意义的介词短语(by no means)位于句子的句
首，所以用倒装形式且句中不能再出现not。
答案：D
15.Just in front of our house ________ with a history of 1,000 years.
A.does a tall tree stand B.stands a tall tree
C.a tall tree is standing D.a tall tree stands
解析：in front of our house介词短语放在句首，stand为不
及物动词，a tall tree作主语，全部倒装。
答案：B(共24张PPT)
(七)动词和动词词组
一、动词的同义词辨析
1.常作为考点的同义词
celebrate；congratulate
interview；cover
disturb；interrupt；bother
appreciate；thank
avoid；miss；escape
believe；trust
care；mind
attend；join
choose；select
collect；gather
puzzle；confuse
consider；imagine；think；believe
contain；include
defeat；beat；win
demand；require；request
fetch；bring；take；carry
protect；prevent
hurt；ache；wound；damage；injure
suggest；advise
stop；pause；quit
supply；provide；offer
spend；cost；take；pay
wear；dress；have；put on
hope；wish；expect；look forward to；desire
continue；last
bear；stand
separate；divide
tell；say；speak；talk
strike；hit；beat
fit；suit；match；adapt
check；examine；test
watch；see；notice；observe
operate；do；work
raise；rise；arise
receive；accept
recognize；know
seize；catch；grasp；snatch
refuse；decline；reject；deny
ride；drive；operate；run
steal；rob
order；book(预订)
manage；try
persuade；advise
wear；dress
prohibit；forbid
2.动词同义词辨析题解题技巧
从四个方面考虑：①词义；②搭配(与介词或名词搭配)；③用
法；④词性(及物动词还是不及物动词)
【例1】 God is believed, in terms of religion, to have ________ the
universe out of darkness and chaos.
A.created B.invented
C.discovered D.produced
[解题关键] 解此题的关键是要弄清楚这四个单词的确切词义。
create“创造”，指制造出新事物，使某物存在；invent“发明”，
指科学技术上的发明，发明新的技术、工具、方案等；
discover“发现”，指本来已经存在的东西，后来首次为人们所知
晓；produce“生产，制造”，指通过机器或动植物生长而产生的
新事物。根据题意“根据宗教的说法，是上帝在黑暗和混沌中创
造出了宇宙。”可知答案为A。
【例2】 He has been ________ of murdering his wife.
A.charged B.blamed
C.accused D.arrested
[解题关键] 解此题的关键是要弄清楚这四个单词与介词的搭配。
charge“控告，指控”，常与介词with搭配：charge sb. with
sth.“因某事而控告某人”。blame“责备，责怪”，常与介词for搭
配：blame sb. for sth.“因某事而责备某人”。accuse“指控，控
告”，常与介词of搭配：accuse sb. of sth.“因某事而控告某人”。
arrest“逮捕”与介词for搭配：arrest sb. for sth.“因某事而逮捕某
人”。据此可知本题答案为C，题意是“他被控谋杀了自己的妻
子。”
【例3】 He is the kind of person who stops at nothing in order to
________ his own purpose.
A.promote B.obtain
C.reach D.achieve
[解题关键] 解此题的关键是要弄清楚这四个单词与名词的搭配。
promote“推进，促进，提升”，表示使处于某一水平的人或物得
到进一步发展，不能与名词purpose搭配使用。obtain“获得，得
到”，多指获得信息、知识、忠告、许可等，不能与purpose搭配。 reach“达到，达成”，在此最具迷惑性，但reach多与conclusion,
decision, agreement, destination等名词搭配，不能与purpose搭配。
achieve“达到，实现”，强调通过持续努力而达到预期目标，常
与purpose, goal等名词连用。据此可知本题答案为D，题意是“他
是那种不达目的不罢休的人。”
【例4】 Martin Luther King, the great Black leader in the
movement against racial discrimination, was ________ the Nobel
Prize for peace for his contribution to world peace.
A.granted B.honoured
C.awarded D.rewarded
[解题关键] 解此题的关键是要弄清楚这四个单词的用法。题意是
“伟大的黑人领袖马丁·路德·金由于在反对种族歧视运动中为世界
和平做出了贡献而被授予诺贝尔和平奖。”四个词都可作“授予”
解，但award后可跟双宾语，构成award sb. sth.结构。而reward
不能接双宾语，多用于reward sb. with sth.结构。grant亦可接双
宾语，但多指授予或给予某人以权力或许可。honour不可接双宾
语，常用于honour sb. with sth.结构。从题意和语法结构上来
看，此题的答案只能是C。此题用了被动语态，实际上Martin
Luther King和the Nobel Prize均是award的宾语。
【例5】 The rapid expansion of cities during the Industrial
Revolution ________ a housing crisis.
A.avoided B.created
C.arose D.occurred
[解题关键] 解此题的关键是要弄清楚这四个单词的词性。Avoid
和create是及物动词，后接名词作宾语；arise和occur是不及物动
词，后不可接名词作宾语，如表达住房发生了危机，要说
housing crisis arose/occurred。据此排除C、D两项。根据题意
“工业革命期间，城市的迅速扩展造成了住房危机。”可知答案为
B。
二、动词词组
动词＋介词/副词
短 语 例 句
answer for对……负责 You will answer for what you’ve done.
ask for请求 The boy asked for more food.
care for喜欢；照料 He doesn’t care for playing football.
come across偶然碰到 I came across an old friend in the street.
call up打电话 I shall call her up soon.
call for叫(人) He will call for you in the evening.
call on号召 The Party called on us to study hard.
give up放弃 Never give up hope.
get over克服，渡过 You’ll soon get over your shyness.
get on进展 He is getting on well with the work.
get in收进 The peasants got in the wheat in May.
go through通过；细察 She went through the book before buying it.
go over复习，看一遍 She went over the lessons for three times.
go without放弃，没有也行 He had to go without food.
head for 朝……去 The ship is heading for the nearest port.
look up查寻；向上看 He is looking up a new word in the dictionary.
look through翻阅；浏览 The boy looked through the picture book.
put up挂起 She put up a picture on the wall.
put off推迟 The match is put off owing to the rain.
run over辗过去 The bus ran over his legs.
result from由……引起 His illness results from overeating.
result in导致 Overeating results in his illness.
set about着手干 They set about the work at once.
set out出发 They set out at dawn.
see to保证 See to it that the work is done well.
send for派人请 We have sent for the doctor.
stand for代表 What does “U.S.” stand for？
turn to翻到，转向 Please turn to page 10.
take off脱去 She asked him to take off the coat.
turn out结果是 The day turned out fine.
turn up出现 He didn’t turn up until eleven o’clock.
过去分词＋介词(这类短语常同连系动词连用)
短 语 例 句
be absorbed in全神贯注于 He is absorbed in reading.
be dressed in穿着 She is dressed in red.
be engaged to与……订婚 Mary is engaged to John.
be joined to连接，结合 One pipe is joined to another.
be made up of由……构成 A car is made up of many different parts.
be prepared for准备好 They are prepared for the journey.
be tired of(with)对……厌烦 He is tired of this kind of life.
动词＋副词＋介词
短 语 例 句
add up to总计为 The income adds up to 1,000 dollars.
break away from改掉，与……脱离关系 He has broken away from the bad habit.
catch up with赶上 I can catch up with them.
get down to开始认真做 Let’s get down to business.
get on(along)with进展，相处 He got on well with people here.
go in for参加，爱好 He has gone in for the long jump.
go ahead with进行，继续下去 He went ahead with the work and got it done.
keep away from与……脱离关系，改掉 You should keep away from those bad children.
keep up with跟上 She can’t keep up with others.
live up to不辜负 We shall live up to his teachings.
look out for提防，照看 Look out for cars when crossing the street.
look back upon回顾 He likes to look back upon his school days.
look down upon轻视，不重视 Don’t look down upon him.
look forward to盼望 He looks forward to seeing her.
put up with忍受，容忍 I just can’t put up with that kind of man.
run out of用完 I have run out of ink.
watch out for当心，提防 Watch out for thieves in the street.
动词＋介词＋名词
短 语 例 句
come into use开始使用，实施 The new tool came into use two years ago.
come into power当权，执政 The king came into power last year.
come into effect开始生效 The new rule will come into effect soon.
come into being产生，建立 The custom came into being long long ago.
put sth.to use使用，利用 You should put the dictionary to a good use.
过关落实
1.Does this meal cost ?50 I ________ something far better than
this!
A.preferred B.expected C.suggested D.supposed
解析：expect期望，预期。
答案：B
2.Why don’t you just ________ your own business and leave me
alone
A.make B.open C.consider D.mind
解析：mind your own business别管闲事。
答案：D
3.Emergency line operators must always ________ calm and make
sure that they get all the information they need to send help.
A.grow B.appear C.become D.stay
解析：stay calm保持镇静。
答案：D
4.In this seaside resort，you can ________ all the comfort and
convenience of modern tourism.
A.enjoy B.apply C.receive D.achieve
解析：enjoy sth.享受……(欢乐等)。
答案：A
5.I have ________ all my papers but I still can’t find my notes.
A .looked through B.looked for
C.looked after D.looked out
解析：look through浏览。
答案：A
6.—Do you think that housing price will keep ________ in the
years to come
—Sorry，I have no idea.
A.lifting up B.going up
C.bringing up D.growing up
解析：go up表示(价格等)自然上升。
答案：B
7.If we can ______ our present difficulties，then everything should
be all right.
A.come across B.get over
C.come over D.get off
解析：get over difficulties克服困难，同overcome。
答案：B
8.The news of the mayor’s coming to our school for a visit was
________ on the radio yesterday.
A.turned out B.found out
C.given out D.carried out
解析：give out on the radio在广播中宣布(某事)，常指比较
重要的事。
答案：C
9.Would you please ________ this form for me to see if I’ve filled it
in right
A.take off B.look after C.give up D.go over
解析：go over sth.for sb.为某人检查(某物)。
答案：D
10.“Goodbye，then，” she said，without even ________ from her
book.
A.looking down B.looking up
C.looking away D.looking on
解析：look up抬起头来向上看。
答案：B
11.Words ________ me when I wanted to express my thanks to him
for having saved my son from the burning house.
A.failed B.left
C.discouraged D.disappointed
解析：由“当我想向他致谢救了我的儿子时，却一句话也说不出
来”可知，fail vt.“使失败、丢弃”。
答案：A
12.These teenagers don’t know much of the world yet；that’s why
they are so easily ________.
A.taken in B.taken on
C.taken up D.taken off
解析：take in欺骗，句中用的是被动语态。
答案：A
13.His friends offered to ________ the next time he was in town so
that he wouldn’t have to pay for a hotel.
A.keep him up B.put him up
C.back him up D.hold him up
解析：put up即provide food and lodging for sb.(为某人)
提供食宿。
答案：B
14.The supermarket had to ________ some staff because its sales
went down.
A.lay off B.lay down C.lay out D.lay aside
解析：lay off指暂时解雇，尤指工作少时。
答案：A
15.—Hello，will you please put me through with Room 302
—Hold on please...Oh，the guest in Room 302 ______ two
hours ago.
A.checked in B.checked out
C.checked up D.checked away
解析：check out结账离开；check in登记入住。
答案：B(共23张PPT)
（三）代 词
一、物主代词的用法
【说明】 “of＋名词性物主代词”可用作定语。
Some friends of_mine will attend my birthday party.
二、反身代词的用法
【说明】 反身代词的惯用语：
by oneself独自
for oneself为自己，亲自
of oneself自动地，自发地
help oneself to随便吃……，自行取用
come to oneself苏醒
make oneself at home不要客气
三、替代词的用法
代词it与替代词one，ones，the one，the ones，that，those的
用法区别：
it指代前面提到过的事物。
one替代单数名词，表示泛指；ones为其复数形式。
the one替代前面的单数名词，表示特指，其后往往带定语；
the ones为其复数形式。
that既可以替代单数可数名词，也可以替代不可数名词，若
替代单数可数名词时，相当于the one。
those替代复数名词，相当于the ones。
Your story is interesting，but I don’t like it.
I haven’t got a computer.I want to buy one next year.
The population in China is much larger than that in Japan.
The conditions are like those in the real spaceship.
