UNIT
3
CONSERVATION
1．Only
to
obey
nature
in
order
to
overcome
nature.
—Charles
Darwin
要征服自然就只能遵从自然。
——查尔斯·达尔文
2．Nature
is
kind
of
a
loving
mother，but
also
a
butcher
in
cold
blood.
—Victor
Hugo
自然不仅是位慈爱的母亲，还是个冷血的屠夫。
——维克多·雨果
3．It
is
usually
their
own
surroundings
as
a
form
of
free
merchandise，I
do
not
know
any
way
to
cherish
and
spoil.
—Gan
Harman
我们常把环境看作免费商品而不知珍惜。
——甘·哈曼
4．The
land
to
all
the
people
are
the
essence
of
the
material，and
finally，it
has
been
there
from
the
people
of
the
rebate
is
rubbish
these
substances.
—Walt
Whitman
土地对人类来说是根本，然而人类给予自然的是垃圾。
——沃尔特·惠特曼
5．For
years
we've
been
conquering
nature.Now
we're
beating
it
to
death.
—Tom
McMillan
我们花了多年时间来征服自然，而如今又开始把它往死里推。
——汤姆·麦克米兰
Harmony
with
the
environment
is
that
we
live
in
on
Earth，who
is
a
natural
son，and
not
only
to
natural
persons
as
the
conqueror，as
we
all
know，there
is
only
one
earth
and
the
mountains
on
Earth，the
animals.Plant
human
cells，if
it
damaged，destroyed
nature
organizations，to
the
eradication
of
mankind.Therefore，the
environment
must
be
linked
with
social
ethics，character
education
and
practice
acts
as
an
important
element
of
it.Everyone
must
fulfil
its
responsibilities
and
obligations
to
protect
the
environment.
The
first
Earth
Day
was
in
1970.People
were
beginning
to
worry
about
what
we
were
doing
to
our
environment.So
they
set
up
Earth
Day
to
tell
everyone
about
their
worries.
In
2007
organizers
over
150
countries
planned
over
4，000
big
events.But
Earth
Day
is
not
just
about
marches(游行)
and
big
events.In
the
week
around
Earth
Day
(22
April)
there
were
many
thousands
of
smaller，local
events.These
events
dealt
with
environmental
problems
in
the
neighborhood.The
World
Wide
Fund
for
Nature
made
a
list
of
5
things
that
each
person
could
do
to
save
the
environment.
Don't
leave
the
tap
running.
Turn
off
lights
when
you
leave
a
room.
Turn
off
your
computer
every
night.
Wash
your
clothes，and
yourself，in
warm
or
cold
water，not
hot
water.
Dishwashers
use
as
little
water
as
possible.If
we
all
do
at
least
2
of
these
all
the
time，we
can
make
a
big
difference.
[探究发现]
1．What
is
the
purpose
of
people
to
set
up
Earth
Day?
To
tell
everyone
about
their
worries.
2．What
should
people
do
when
the
water
keeps
running
from
a
tap?
People
should
stop
it
from
running/Stop
it
from
running.
3．Besides
the
five，what
else
can
you
do
to
save
our
environment?
We
shouldn't
throw
rubbish
everywhere...
Section
Ⅰ TOPIC
TALK
&
LESSON
1
Ⅰ.匹配词义
A．单词匹配
( )1.conservation
A．adj.塑料制的
( )2.plastic
B．n.one
thing
on
a
list
of
things
to
buy，do，talk
about，etc.
( )3.item
C．n.protection
( )4.unrecyclable
D．adv.非法地，违法地
( )5.illegally
E．adj.有教育意义的；知识性强的
( )6.informative
F．adj.不可回收的
( )7.extinct
G．n.物种，种
( )8.species
H．adj.no
longer
in
existence
( )9.endangered
I．adj.太阳光(能)的
( )10.solar
J．adj.濒危的
[答案] 1—5 CABFD 6—10 EHGJI
B．短语匹配
( )1.have
a
role
A．彻底毁灭
( )2.do
one's
part
B．起某种作用
( )3.wipe
out
C．尽自己的职责
( )4.be
to
blame
D．消失；绝迹，灭绝
( )5.be
at
risk
E．把……归咎于
( )6.die
out
F．处境危险，受到威胁
[答案] 1—6 BCAEFD
Ⅱ.默写单词
1．threat
n．
威胁；(灾难等坏事)发生的可能
2．hunt
vi.&
vt.
猎取，猎杀
3．incredibly
adv.
非常地，极端地
4．unusual
adj.
异常的；不平常的
5．mass
adj.
大量的
6．varied
adj.
各种各样的，形形色色的
7．decrease
vi.&
vt.
减少
n.
减少；减少的量
8．blame
vt.
责怪，指责
9．hatch
vi.&
vt.
(使)孵化
10．restore
vt.
(使)恢复
Ⅰ.语境填词
hunted；mass；affected；informative；destroyed；restore；species；switch；decreased；solar
1．No
one
was
injured
in
the
explosion，but
the
building
was
completely
destroyed．
2．Every
time
I
switch
on
the
TV，there's
football.It's
overkill.
3．Whales
are
still
being
hunted
and
killed
in
the
Arctic.
4．Many
species
have
been
shot
to
the
verge
of
extinction.
5．The
government
ordered
the
police
out
to
restore
order
and
peace
in
the
streets.
6．China
is
the
world's
top
investor
in
wind
and
solar
power.
7．The
south
of
the
country
was
worst
affected
by
the
drought.
8．The
number
of
new
students
decreased
from
210
to
160
this
year.
9．The
UK，uniquely，has
not
had
to
face
the
problem
of
mass
unemployment.
10．I
truly
hope
you
found
this
writing
enjoyable
and
informative．
Ⅱ.语法填空之派生词
1．She
is
interested
in
conservation(conserve)．
2．Can
we
stop
using
the
unrecyclable(recycle)
style
of
lunch
boxes?
3．Up
to
two
thirds
of
14?16
year
olds
admit
to
buying
drink
illegally(legal)．
4．It's
a
good
restaurant，and
incredibly(incredible)
cheap.
5．The
book
is
extremely
informative(information)
about
life
in
Roman
times.
6．He
had
had
a
varied(vary)
training
and
held
many
offices.
7．It
was
an
unusual(usual)
day
for
summer，damp
and
chilly.
8．14
percent
of
primate
species
are
highly
endangered(endanger)．
9．He
said
army
officers
had
threatened(threat)
to
destroy
the
town.
10．An
operation
is
beginning
to
try
to
save
a
species
of
crocodile
from
extinction(extinct)．
1．Extinctions,
where
entire
species
are
wiped
out,
are
not
unusual
in
our
Earth's
history.
物种灭绝，即某个物种的完全消失，在地球的历史上并不罕见。
2．Although
it
is
not
unusual
for
species
to
die
out
naturally，the
rate
at
which
this
is
now
happening
is
cause
for
concern.
虽然物种的自然灭绝并不罕见，但现在灭绝的速度让人担忧。
3．It
is
clear
that
human
activity
has
negatively
affected
all
other
species
on
Earth,
including
animals
and
plants.
很明显，人类活动已经对地球上所有其他物种产生了负面影响，包括动物和植物。
4．Without
forests,
we
would
have
no
air
to
breathe，and
without
clean
water
we
would
be
unable
to
survive.
没有森林，我们就没有可以呼吸的空气，没有干净的水，我们就无法生存。
5．To
help
them
survive,
people
are
restoring
their
habitats
and
removing
small
animals
that
hunt
them，such
as
mice
and
cats
from
the
islands
where
they
live.
为了帮助它们生存，人们正在恢复它们的栖息地，并将捕食它们的小动物，如老鼠和猫，从它们生活的岛屿上赶走。
词语助读
①entire
species整个物种
②wipe
out彻底毁灭
③unusual
adj.异常的；不平常的
④in
fact事实上
⑤the
third
mass
extinction第三次生物大灭绝
⑥known
as以……而著称
⑦varied
adj.各种各样的，形形色色的
⑧according
to根据
⑨volcanic
eruptions火山爆发
⑩asteroid
n．小行星
?the
decrease
of
the
oxygen
content含氧量下降
?global
warming全球变暖
?be
to
blame把……归咎于
?die
out
消失；绝迹，灭绝
?cause
for
concern令人担心的原因
?due
to
natural
causes由于自然原因
?that
is即
?human
activity人类活动
?a
long
list
of
reasons很多原因
?factory
farming工业化种植
overfishing
n．过度捕捞
negatively
affect
all
other
species对所有其他物种都有负面影响
study
the
issue研究这个问题
up
to
three
quarters
of多达四分之三的……
depend
on依赖
be
at
risk
of处于……的危险或威胁中
the
balance
in
nature自然平衡
have
no
air
to
breathe没有可以呼吸的空气
be
unable
to
survive无法生存
take
action采取行动
take
steps
to
do...采取措施做某事
save
endangered
species拯救濒危物种
set
up
special
areas建立特别保护区
natural
sources
of
energy天然能源
solar
energy太阳能
in
short简而言之
stop
destroying
the
planet停止破坏星球
only
five
black
robins
left只剩下5只黑知更鸟
off
the
coast
of
New
Zealand离新西兰海岸不远
lay
eggs下蛋
wildlife
workers野生动物工作者
begin
a
programme
for开始……的计划
hatch
vi.&
vt.(使)孵化
take
care
of
the
chicks照顾小鸟
thanks
to
their
efforts由于他们的努力
restore
their
habitats恢复它们的栖息地
原文呈现
THE
SIXTH
EXTINCTION
Extinctions，where
entire
species①
are
wiped
out②(1)，are
not
unusual③
in
our
Earth's
history.In
fact④，over
90
percent
of
all
species
that
ever
lived(2)
are
now
extinct.In
the
last
500
million
years，there
have
been
five
times
when
life
on
Earth
has
almost
ended(3)．These
include
the
third
mass
extinction⑤，known
as⑥
the
“Great
Dying”，which
killed
90%
to
96%
of
all
species(4)．And
the
fifth
event，which
occurred
66
million
years
ago(5)，caused
the
death
of
the
dinosaurs.The
reasons
for
extinctions
are
varied⑦.According
to⑧
scientists，they
include
volcanic
eruptions⑨，asteroids⑩
hitting
the
Earth
from
space，changes
in
sea
levels，the
decrease
of
the
oxygen
content?of
the
sea
and
global
warming?.Many
scientists
say
we
are
now
entering
the
Earth's
sixth
mass
extinction(6)．This
time，human
activity
will
be
to
blame?.