四、疑问代词的用法
1.what，who
一般说来，what问的是职业或地位；who问的是姓名。
What was her husband？她丈夫是干什么的？
Who was her husband？她丈夫是谁？
2.what，which
which用于已知情况的选择，其后可跟of短语；what用于未知情
况的疑问，其后不能跟of短语。
What fruit do you like best
Which do you like better，oranges or apples
3.whatever，whichever，whoever分别为what，which，
who的强调形式。
Whatever do you want
Whoever gave you the book
4.注意下列疑问词的使用与汉语的差别。
五、不定代词的用法
可 数 one，each，many，both，another，either，neither，(a)few
不可数 much，(a)little
可数、不可数 none，any，other，all，some
复合不定代词 anyone，anybody，anything；someone，somebody，something；everyone，everybody，everything；nobody，nothing
六、不定代词的语法特征
1.every和no只能用作形容词，不能用作代词。
2.复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词一概用单数。表物类的复合
不定代词，其指代代词用单数，即：it，its；表人类的复合不定
代词，其指代代词通常用复数，即：they，their或them等。
He said something was lost，but he didn’t say what it was.
3.复合不定代词后都不可接of短语，但分开写的some one，every
one，any one都是两个词，之后可接of短语(注意no one不可接of
短语)。
Every one of the students can speak good English.
七、不定代词的用法难点
1.no one，none，nothing的用法区别
(1)no one单独使用，只用于指人。
No one knows anything when he or she is born.
(2)none一般与of短语连用，指人或物。
none of the boys/the money/them
none可强调数的概念，表示特指。
He has many friends，but none can really help him when he is in
trouble.
(3)nothing意为“什么也没有，没有东西”，表示泛指概念。
Nothing can stop us marching forward.
2.another，other，the other，others，the others的用法一览表
八、代词it的用法
1.作人称代词
(1)指已提及的物品、事情、话语或动植物等。
He bought a magazine and lent it to me.
(2)指心中所想的人或事物。
“Who is knocking on the door？”“It must be my brother.”
(3)指天气状况、自然现象、时间、距离等。
It was almost two o’clock when he came back home.
(4)指小孩子。
The child smiled when it saw its mother.
(5)指生活或身体状况。
How is it going with you？你的生活如何？
2.作笼统宾语
(1)用在某些动词、介词之后。
I like it here.我喜欢这里。
We had a good time of it.我们玩得很愉快。
(2)用于某些习语中。
I got it.我明白了。
That’s it.就这样了。
At last we’ve made it.我们终于成功了。
3.作形式主语或宾语
(1)用于it is＋adj./n.＋不定式或动名词或that从句中。
It’s illegal to drive without a license.
It is certain that he will succeed.
(2)用于it seems/appears/happens/occurs to sb.＋that从句中。
It happened that we had met somewhere.
It occurred to me that I should ask the police for help.
(3)用于it looks＋as if/though从句中。
It looks as if we’re going to miss the plane.
(4)用于it is＋pp.＋that从句中。
It is believed that he will be admitted to Beijing University.
(5)用于think/find/make＋it＋adj./n.＋不定式或动名词或that从
句中。
We found it useless arguing with him.
(6)用于take it for granted that从句、bring it to one’s attention
that从句、see to it that从句或depend on it that从句中。
We take it for granted that water is free at restaurants.
I will see to it that the president is safe.
4.组成特定句型
(1)强调句型it is/was...that/who...
It was yesterday evening that he brought me the book.
(2)it is/has been...since...
It is almost ten years since he enjoyed himself so much.
(3)it was(not)/will(not)be...before...
It will be half a year before you graduate from this school.
(4)so it is with...或it is the same with...
He is a student and studies very hard，so it is with his brother.
(5)when it comes to (doing) sth.
When it comes to computer games，he is quite an expert.
(6)it’s like sb. to do sth.
It’s quite like him to have been so rude to strangers.
对陌生人如此不礼貌，这很像他的所作所为。
(7)it is one’s turn to do sth.
It’s my turn to look after the baby.
(8)it is(about/high) time to do sth.或that从句
It’s high time that he got himself a wife and settled down.
(9)if it weren’t for...或if it had not been for...
If it weren’t for my job，I would come with you.
If it hadn’t been for your help，I would never have succeeded.
(10)it takes(sb.)...to do...
It takes wisdom to settle the quarrel between the two countries.
(11)it is/was the first/second time that...
It’s the first time that I have heard her sing.
(12)it is no wonder that...
It is no wonder that he got the first place in the exam.
过关落实
1.________ felt funny watching myself on TV.
A.One B.This C.It D.That
解析：it 在本句中充当形式主语。
答案：C
2.Little joy can equal ________ of a surprising ending when you
read stories.
A.that B.those C.any D.some
解析：that代指不可数名词joy。
答案：A
3.—What do you think of the performance today
—Great! ______ but a musical genius could perform so
successfully.
A.All B.None C.Anybody D.Everybody
解析：none but...，除……外没有人；只有。
答案：B
4.He has made a lot of films，but ________ are good ones.
A.any B.some C.few D.many
解析：few指few of the films，表示否定。
答案：C
5.The school’s music group will be giving a big show tomorrow
evening and two ________ on the weekend.
A.more B.other C.else D.another
解析：more 常用于数词后；another用于数词前，“再，又”的意
思。
答案：A
6.________ worries me the way he keeps changing his mind.
A.This B.That C.What D.It
解析：it充当形式主语，真正主语为the way he keeps
changing his mind。
答案：D
7.—He got his first book published.It turned out to be a bestseller.
—When was ________？
—________ was in 2000 when he was still in college.
A.that；This B.this；It C.it；This D.that；It
解析：that指第一句中陈述的情况；第二空用it was...that构
成强调句型，that后的句子省略了。
答案：D
8.To save class time，our teacher has ________ students do half of the exercises in class and complete the other half for homework.
A.us B.we C.our D.ours
解析：us用作students的同位语，作has的宾语。
答案：A
9.The mayor has offered a reward of ?5,000 to ________ who can
capture the tiger alive or dead.
A.both B.others C.anyone D.another
解析：anyone单数，任何人。
答案：C
10.Treat ________ to a glass of wine to help you relax at the end of the day.
A.one B.oneself C.you D.yourself
解析：treat oneself to sth.，给自己买某物。
答案：D
11.There will come a day when all of us will be living in cities quite
unlike ________ of the present.
A.ones B.them C.these D.those
解析：those替代上文的cities。
答案：D
12.I am afraid I am not fit for the job，for it is ________ calling
for much patience.
A.which B.what C.one D.that
解析：one 指同类事物中的任何一个。
答案：C
13.Though a great deal of material has been printed，I’m afraid
there aren’t enough copies for each listener to have ________.
A.it B.them C.those D.one
解析：one此处泛指上文copies中的任何一个。
答案：D
14.—How ________ feel to cover 60 miles on foot in a single day
—Really tiring.Especially when there is no one in company.
A.do you B.does that C.did you D.does it
解析：it作形式主语，真正的主语为不定式。
答案：D
15.—Of them，how many do you want to act in the film
—________ if you must ask：still a large number needed!
A.All B.Both
C.Neither D.None
解析：all代指三者或三者以上中的全部。
答案：A(共18张PPT)
(二)冠 词
一、不定冠词的用法
1.泛指某一类人或事物，相当于any。
A square has four sides.
2.泛指某人或某事物。
A bad workman quarrels with his tools.
3.表示一个，相当于one。
I have a mouth，a nose and two eyes.
4.表示“每一”。
Take this medicine three times a day.
5.表示“同一”，相当于the same。
The two boys are of an age.
6.用在某些抽象名词前，表示“一种、一类、一份、一场、一
阵……”等。
They were caught in a heavy rain.
7.用于专有名词之前表示某一个。
A Mr. Li is asking to see you at the school gate.
8.用于某些固定词组中。
a few，a lot of，a bit，have a rest，take a bus，have a good
time，live a happy life
【说明】 a和the都可表泛指，区别如下：
(1)a(n)侧重于指类别中任何一个的特点。
A tiger is a type of very large fierce wild cat that has yellow fur
with black bands across.老虎是个子很大而凶猛的野生猫科动
物，毛黄色，有黑色斑纹。
(2)the表类指，指的是整个类别。
The tiger is in danger of becoming extinct.虎有灭绝的危险。
二、定冠词the的用法
1.特指某(些)人或某(些)事物，用于区别同类中的其他人或事物。
Shall I introduce the new camera to you
2.表示上文或第二次提及的人或事物。
There is a bag on the desk.The bag is Mike’s.
3.表示交谈双方都知道的人或事物。
Open the window to let some fresh air in.
4.特指世界上独一无二的事物或自然现象。
the sun，the earth，the sky，the moon
【注】 有些物体虽然也是独一无二的，但习惯上却不用冠词。
space(太空)
nature(自然)
heaven(天堂)
5.用于表示方位的名词前。
the east，the south，the right，the left，the front
6.用于序数词或形容词的最高级之前，以及对两人或事物进行对
比时起特定作用的比较级前。
the tallest boy，the taller of the two boys
7.用于某些形容词或过去分词之前，表示一类人。
the poor(穷人)
the sick(病人)
the wounded(伤员)
8.用于姓氏的复数形式之前，表示全家人或夫妇二人。
the Smiths(史密斯一家人)
the Browns(布朗夫妇)
9.用于单数可数名词之前，表示某一类人或事物。
The horse is a useful animal.
10.用于集合名词前，表示一个整体。
the working class；the Chinese football team
11.用于由普通名词构成的专有名词之前，表示国家、党派、组织、
机构、报刊、朝代、江、河、湖、海、山川、群岛等。
the People’s Republic of China(中华人民共和国)
the People’s Daily(人民日报)
12.用于表示发明物或乐器名称的单数名词前。
Do you know who invented the telephone
13.用于世纪的某个年代前。
in the 1990s/1990’s(20世纪90年代)
14.用于某些表示国家和民族的形容词前，泛指全体人民，这些词
常以 sh， ch， ese结尾。
the English；the French；the Chinese
15.用于表示度量单位的名词前。
The eggs are sold by the dozen.
16.用于某些固定词组中。
in the end；by the way；the more...，the more...
三、零冠词的用法
1.在季节、月份、星期、节假日、学科、三餐、球类和棋类名词前。
Spring follows winter.冬去春来。
比较：They came to Beijing in the winter of 1997.
2.称呼语或表示头衔的名词(作表语、同位语、补足语)前。
We elected him president of our university.
3.表抽象意义或一般意义的时间名词前。
at daybreak；at sunrise；at sunset；at noon；at midday；at
night；at midnight；before(after)dark；from dawn until dark；
from morning till night
4.表乘交通工具的短语中。
by bike；by car；by boat；by plane(air)；by train；on foot；on
horseback
比较：on a bike；in a car；in (on)a (the)train(carriage，bus)；on
a (the)ship；take a bus；catch the train；ride in a bus
5.单数可数名词前不用a冠词的情况。
After graduation from college he turned teacher(became a
teacher).
Child as/though he is，he knows a lot.
Air is to man what water is to fish.
6.在表示行为、状态、特征、原因及说明方式、目的的习语中。
at table(吃饭)
in court(出庭作证)
in debt(欠债)
in good condition(状况好)
in great need；in motion(在运动中)
in office(就职)
in honour of；in favor of；with anger；in size；in character(在 性格上)
in sight；in(out of)order；on business；on leave(休假)；on
strike
四、有定冠词与无定冠词的区别
be in charge of 负责
be in the charge of 由……负责；在……掌管之下
by day 在白天
by the day 按日计算
It is out of question.那是毫无疑问的。
It is out of the question.那是根本不可能的。
three of us 我们中的三个人
the three of us 我们三个人
take place 发生
take the place of 代替
五、冠词的位置
冠词一般放在名词之前，名词之前若有形容词，冠词要放在形容词之前。但下列情况例外：
1.冠词放在quite，many，such，what等词之后。
quite an interesting story
2.so/as/too/how＋形容词＋a/an＋单数名词。
It’s too difficult a problem.
3.rather可位于冠词前或后。
a rather cold day＝rather a cold day
4.half 可位于冠词之前，也可位于冠词之后。
half an hour＝a half hour
5.all，both放在the之前。
all the books；both the boys
过关落实
1.—Could you tell me the way to ________ Johnsons’，please
—Sorry，we don’t have ________ Johnson here in the village.
A.the；the B.the；a C.不填；the D.the；不填
解析：the Johnsons’ 指Johnson一家的房子、诊所等；第二空
填a为泛指，“一个叫Johnson的人”。
答案：B
2.I wanted to catch ________ early train，but couldn’t get
________ ride to the station.
A.an；the B./；the C.an；/ D.the；a
解析：the early train，早班车；get a ride to...，搭车去
(某地)。
答案：D
3.________ walk is expected to last all day，so bring ________
packed lunch.
A.A；a B.The；不填 C.The；a D.A；不填
解析：the walk指大家都知道的活动；a packed lunch，指(外
带)一顿午餐。
答案：C
4.I like ________ color of your skirt.It is ________ good match for
your blouse.
A.a；the B.a；a C.the；a D.the；the
解析：the color of your skirt，特指你的衬衫的颜色；a
good match for表示和……很搭配。
答案：C
5.For him ________ stage is just ________ means of making a
living.
A.a；a B.the；a C.the；the D.a；the
解析：the stage 意为“舞台”，而固定搭配a means of 则为
“……的方式”(此处means单复数同形)。
答案：B
6.According to ________ review of 44 studies，American
researchers found that men and women who ate six key foods
daily cut the risk of ________ heart disease by 76%.
A.a；the B.the；a C.a；/ D./；a
解析：由句意“根据由44人组成的调查中……”可知，此处
review表泛指；另外疾病前不加冠词。
答案：C
7.Everywhere man has cut down ________ forests in order to grow
crops，or to use ________ wood as fuel or as building material.
A.the；the B.the；/ C./；the D./；/
解析：复数名词forests表泛指；下句中的wood是forests中
的，故为特指。
答案：C
8.—I knocked over my coffee cup.It went right over ________
keyboard.
—You shouldn’t put drinks near ________ computer.
A.the；不填 B.the；a C.a；不填 D.a；a
解析：表特指要加定冠词；不定冠词可放在单数名词前，泛指
一类人或物。
答案：B
9.This book tells ________ life story of John Smith，who left
______ school and worked for a newspaper at the age of 16.
A.the；the B.a；the C.the；不填 D.a；不填
解析：life后有介词短语作定语特指，故前加the；leave
school意为“辍学”。
答案：C
10.—Would you mind giving your advice on how to improve our
business management
—If you made ________ most of the equipment，there would be
________ rise in production.
A./；/ B.the；a C.the；the D.the；/
解析：make the most of 指“善加利用”；rise作名词，泛指
“提升、升高”时前无冠词，但当“提升之人(物)”时，前则加不
定冠词。
答案：B
11.The salesman said that ________ thief was a young man with
________ brown hair.
A.the；a B.the；不填 C.a；不填 D.a；a
解析：此处the thief为说话双方能领会的；hair不可数名词
前一般无冠词。
答案：B
12.The shop needs more children’s toys in ________ store，for the
Children’s Day is just around ________ corner.
A.the；/ B./；the C.a；the D.the；the
解析：in store意为“贮藏着、准备着”；around the corner
意为“在拐角处”；“即将来临”。
答案：B
13.—Will ________ sofa do
—Sure.But if you haven’t，________ chair is OK.
A.the；a B.a；the C.a；a D./；/
解析：考查冠词。此处的sofa 和chair都是泛指一类物品中的
任何一件，所以都用不定冠词。此题易误选A和B。
答案：C
14.Tom couldn’t remember the exact date of the storm，but he
knew it was ________ Sunday because everybody was at
________ church.
A.a；/ B./；the C./；a D.the；/
解析：根据句意，a Sunday表“一个星期天”；(be)at church意
为“做礼拜”。
答案：A
15.The party last night was ________ great success.We sang and
danced until it came to ________ end at 12∶00.
A.a；an B.a；the C.the；an D./；the
解析：success指“成功的人(事)”时为可数名词，前可加不定冠
词；come to an end 表示“结束”。
答案：A(共18张PPT)
(四)形容词和副词
一、多个形容词作定语时的排列顺序
限定词(these，those...)＋数量形容词(three)＋描绘性形容词
(beautiful)＋大小、长短、高低等形体性形容词(large，
long，high)＋新旧(old)＋颜色(red)＋国籍(Chinese)＋材料
(wood)＋用途(writing)＋被修饰名词(desk)。
a beautiful white Japanese military jeep
二、形容词作定语后置的几种情况
1.当形容词修饰不定代词one，no，any，some和every构成的复合
词，如：something，anything，nothing时。
I have something important to tell you.
2.当“形容词＋介词短语/不定式”构成的短语作定语时。
The teacher asked me a question too difficult to answer.
3.当两个意义相反的形容词用“both...and...”；and；or或but连接
在一起作定语时。
The students were required to see a film
both interesting and instructive.
4.当old，long，high，wide，deep等词附有数量词短语作定语时。
The peasants dug a well about_fifty_metres_deep.
三、表语形容词
有些形容词只作表语，通常不作前置定语。常见的表语形容词有：afraid，alone，awake，asleep，alive，alike，ashamed，afloat，well，sorry，unable，worth，sure等。
The old man was alone in the house.
【注】 ①上述形容词可以作补语。
We found the snake still alive.
②alive，alone，awake等可以用作后置定语。
He is the greatest poet alive.
③以a 开头的表语形容词大多不可直接用very来修饰。
sound/fast asleep熟睡的
wide awake十分清醒的
四、下列形容词作表语时，主语通常是“事”而不是“人”
(im)possible，(un)necessary，(im)probable，(in)convenient，如：
It is not convenient to work at the weekend.
周末工作不便。
五、形容词作状语
形容词作状语表示伴随或结果。
He returned home，safe and sound.
构成方法 例 词
副词词干＋分词 newly made 新建的
fast changing 飞速变化着的
名词词干＋过去分词 snow covered 被雪覆盖的
名词词干＋现在分词 energy saving 节省能源的
名词词干＋形容词词干 life long 终生的
数词词干＋名词词干 five star 五星级的
数词词干＋名词 ed four storeyed 四层的
数词词干＋名词＋形容词 five year old 5岁的
形容词词干＋过去分词 ready made 现成的，预先制成的
形容词词干＋名词 ed cold blooded 冷血的
形容词词干＋现在分词 ordinary looking 相貌一般的
形容词词干＋形容词词干 red hot 炽热的
六、复合形容词的构成
【注】 复合形容词中的名词不能用复数形式。
七、两种形式的副词
有些副词有两种形式，其中一种形式与形容词相同，另一种形式是在形容词后加后缀“ ly”。这两种形式的副词表示的意义不大相同，应加以分辨。
close接近(指距离)——closely仔细地，密切地
free免费——freely自由地，自如地
deep深——deeply深刻地，深入地
hard努力地——hardly几乎不
wide宽阔——widely广泛地
high高——highly高度地
late晚、迟——lately近来
near邻近——nearly几乎
most最——mostly主要地；绝大多数地
easy从容地——easily容易地
八、有些副词置于句首可修饰全句，作评注性状语
Fortunately，he was not drowned and was saved by the PLA
men.
九、副词enough的用法
1.enough作副词用来修饰形容词、副词时要放在所修饰词的后面。
If I had a long enough holiday，I’d visit Europe，stopping at all
the small interesting places.
The driver drove his car carefully enough.
2.cannot与enough连用，表示“再……也不为过”。
You cannot be careful enough.你再细心也不为过。
【注】 enough的这一用法可用“cannot(can never)...too...”句型替换。
You can never be too careful in the street.(＝You can never be careful enough in the street.)
十、注意下列几句有关形容词、副词的固定搭配
He’s dead/blind drunk.他喝得酩酊大醉。
It’s raining/snowing heavily.雨/雪下得很大。
He’s moving/breathing/drinking/smoking heavily.
他吃力地移动/喘着粗气/酒喝得多/烟抽得多。
十一、形容词和副词的比较级和最高级
1.表示倍数的三个句型：
(1)...times as＋形容词原级＋as...
This table is 3 times as big as that one.
(2)...times the＋性质名词＋of...
This table is 3 times the size of that one.
(3)...times＋形容词比较级＋than...
This table is 2 times bigger than that one.
2.同程度级的比较，用as...as，the same as，such...as引导：
Henry does not have so/as many books as I have.
亨利不如我的书多。
3.the＋比较级……，the＋比较级……
The more you talked，the less attention he paid to you.
你说得越多，他越不注意你。
4.比较级＋and＋比较级，表示“越来越……”
The new city is becoming more and more beautiful.
新城变得越来越美丽。
5.the＋比较级＋of the two＋名词：The taller of the two boys is my
brother.
这两个男孩中较高的是我弟弟。
6.用介词by表示相差的程度。
She is taller than I by three inches.她比我高三英尺。
7.一个人的两种品质的比较，用more...than结构：
I think she’s more shy than unfriendly.
与其说她不友好，不如说她害羞。
8.否定＋比较级＝最高级
There is no greater love than that of a man who lays down his life
for his friends.
为朋友而放弃生命的人的爱是最伟大的爱。
9.比较的对象不能相互包容，注意：
The Mississippi River is longer than any other river in the United
States.密西西比河是美国最长的河。
10.比较级的修饰语常见的有：
rather，much，still，even，far，any(用于否定句或疑问句)，a
lot，a little，a great deal，by far，a bit，three times等。
The students study even harder than before.
学生们比以前学习更努力了。
11.比较的对象应该相同。
The population of China is larger than that of any other country
in the world.中国的人口比世界上任何其他国家的都多。
China has a larger population than any other country in the
world.
12.no＋比较级＋than的特殊含义
A is no more careful than B.A和B两人都不仔细。
A is no less careful than B.A和B两人都很仔细。
过关落实
1.This magazine is very ________ with young people，who like its
content and style.
A.familiar B.popular C.similar D.particular
解析：be popular with受……欢迎。
答案：B
2.A new ________ bus service to Tianjin Airport started to operate
two months ago.
A.normal B.usual C.regular D.common
解析：regular有规律的，固定的。
答案：C
3.It is not socially ________ for parents to leave children
unattended at that age.
A.accessible B.adorable C.adaptable D.acceptable
解析：acceptable可接受的。
答案：D
4.After two years’ research，we now have a ________ better
understanding of the disease.
A.very B.far C.fairly D.quite
解析：far/much/even等副词常用来修饰比较级。
答案：B
5.He began to take political science ________ only when he left
school.
A.strictly B.truly C.carefully D.seriously
解析：seriously认真地，严肃地。
答案：D
6.The final score of the basketball match was 93 94.We were only
________ beaten.
A.nearly B.slightly C.narrowly D.lightly
解析：be narrowly beaten指比分靠近，(对方)险胜。
答案：C
7.It’s hard for him playing against me.I’ve got nothing to play
for，but for him，he needs to win so ________.
A.far B.well C.little D.badly
解析：badly在本句中意为“非常，很”。
答案：D
8.With April 18’s railway speedup，highway and air transport will
have to compete with ________ service for passengers.
A.good B.better C.best D.the best
解析：随着四月十八日前火车提速，公路和航空运输将面临更
好(better service)的竞争。
答案：B
9.Though he started late，Mr.Guo played the piano as well as，if
________，Miss Liu.
A.not better than B.not better
C.no better than D.better
解析：句中完整结构为if he did not play better than...。
答案：A
10.—Do you need any help，Lucy
—Yes.The job is ________ I could do myself.
A.less than B.more than
C.no more than D.not more than
解析：more than远远超过。
答案：B
11.We’re happy that our predictions should be so accurate，which
is ________ from expectation.
A.away B.free C.far D.empty
解析：far from意为“远非、远远不够”。
答案：C
12.________，the girl didn’t seem able to do anything right.
A.Exhausted B.Exhaustedly
C.To be exhausted D.Being exhaustedly
解析：过去分词作状语表动作的被动和完成。
答案：A
13.—If you’re free tonight，I’d like to invite you to a movie.
—That’s nice of you，but are you ________？
A.honest B.careful C.serious D.true
解析：serious指“严肃的”。
答案：C
14.Excited by the news，Marie lay in bed with her eyes ______
open while all her family were ______ asleep.
A.widely；soundly B.wide；sound
C.widely；sound D.wide；soundly
解析：wide open意为“大睁着”，wide为副词，sound作副词
时，意为“深深地、舒畅地”。
答案：B
15.By looking at a problem in as many ways as possible，creative
thinkers can find solutions that would ________ remain invisible.