(1)where引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词Extinctions。
(2)that引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词species。
(3)when引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词five
times。
(4)which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the
third
mass
extinction。
(5)
which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the
fifth
event。
(6)该句为省略that的宾语从句。
Although
it
is
not
unusual
for
species
to
die
out?naturally，the
rate
at
which
this
is
now
happening
is
cause
for
concern?.(7)A
2015
study
by
scientists
who
were
based
at
Brown
University
and
Duke
University
in
the
US，looked
at
how
quickly
species
die
out
due
to
natural
causes?，that
is?，the
“background
extinction
rate”．(8)
They
found
that
human
activity?is
causing
species
to
die
out
1，000
times
faster
than
normal(9)．There
is
a
long
list
of
reasons?why
so
many
species
are
dying
out(10)：air
and
water
pollution，forests
being
destroyed，factory
farming?and
overfishing.It
is
clear
that
human
activity
has
negatively
affected
all
other
specieson
Earth，including
animals
and
plants.(11)
(7)
句中although引导让步状语从句，at
which...happening为限制性定语从句，修饰先行词rate。
(8)句中who...the
US为限制性定语从句，修饰先行词scientists，how...natural
causes为宾语从句。
(9)that引导宾语从句。
(10)why引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词reasons。
(11)it为形式主语，真正的主语为后面的that从句。
If
a
sixth
mass
extinction
occurs，scientists
who
have
studied
the
issuebelieve
that
up
to
three
quarters
ofall
species
on
Earth
could
die
out.(12)
Of
course，as
we
humans
depend
onso
many
species
for
our
survival(13)，we
would
also
be
at
risk
ofdying
out.Our
world
and
our
lives
depend
on
the
balance
in
naturebetween
animals
and
plants.Without
forests，we
would
have
no
air
to
breathe
，and
without
clean
water
we
would
be
unable
to
survive.
(12)句中if引导条件状语从句，who...the
issue为限制性定语从句，修饰先行词scientists，that...die
out为宾语从句。
(13)as引导原因状语从句。
Can
a
sixth
extinction
be
avoided？Experts
say
that
it
is
not
yet
too
late，if
we
take
actionnow.(14)
This
would
mean
we
have
to
significantly
change
the
way
we
live(15)．For
example，we
need
to
take
steps
tosave
endangered
species，including
setting
up
special
areaswhere
plants
and
animals
can
be
protected(16)．We
need
to
change
how
we
work
and
travel
by
using
cleaner，more
natural
sources
of
energy，such
as
wind
and
solar
energy(17)．We
also
need
to
improve
our
farming
methods
to
reduce
water，air
and
land
pollution.In
short，if
we
want
to
survive，we
need
to
stop
destroying
the
planetthat
we
live
on
and
start
to
protect
it.(18)
(14)句中that引导宾语从句，if
we
take
action
now为条件状语从句。
(15)省略that的宾语从句，其中we
live为限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the
way。
(16)where引导定语从句，修饰先行词special
areas。
(17)how引导宾语从句。
(18)句中if引导条件状语从句，that
we
live
on为限制性定语从句，修饰先行词planet。
The
Black
Robin
Black
robins
are
the
birds
that
humans
saved
from
extinction(19)．In
1980，there
were
only
five
black
robins
leftin
the
world.They
all
lived
on
a
small
island
off
the
coast
of
New
Zealand.Only
one
of
those
birds，a
female
called
Old
Blue，was
able
to
lay
eggs.Wildlife
workersbegan
a
programme
forraising
black
robin
chicks.They
protected
Old
Blue's
eggs，helped
them
to
hatch，and
took
care
of
the
chicks.Thanks
to
their
efforts，there
are
now
more
than
250
black
robins，and
the
population
is
spreading.To
help
them
survive，people
are
restoring
their
habitatsand
removing
small
animals
that
hunt
them，such
as
mice
and
cats
from
the
islands
where
they
live.(20)
(19)that引导限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the
birds。
(20)句中that
hunt
them为限制性定语从句，修饰先行词small
animals；where
they
live也是限制性定语从句，修饰先行词the
islands。
译文参考
第六次生物大灭绝
物种灭绝，即某个物种的完全消失，在地球的历史上并不罕见。事实上，超过90%的物种已经灭绝。在过去的5亿年里，地球上的生命有5次几乎灭绝。其中包括第三次生物大灭绝，即所谓的“大灭绝”，导致90%到96%的物种灭绝。发生在6
600万年前的第五次灭绝事件导致了恐龙的灭亡。灭绝的原因多种多样。科学家们认为，造成物种灭绝的原因包括火山喷发、小行星从太空撞击地球、海平面高度改变、海水中含氧量下降和全球变暖等。许多科学家说，我们现在正在进入地球的第六次大灭绝。这一次，人类活动将是罪魁祸首。
虽然物种的自然灭绝并不罕见，但现在灭绝的速度让人担忧。美国布朗大学和杜克大学的科学家们于2015年进行了一项研究，考察了自然原因导致物种灭绝的速度，即“背景灭绝率”。他们发现，人类活动导致物种灭绝的速度是正常情况下的1
000倍。有很多为什么如此多的物种灭绝的原因：空气和水污染，森林被破坏，工业化种植和过度捕捞。很明显，人类活动已经对地球上所有其他物种产生了负面影响，包括动物和植物。
如果第六次大灭绝发生，研究这个问题的科学家们认为，地球上多达四分之三的物种可能会灭绝。当然，由于我们人类依靠如此多的物种生存，我们也将面临灭绝的风险。我们的世界和我们的生活依赖于动物和植物之间的平衡。没有森林，我们就没有可以呼吸的空气，没有干净的水，我们就无法生存。
第六次物种灭绝可以避免吗？专家们说，如果我们现在就采取行动，还为时不晚。这意味着我们必须显著地改变我们的生活方式。例如，我们需要采取措施拯救濒危物种，包括建立特别保护区，在这里动植物可以得到保护。我们需要通过使用更清洁、更自然的能源来改变工作和旅行的方式，如风能和太阳能。我们还需要改进我们的耕作方法，以减少对水、空气和土地的污染。简而言之，如果我们想要生存，我们需要停止破坏我们赖以生存的星球，并开始保护它。
黑知更鸟
黑知更鸟是人类从灭绝中拯救出来的鸟类。1980年，世界上只剩下5只黑知更鸟。它们都生活在离新西兰海岸不远的一个小岛上。其中只有一只名叫“老布鲁”的雌鸟能下蛋。野生动物工作者开始了饲养黑知更鸟的计划。他们保护老布鲁的蛋，帮助它们孵化并照顾小鸟。由于他们的努力，现在有了250多只黑知更鸟，而且数量还在增加。为了帮助它们生存，人们正在恢复它们的栖息地，并将捕食它们的小动物，如老鼠和猫，从它们生活的岛屿上赶走。
速读课文，完成下列任务
Ⅰ.阅读判断
判断以下句子提供的信息是正确，还是错误，还是没有提及：
1．Over
90%
of
all
species
that
ever
lived
on
the
earth
are
now
extinct.
A．Right.
B．Wrong.
C．Not
mentioned.
2．There
were
about
six
extinctions
in
the
past.
A．Right.
B．Wrong.
C．Not
mentioned.
3．It
is
because
of
human
activities
that
species
are
dying
out
faster
than
before.
A．Right.
B．Wrong.
C．Not
mentioned.
4．Experts
say
that
it
is
too
late
to
prevent
the
sixth
extinction.
A．Right.
B．Wrong.
C．Not
mentioned.
5．Black
robins
are
likely
to
disappear
on
the
earth
in
the
next
century.
A．Right.
B．Wrong.
C．Not
mentioned.
[答案] 1—5 ABABC
Ⅱ.补全信息
选择正确选项填入空白处，补全所给句子提供的信息：
A．which
occurred
66
million
years
ago
B．when
life
on
Earth
has
almost
ended
C．where
entire
species
are
wiped
out
D．where
plants
and
animals
can
be
protected
E．at
which
this
is
now
happening
F．who
have
studied
the
issue
1．Extinctions，
，are
not
unusual
in
our
Earth's
history.
2．In
the
last
500
million
years，there
have
been
five
times
．
3．And
the
fifth
event，
，caused
the
death
of
the
dinosaurs.
4．Although
it
is
not
unusual
for
species
to
die
out
naturally，the
rate
is
cause
for
concern.
5．If
a
sixth
mass
extinction
occurs，scientists
believe
that
up
to
three
quarters
of
all
species
on
Earth
could
die
out.
6．For
example，we
need
to
take
steps
to
save
endangered
species，including
setting
up
special
areas
．
[答案] 1—6 CBAEFD
Ⅲ.表格填空
The
meaning
of
extinction
Entire
species
are
1.wiped
out.
Extinctions
and
their
consequences
There
have
been
2.five
times
when
life
on
Earth
has
almost
ended.The
third
mass
extinction
killed
90%
to
96%
of
all
species.The
fifth
mass
extinction
caused
the
death
of
the
3.dinosaurs．If
a
sixth
mass
extinction
occurs，up
to
three
quarters
of
all
species
on
Earth
could
4.die
out.
Main
reasons
for
extinctions
Volcanic
eruptions.Asteroids
hitting
the
Earth
from
space.Changes
in
5.sea
levels．The
6.decrease
of
the
oxygen
content
of
the
sea.Global
warming.Human
7.activity.
Steps
to
avoid
the
sixth
mass
extinction
Save
8.endangered
species.Change
how
we
work
and
travel.Improve
our
9.farming
methods．Stop
10.destroying
the
planet
that
we
live
on
and
start
to
protect
it.
细读课文，完成下列任务
Ⅰ.主旨匹配
段落
主旨大意
1.Para.1
A.The
effect
of
human
activity
on
species.
2.Para.2
B.The
consequences
of
the
sixth
extinction.
3.Para.3
C.How
to
avoid
a
sixth
extinction.
4.Para.4
D.The
mass
extinctions
in
the
history.
[答案] 1—4 DABC
Ⅱ.课文理解
1．When
did
dinosaurs
die
out
according
to
the
passage?
A．More
than
500
million
years
ago.
B．More
than
66
million
years
ago.
C．In
the
third
mass
extinction.
D．In
the
fourth
mass
extinction.
2．Which
of
the
following
is
one
of
unnatural
reasons
for
extinctions?
A．Volcanic
eruptions.
B．Asteroids
hitting
the
Earth.
C．Changes
in
sea
levels.
D．Air
and
water
pollution.
3．What
has
made
the
species
on
Earth
die
out
at
a
higher
rate?
A．Natural
causes.
B．Global
warming.
C．Human
activity.
D．No
clean
water.
4．Why
do
we
need
to
change
the
way
we
live
now?
A．To
avoid
a
sixth
extinction.
B．To
live
with
others
in
peace.
C．To
save
natural
sources
of
energy.
D．To
work
better
and
travel
faster.
[答案] 1—4 BDCA
Ⅲ.概要写作微技能
概要写作微技能——找出文中各个段落的主题句并进行高度概括
1．Para.1：In
the
last
500
million
years，there
have
been
five
times
when
life
on
Earth
has
almost
ended.
→高度概括为：There
have
been
five
mass
extinctions
in
the
history.
2．Para.2：They
found
that
human
activity
is
causing
species
to
die
out
1，000
times
faster
than
normal.
→高度概括为：It
is
human
activity
that
is
causing
species
to
die
out
much
faster.
3．Para.3：Of
course，as
we
humans
depend
on
so
many
species
for
our
survival，we
would
also
be
at
risk
of
dying
out.
→高度概括为：Man
is
also
at
risk
of
dying
out.
4．Para.4：Can
a
sixth
extinction
be
avoided？Experts
say
that
it
is
not
yet
too
late，if
we
take
action
now.
→高度概括为：The
sixth
extinction
can
be
avoided
if
we
take
action
now.
1．conserve
v．保存；保护；储藏→conservation
n．保护→conservative
adj.保守的；守旧的
2．recycle
vi.&
vt.再利用，回收利用→recyclable
adj.可回收的→unrecyclable
adj.不可回收的
3．threat
n．威胁；(灾难等坏事)发生的可能→threaten
v．威胁；恐吓；危及→threatened
adj.受到威胁的
4．inform
vt.通知；告知→information
n．信息→informative
adj.有教育意义的；知识性强的
5．legal
adj.合法的→legally
adv.合法地→illegally
adv.非法地，违法地
6．extinct
adj.灭绝的，绝种的→extinction
n．灭绝；绝种；消亡
7．incredible
adj.极好的；难以置信的→incredibly
adv.非常地，极端地
8．urge
v．督促；敦促；力劝→urgent
adj.紧急的，急迫的→urgency
n．紧迫；急迫
9．usual
adj.经常的，通常的；寻常的，惯常的→unusual
adj.异常的；不平常的
10．vary
v．变化→varied
adj.各种各样的，形形色色的→variety
n．变化；品种；种类
11．endanger
vt.危及，使遭受危险→endangered
adj.濒危的
1．decrease
vi.&
vt.减少
n．减少；减少的量
①The
population
began
to
decrease.
vi.减少
②They
decreased
the
size
of
the
group
from
25
to
15.
vt.减少
③The
decrease
in
sales
was
almost
20
percent.
n.减少；减少的量
2．affect
v．影响；侵袭；使感染；(感情上)深深打动
①Your
opinion
will
not
affect
my
decision.
影响
②They
were
deeply
affected
by
the
news
of
her
death.
深深打动
③Arthritis
is
a
crippling
disease
which
affects
people
all
over
the
world.
使感染
Words
and
Phrases
switch
vi.&
vt.转换，改变
(教材P108～109)We
definitely
need
to
switch
to
different
forms
of
power
as
soon
as
possible.
我们当然需要尽快转到不同形式的能量。
[例] The
remote
control
allows
you
to
switch
easily
between
TV
channels.
遥控器让你在不同电视频道之间轻松地转换。
[知识拓展]
switch
off
切断(电源、气体等)
switch
on
打开(开关)；接通(电源等)
switch
(from...)
to...
(从……)转变成，(从……)转换到
switch
sth.with
sb.
和某人交换某物
switch
over
转换；换台，换频道
[即学即练]——单句语法填空
①Switch
off
the
TV
before
you
go
out.
②She
switched
on
the
lamp
because
it
was
dark.
③We
asked
them
if
they
would
switch
places
with
us.
[小片段填空]
Lucy
returned
home
from
work
early.After
changing
clothes，she
switched
off
the
light
and
came
downstairs.Then
she
switched
on
the
TV
and
switched
over
with
boredom.
露西早早下班回到家。换完衣服后，她关掉灯来到楼下。然后打开电视机，无聊地换着频道。
urgent
adj.紧急的，急迫的
(教材P109)
That's
an
incredibly
urgent
matter...
这是一件非常紧急的事……
[例] He
asked
to
see
the
manager
for
something
urgent.
他有急事求见经理。
[知识拓展]
(1)urge
v．
催促；力劝；强烈要求
urge
sb.to
do
sth.
敦促某人做某事
urge
that
sb.(should)
do...
敦促某人做某事
urge
sth.on
sb.
向某人提出/力陈某事
(2)urgency
n.
紧急的事
[即学即练]——单句语法填空
①The
report
urged
that
all
children
(should)
be
taught(teach)
to
swim.
②He
denounces
people
who
urge
him
to
change(change)
his
ways.
③I
need
not
press
on
you
the
urgency(urgent)
of
the
matter.
[小片段填空]
Mr
Zhang
urged
that
his
daughter
(should)
study
abroad(极力主张女儿出国留学)．Whenever
he
talked
to
her
on
the
phone，he
would
urge
her
to
make
preparations(督促她做准备)．To
his
great
joy，his
daughter
went
to
study
in
Britain
at
last.
die
out
消失；绝迹，灭绝
(教材P52)
How
many
times
up
to
today
has
life
on
Earth
almost
died
out?
到今天为止，有多少次地球上的生命几乎灭绝？
[例] As
a
result
these
endangered
animals
may
even
die
out.结果，这些濒危动物甚至会灭绝。
[知识拓展]
die
away
逐渐减弱，逐渐模糊，逐渐消失
die
down
逐渐降低，逐渐平息
die
off
相继死去
die
of
死于(内因)
die
from
死于(外因)
[即学即练]——单句语法填空
①As
the
region
is
becoming
hotter，this
kind
of
grass
is
dying
off．
②Their
chatter
and
laughter
die
away
as
the
group
rushed
out
of
the
classroom.
③When
all
the
guests
had
left，the
whole
house
died
down．
④We
need
to
take
action
before
all
the
endangered
animals
died
out．
wipe
out
彻底毁灭
(教材P52)Extinctions，where
entire
species
are
wiped
out，are
not
unusual
in
our
Earth's
history.物种灭绝，即某个物种的完全消失，在地球的历史上并不罕见。
[例] The
plague
once
could
wipe
out
a
village.
鼠疫曾一度可以夺走整个村庄村民的生命。
[知识拓展]
wipe
away
擦去，消除
wipe
off
擦掉，除掉
wipe
up
擦净，打败，消灭
wipe
sth.from/off
sth.
从……上擦去某物
wipe...with...
用……擦……
[即学即练]——单句语法填空
①When
you've
finished
with
it，simply
wipe
it
clean
with
a
damp
cloth.
②He
wiped
the
marks
off
the
wall.
varied
adj.各种各样的，形形色色的
(教材P52)
The
reasons
for
extinctions
are
varied.
灭绝的原因多种多样。
[例] It
is
essential
that
your
diet
is
varied
and
balanced.关键是你的饮食要多样化，并保持均衡。
[知识拓展]
(1)various
adj.
各种各样的
various
views
各种各样的观点
for
various
reasons
因种种理由
(2)variety
n.