A.otherwise B.yet C.already D.forever
解析：otherwise与虚拟语气连用，表“否则、要不然”。
答案：A(共20张PPT)
(六)情态动词
一、情态动词的基本用法
1.can
(1)(表示能力)能……；会……
She can drive，but she can’t ride a bicycle.
【注】 could表示“原来具备某种能力，现在没有这种能力
了”，但was/were able to则表示过去成功地做成了某事。
I could swim all the way across the lake，but I can’t now.
我原来 能游过这个湖，但现在不能了。
The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone was
able to get out.
大火很快蔓延了整个旅馆，但全体人员都脱离了危险。
(2)(表示可能、许可)能够……；可以……
“Can I use your telephone？”“Yes，of course you can.”
You can’t park your car in this street.
【注】 can可作“有时候会……”解，意思是平时或大部分时间不
是这样子，只是偶尔发生的事情。如：
Jogging can be harmful to the health.
慢跑有时候会对身体健康有害。
(3)(表温和的命令)请做……，得……
I’ll do the cooking，and you can do the washing.
我来做饭，请你去洗衣服。
(4)(用于疑问句中，表请求、提议)能不能……；要不要……
Can you give me a lift to the station
Can’t you lend me ten dollars？请你借给我10美元吧？
(5)(用于疑问句中，表惊讶、怀疑等)“(到底)可能有这样的事吗？”
Can it be that it was I，not he，who was mistaken？
难道错的会是我，而不是他吗？
(6)构成下列特殊句式：
①can not/can never...too...或cannot...enough
“无论怎么……也不过分；越……越好；非常……”。
One cannot be too careful. 越认真越好。
I cannot thank you enough.我对你感激不尽。
②cannot help doing.../cannot help but do.../cannnot but do...
“禁不住；不由得；不得不”。
I cannot help admiring the picture whenever I look at it.
When a close friend dies，you cannot but feel sad.
2.may
(1)(表准许、请求)可以……
You may go home now，Susan.苏珊，你现在可以回家了。
May I have a word with you，please？我可以跟你说句话吗？
(2)(表愿望、祝福)但愿；祝……。此时，句子要用倒装语序。
May you succeed！祝你成功！
(3)(用于目的状语从句中)为了；为了能够
He works hard so that he may get good grades.
(4)(用于让步状语从句中)即使；无论
Whatever he may say，I don’t believe him.
(5)构成句型：may/might as well do sth.
“还是做某事的好；不妨去做某事”
Since we’ve got nothing better to do，we might as well go for a
walk.既然我们没什么更好的事情可做，我们不妨去散散步。
3.must
(1)(表义务、必要性、命令)必须，得，要
“Must I wash the dishes at once？”“No，you needn’t.”
“我得立刻洗这些盘子吗？”“不，不必。”
Animals must eat to live.为了活下去，动物必须吃东西。
【注】 mustn’t表“禁止、不准”。
You mustn’t play with the knife；you may hurt yourself.
你不可玩刀子，你会把自己割伤的。
(2)(表必然性)必定
Everyone must die.每个人都必定会死。
(3)(表固执、不满等)偏偏；硬要；偏要
If you must know，I’m going to help him look for an apartment.
如果你偏要知道，那我告诉你，我要去帮助他找一套公寓。
4.shall
(1)用于疑问句中，与第一、三人称连用，表示征求对方的意见
Shall she go to the concert with us this evening
Shall we go out for a walk
【注】 may用于征求对方的许可，shall用于征求对方的意见或
指示。
May I have a look？我能看一下吗？
Shall I have a look？要我看一下吗？
(2)用于第二、三人称，表示说话人的命令、警告、强制、允诺、
威胁或决心等
Don’t worry.You shall get the answer this very afternoon.
不要焦急，今天下午你就会得到答复。(允诺)
He shall be sorry one day.I tell you.
我告诉你，他早晚有一天会后悔的。(警告)
(3)(用于法律、规则等条文中)应……，须……，得……
The fine shall be given in cash.罚款应以现金缴纳。
5.should
(1)(表义务、责任)应该
We should attend the meeting.我们应该参加这次会议。
(2)(表预期)应该会，想必会，一定会……吧
The concert should be great fun.音乐会一定会很有意思。
(3)(表惊讶、遗憾)竟然；居然
I’m glad that your story should have won the first prize.
我很高兴你的小说居然赢得头奖。
(4)(与疑问词连用，表示意外、纳闷、惊讶等)究竟是；到底
Who should come in but my old friend Betty！
我当是谁进来了呢，原来是我的老朋友贝蒂呀！
(5)(用于条件状语从句中)一旦；万一
If she should know the truth，she would be greatly depressed.
万一她知道了实情，她将会非常失望。
Should you change your mind，let us know.
你一旦改变主意，就通知我们。
(6)(用于表示命令、建议、请求的动词后面的that从句中，且
should可省略)应该；必须
She demanded that they (should) leave at once.
她要求他们立即离开。
(7)(用于以lest，for fear that，in case引导的状语从句中)以免；唯 恐
She gave me a list just in case I should forget what to buy.
她给了我一张清单，以免我忘记买些什么。
6.would
(1)(表过去的习惯性动作)(从前)常常；经常
We would stay up all night talking about our future.
那时候，我们常常彻夜谈论我们的将来。
(2)(表示说话者的厌烦、焦躁)老是；偏要
That’s exactly like Susie.She would come to me just when I was busy.
苏西就是那个样子，她老是在我忙碌的时候来找我。
(3)(用于否定句中，主语一般是事物，表示某事物暂时的特
性)就是(不能)
That window wouldn’t open.那扇窗户打不开。
(4)表示请求或个人的想法、看法，使语气婉转
Would you mind if I opened the window？
我打开窗户你不介意吧？
二、情态动词表推测
情态动词must，can/could，may/might可以用来对事情进行推
测。must表推测时只能用于肯定句，是对现在或过去的事情进行的
推测，不能表对将来事情的推测，语气非常肯定，译为“一定……”。
can/could表推测时一般用于否定句或疑问句，也是对现在或过去的
事情进行推测，但could偶尔可用于肯定推测。may/might表推测时
一般用于肯定句或否定句，可对现在、过去或将来的事情进行推测，
语气不很肯定，译为“可能……”。
此时，一般有两种结构：“情态动词＋be”和“情态动词＋have
done”。
1.“情态动词＋be”结构通常用来对现在或将来的状况进行推测。
The light is still on.He must be working in the office now.
灯还亮着，他现在一定还在办公室工作着。
Michael can’t be a policeman，for he’s much too short.
麦克不可能是警察，因为他太矮了。
He may be in the classroom.I’ll go and make sure.
他或许在教室里，我去弄弄清楚。
2.“情态动词＋have done”结构用于对过去事情的推测。
I didn’t hear the phone.I must have been asleep.
我当时没有听到电话响，我一定是睡着了。
Tom hasn’t come back yet.He may have missed the bus again.
汤姆还没有回来，他可能又没赶上班车。
Jack can’t have arrived yet；otherwise he would have
telephoned me.杰克不可能来到，否则，他会给我来电话的。
【注】 might have done和could have done除了表对过去事情
的推测外，还可表示一种责备语气，意为“(过去)本来可以(能
够)做某事，但实际上没有做到”，此时不能用may或can。
He might have given you more help，even though he was very
busy.即使再忙，他也可能再多给你一些帮助的。
三、情态动词表责备语气
情态动词should，ought to，could，might，need等常用来表
示说话人对过去事情的不满或遗憾，带有较强烈的责备语气。
1.should (ought to) have done “本应该……”，表示过去应该做而
(实际)没有做的事情，含有责备或遗憾的语气，其否定形式为
“should not/ought not to have done”。
I told Sally how to get there，but perhaps I should have written
it out for her.当时我告诉了莎丽如何去那儿，但或许我还是该给
她写出来为好。
【注】should have done还可以表示惊讶、赞叹等情绪。
It’s wonderful that you should have achieved so much in these
years.太神奇了，这几年你竟然取得了这么大的成就。
2.could/might have done “本来能够(会)……”，表示过去本来可以
(能够)做某事，但实际上没有做到。
—I didn’t go to class last night because my car broke down.
—You could have borrowed mine.I wasn’t using it.
“我昨晚没去上课，我的车坏了。”
“那你该借我的呀，我那时没用它。”
3.needn’t have done“本来不需要……”，表示过去本来没有必要做
某事，但事实上却做了。
There was plenty of time.She needn’t have hurried.
当时时间很充足，她本没有必要那么匆忙的。
过关落实
1.—How’s your tour around the North Lake Is it beautiful
—It ________ be，but it is now heavily polluted.
A.will B.would C.should D.must
解析：should译为“应该”，含有批评的语气。
答案：C
2.—What does the sign over there read
—“No person ________ smoke or carry a lighted cigarette，cigar
or pipe in this area.”
A.will B.may C.shall D.must
解析：shall表示按法律，规则等条文规定“必须……”。
答案：C
3.—She looks very happy.She ________ have passed the exam.
—I guess so.It’s not difficult after all.
A.should B.could C.must D.might
解析：must have done表示对过去事情的肯定推测，译为“肯定
发生过某事”。
答案：C
4.—Where is my dictionary I remember I put it here yesterday.
—You ________ it in the wrong place.
A.must put B.should have put
C.might put D.might have put
解析：might have done表示对过去事情的不太肯定的推测，译
为“或许发生过某事”。
答案：D
5.The teacher ________ have thought Johnson was worth it or she
wouldn’t have wasted time on him，I suppose.
A.should B.can C.would D.must
解析：must have done表示对过去事情的肯定推测。
答案：D
6.My MP4 player isn’t in my bag.Where ________ I have put it
A.can B.must C.should D.would
解析：在否定和疑问句中只能用can表推测。
答案：A
7.—My cat’s really fat.
—You ________ have given her so much food.
A.wouldn’t B.couldn’t C.shouldn’t D.mustn’t
解析：shouldn’t have done表示本不应该做某事但实际上却做
了，含有责备的语气。
答案：C
8.The biggest problem for most plants，which ________ just get up
and run away when threatened，is that animals like to eat them.
A.shan’t B.can’t C.needn’t D.mustn’t
解析：根据上下文的意思应用can’t表示能力。
答案：B
9.There’s no light on—they ________ be at home.
A.can’t B.mustn’t C.needn’t D.shouldn’t
解析：对现在事实的否定猜测，用can’t。
答案：A
10.If it were not for the fact that she ________ sing，I would invite
her to the party.
A.couldn’t B.shouldn’t
C.can’t D.might not
解析：此处can’t表示不具有某种能力(不会)。
答案：C
11.Don’t interrupt me，John.________ you force me to tell you the
truth at the moment
A.Might B.Must C.Should D.Would
解析：Must you...？你一定要/非要……吗？
答案：B
12.The public transportation is very convenient in that big city，so
there ________ be any difficulty in traveling around.
A.mustn’t B.wouldn’t
C.shouldn’t D.needn’t
解析：shouldn’t句中意为“应该不会”。
答案：C
13.—Has the manager gone on business
—No.He ________ have but something prevented him at the last
minute.
A.could B.may C.can D.mustn’t
解析：句意为“他本来应已出差，但有事情在最后一刻发生阻
碍了他”。
答案：A
14.Our holidays were ruined by the weather；________ have
stayed at home!
A.it may be as well B.it was just as well we
C.we might just as well D.we might do as well as we
解析：might (just) as well意为“只好”。
答案：C
15.—How exciting! I drove my new car at a speed of 120 km/h on
Sunday morning.
—Were you crazy You ________ yourself!
A.must have killed B.should have killed
C.might have killed D.need have killed
解析：考查情态动词。“might have ＋过去分词”是对过去情
况的 可能性推测，此处含有“责备，批评”的意味。此题易误
选B。
答案：C(共21张PPT)
(九)动词的时态和语态
一、一般、进行、完成的含义
二、一般过去时和现在完成时的区别
比较下面几组句子，体会两种时态的不同：
三、一般过去时和过去完成时的用法区别
1.一般过去时是对现在说话时刻而言的，过去完成时则是对过去
某一时刻而言。两种时态建立的时间参照点不同，对过去完成
时来说，这一个时间参照点十分重要，它是过去完成概念赖以
建立的基础，也是和一般过去时相区别的重要标准。
2.过去完成时的时间状语常用by和before引导的短语表示，如by
that time，by the end of，before 2000，by the time＋句子等。
四、过去完成时与现在完成时的用法区别
比较下面的说法，体会两种时态的不同：
五、动词时态的一些典型用法
1.在条件状语从句、时间状语从句、让步状语从句中，如果主句
是将来时或主句是祈使句，从句中要用一般现在时代替一般将
来时。
I’ll not go unless I’m invited.