种种；种类；多样化
a
variety
of/varieties
of
多种多样的
(3)vary
v.
变化，不同
vary
with...
随……而变化
vary
from...to...
从……到……变化不等
[即学即练]——单句语法填空
①They
were
late
for
the
meeting
for
a
variety(vary)
of
reasons.
②There
are
various(vary)
plants
and
flowers
in
the
park.
③The
weather
here
varies(vary)
with
seasons.
[小片段填空]
The
result
showed
that
for
a
same
cotton，its
various
growing
stages
and
whole
growing
period
vary
in
different
year
with
different
temperature.There
are
also
a
variety
of
reasons
that
affect
its
growth.
decrease
vi.&
vt.减少
n．减少；减少的量
(教材P52)
According
to
scientists，they
include
volcanic
eruptions，asteroids
hitting
the
Earth
from
space，changes
in
sea
levels，the
decrease
of
the
oxygen
content
of
the
sea
and
global
warming.
科学家们认为，造成物种灭绝的原因包括火山喷发、小行星从太空撞击地球、海平面高度改变、海水中含氧量下降和全球变暖等。
[例] If
their
habitat
is
threatened
or
they
cannot
find
enough
food，their
numbers
may
decrease.
如果它们的栖息地受到威胁或者它们找不到足够的食物，它们的数量就会减少。
[知识拓展]
(1)on
the
decrease
在减少中
a
decrease
in...
在……方面减少
(2)decrease
to...
减少到……
decrease
by...
减少了……
decrease
from...to...
从……减少到……
[即学即练]——单句语法填空
①There
is
a
decrease
of
nearly
7%
in
the
number
of
visitors
to
the
museum.
②The
number
of
independent
firms
decreased
from
198
to
96.
③Because
of
human
activity，the
number
of
some
rare
animals
is
on
the
decrease.
[名师点津]
decrease的反义词increase的用法
increase
to
增加(长)到……
increase
by
增加(长)了……
on
the
increase
在增加中
blame
vt.责怪，指责
(教材P52)
This
time，human
activity
will
be
to
blame.
这一次，人类活动将是罪魁祸首。
[例] It
seemed
that
the
water
was
to
blame.
看来水是罪魁祸首。
[知识拓展]
(1)be
to
blame
把……归咎于
be
to
blame
for
sth.
对某事负有责任，应受责备
blame
sb.for
sth.
因某事责备某人；把某事归咎于某人
blame
sth.on
sb./sth.
把某事归咎于某人/某事
(2)put/lay
the
blame
for
sth.on
sb.
将某事归咎于某人
get/accept/bear/take
the
blame
for
sth.
对某事承担责任
[即学即练]——单句语法填空
①If
that
happens，the
coach
will
take
the
blame
for
it.
②You
are
not
to
blame
(blame)．I
can't
put
the
blame
on
you.
③You
shouldn't
blame
John
for
the
failure.
＝You
shouldn't
blame
the
failure
on
John.
[小片段填空]
They
all
blamed
the
car
accident
on
him.In
fact，he
was
really
to
blame
for
his
careless
driving.So
he
got
the
blame
for
it
without
any
complaint.
他们把车祸归咎于他。实际上，他确实应该因粗心驾驶受到责备。于是，他毫无怨言地担负起了车祸的责任。
affect
vt.影响
(教材P53)
It
is
clear
that
human
activity
has
negatively
affected
all
other
species
on
Earth，including
animals
and
plants.很明显，人类活动已经对地球上所有其他物种产生了负面影响，包括动物和植物。
[例] I
had
to
make
important
decision
that
would
affect
me
for
the
rest
of
my
life.
我不得不作出将影响我后半生的重大决定。
[知识拓展]
(1)affect
sb./sth.
影响某人某物
(2)effect
n.
结果；效力；影响；效果；作用
put/bring...into
effect
使生效，实行
in
effect
事实上；实际上
take
effect
生效；奏效
come
into
effect
开始实施；开始生效
have
an
effect
on
影响……
[即学即练]——单句语法填空/一句多译
①In
effect，we
feel
superior
to
them.
②The
new
law
is
said
to
have
come
into
effect
from
April.
③Great
scientific
achievements
will
greatly
affect
our
life
as
well
as
society.
＝Great
scientific
achievements
will
have
a
great
effect
on
our
life
as
well
as
society.
重大的科技成果将对我们的生活和社会产生很大的影响。
be
at
risk处境危险，受到威胁
(教材P53)
Of
course，as
we
humans
depend
on
so
many
species
for
our
survival，we
would
also
be
at
risk
of
dying
out.
当然，由于我们人类依靠如此多的物种生存，我们也将面临灭绝的风险。
[例] As
with
all
diseases，certain
groups
will
be
more
at
risk
than
others.
所有的疾病都是如此，一些人比另一些人更容易受到威胁。
[知识拓展]
(1)be
at
risk
of
处于……危险之中
at
all
risks＝at
any
risk
无论冒什么风险
at
the
risk
of...
冒……的危险
take
risks/a
risk
冒险
take/run
the
risk
of
doing
sth.
冒险做某事；冒做某事的危险/风险
put
one's
life
at
risk
冒生命危险
(2)risk
doing
sth.
冒险做某事
risk
one's
life
to
do
sth.
冒着生命危险做某事
[即学即练]——单句语法填空
①He
jumped
into
the
river
at
the
risk
of
losing
his
life.
②I
didn't
want
to
take/run
the
risk
of
leaving
(leave)
John
alone.
③He
worked
hard，for
he
couldn't
risk
losing
(lose)
the
good
job.＝
He
worked
hard，for
he
couldn't
take/run
the
risk
of
losing
the
good
job.
Sentence
Pattern
it形式主语
(教材P53)
It
is
clear
that
human
activity
has
negatively
affected
all
other
species
on
Earth，including
animals
and
plants.
很明显，人类活动已经对地球上所有其他物种产生了负面影响，包括动物和植物。
句式分析：句中it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的that从句。
[例1] It
is
certain
that
free
medical
care
will
be
given
to
most
people
in
our
city.
可以确定的是我们城市的多数人将享受免费医疗。
[例2] It
was
obvious
that
the
driver
could
not
control
his
car.
显然这位司机无法控制他的汽车了。
[知识拓展]
it
作形式主语，真正的主语为that引导的从句的常见形式有：
(1)It
be＋形容词(obvious，possible，strange，natural，important...)
＋that
从句。
(2)It
be＋名词短语(a
pity，a
fact，a
wonder，a
shame，an
honour，no
wonder...)
＋that
从句。
(3)It
be＋过去分词(said，thought，hoped，believed，declared，supposed，reported...)
＋that
从句。
(4)It＋不及物动词(seem，occur，happen...)
＋that
从句。
[即学即练]——完成句子
①It
is
obvious
that
nobody
will
like
to
have
dinner
in
such
a
dirty
place.
很明显，没有人想在这么脏的地方吃饭。
②It's
a
shame
that
we
failed
to
fulfil
the
task
ahead
of
time.
我们没能提前完成任务，真感到惭愧。
③It
is
believed
that
it
is
the
earliest
and
largest
paper?making
workshop
site
ever
found
in
ancient
China.
人们认为这是迄今为止在中国发现的最早的也是最大的造纸作坊。
④It
occurred
to
me
that
I
had
left
my
ticket
at
home.
我突然想起把票忘在家里了。
1．Although
it
is
not
unusual
for
species
to
die
out
naturally，the
rate
at
which
this
is
now
happening
is
cause
for
concern.
[分析] 句中Although
it
is
not
unusual
for
species
to
die
out
naturally为although引导的让步状语从句，at
which
this
is
now
happening为限制性定语从句，修饰先行词rate。
[翻译] 虽然物种的自然灭绝并不罕见，但现在灭绝的速度让人担忧。
2．If
a
sixth
mass
extinction
occurs，scientists
who
have
studied
the
issue
believe
that
up
to
three
quarters
of
all
species
on
Earth
could
die
out.
[分析] 句中If
a
sixth
mass
extinction
occurs
为if引导的条件状语从句，who
have
studied
the
issue为who引导的限制性定语从句，修饰先行词scientists，名词性从句that
up
to
three
quarters
of
all
species
on
Earth
could
die
out作动词believe的宾语。
[翻译] 如果第六次大灭绝发生，研究这个问题的科学家们认为，地球上多达四分之三的物种可能会灭绝。
教材
高考
1.We
definitely
need
to
switch
to
different
forms
of
power
as
soon
as
possible.
(2020·天津卷)And
the
officer
can't
let
him
get
away.He
pulls
out
a
special
device，points
it
at
the
suspect，and
switches
it
on.
2.How
many
times
up
to
today
has
life
on
Earth
almost
died
out？
(2020·北京卷)The
Neanderthals
lived
alongside
human
ancestors
in
Europe
for
tens
of
thousands
of
years，before
dying
out
about
40，000
years
ago.
3.According
to
scientists，they
include
volcanic
eruptions，asteroids
hitting
the
Earth
from
space，changes
in
sea
levels，the
decrease
of
the
oxygen
content
of
the
sea
and
global
warming.
(2020·北京卷)Negative
self?talk
damages
self?confidence
and
decreases
self?respect.
4.It
is
clear
that
human
activity
has
negatively
affected
all
other
species
on
Earth，including
animals
and
plants.
(2020·江苏卷)Athletes
and
scientists
have
long
known
that
meal
timing
affects
performance.
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．It
was
surprising
that
she
passed
the
difficult
exam.
2．At
the
risk
of
being
blamed(blame)，he
drove
his
father's
car
to
school.
3．Oil
spills
are
having
a
devastating
effect
on
coral
reefs
in
the
ocean.
4．The
number
of
teaching
staff
members
in
this
school
has
decreased
to
700
persons.
5．Tom's
life
was
varied(vary)
and
pleasant
enough，on
the
whole.
6．The
tsunami
that
followed
engulfed
the
northeast
and
wiped
out
entire
towns.
7．Many
of
our
old
customs
are
dying(die)
out
day
by
day.
8．We
need
to
switch
off
the
cell?phone
and
leave
the
children
to
play
by
themselves.
9．The
country
needs
new
leadership
if
she
is
to
play
a
role
in
future
development.
10．The
society
was
set
up
to
preserve
endangered(endanger)
species
from
extinction.
Ⅱ.短语填空
have
a
role；do
one's
part；die
out；wipe
out；be
to
blame；be
at
risk
1．Every
student
ought
to
do
his
part
to
make
steady
progress.
2．At
one
stage
it
looked
as
if
it
might
not
have
a
role
at
all.
3．Only
in
this
way
can
we
wipe
out
the
enemy
troops.
4．Alone
in
his
room，he
asked
himself
whether
he
was
to
blame
for
the
accident.
5．There
are
new
uses
of
words
coming
in
and
old
uses
dying
out．
6．123，000
people
were
at
risk
of
early
death
over
the
next
20
years，the
study
said.
Ⅲ.课文语法填空
In
our
Earth's
history，there
have
been
five
times
1.when
life
on
Earth
has
almost
ended.The
third
mass
extinction
2.killed(kill)
90%
to
96%
of
all
species
and
the
fifth
event
caused
the
3.death(die)
of
the
dinosaurs.The
natural
reasons
include
volcanic
eruptions，asteroids
hitting
the
Earth
from
space，changes
in
sea
levels，the
decrease
4.of
the
oxygen
content
of
the
sea
5.and
global
warming.This
time，man
will
be
6.to
blame(blame)
for
the
Earth's
sixth
mass
extinction.Air
and
water
pollution，forests
being
destroyed，factory
farming
and
overfishing
are
causing
species
to
die
out
1，000
times
7.faster(fast)
than
normal.We
ought
to
take
action
to
avoid
a
8.sixth(six)
extinction
now，which
means
we
have
to
save
9.endangered(endanger)
species，change
how
we
work
and
travel
and
improve
our
farming
methods
to
reduce
water，air
and
land
pollution.In
short，if
we
want
to
survive，we
need
to
stop
10.destroying(destroy)
the
planet
that
we
live
on
and
start
to
protect
it.
限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
[观察例句]
1．Eric
set
sail
once
again，this
time
with
25
ships，of
which
only
14
made
it
to
Greenland.
2．Eric
reached
Greenland
and
discovered
that
people
could
live
in
the
place
where
he
landed.
3．Biarni
was
the
man
with
whom
Leif
discussed
his
plans.
4．By
around
900AD，there
were
many
places
in
Northern
Europe
where
the
Vikings
chose
to
live.
[归纳用法]
一、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句概述
1．限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的一部分，若去掉，主句的内容就不完整，意义也会发生改变。从句和先行词的关系十分密切，从句紧跟先行词，两者之间不可用逗号隔开。
She
has
found
the
necklace
(that)
she
lost
two
weeks
ago.
她找到了那条两周前丢失的项链。
2．非限制性定语从句是先行词的一个补充说明。没有它，主句也能独立存在；非限制性定语从句和先行词的关系不是很密切，两者之间用逗号隔开。
He
has
two
sisters，who
are
working
in
the
city.
他有两个姐姐，她们在城里工作。
[即学即练]——单句语法填空
①The
weather
turned
out
to
be
very
good，which
was
more
than
we
could
expect.
②Is
this
the
museum
where
the
exhibition
was
held?
二、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别
1．标点的运用有所不同
限制性定语从句一般紧跟在先行词后，其后不可用逗号分开；而非限制性定语从句也常放在先行词后，但必须用逗号与主句分开。
Who
is
the
girl
that
is
standing
under
the
tree?
站在树下的那个女孩是谁？
He
is
a
teacher
of
much
knowledge，from
whom
much
can
be
learned.
他是一个学识渊博的老师，从他那儿可以学到许多东西。
2．从句的作用不同
限制性定语从句对先行词起到修饰限制的作用，是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，一旦省略，主句的意思就不完整。而非限制性定语从句则是对一个概念清楚的先行词进行附加说明，若将其去掉，主句的意思仍然完整。
The
next
day，my
brother
and
I
went
to
the
beach
where
we
watched
some
people
play
volleyball.
第二天，我和弟弟去了海边。在那里，我们看到一些人在打沙滩排球。
Alice
received
a
letter
from
her
former
classmate，which
came
as
a
surprise.
艾丽斯收到了她以前同学的一封信，这真是件令人惊奇的事情。
3．关系词的选用不同
限制性定语从句可以用关系代词who，whom，whose，that，which，关系副词when，where，why等引导，而非限制性定语从句不可用that或why来引导(上述引导词除了这两者以外均可用来引导非限制性定语从句)。
Yesterday
he
bought
a
new
car，which
was
made
in
Japan.
(which不可换用that)昨天他买了一辆新车，是日本生产的。
He
didn't
give
the
reason，which
explained
his
absence
from
the
meeting
held
last
week.
(which不可换用why，因为which在定语从句中作主语，而why只能在定语从句中作状语。此句也可以这样表达，He
didn't
give
the
reason，for
which
he
was
absent
from
the
meeting
held
last
week.)
4．从句所修饰的先行词有所不同
限制性定语从句的先行词通常是名词、代词或词组；而非限制性定语从句的先行词除了名词、代词外，还可以是句子。
This
is
the
best
book
that
I
have
ever
read.
这是我曾经读过的书中的最好的一本。
He
won
the
first
prize
in
the
contest，which
was
more
than
we
expected.
他在比赛中得了一等奖，这一点真出乎我们预料。
5．关系词的省略不同
在限制性定语从句中，当关系代词在定语从句中作宾语或表语时，在口语中可以省略，关系副词有时也可省略。而非限制性定语从句中的关系代词或关系副词不可省略。
I
still
remember
the
days
we
spent
together
in
college.
我仍然记得我们在大学时一起度过的日子。(we前省略了that/which)
She
is
not
the
one(that)
she
used
to
be.
她已不再是昔日的她了。(that在定语从句中作表语)
6．英译汉时有所不同
译成汉语时，往往把限制性定语从句的内容置于先行词之前；而非限制性定语从句和主句往往翻译成两个分句。
Which
is
the
machine
that
we
used
last
Sunday?
上星期天我们用的那台机器是哪一台？
The
concert，which
was
held
last
week，was
a
great
success.
那场音乐会是上周举行的，获得了巨大的成功。
He
may
be
late，in
which
case
we
ought
to
wait
for
him.
他可能迟到，要是那样的话我们就等等他。
[即学即练]
——单句语法填空
③Liquid
water
changes
to
vapor，which
is
called
evaporation.
④Charles
Smith，who
was
my
former
teacher，retired
last
year.
⑤This
is
the
house
where
I
lived
two
years
ago.
三、as和which引导非限制性定语从句的区别
which
as
位置上
只能放在先行词的后面
位置灵活，可位于句前、句中，也可置于句后
搭配上
无动词的限制
谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词，如see，hear，know，expect，remember，guess，hope等
句意上
意为“这一点”
表示“正如……，正像……的那样”
The
air
quality
in
the
city，as
is
shown
in
the
report，has
improved
over
the
past
two
months.
正如报告所显示的，在过去的两个月里，这个城市的空气质量已有所改善。
After
graduating
from
college，I
took
some
time
off
to
go
travelling，which
turned
out
to
be
a
wise
decision.
大学毕业后我抽出一部分时间去旅游，事实证明这是一个明智的选择。
[即学即练]——单句语法填空
⑥Metals
have
many
good
properties，as
has
been
stated
before.
⑦Light
travels
in
straight
lines，which
explains
why
shadows
are
formed
when
it
goes
past
an
object.
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．The
reason
which/that
he
explained
for
his
being
late
was
that
his
alarm
clock
didn't
work.
2．Life
is
like
a
long
race
where
we
compete
with
others
to
go
beyond
ourselves.
3．I
often
have
the
case
where
I
can't
recognise
my
friend's
voice
on
the
phone.
4．Some
pictures
of
the
river
brought
the
days
back
to
the
old
when
they
swam
in
it.
5．Many
countries
are
now
setting
up
national
parks
where
animals
and
plants
can
be
protected.
6．Mexico
City，which
has
a
population
of
over
10
million，is
probably
the
fastest
growing
city
in
the
world.
7．We
will
be
shown
around
the
city:
schools，museums，and
some
other
places，where
other
visitors
seldom
go.
8．As
is
known
to
everybody，the
moon
travels
round
the
earth
once
every
month.
9．English
is
a
language
shared
by
several
diverse
cultures，each
of
which
uses
it
differently.
10．I
wish
to
thank
Professor
Smith，without
whose
help
I
would
never
have
got
this
far.
Ⅱ.短文语法填空
I
have
a
good
friend
1.whose
name
is
Wang
Fang.She
is
from
a
town
2.where
rice
is
grown.She
likes
reading
novels
3.which
are
written
by
Americans.She
often
goes
to
the
park
4.where
many
beautiful
flowers
are
grown.She
often
discusses
the
problems
5.that
she
can't
solve
by
herself.