Tell him the news as soon as he comes.
2.“used to/would＋动词原形”可以表示过去经常或习惯性的动作。
Often at night she would hear a long low whistle and the sound of
a metallic noise.
3.“be ＋to do”表示拟定或计划中将发生的行为或按职责义务必须
去做的事情；“be about to do”表示即将发生的事，句中一般不
使用时间状语。
All the questions are to be answered at once.
No one is to leave the room without permission.
4.一般过去时，往往表示“刚才，刚刚”之意，暗示现在已“不再这
样”。
I didn’t know you were here.我不知道你在这里。
I never thought he would do that.我从没想到他会做出这样的事。
5.表示愿望、打算一类的词，如：hope，expect，mean，intend，
want，think，suppose，want等，其过去完成时表示过去未曾实
现的愿望或意图。
I had hoped to see more of Shanghai.
我本希望在上海多看看。(但未能如愿)
I had meant to help you，but I was too busy at the moment.
我本想去帮你的，但当时确实太忙了。
6.某些固定句式中的动词时态。
(1)This/It is the first/second...time＋that从句。that从句一般用现
在完成时，如果把前边的is改为was，则that从句用过去完成时。
This is the first time I have come here.
It was the third time(that)he had made the same mistake.
(2)It is/has been＋一段时间＋since 从句。since从句中一般用过
去时，如果将前边的is改为was，则since从句中用过去完成时。
It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.
(3)be about to do...when...意为“即将……(这时)突然……”。
I was about to go out when the telephone rang.
(4)be(was/were)＋doing...when...意为“正在干……(这时)突然……”。
They were reading when Tom shouted in pain.
(5)Hardly had...done...when...；No sooner had...done...than...意为
“刚……就……”。
Hardly(No sooner)had_I_got home when(than)the rain poured
down.
(6)It＋be＋一段时间＋before从句
如果主句用将来时，则从句用一般现在时表将来，意为多长时间
以后即将发生某事；如果主句用过去时，从句也用过去时，意为
多长时间后发生了某事。
It won’t be long before he succeeds.
It was ten years before they met again.
六、短语动词和含有情态动词的被动语态
The doctor has been sent for.已经派人请大夫去了。
Time must be made good use of.时间一定要充分利用。
Bad habits have been done away with.
坏习惯已经改掉了。
七、get＋过去分词可以表示被动，此结构比较口语化
The patient got treated once a week.
那位病人一周得到一次治疗。
八、主动形式表被动意义
1.系动词look，sound，feel，smell，taste，prove，appear＋形容
词/名词构成的系表结构。
The steel feels cold.
His plan proved(to be)practical.
2.表示开始、结束、运动的动词。如begin，finish，start，open，
close，stop，end，shut，run，move等。
Work began at 7 o’clock this morning.
The shop closes at 6 p.m.every day.
3.表示主语的某种属性特征的动词。如read，write，act，sell，
wash，clean，wear，open，cook，lock，shut，dry，eat，
drink。这类动词一般不单独使用，常有一个修饰语。
This coat dries easily.这种外衣容易干。
Your speech reads well.你的演说讲得好。
Your pen writes smoothly.你的笔好写。
4.少数动词用于进行时，其主动形式表示被动含义。如print，
build，cook，fry，hang，build，make。
The books are printing.这本书正在排印中。
The meat is cooking.在煮肉。
5.不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语：fit，have，wish，
cost，agree with，arrive at/in，shake hands with，succeed in，
suffer from，happen to，take part in，walk into，belong to等。
如：
This key just fits the lock.
Your story agrees with what has already been heard.
6.介词in，on，under等＋名词构成介词短语表被动意义。如：
under control受控制
under treatment在治疗中
under repair在修理中
under discussion在讨论中
under construction在施工中
beyond belief令人难以置信
beyond one’s reach鞭长莫及
beyond one’s control无法控制
for rent出租
in print 在印刷中
in sight 在视野范围内
on sale出售
on show 展出
on trial受审
out of control控制不了
out of sight 超出视线之外
out of one’s reach够不着
The building is under construction.
His honest character is beyond all praise.
Today some treasures are on show in the museum.
过关落实
1.The flowers were so lovely that they ________ in no time.
A.sold B.had been sold
C.were sold D.would sell
解析：由“时态一致”原则可知，应该使用一般过去时态，又因
“花”和“卖”之间是被动关系，故用被动语态。
答案：C
2.—Is there anything wrong，Bob You look sad.
—Oh，nothing much.In fact，I ________ of my friends back
home.
A.have just thought B.was just thinking
C.would just think D.will just be thinking
解析：说话人说刚才在思念家乡的朋友，故用过去进行时。
答案：B
3.—Tom，you didn’t come to the party last night
—I ________，but I suddenly remembered I had homework to
do.
A.had to B.didn’t
C.was going to D.wouldn’t
解析：was going to表示本打算做某事，而实际上没做。
答案：C
4.—Did you see a man in black pants pass by just now
—No，sir.I ________ a newspaper.
A.read B.was reading
C.would read D.am reading
解析：句意为“没看见，先生。我刚才正在读报纸。”，故用过
去进行时。
答案：B
5.—________ you ________ him around the museum yet
—Yes.We had a great time there.
A.Have；shown B.Do；show
C.Had；shown D.Did；show
解析：用现在完成时询问已经发生的事情，语气委婉，用一般
过去时回答对方的询问，显得简明。
答案：A
6.—I have got a headache.
—No wonder.You ________ in front of that computer too long.
A.work B.are working
C.have been working D.worked
解析：现在完成进行时表示动作一直在持续。
答案：C
7.—It was really very kind of you to give me a lift home.
—Oh，don’t mention it.I ________ past your house anyway.
A.was coming B.will come
C.had come D.have come
解析：由句意可知在谈论过去的事，故排除B、D，而C表示“你搭车前我已经从你家门口路过了”，不符合题意。
答案：A
8.If Newton lived today，he would be surprised by what ________ in science and technology.
A.had discovered B.had been discovered
C.has discovered D.has been discovered
解析：“today”是表示现在的时间状语，应该使用现在完成时。
答案：D
7.—It was really very kind of you to give me a lift home.
—Oh，don’t mention it.I ________ past your house anyway.
A.was coming B.will come
C.had come D.have come
解析：由句意可知在谈论过去的事，故排除B、D，而C表示“你
搭车前我已经从你家门口路过了”，不符合题意。
答案：A
8.If Newton lived today，he would be surprised by what ________
in science and technology.
A.had discovered B.had been discovered
C.has discovered D.has been discovered
解析：“today”是表示现在的时间状语，应该使用现在完成时。
答案：D
9.They ________ two free tickets to Canada，otherwise they’d
never have been able to afford to go.
A.had got B.got C.have got D.get
解析：句子的后半部分为虚拟语气，由would never have been
可知，得到票是过去的事情，因此用一般过去时。
答案：B
10.As the years passed，many occasions—birthdays，awards，
graduations—________ with Dad’s flowers.
A.are marked B.were marked
C.have marked D.had marked
解析：mark...with...“用……给……作标记”，由句意可知应
用被动语态且为过去时。
答案：B
11.My cousin went to Canada two years ago.He ________ there for
a few months and then went to America.
A.worked B.would work
C.would be working D.has been working
解析：worked与went为并列结构，故都用过去式。
答案：A
12.I think it is necessary for my 19 year old son to have his own
mobile phone，for I sometimes want to make sure if he
________ home for dinner.
A.come B.comes C.has come D.will come
解析：“……我有时想确定他是否会(will)回家吃饭”。
答案：D
13.The water ________ cool when I jumped into the pool for
morning exercise.
A.was felt B.is felt C.felt D.feels
解析：当feel表示“摸起来”时是系动词，不可用被动语态。
答案：C
14.—I don’t suppose the police know who did it.
—Well，surprisingly they do.A man has been arrested and
________ now.
A.has been questioned B.is being questioned
C.is questioning D.has questioned
解析：表示被捕的人“正在被盘问”(is being questioned now)。
答案：B
15.The construction of the two new railway lines ________ by now.
A.has been completed B.have been completed
C.has completed D.have completed
解析：by now意为“到现在为止”，句中应用现在完成时；主语
为单数(construction)且与动词complete有动宾关系，所以用
被动。故选A。
答案：A(共21张PPT)
附 录 语法过关落实
(一)名 词
一、名词的同义词辨析
1.常作为考点的名词同义词
approach；method；way；means
area；region；field；district
argument；quarrel；debate
award；reward；prize
background；environment；surrounding
behaviour；action；act
benefit；profit
case；example；instance；sample
cause；reason；excuse
climate；weather
condition；situation
contest；competition；match；race
consequence；result
custom；habit；practice
diet；food
direction；instruction
energy；strength；force；power；ability
event；affair；business
fault；mistake；error
glimpse；glance；look；sight
labour；work；job；task
message；news；information；word
opinion；idea；thought；mind
pattern；design；style；model
percent；percentage
practice；training；exercise
purpose；aim；goal；target
scene；scenery；sight；view
shade；shadow
skill；ability
spirit；courage
symbol；sign；mark
term；condition；case
touch；contact；connection
value；price；cost
variety；species
view；sight；vision
voyage；trip；journey
wage；salary；pay；income
2.名词同义词辨析题解题技巧
从三个方面考虑：①词义；②搭配(与介词或动词搭配)；③惯用 法
【例1】 Finding out about these universities has become easy for
anyone with Internet ________.
A.entrance B.admission C.access D.entry
[解题关键] 解此题的关键是要弄清楚这四个单词的词义。
entrance“入口，门口，进入”；admission“允许进入，承认”；
entry“进入，入口”。上述三个词一般指进入建筑物、社团、学校等
地的权利。如：They were refused entrance to the exhibition.“他们被
拒于展览会门外。”Entry to the museum is free.“这家博物馆免费进
入参观。”She failed to gain admission to the university of her
choice.“她没有被自己选择的大学录取。”access“通道”，也可指接近
或使用某东西的“权利，机会”。如：Students must have access to
good resources.“学生必须有机会使用好的信息资源。”根据题意“对
于可以使用互联网的人来说，要查找这些大学已经变得非常容易。”
可知答案为C。
【例2】 Except on formal ________ such as official reception,
American society has a certain amount of informality.
A.conditions B.cases C.occasions D.situations
[解题关键] 解此题的关键是要弄清楚这四个单词的搭配。四个单词都可作“情况”解。condition常与介词in或under搭配使用，多用复数形式：in/under...conditions“在……情况下，在……条件下，在……环境下”，但condition也可与介词on搭配，只能用单数形式：on condition that“只要，条件是”。case与介词in搭配：in that/this case“在那(这)种情况下，如果那(这)样的话”，in such cases“在这种情况下”，in case of“如果，万一”。occasion与介词on搭配：on that/this occasion“在那(这)种场合”，on special occasions“在特殊场合”。situation与介词in搭配：in a difficult situation“处境困难”，in unexpected situations“在意外情况下”。据此可知本题答案为C，题意是“除了在官方接待这样的正式场合，美国社会是较为随便的。”
【例3】 “I don’t think it’s my ________ that the TV blew up. I just
turned it on, that’s all，” said the boy.