She
went
to
the
city
6.where
her
father
7.worked(work)
last
year
to
experience
life.This
year
she
wants
to
visit
the
city
of
Beijing
8.where
her
aunt
lives.She
is
so
kind
9.that
she
is
ready
to
help
the
people
10.who
are
in
trouble.
PAGEUNIT
3
CONSERVATION
Section
Ⅱ LESSON
2
&
LESSON
3
Ⅰ.匹配词义
A．单词匹配
( )1.packet
A．adj.using
more
of
sth.than
is
necessary
( )2.consumer
B．n.小包，小盒
( )3.wasteful
C．n.a
person
who
buys
goods
or
uses
services
( )4.transportation
D．adj.新颖的，创新的，革新的
( )5.innovative
E．n.交通运输系统，运输方式
( )6.refillable
F．adj.that
can
be
used
again
( )7.reusable
G．adj.可再填充的
( )8.chopsticks
H．n.气，气体
( )9.council
I．n.a
group
of
people
chosen
to
give
advice，make
rules，do
research
( )10.gas
J．n.筷子
[答案] 1—5
BCAED 6—10
GFJIH
B．短语匹配
( )1.set
out
A．
焦虑的
( )2.stressed
out
B．开始做某事，着手进行
( )3.be
related
to
C．交通堵塞
( )4.traffic
jam
D．与……有关联
[答案] 1—4 BADC
Ⅱ.默写单词
1．wrap
vt.
包，裹
2．dirt
n.
灰尘，尘土
3．realistic
adj.
现实的，实际的
4．stuck
adj.
卡住的，无法移动的
5．jam
n.
拥挤，堵塞；果酱
6．annoyed
adj.
烦恼的，生气的
7．anger
n.
愤怒；怒气
8．decade
n.
十年，十年期
9．relate
vi.
相联系，有关联
10．regular
adj.
定期的，有规律的
Ⅰ.语境填词
cancer；wrapping；relate；dirt；suit；refillable；council；decade；innovative；aware
1．He
was
wearing
a
light?grey
suit
over
a
shirt.
2．British
Rail
has
indeed
become
more
commercial
over
the
past
decade．
3．He
spent
the
evening
wrapping
up
the
Christmas
presents.
4．The
company
manufactures
a
range
of
innovative
light?weight
cycles.
5．Use
a
safe
refillable
container
and
fill
your
own
bottles
right
from
your
tap.
6．Smokers
are
well
aware
of
the
dangers
to
their
own
health.
7．The
council
conducted
a
survey
of
the
uses
to
which
farm
buildings
are
put.
8．I
found
it
difficult
to
relate
the
two
ideas
in
my
mind.
9．Jane
was
just
25
when
she
learned
she
had
cancer．
10．The
worker
quickly
cleared
away
the
dirt
that
was
choking
up
the
chimney.
Ⅱ.语法填空之派生词
1．The
price
increases
were
passed
on
by
the
firm
to
consumers(consume)．
2．Attractive
packaging(package)
can
help
to
sell
products.
3．The
transportation(transport)
of
goods
by
air
costs
a
lot.
4．It
is
a
shame
to
be
so
wasteful(waste)．
5．Our
income
has
got
smaller，so
we
must
be
realistic(real)
and
give
up
our
car.
6．There
will
be
a
prize
for
the
most
innovative(innovate)
design.
7．There
is
a
regular(regularly)bus
service
to
the
airport.
8．Her
new
book
is
a
collection(collect)
of
short
stories.
9．Take
the
time
to
explain
why
you
shop
with
reusable(reuse)
bags.
10．His
attitude
made
me
extremely
annoyed(annoy)．
1．How
often
do
we
arrive
at
work
or
school，stressed
out，tired
and
angry?
又有多少次，当我们抵达工作地点或者学校时感到心力交瘁、心烦气躁呢？
2．But
personal
anger
and
stress
are
nothing
compared
to
the
real
costs
socially.
但是和真正的社会损失相比，个人的愤怒和焦虑根本不值一提。
3．Traffic
is
one
of
the
major
causes
of
global
warming
and
climate
change，as
car
engines
produce
various
types
of
greenhouse
gases.
交通是导致全球变暖和气候变化的主要原因之一，因为汽车发动机会产生各种类型的温室气体。
4．Sometimes
it
can
take
a
little
bit
longer，but
so
what?
有时乘坐公共交通工具可能需要更长的时间，但那又怎样？
5．We
often
think
there
is
nothing
we
can
do
about
the
noise,
pollution
and
danger
of
traffic.
我们常常认为我们对交通噪音、污染和危险无能为力。
词语助读
①go
downtown去市区
②roadworks
n．道路施工
③how
often多长时间一次
④get
stuck
in
traffic
jams遇上交通阻塞
⑤stressed
out焦虑的
⑥personal
anger个人的愤怒
⑦compared
to与……相比
⑧go
up
by
25%上升25%
⑨over
the
last
decade在过去十年中
⑩an
average
of平均
?major
causes主要原因
?various
types
of各种类型的
?greenhouse
gases温室气体
?be
related
to与……有关
?traffic
pollution交通污染
?be
bad
for对……有害
?make
excuses找借口
?to
be
frank说实话
?be
addicted
to对……上瘾
?ask
sb.for
advice
about向某人征求关于……的建议
instead
of而不是
keep
sb.fit保持某人健康
regular
exercise定期的锻炼
cut
the
risk
of
heart
disease降低患心脏病的风险
up
to多达
at
least至少
a
little
bit
longer更长一点
so
what那又怎样
what
about……怎么样
around
the
corner在拐角处
get
into进入
share...with和某人分享……
be
kind
to
the
environment环保
take
action采取行动
do
nothing
about对……无能为力
be
full
of
heavy
traffic交通拥挤
speed
limit限速
suit
sb.适合某人
sit
around闲坐着
improve
our
environment改善我们的环境
pick
up
my
daughter
from
school去学校接我的女儿
have
got
to不得不
do
the
shopping购物
after
that在那之后
原文呈现
THE
ROAD
TO
DESTRUCTION
Part
1
“This
morning，it
took
me
40
minutes
to
go
downtown①.More
roadworks②
on
the
A10！”
“Oh
really？It
took
me
over
an
hour.There
was
an
accident
on
the
M11.”
How
often③
have
you
heard
these
conversations？How
often
do
we
get
stuck
in
traffic
jams④？How
often
do
we
arrive
at
work
or
school，stressed
out⑤，tired
and
angry？For
many
people，the
answer
is
every
day.But
personal
anger⑥
and
stress
are
nothing
compared
to⑦
the
real
costs
socially.Here
are
some
figures
about
Britain：
·In
the
last
20
years，the
number
of
cars
on
the
roads
has
gone
up
by
25%⑧.There
are
now
32
million
cars.
·Over
the
last
decade⑨，an
average
of⑩
2，500
people
have
died
every
year
in
vehicle
accidents.
·Traffic
is
one
of
the
major
causes?of
global
warming
and
climate
change，as
car
engines
produce
various
types
of?greenhouse
gases?(1)．
(1)as引导原因状语从句。
·Almost
30，000
deaths
per
year
are
caused
by
air
pollution.
·Some
types
of
cancer
are
related
to?traffic
pollution?.
Part
2
We
know
that
cars
are
bad
for?us.But
we
all
make
excuses?：“The
buses
are
terrible”；“The
trains
are
always
late”；“I
haven't
got
time
to
walk”．I'm
talking
about
myself，too.To
be
frank?，I'm
addicted
to?my
car.When
I
asked
a
friend
working
for
a
green?living
organisation
for
advice
about?how
to
give
up(2)，she
told
me
five
things：
(2)when引导时间状语从句。
·Use
your
legs.In
2014，over
55%
of
car
journeys
were
under
eight
kilometres.Instead
oftaking
short
car
journeys，we
could
easily
walk
or
cycle.Leg
power
can
save
your
money，keep
you
fitand
help
you
live
longer.Regular
exercise
also
cuts
the
risk
of
heart
diseaseby
50%!
·Use
public
transport.Up
to90
people
can
travel
in
one
bus，while
the
same
number
will
need
at
least18
cars.(3)
Sometimes
it
can
take
a
little
bit
longer，but
so
what？You
can
relax，read
a
book，talk
to
someone
—
who
knows?
(3)while连接表示对比关系的并列句。
·Think
before
you
go.Do
you
really
have
to
go
to
that
shopping
centre
on
the
other
side
of
town？What
aboutthe
shops
around
the
corner？Before
you
get
intoyour
car，think
about
whether
you
really
need
to
make
that
journey.(4)
(4)句中before引导时间状语从句，whether...that
journey为宾语从句。
·Share
cars.If
you
really
have
to
use
a
car(5)，share
journeys
withsomeone
else.It
is
much
cheaper
and
kinder
to
the
environment.
(5)if引导条件状语从句。
·Take
action！
We
often
think
there
is
nothing
we
can
do
aboutthe
noise，pollution
and
danger
of
traffic.(6)
There
is.If
your
street
is
full
of
heavy
traffic(7)，talk
to
your
neighbours
about
it.Write
to
the
papers.Go
to
the
city
government.Ask
for
a
speed
limit.Do
whichever
of
these
things
that
suit
you(8)．Don't
just
sit
aroundand
complain!
(6)句中谓语动词think后为省略了that的宾语从句，其中we...of
traffic为定语从句，修饰先行词nothing。
(7)if引导条件状语从句。
(8)that引导定语从句。
All
quite
simple，isn't
it？Five
easy
ways
to
improve
our
environment.Well，I'm
sorry
I
have
to
finish
this
article(9)，but
I've
got
to
pick
up
my
daughter
from
schoolat
4
pm.Then
I've
got
todrive
to
the
supermarket
to
do
the
shopping.After
that，I
have
to
take
my
son
to
a
party.The
traffic
is
going
to
be
horrible，but
what
can
I
do?
(9)省略that的原因状语从句。
译文参考
毁灭之路
第一部分
“今天早上，我花了40分钟才到市区。A10公路要大修！”
“哦，真的吗？我花了一个多小时。在M11公路上发生了一起事故。”
你经常听到这些对话吗？有多少次我们碰到交通阻塞而动弹不得？又有多少次，当我们抵达工作地点或者学校时感到心力交瘁、心烦气躁呢？对许多人来说，答案是每天。但是和真正的社会损失相比，个人的愤怒和焦虑根本不值一提。以下是一些关于英国的数据：
·在过去的二十年里，路上行驶的汽车数量增加了25%。现在有3
200万辆汽车。
·在过去十年中，平均每年有2
500人死于交通事故。
·交通是导致全球变暖和气候变化的主要原因之一，因为汽车发动机会产生各种类型的温室气体。
·每年有近3万人死于空气污染。
·有些癌症与交通污染有关。
第二部分
我们知道汽车对我们有害。但我们都在找借口：“公共汽车太糟糕了”“火车总是晚点”“我没有时间走路”。我也在说服我自己。说实话，我非常依赖我的车。当我向一个为绿色生活组织工作的朋友征求关于如何放弃开车的建议时，她告诉了我五件事：
·迈开你的腿。2014年，超过55%的汽车行程在8公里以下。我们可以很容易地步行或骑自行车，而不用开车短途旅行。腿的力量可以节省你的钱，保持健康，并帮助你活得更久。定期的锻炼也能将患心脏病的风险降低50%
!
·乘坐公共交通工具。一辆公共汽车最多可以容纳90人，而装同样数量的人至少需要18辆汽车。有时乘坐公共交通工具可能需要更长的时间，但那又怎样？你可以放松，读一本书，和别人聊天——谁知道呢？
·三思而后行。你真的必须去城镇另一边的那个购物中心吗？街角的商店怎么样？在你上车之前，想想你是否真的需要这样做。
·分享汽车。如果你真的需要开车，那就和别人一起吧。这样更便宜，更环保。
·采取行动！
我们常常认为我们对交通噪音、污染和危险无能为力。其实完全能。如果你的街道交通拥挤，和你的邻居谈谈。给报社写信。去找市政府。要求限速。做这些事情中任何一件适合你的。别光坐在那里抱怨！
都很简单，不是吗？五个简单的方法就可以改善环境。嗯，很抱歉我不得不结束这篇文章了，我必须在下午4点去学校接我的女儿。然后我得开车去超市买东西。在那之后，我必须带我儿子去参加一个聚会。交通将会很糟糕，但我能做些什么呢？
速读课文，完成下列任务
Ⅰ.阅读判断
判断以下句子提供的信息是正确，还是错误，还是没有提及：
1．In
the
last
20
years，the
number
of
cars
on
the
roads
has
increased
to
32
million.
A．Right.
B．Wrong.
C．Not
mentioned.
2．Gases
produced
by
cars
are
the
main
causes
of
global
warming
and
climate
change.
A．Right.
B．Wrong.
C．Not
mentioned.
3．In
2014，most
of
car
journeys
were
more
than
eight
kilometers.
A．Right.
B．Wrong.
C．Not
mentioned.
4．We
people
often
think
we
cannot
do
anything
to
do
with
the
noise，pollution
and
danger
of
traffic.
A．Right.
B．Wrong.
C．Not
mentioned.
5．The
writer
will
ride
a
bike
to
the
supermarket
to
do
some
shopping.
A．Right.
B．Wrong.
C．Not
mentioned.
[答案] 1—5 AABAB
Ⅱ.补全信息
选择正确选项填入空白处，补全所给句子提供的信息：
A．When
I
asked
a
friend
working
for
a
green?living
organisation
for
advice
about
how
to
give
up
B．Before
you
get
into
your
car
C．as
car
engines
produce
various
types
of
greenhouse
gases
D．while
the
same
number
will
need
at
least
18
cars
E．If
your
street
is
full
of
heavy
traffic
F．If
you
really
have
to
use
a
car
1．Traffic
is
one
of
the
major
causes
of
global
warming
and
climate
change，
．
2．
，she
told
me
five
things.
3．Up
to
90
people
can
travel
in
one
bus，
．
4．
，think
about
whether
you
really
need
to
make
that
journey.
5．
，share
journeys
with
someone
else.
6．
，talk
to
your
neighbours
about
it.
[答案] 1—6 CADBFE
Ⅲ.表格填空
Figures
about
British
traffic
·There
are
now
32
million
cars
on
the
roads.·An
average
of
2，500
people
have
died
every
year
in
1.vehicle
accidents．·2.Greenhouse
gases
from
cars
have
caused
global
warming
and
climate
change.·Air
pollution
causes
almost
30，000
deaths
3.per
year．·Some
types
of
cancer
are
4．related
to
traffic
pollution.
Advice
about
how
to
give
up
cars
·Use
your
5.legs
to
walk
or
cycle，instead
of
taking
short
car
journeys.·Use
6.public
transport，although
sometimes
it
can
take
a
little
bit
longer.·Think
about
7.whether
you
really
need
to
make
that
journey
before
you
get
into
your
8.car．·9.Share
journeys
with
someone
else.·Take
action!
Don't
just
10.sit
around
and
complain！
细读课文，完成下列任务
Ⅰ.主旨匹配
段落
主旨大意
1.Part
1
A.Ways
to
give
up
cars.
2.Part
2
B.Serious
traffic
problems.
[答案] 1—2 BA
Ⅱ.课文理解
1．How
many
people
have
died
in
British
vehicle
accidents
over
the
last
decade?
A．2，500
or
so.
B．25，000
or
so.
C．30，000
or
so.
D．32
million
or
so.
2．Which
of
the
following
is
NOT
the
excuse
of
driving
cars?
A．The
buses
are
terrible.
B．The
trains
are
always
late.
C．There's
no
time
to
walk.
D．The
cars
are
bad
to
people.
3．What
should
you
do
if
a
journey
is
less
than
eight
kilometres?
A．Drive
your
car.
B．Take
a
bus.
C．Cycle
a
bike.
D．Take
a
plane.
4．What
should
you
do
if
you
have
to
use
a
car?
A．Share
it
with
others.
B．Go
to
the
city
government.
C．Write
to
the
papers.
D．Ask
for
a
speed
limit.
[答案] 1—4 BDCA
Ⅲ.读后续写微技能
读后续写微技能(五)——劝告或建议
A．阅读文中含有表示劝告或建议的语句
1．Use
your
legs.
2．Use
public
transport.
3．Think
before
you
go.
4．Share
cars.
5．Take
action!
B．判断下列语句中哪个不是表示劝告或建议的？
1．But
personal
anger
and
stress
are
nothing
compared
to
the
real
costs
socially.
2．Some
types
of
cancer
are
related
to
traffic
pollution.
3．Leg
power
can
save
your
money，keep
you
fit
and
help
you
live
longer.
4．Don't
just
sit
around
and
complain!
[答案] 1、2
1．consume
vt.消费；消耗；耗尽；吃完→consumer
n．消费者→consumption
n．消费；消耗
2．waste
n．浪费；废弃物
vt.&vi.浪费，徒劳→wasteful
adj.浪费的；挥霍的
3．transport
vt.运送；流放→transportation
n．交通运输系统，运输方式
4．real
adj.真的→really
adv.真正地；实际上→realistic
adj.现实的，实际的→reality
n．真实；事实；现实
5．aware
adj.意识到的，明白的→awareness
n．意识
6．collect
vt.收集，采集→collection
n．收集；收藏品；专辑
7．anxious
adj.焦虑的，不安的→anxiously
adv.焦急地；焦虑地→anxiety
n．忧虑，担心
8．annoy
vt.打搅；使烦恼→
annoyed
adj.烦恼的，生气的→annoying
adj.使烦恼的→
annoyance
n．烦恼
9．angry
adj.生气的，愤怒的→anger
n．愤怒；怒气
10．regular
adj.定期的，有规律的→regularly
adv.有规律地；定期地→regulation
n．规则；规章制度
1．suit
n．套装；起诉
v．适合；相配，合身
①This
new
dress
suits
you
very
well.
v.合身
②This
hot
weather
doesn't
suit
me.
v.适合
③Up
to
2，000
former
employees
have
filed
personal
injury
suits
against
the
company.
n.起拆
2．wrap
v．包裹；(使文字)换行
n．包裹(或包装)材料
①He
spent
the
evening
wrapping
up
the
New
Year
presents.
v.包裹
②We
stock
a
wide
range
of
cards
and
gift
wrap.
n.包装材料
③The
text
wraps
around
if
it
is
too
long
to
fit
the
screen.
v.换行
Words
and
Phrases
set
out
开始做某事，着手进行
(教材P109)
In
the
week
when
the
government
sets
out
its
new
environmental
programme，Kevin
McCabe
and
Alicia
Stewart
consider
the
problem
of
food
packaging
waste.