A.error B.mistake C.fault D.duty
[解题关键] 解此题的关键是要弄清楚名词的惯用法。error,
mistake和fault都可译为“错误”，但it is one’s fault是惯用法。如：
It’s not my fault./Whose fault is it that we’re late？根据题意“我认
为电视机爆炸不是我的错，我只是打开了电视，仅此而已。”可
知答案为C。
二、名词与动词的搭配
play jokes/tricks on开……的玩笑；捉弄
take advantage of利用
put...into practice；turn...into reality实行；实施
take trouble to do sth.不辞劳苦地做某事
have difficulty in doing sth.做某事有困难
make an effort to do sth.努力去做某事
take pains to do sth.尽力去做某事
spare no effort to do sth.不遗余力做某事
take no notice of；pay no attention to不注意；忽视
keep/get in touch/contact with；have connection with
与……保持/取得/有联系
keep/bear...in mind；learn...by heart记住；熟记
put one’s heart into...；put one’s mind to...全身心地去做……
take...into account/consideration将……考虑在内
take action；take measures采取措施
take/follow one’s advice接受某人的建议
make an attempt to do sth.试图做某事
puzzle one’s brain over sth.绞尽脑汁做某事
take charge of对……负责；掌管
keep pany陪伴某人
make a difference起作用；与众不同
make no difference没有关系或影响；无关紧要
have a narrow escape九死一生
come into existence存在；成立
find fault with sb.对某人吹毛求疵；找某人的岔子
do sb. a favour帮助某人；帮某人的忙
lend/give sb. a hand帮助某人
have/form/develop the habit of doing sth.有/养成……习惯
make/leave an impression on sb.给某人留下印象
have an influence/impact/effect on/upon...对……有影响
give/offer sb. a lift让某人搭便车；载某人一程
take a message for sb.给某人捎个口信
leave sb. a message给某人留个口信
bring/call...to mind使某人想起……
satisfy/meet/cover one’s needs/demands/requirements
满足某人的需求/要求/条件
come to power执政；当权
take pride in以……为豪；为……感到骄傲
take possession of拥有
keep a record of记录；记载
take responsibility for对……负责
take a risk冒险
make room for为……腾出地方
make sense有道理；是明智的；有意义
三、名词作定语
1.名词作定语，通常表示中心词的用途、材料或特性。如：a
coffee cup；telephone number；paper flowers；weather
forecast；seat belt；income tax；identity card；stone bridge；
heart trouble
2.名词作定语时，通常用单数形式，但个别词除外。如：a clothes
shop服装店；a sports meet运动会；a sports car跑车；a woman
doctor一个女医生；three women doctors三位女医生
四、名词的数
1.下列名词是不可数名词：information；luggage；furniture；
equipment；baggage；jewellery；machinery；clothing；fruit；
luck；fun；health；wealth；weather；confidence；access；
respect等。
What fun we had on the seashore!
Everybody has access to the public library.
2.下列名词通常作不可数名词用，但当指“具体的人、事”时是可
数名词：surprise；pleasure；satisfaction；honour；failure；
success；help；delight；shock；fright；comfort；concern；
pride等。
He is still in a state of shock.他还是很吃惊。
The news of his death came as a shock to us all.
他去世的消息令我们很震惊。
3.下列不可数名词可与不定冠词连用，特别是其前有形容词修饰
时：interest；knowledge等。
He has a wide knowledge of painting and music.
4.下列名词有时可用作可数名词：tea；coffee。
Two teas and three coffees, please.
5.下列名词常用复数形式：congratulations；greetings；regards；
wishes；tears；belongings；surroundings等。
Congratulations on your exam results!
6.下列名词是复数名词：police；people；folk(s)；cattle等。
The police are in search of the attempted murderer.
7.下列名词作可数名词和不可数名词时，意义不同：
word (可数)“字；词；话语”：
Have a word with Pat and see what she thinks.
(不可数)“消息；信息”：
She sent word that she would be late.
exercise (可数)“练习；习题”：
Our teacher gave us many exercises for us to do after school.
(不可数)“锻炼；运动”：
Swimming is good exercise.
room (可数)“房间”：
He lives in a large room, which is well furnished.
(不可数)“空间”：
This table takes up too much room.
experience (可数)“经历”：
Living in Africa was quite an experience for her.
(不可数)“经验”：
She has much teaching experience.
work (可数)“作品；艺术品”：
Many works of art were stolen from the museum last night.
(不可数)“工作”：
It’s difficult to find work in the present economic climate.
过关落实
1.He and his wife are of the same ________；they both want their
son to go to college.
A.soul B.spirit C.heart D.mind
解析：be of the same mind想法一样。
答案：D
2.One thousand dollars a month is not a fortune but would help
cover my living ________.
A.bills B.expenses C.prices D.charges
解析:living expenses生活费;bills指账单;charges意为收费。
答案：B
3.The practice of hanging clothes across the street is a common
________ in many parts of the city.
A.look B.sign C.sight D.appearance
解析：sight景象，景观；look表情，面貌；sign标志，符号；
appearance表象，外貌。
答案：C
4.—You are always full of ________.Can you tell me the secret
—Taking plenty of exercise every day.
A.power B.strength C.force D.energy
解析：full of energy充满活力；power常指权力，电力；
strength力气；force武力。
答案：D
5.Of the seven days in a week，Saturday is said to be the most
popular ________ for a wedding in some countries.
A.way B.situation C.event D.choice
解析：“周六是婚礼的最佳选择”，用choice。
答案：D
6.My morning ________ includes jogging in the park and reading
newspapers over breakfast.
A.drill B.action C.regulation D.routine
解析：routine表示常规或惯例。
答案：D
7.AIDS control and prevention is a ______ to China as well as the
whole world.
A.surprise B.challenge C.reaction D.threat
解析：be a challenge to...，对……来说是个挑战。
答案：B
8.You have been sitting on my hat and now it is badly out of ________.
A.date B.shape C.order D.balance
解析：由句意可知out of shape指“变形”。
答案：B
9.—If you like I can do some shopping for you.
—That’s a very kind ________.
A.offer B.service C.point D.suggestion
解析：offer作名词时意为“提供、提议”。
答案：A
10.Finding information in today’s world is easy.The ________ is
how you can tell if the information you get is useful or not.
A.ability B.competition C.challenge D.knowledge
解析：由句意“找出信息是容易的，但如何判断信息是否有用则
是个挑战”可知。
答案：C
11.Mickey bought an old car cheaply，cleaned it up and sold it the
next week at a ________.
A.benefit B.bargain C.profit D.prize
解析：at a profit (of) 意为“(以赚……)而获利”。
答案：C
12.Although it is not our normal ________ to give credit in our
shop，this time I think we should consider the matter more
closely.
A.habit B.intention C.action D.practice
解析：由句意“尽管我们店里不常赊帐……”，可知此处
practice指“惯例、习俗”。
答案：D
13.He can speak English，German，French and Japanese.He is
nearly a man with a ________ for languages.
A.gift B.present C.reward D.wealth
解析：gift 此处意为“天赋、禀赋”。
答案：A
14.He was ________ as a designer，which was ________ to us all.
A.a success；a surprise B.success；surprise
C.a success；surprise D.success；a surprise
解析：success，surprise均为抽象名词，但当其指“成功(令人
惊讶)的人或事”时，则已具体化，为可数名词。
答案：A
15.They waved with their hands and hats a last ________ to their
friends.
A.congratulation B.look
C.farewell D.leave
解析：farewell 同goodbye，表“辞别、告别”。
答案：C(共32张PPT)
(八)非谓语动词
一、动词不定式
1.动词不定式的句法功能
(1)不定式作主语
To know something about English is one thing；to know English
is quite another.
此时，常用it作形式主语，而把不定式放在句子的后部。
It isn’t easy for her to find a new job.
(2)不定式作宾语
①不定式可作某些动词的宾语，常见的动词有：afford，
agree，ask，decide，desire，expect，fail，hope，manage，
promise，pretend，plan，intend，refuse，wish等。
I promised not to be late.
②介词but/except后接不定式作宾语时，如前面有实义动词do，不
定式就要省略to。
It has no choice but to lie down and sleep.
They did nothing but complain.
(3)不定式作宾语补足语
①某些动词如tell，want，wish，advise，order，require，
expect，remind，persuade，encourage，convince，force，beg，
allow，forbid等后可接不定式作宾语补足语。
My doctor advised me to take a rest.
②某些感官动词如feel，hear，see，watch，notice，observe等或
使役动词如have，let，make等后面可接不带to的不定式作宾语补
足语。但如果句子变成被动语态时，就必须带to 符号。
Did you notice anyone go into the house
Was anyone noticed to go into the house
③某些动词如find，feel，think，expect，consider，make等后可
接不定式作宾语，但宾语后要接形容词或名词作宾语补足语，而
且要用it作形式宾语。
News services make it possible for newspapers to give their readers
news from around the world.
(4)不定式作定语
Do you have the ability to read and write English
①作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词
是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。
Please give me a knife to cut with.
②不定式作定语一般表示将来的动作，但修饰有序数词或形容词
最高级限定的名词时，则表示已完成的动作。
I borrowed some books to read during my holiday.
She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic
Games.
(5)不定式作状语
①不定式一般作目的状语，还可用短语in order to 或so as to。
He sat down to have a rest.
②不定式有时可作结果状语，表示意想不到的结果，还可用only to。
He left，never to return.
He lifted a stone only to drop it on his own feet.
③不定式可用在下列句子中表示结果：
He was so careless as to forget to lock the door.
④不定式可作评注性状语，用以修饰整个句子。
To be honest，I know nothing about it.
(6)不定式作表语
The first step is to check the victim’s breathing.
All I did was (to) press the button.
(7)“疑问词＋不定式”在句中可充当主语、表语、宾语。
When and where to hold the meeting is not known yet.
I didn’t know whether to laugh or cry about it.
【注】 此时不可用if to do结构。
2.不定式的时态和语态
时 态 主动语态 被动语态
一般时 to do to be done
进行时 to be doing
完成时 to have done to have been done
(1)不定式的时态
①不定式的一般式表示将来要发生的动作或表示一种状态。
I wish to finish my business and get away.
He pretended to be asleep when his mother came in.
②不定式的进行式表示不定式动作仍在进行之中。
It happened to be raining hard when the accident occurred.
③不定式的完成式表示不定式动作已完成或发生在句子的谓语动
词之前。
He is generally considered to have invented the telephone.
(2)不定式的语态
当不定式与自己的逻辑主语之间是主动关系时，用主动语态；如
果是被动关系则用被动语态。
He refused to go abroad.
He refused to be taken abroad.
【注】 下列情况下不定式用主动形式表达被动意义：
①不定式作定语时。
She has a sister to look after.
②不定式放在形容词之后时。
This book is difficult to understand.
③个别动词用在“be＋不定式”结构中表将来或应该时。
I think he is to blame.我认为他应该受到责备。
3.不定式的省略问题
有时为了避免重复，不定式可用省略形式，但常常要保留不定
式符号to。这种情况常出现在动词expect，hope，wish，mean，
prefer，care，forget，want，try或be glad，be happy或would
like/love等后面。如果不定式中含有be，have，have been时，这
些词也可保留。
I haven’t been to Hong Kong，but I wish to.
“I didn’t tell him the news.”“Oh，you ought to have.”
二、动名词
1.动名词的功能
(1)动名词作主语
Watching them is a thrilling experience.
【注】 有时用it 作形式主语，而把动词的 ing 形式放在句子的
后部。
It is no use crying over spilt milk.
(2)动名词作宾语
①下列动词后只能接动名词作宾语，不可接不定式作宾语：
admit，appreciate，avoid，consider，delay，dislike，enjoy，
escape，excuse，finish，imagine，keep，mind，miss，
practise，risk，resist，suggest等。
I admit breaking the window.
②下列短语后要接动名词作宾语：burst out，can’t stand，end
up，give up，feel like，keep on，insist on，look forward to，put
off，devote...to，object to，be busy(in)，get down to，have
difficulty/trouble(in)，have a good/wonderful/hard time(in)等。
He didn’t want to end up going home alone.
③下列动词或短语后接不定式和动名词作宾语时，意义上有所不
同。
Remember to post the letter for me on your way to school.请你在上学的路上记住替我把这封信寄出去。
I remember turning off the light before I left the office.
我记得在离开办公室前关上了灯。
④动词like，love，prefer，hate，continue等后接不定式或动名词
作宾语均可。但如表示经常性的动作要用动名词，如表示具体的
行为要用不定式。
I like swimming，but I don’t like to swim this afternoon.
⑤动词allow，advise，forbid，permit等后接动名词作宾语，但要接不定式作宾语补足语。
We don’t allow smoking here.
We don’t allow students to smoke.
⑥动词need，require，want作“需要”解时，其后要用动名词的主动语态或不定式的被动语态作宾语。
The window needs cleaning/to be cleaned.
⑦形容词worth后要接动名词的主动语态表达被动意义，它不同于worthy 的用法。
The place is worth visiting.
The place is worthy of being visited/to be visited.
⑧介词后要接动名词作宾语。
What do you mean by saying that
I congratulated them on getting married.
(3)动名词作表语
My hobby is growing flowers.
(4)动名词作定语
He had a very expensive walking stick.
2.动名词的时态和语态
主动语态 被动语态
一般时 doing being done
完成时 having done having been done
He went away without saying anything.
He came into the room without being seen.
I’m sorry for having wasted so much of your time.
I forgot having been given a Christmas gift years ago.
3.动名词的复合结构
动名词之前有时要加上自己的逻辑主语构成复合结构，逻辑主
语可用名词的所有格或物主代词，有时也可用名词或宾格代词。
I can’t imagine George sailing across the ocean in a boat.
My coming back home late made my mother very angry.
三、分词
1.现在分词的功能
(1)现在分词作宾语补足语
下列动词后可接现在分词作宾补：see，hear，notice，
observe，watch，listen to，look at，have，keep，leave，
find，catch，feel等。
She kept me waiting for over 20 minutes.
【注】 如果句子改为被动语态，那么现在分词则变为主语补足
语。
The boy was caught cheating in the exam.
(2)现在分词作表语
The movie is very boring.
(3)现在分词作定语
现在分词作定语时，通常表示与先行词之间是主动关系。
The taxi taking us to the airport broke down.
【注】 being done形式表示正在进行中的动作，且与先行词之间
是被动关系。
The house being built will serve as a library.
正在建的那座房子将作为图书馆用。
(4)现在分词作状语
①现在分词作状语时，可表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、
行为方式、伴随状况等。此时，现在分词的逻辑主语通常就是句
子的主语，而且现在分词与句子的主语之间一般具有逻辑上的主
谓关系。
The cup dropped to the ground，breaking into pieces.
Jack came running over.
【注】 如果现在分词的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，就要用分词
的独立主格结构。
Weather permitting，we’ll play golf this afternoon.
We explored the cave，Peter acting as a guide.
②现在分词还可作评注性状语，表示说话人的态度，此时现在分
词与句子的主语无关。常见的说法有：generally speaking“一般
来说”；frankly speaking“坦白地说”；judging from...“根据……
来判断”；considering...“考虑到……”等。
Considering the distance，he arrived very quickly.
2.现在分词的时态和语态
主动语态 被动语态
一般时 doing being done
完成时 having done having been done
Not knowing her address，I wasn’t able to contact her.
I saw him being taken away when I passed by his house.
Having bought our tickets，we went into the theatre.
Having been told many times，he still repeated the same mistake.
3.过去分词
过去分词一般在句中作宾补、表语、定语和状语，通常表示已
完成的被动动作或一种状态。
You’d better have the television repaired.
Some of the people invited to the party can’t come.
The teacher came into the lab，followed by some students.
Given a chance，I can surprise the world.
He stood in front of the room with his arms folded.
四、不定式被动式、过去分词和现在分词的被动式作定语
1.过去分词表示的动作或是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，或是
没有一定的时间性。
Have you read the novel written by Dickens
2.现在分词的被动式作定语时表示的动作正在发生或是与谓语动
词所表示的动作同时发生。
Listen！The song being sung is very popular with the students.
3.不定式的被动式作定语时，表示一个未来的动作。
The question to be discussed at tomorrow’s meeting is a very
important one.
五、分词、不定式作宾语补足语的区别
1.感官动词(see，watch，observe，look at，hear，listen to，
notice等)和使役动词have后面的宾补有三种形式，即原形动词
(不带to的不定式)，现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表主动或正
在进行，过去分词表被动或完成，动词原形表主动和完成。
I heard her sing an English song just now.
刚才我听见她唱了一首英文歌。
I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room
yesterday.昨天经过她房间时，我听见她在唱英文歌。
I heard the English song sung many times.
我多次听到有人唱这首英文歌。
2.leave后接三种形式作宾补时，意为“使……处于某种状态”。
sb.doing sth.让某人一直做某事
（宾语和宾补之间是主谓关系表示动作正在进行）
sth.undone留下某事未做
leave （宾语和宾补之间是动宾关系，表示被动和完成，一般以
undone.unfinished,unsettled,untouched为多）
sb.to do sth.留下某人做某事
sth.to be done留下某事要做
（不定式表示将来的动作）
It’s wrong of you to leave the machine running.
The guests left most of the dishes untouched，because they didn’t
taste delicious.
He left，leaving me to do all the rest work.
3.have，get后接三种形式作宾补时，其中have，get表示“使、让、
叫”之意。
（1）have sth.done＝get sth.done“使/让某事由别人去做”。
I’ll have/get my bike repaired tomorrow.
【注】 have sth.done还表示“使遭受……”之意。
Tom had his leg broken while playing football.
The peasants had the tractor working day and night at the
harvest time.
The captain got the soldiers moving toward the front after a
short rest.
【注】 “have sb. doing”若用于否定句中，其中have有“容忍”之
意。
I won’t have you speaking to your parents like that.
Mother had me go to the shop and buy some salt.
I can’t get him to stop smoking.He won’t listen to me.
六、注意以下表达的意义区别
过关落实
1.—The last one ________ pays the meal.
—Agreed!
A.arrived B.arrives C.to arrive D.arriving
解析：不定式to arrive 作the last one 的后置定语，表示“最
后来的那个人”。
答案：C
2.I smell something ________ in the kitchen.Can I call you back in
a minute
A.burning B.burnt
C.being burnt D.to be burnt
解析：强调“闻到某物正在燃烧”，选择v. ing形式，且此处burn
为不及物动词，因此不用被动形式。
答案：A
3.At the beginning of the class，the noise of desks ________could
be heard outside the classroom.
A.opened and closed B.to be opened and closed
C.being opened and closed D.to open and close
解析：句中意为“桌子(抽屉)正在被打开、关上的声音”，强调
动作正在进行，用being done。
答案：C
4.The flowers his friend gave him will die unless ________ every
day.
A.watered B.watering
C.water D.to water
解析：unless watered作条件状语，表示条件，water因和主语
(the flowers)为动宾关系，故用过去分词形式。
答案：A
5.As a result of the serious flood，two thirds of the buildings in the
area ________.
A.need repairing B.needs to repair
C.needs repairing D.need to repair
解析：主语中分数修饰的名词为复数(the buildings)，故排除
B、C；need doing等于need to be done，表示被动。
答案：A
6.You can’t imagine what difficulty we had ________ home in the
snowstorm.
A.walked B.walk C.to walk D.walking
解析：have difficulty (in) doing sth.做某事有困难，固定
句型，在本句中difficulty提前了。
答案：D
7.—Robert is indeed a wise man.
—Oh，yes.How often I have regretted ________ his advice!
A.to take B.taking
C.not to take D.not taking
解析：regret＋v. ing形式表示后悔做过某事；v. ing形式的否
定式在其前面加not。
答案：D
8.The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft，the
most recent ________ at the end of last March.
A.has been launched B.having been launched
C.being launched D.to be launched
解析：having been launched等于which has been launched，
表示“已经被发射”。
答案：B
9.—Come on，please give me some ideas about the project.
—Sorry.With so much work ________ my mind，I almost break
down.
A.filled B.filling C.to fill D.being filled
解析：work与fill为主谓关系，故用filling作宾补。
答案：B
10.As the light turned green，I stood for a moment，not
________，and asked myself what I was going to do.
A.moved B.moving
C.to move D.being moved
解析：此处moving在句中做伴随状语。
答案：B
11.I can’t stand ________ with Jane in the same office.She just
refuses ________ talking while she works.
A.working；stopping B.to work；stopping
C.working；to stop D.to work；to stop
解析：stand doing sth.忍受做某事；refuse to do sth.拒绝
做某事，均为固定搭配。
答案：C
12.He hurried to the booking office only ________ that all the
tickets had been sold out.
A.to be told B.to tell C.told D.telling
解析：“only＋不定式”结构表示一种出乎意料的结果(失望，
沮丧等)，此处用不定式的被动式表示“却被告知”。
答案：A
13.It is difficult to imagine his ________ the decision without any
consideration.
A.to accept B.accept C.accepting D.accepted
解析：本句中his accepting作动词imagine的宾语。
答案：C
14.Russ and Earl were auto mechanics ________ the same pay，
but Earl had more ambition.
A.to earn B.to have earned
C.earning D.earned
解析：本句中earning为后置定语，相当于who earned。
答案：C
15.In the dream Peter saw himself ______ by a fierce wolf，and he
woke suddenly with a start.
A.chased B.to be chased
C.be chased D.having been chased
解析：see oneself done看到自己被……；句子用过去分词
chased表示被动(被追逐)。
答案：A(共15张PPT)
(十四)主谓一致
英语中，主语的单复数形式决定着谓语动词的单复数形式。主谓一致必须遵循以下三条原则：语法一致原则、意义一致原则、就近一致原则。
1.并列结构作主语时。
▲由and连接的两个单数名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数。如：
A young man and a girl want to go there.
★但如果在意义上指同一个人、同一件事或同一个概念时，谓语
动词要用单数形式。如：
A needle and thread was found on the floor.
▲当each...and each...；every...and every...；no...and no...；many
a...and many a...结构作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：
No man and no animal is to be found on the moon.
Many a doctor and many a nurse is busy with their work.
▲由not only...but also...；either...or...；neither...nor...；or连接的
并列主语，谓语动词与就近的名词或代词保持一致。如：
Either the players or the coach is responsible for the defeat.
▲当主语由as well as, along with, together with，rather than, no
less than, but, except, besides, in addition to, like, including等词连
接时，其谓语动词与前面的名词或代词保持一致。如：
An iron and steal works, with some satellite factories, is to be built
here.
Tom, along with his friends, goes skating every Saturday.
2.百分数、分数作主语时。
当百分数、分数后面加名词或代词时，要根据这个名词或代词
来决定其谓语动词的单复数形式。如果是复数名词或代词，谓
语动词用复数；如果是单数名词(或不可数名词)或代词，谓语动
词用单数。如：
Fifty percent of the students in our school are girls.
Three fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.
3.不定代词作主语时。
▲不定代词each, another, the other, either, neither和由some, any,
no, every＋one或thing构成的复合代词作主语时，谓语动词用单
数形式。如：
Neither of us has gone through regular training.
Nobody wants to go there，does he
Something has been done to end the strike.
▲all作主语表示人时，谓语动词用复数；表示物时，谓语动词用
单数。如：
All is well that ends well.
All are eager to reach an agreement.
4.表示“全体”、“部分”等意义的词作主语时。
▲当主语是most, the rest, the last, the remainder等时，其谓语一
般应遵循意义一致的原则：如果of后面的名词是单数，则用单
数；如果of后面的名词表示复数，则用复数。如：
Three of us will go, the rest are to stay here.
After the big fire, the remainder is nothing.
5.“the＋形容词/过去分词”作主语时。
▲当“the＋形容词/过去分词”表示一类人或事物时，谓语动词用复
数；如果指某一抽象概念时，谓语动词则用单数。如：
The sick here are very well cared for.
The true is to be distinguished from the false.
6.形式为复数、意义为单数的名词作主语时。
▲表示时间、距离、金额、重量、计量、空间、体积等意义的复
数名词作主语，谓语动词常用单数形式。如：
Eight hours of sleep is enough.
Ten pounds was missing from the till.
7.number；many a...等作主语时。
▲the number of...(……的数目)作主语时，谓语动词用单数；而a
number of...(许多……)作主语时，谓语动词用复数。如：
The number of mistakes is surprising.
▲many a, more than one＋单数名词构成的短语，尽管意义上是
复数，但谓语动词仍用单数形式。如：
Many a comrade has that kind of opportunity.
8.集体名词作主语时。
▲有生命的词，如：cattle, police等作主语时，谓语动词用复数形
式。如：
The police are investigating the crime.
9.“one of＋复数名词＋定语从句”结构中的主谓一致。
▲在“one of＋复数名词＋定语从句”结构中，定语从句中谓语动词
的单复数应由它修饰的先行词的数来决定。如：
This is one of the rooms that were damaged in the fire.
▲在“the only one of＋复数名词＋定语从句”结构中，定语从句的
谓语动词应用单数形式。如：
Mary is the only one of the youngest girls who plays in the band.
10.从句、动词不定式、 ing形式作主语时。
▲在“主系表”结构中，如果以what从句作主语，表语又是单数，
主句的谓语动词一般用单数；如果表语是复数，主句的谓语动词
一般用复数；动词不定式、 ing形式作主语时，谓语动词一般用
单数。如：
What caused the accident is a complete mystery.
To learn English well is difflcult.
过关落实
1.A survey of the opinions of experts ______ that three hours of
outdoor exercise a week ________ good for one’s health.
A.show；are B.shows；is C.show；is D.shows；are
解析：“a survey”作主语，谓语动词用单数；表时间，距离，
金钱的可数名词复数作主语，谓语动词也用单数。
答案：B
2.We live day by day，but in the great things，the time of days
and weeks ________ so small that a day is unimportant.
A.is B.are C.has been D.have been
解析：主语是“the time”，故谓语动词用单数。
答案：A
3.The company had about 20 notebook computers but only
one third ________ used regularly.Now we have 60 working all
day long.
A.is B.are C.was D.were
解析：此处one third 指one third of 20 notebook
computers，故为复数；与now相对，用过去时。
答案：D
4.Most of what has been said about the Smiths ________ also true
of the Johnsons.
A.are B.is C.being D.to be
解析：主语为“大部分对Smith 夫妇的说法”，看成单数，谓语
动词用is。
答案：B
5.A poet and artist ________ coming to speak to us about Chinese
literature and painting tomorrow afternoon.
A.is B.are C.was D.were
解析：a poet and artist指一个人，既是诗人，也是艺术家。
答案：A
6.The father as well as his three children ________ skating on the
frozen river every Sunday afternoon in winter.
A.is going B.go C.goes D.are going
解析：主语仍为the father，单数形式；as well as his three
children作句子的状语，不影响谓语动词的单复数。
答案：C
7.________ of the land in that district ________ covered with trees
and grass.
A.Two fifth；is B.Two fifth；are
C.Two fifths；is D.Two fifths；are
解析：表示分数时，分子大于一，分母(序数词形式)加s；主语
为land，不可数，故谓语动词用单数。
答案：C
8.Every possible means ________ to prevent the air pollution，but
the sky is still not clear.
A.is used B.are used
C.has been used D.have been used
解析：every possible means每一种可行的方式；means单复数
同形，此句中为单数；表示“每种办法都用过了”，用现在完成时
的被动语态。
答案：C
9.As a result of destroying the forests，a large ________ of desert
________ covered the land.
A.number；has B.quantity；has
C.number；have D.quantity；have
解析：a large number of 不修饰不可数名词；a large
quantity of＋不可数名词，谓语用单数。
答案：B
10.He is the only one of the students who ________ the winner of
scholarship for three years.
A.is B.are C.have been D.has been
解析：有the only修饰先行词，其后的定语从句中谓语用单数。
答案：D
11.The population of China ________ over 1.3 billion and eighty
percent of its population ________ peasants.
A.is；are B.are；is C.is；is D.are；are
解析：population表示“人口”。当表示人口数为多少时谓语动
词用单数，如果有分数或百分数修饰时，谓语用复数。
答案：A
12.Grey as well as his two companions ________ leave ________
Paris tomorrow.
A.are to；for B.is to；for
C.is to；to D.are to；to
解析：句中主语是Grey，单数，故谓语也用单数；leave for
sp.，动身去某地。
答案：B
13.Either your parents or your elder brother ________ to attend
the meeting tomorrow afternoon.
A.are B.have C.is D.had
解析：either...or...遵循就近一致的原则，因your elder
brother为单数，句中谓语也用单数。
答案：C
14.30% of the cattle ________ thin，but the rest ________ fat.
A.are；are B.is；is C.is；are D.are；is
解析：句中主语分别为the cattle/the rest of the
cattle，即“牛/余下的牛”，是可数名词复数，故谓语用复数。
答案：A
15.The writer and actor ________ invited to give us a report on
plays in China.
A.were B.have been
C.was D.has
解析：the writer and actor指一个人(既是作家也是演员)，
谓语动词应为单数。
答案：C(共18张PPT)
(十二)状语从句
一、时间状语从句
引导时间状语从句的连词有when，while，as，before，
after，whenever，till，until，since，once等。
1.when除了作“当……时候”解之外，还有“那时(突然)，这时(突
然)”之意，常用于下列句式：was/were doing...when...“正……突
然……”；was/were about to/going to do...when...“正要……突
然……”；had just done...when...“刚……突然就……。”
We were about to set off on our way when it suddenly began to
rain.
另外，when还可作“既然”解，引出原因状语从句。
It was foolish of you to take a taxi when you could easily walk
there in five minutes.
2.before除译为“在……之前”外，还可译为“还未……就……”；
“不到……就……”；“……才……”；“趁着还没……就……”；
“还没来得及……就……”等。
Please write it down before you forget it.
趁你现在没忘把它记下来。
Before I could get in a word，he had measured me.
我还没来得及插话他就给我量好了尺寸。
3.辨析before和since
before可构成句型：“it will(not)be...before...”和“it
was(not)...before...”，意为“多久之后才……”。
It won’t be long before we meet again.
It was some time before I realized the importance of it.
since可构成句型：“It is/has been...since...”，意为“做某事已有多
久了；已有多久没做某事了。”
It is three years since I smoked a cigar.
我不吸烟有三年了。
It is three years since I began to smoke.
我吸烟有三年了。
4.辨析while和as
while和as都可译为“在……期间；正当……时”，表示主句中的动
作和从句中的动作同时发生。但while从句中的谓语动词通常是
持续性动词，而as从句中的谓语动词既可是持续性动词，也可是
短暂性动词。
Please don’t talk so aloud while others are working.
He hurried home，looking behind as he went.
【注】 as还可译为“随着”，表示事态或状况的变化或发展过程。
As the years went by，his hair turned grey.
另外，just as是固定搭配，意为“正当……时”。
Just as he was leaving his house，the telephone rang.
while有时可译为“而，却”，表示上下文的转折对比关系。
He likes pop music，while I am fond of folk music.
while还有“虽然”之意，引出让步状语从句。
While I understand your viewpoint，I don’t agree with you.
虽然我理解你的观点，但我不同意。
5.当表达“一……就……”之意时，可用as soon as，immediately，
directly，the moment，the minute等引出状语从句，还可用no
sooner...than...，hardly/scarcely...when...等句型。
The moment I heard the voice，I knew father was coming.
We had no sooner arrived at the station than the train left.
The boy burst into tears immediately he saw his mother.
6.短语every time，each time，next time，the first time，any
time，by the time等也可引导时间状语从句。
Every/Each time I was in trouble，he would come to help me out.
每次我陷入困境时，他就会来帮助我。
二、地点状语从句
引导地点状语从句的连词有where，wherever等。
The church was built where there had once been a Roman
temple.
这座教堂建在一罗马寺庙的旧址上。
The thread breaks where it is weakest.
线从最弱的地方断。
三、原因状语从句
引导原因状语从句的连词有：because，as，since等。
As I had a cold，I was absent from school.
因为我得了感冒，我缺课了。
此外，now(that)，seeing(that)，considering(that)，
given(that)等短语也可引导原因状语从句。
Now that you are all here，let’s try and reach a decision.
既然你们都在这儿，咱们就设法作出一个决定。
Considering he’s only been learning English a year，he
speaks it very well.
考虑到他学英语才一年，他讲得很好了。
四、条件状语从句
引导条件状语从句的连词有：if，unless等。
If you have finished your homework，you can go out and play.
You’ll fail the exam unless you study hard.
【注】条件状语从句中通常不用将来时态，要用一般现在时
或现在完成时代替一般将来时，一般过去时或过去完成时代
替过去将来时。
另外，so/as long as(只要)，in case(万一……的话)，on
condition that(假如；在……条件下)，
suppose/supposing(that)(假设)，provided/providing(that)(倘
若；在……条件下)等也可引导条件状语从句。
As long as you don’t lose heart，you will succeed.
In case anything important happens，please call me up.
I’ll come on condition that my parents are invited，too.
五、让步状语从句
1.引导让步状语从句的连词主要有：although，though，as，even
though，even if。
They will stand by you even if you don’t succeed.
【注】although和though不可与but连用，但可与yet，still或
nevertheless连用。
Although it was raining hard，yet they went on playing football.
2.whether...or...可引导让步状语从句，意为“不管是……还
是……；不论是否……”。
You’ll have to attend the ceremony whether you are free or busy.
不管你忙不忙，你都要参加这个典礼。
3.whatever，whoever，whichever，however，whenever，
wherever等与no matter what/who/which...等亦可引导让步状语
从句，意为“不管……；无论……。
However far it is，I intend to drive there today.
The quality will be the same，whichever of them you choose.
六、方式状语从句
引导方式状语从句的连词有：as，as if，as though等。
Do as you are told to，or you’ll be fired.
请按照要求去做，否则你会被开除。
【注】(just)as...so...是一常用句型，意为“正如……那
样，……也一样”；有时so分句中可用倒装语序。
Just as the Americans like baseball，so the British like soccer.
就像美国人喜欢棒球一样，英国人喜欢足球。
七、目的状语从句
引导目的状语从句的连词有：so that，in order that，for fear
that，in case等。
I’ll speak slowly so that you can understand me.
The boy hid himself behind the tree for fear that his father
should see him.
Take your raincoat in case it rains.
八、结果状语从句
引导结果状语从句的连词有：so that，so...that...，
such...that...。在非正式语体中，由so...that...，such...that...引
导的句子中that可以省略。
I was caught in a shower，so that all my clothes got wet.
It was so dark that he couldn’t see the faces of his companions.
He is such a marvelous joker that you can’t help laughing.
过关落实
1.________ he had not hurt his leg，John would have won the race.
A.If B.Since C.Though D.When
解析：if引导条件状语从句。
答案：A
2.I’d like to study law at university ________ my cousin prefers
geography.
A.though B.as C.while D.for
解析：连词while表示转折，意思是“而，可是”。
答案：C
3.He was told that it would be at least three more months ________
he could recover and return to work.
A.when B.before C.since D.that
解析：“It is/was/will be＋一段时间＋before”译为“多长时
间之后才……”。
答案：B
4.________ I really don’t like art，I find his work impressive.
A.As B.Since C.If D.While
解析：while引导让步状语从句，译为“尽管”；as虽可引导让步
状语从句，但从句须倒装。
答案：D
5.You will be successful in the interview ________ you have
confidence.
A.before B.once C.until D.though
解析：once引导条件状语从句，译为“一旦”。
答案：B
6.Many of them turned a deaf ear to his advice，________ they
knew it to be valuable.
A.as if B.now that
C.even though D.so that
解析：“even though”means“even if”，引导让步状语从句。
答案：C
7.My parents live in a small village.They always keep candles in the
house ________ there is a power cut.
A.if B.unless C.in case D.so that
解析：in case “以防，万一”引导条件状语从句。
答案：C
8.“You can’t have this football back ______ you promise not to
kick it at my cat again，” the old man said firmly.
A.because B.since C.when D.until
解析：not...until意为“直到……才……”。
答案：D
9.Jenny was very sad over the loss of the photos she had shot at
Canada，________ this was a memory she especially treasured.
A.as B.if C.when D.where
解析：as 此处引导状语从句，表原因。
答案：A
10.If you are traveling ________ the customs are really foreign to
your own，please do as the Romans do.
A.in which B.what C.when D.where
解析：where引导地点状语从句。
答案：D
11.It’s known to all that ________ you take exercise regularly，will
you keep good health.
A.unless B.only when C.although D.if only
解析：注意倒装结构。
答案：B
12.He asked me just to sit down and drink some water ________ I
could say anything about my travel plan.
A.while B.when C.if D.before
解析：本句中before可译为“还没来得及……”。
答案：D
13.I had just finished doing my examination papers ________ the
bell rang.
A.when B.while C.before D.after
解析：had just done...when表示“刚做完……就……”。
答案：A
14.________ I admit his good points，I still feel it unwise to offer
him this important position.
A.While B.Unless C.When D.As
解析：while在本句中表示“尽管，虽然”。
答案：A
15.We shouldn’t ignore what happens ________ it is difficult for us
to accept some stories.
A.even if B.as if
C.on condition that D.seeing that
解析：even if即使；as if好像；on condition that在……
条件下。
答案：A