在政府着手制定新的环保计划的那一周，凯文·麦卡贝和艾丽西亚·斯图尔特考虑了食品包装浪费的问题。
[例] We
set
out
to
find
the
truth
behind
the
mystery.
我们开始着手揭开谜团背后的真相。
[知识拓展]
set
about
sth./doing
sth.
着手某事/做某事
set
aside
把……放置一旁，不理会；留出
set
back
妨碍；阻碍
set
down
把……放下来；写下；记下
set
in
(气候，季节等)开始
set
off
动身，出发；发射；使爆炸
set
up
竖起；创立
[即学即练]——单句语法填空
①He
was
asked
to
set
down
the
facts
just
as
he
remembered
them.
②Be
careful
that
you
don't
set
the
fireworks
off
by
mistake.
③I
warn
them
not
to
do
it，but
my
objections
were
set
aside．
④The
girl
attendant
has
set
about
cleaning(clean)
the
room.
aware
adj.意识到的，明白的
(教材P110)...how
to
become
more
environmentally
aware.……如何变得更有环保意识。
[例] He
doesn't
seem
to
be
aware
of
the
problems.
他好像没有意识到这个问题。
[知识拓展]
(1)be/become
aware
that...
知道/体会到……
as/so
far
as
I
am
aware
据我所知
make
sb.aware
of...
使某人意识到……
(2)awareness
n.
意识；知道
(3)unaware
adj.
未意识到的；不知道的
[即学即练]——单句语法填空/一句多译
①In
conclusion，people
around
the
world
should
be
well
aware
of
the
real
situation
of
water
shortage.
②As
far
as
I'm
aware，nobody
has
done
anything
about
it.
③She
was
not
aware
of
having
done
wrong．
＝
She
was
not
aware
that
she
had
done
wrong．
＝She
was
not
aware
of
what
she
had
done
was
wrong．
她还没意识到她做错了。
[名师点津]
(1)aware后跟名词性从句时，一般从句前不能用of，但在what从句前必须用of。
(2)修饰aware可用well，much，very
much，fully，但不用very。
(3)be
aware后一般不接不定式。
anxious
adj.焦虑的，不安的
(教材P110)I
just
get
anxious
when
I
think
of
the
impact
we
have
on
the
environment.
当我想到我们对环境的影响时我就忧心忡忡。
[例] We
had
a
very
anxious
time
until
we
knew
that
they
were
safe.
我们一直不安直到得知他们平安。
[知识拓展]
(1)be
anxious
for/about＝be
worried/concerned
about
为……担心/担忧
be
anxious
for＝be
eager
for/be
keen
on
渴望……
be
anxious
(for
sb.)
to
do
sth.
渴望(某人)做某事
be
anxious
that...
渴望某事(从句谓语用should
do，
should可以省略)
(2)anxiously
adv.
焦躁地；急切地
anxiety
n.
担心；焦虑；渴望
with
anxiety
焦虑地
[即学即练]——单句语法填空/一句多译
①She
is
anxious
to
go(go)
to
college，but
anxious
about
not
passing
the
College
Entrance
Exam.
②We
were
anxious
that
everyone
(should)
know
(know)
the
truth.
＝We
were
anxious
for
everyone
to
know
(know)
the
truth.我们渴望人人了解真相。
③We
waited
with
anxiety
(anxious)
for
the
news
of
her
safe
arrival.
＝We
waited
anxiously
(anxious)
for
the
news
of
her
safe
arrival.
我们急切地等待她平安抵达的消息。
annoyed
adj.烦恼的，生气的
(教材P58)
to
feel
annoyed
感到生气
[例] The
few
who
cannot
see
the
real
person
inside
my
body
do
not
make
me
annoyed，and
I
just
ignore
them.
那些不能理解我内心世界的少数人不会使我不高兴，我不会去理会他们。
[知识拓展]
(1)be
annoyed
with
sb.
生某人的气
be
annoyed
at/about
(doing)
sth.
因为(做)某事而气恼
(2)annoying
adj.
令人生气的
annoyance
n.
烦恼
[即学即练]——单句语法填空/一句多译
①Being
annoyed(annoy)
with
others
easily
will
be
harmful
to
your
health，so
keep
a
good?tempered
character
all
the
time
please.
②He
was
annoyed
at/about
giving
(give)
in
so
easily.
③It
really
annoyed
us
that
we
made
the
same
mistake
last
time.
＝What
is
really
annoying
is
that
we
made
the
same
mistake
last
time.
真正让人恼火的是我们上次犯了同样的错。
[名师点津]
(1)表示情绪变化的一类动词，如annoy，delight，excite，surprise，shock等，都为及物动词，表示“某事令某人生气(高兴、兴奋、吃惊、震惊等)”。
(2)这类动词的?ed形式常用来指人的情绪反应，故它们作表语、定语和宾补时，被修饰的通常是人；而这类动词的?ing形式常用来指物的性质、特征，故它们作表语、定语和宾补时，被修饰的往往是物。
[小片段填空]
He
was
annoyed
at
the
annoying
news
that
his
parents
told
him.The
annoyance
disturbed
his
previous
plan
to
the
beach.
anger
n．愤怒；怒气
(教材P58)
But
personal
anger
and
stress
are
nothing
compared
to
the
real
costs
socially.
但是和真正的社会损失相比，个人的愤怒和焦虑根本不值一提。
[例] He
is
quivering
with
anger.
他气得全身发抖。
[知识拓展]
(1)in
anger
生气，气冲冲地
(an)
anger
at
因……生气
(2)angry
adj.
生气的
be
angry
with
sb.
对某人生气
be
angry
at
sth.
因某事生气
[即学即练]——单句语法填空
①It
is
useless
to
debate
this
question
in
anger.
②My
mother
was
very
angry
with
me
when
I
went
home.
③My
mother
is
so
angry
at
what
I
said
that
she
criticised
me.
[小片段填空]
He
rushed
into
the
room
in
anger
and
sat
in
the
sofa
without
saying
a
word.His
mother
asked
what
he
was
angry
at?
relate
vi.相联系，有关联
(教材P59)
Some
types
of
cancer
are
related
to
traffic
pollution.
有些癌症与交通污染有关。
[例] It
is
difficult
to
relate
the
two
cases.
要把那两件事联系起来是很困难的。
[知识拓展]
be
related
to
与……有关联
relate...to/with
把……和……联系起来
relate
to
涉及，关系到；与……相处得好
[即学即练]——单句语法填空
①We
must
relate
these
principles
to
our
everyday
work.
②I
am
not
related(relate)
to
him
in
any
way.
③It's
unfortunate
when
a
father
and
son
can't
relate
to
each
other.
suit
vt.适合n.套装
(教材P59)
Do
whichever
of
these
things
that
suit
you.
做这些事情中任何一件适合你的。
[例] These
styles
can
be
adapted
to
suit
individual
tastes.
这些样式可以加以更改，以适合个人的喜好。
[知识拓展]
(1)suit
sb.(fine/well)
合某人的意；对某人很合适
suit
sth.to
sb./sth.
使某物适合某人/某物
(2)suitable
adj.
合适的；适宜的
be
suitable
for
sth./sb.
适于某物/人
be
suitable
to
do
sth.
适合做某事
[即学即练]——单句语法填空
①This
kind
of
shoes
are
suitable
to
travel
(travel)．
②He
can
suit
his
conversation
to
whoever
he's
with.
③This
film
Big
Fish
&
Begonia
is
suitable
(suit)
for
people
of
all
ages.
Sentence
Patterns
形容词作状语
(教材P58)
How
often
do
we
arrive
at
work
or
school，stressed
out，tired
and
angry?
又有多少次，当我们抵达工作地点或者学校时感到心力交瘁、心烦气躁呢？
句式分析：本句中的stressed
out，tired
and
angry作状语，表示伴随。形容词作状语表示原因、时间、伴随情况或结果，并不表达动词的方式。大多与全句用逗号隔开，可置于句首、句中或句末。
[例1] After
the
war，the
soldiers
returned
home，safe
and
sound.
战争结束后，那些士兵平安回到了家。
[例2] Seeing
the
snake，all
the
frightened
girls
stood
there，unable
to
speak.
看到那条蛇，所有的女孩站在那里，吓得说不出话来。
[即学即练]——单句语法填空/完成句子
①These
travelers
returned
to
the
hotel，tired
and
sleepy(sleep)．
②Helpless(help)，we
watched
our
home
destroyed
before
our
eyes.
③Unable
to
afford
the
time，I
had
to
give
up
the
plan.
由于抽不出时间，我不得不放弃这个计划。
over
the
last
＋时间
(教材P59)Over
the
last
decade，an
average
of
2，500
people
have
died
every
year
in
vehicle
accidents.
在过去十年中，平均每年有2
500人死于交通事故。
句式分析：本句中的over
the
last
decade引导时间状语，表示“在过去十年中”，主句用现在完成时。
[例1] Over
the
last
few
years
tourism
here
has
developed
considerably.
在过去几年里，这里的旅游业获得了相当大的发展。
[例2] The
collection
has
been
built
up
over
the
last
seventeen
years.
在过去的17年中，收藏的规模不断扩大。
[知识拓展]
类似必须用完成时态的短语还有：
over
the
past＋时间
in
the
past/last＋时间
[即学即练]——单句语法填空
①Drunk
driving
fatalities
have
declined(decline)
more
than
10
percent
over
the
past
10
years.
②He
has
published(publish)
nothing
of
note
in
the
last
ten
years.
so
what句型
(教材P59)
Sometimes
it
can
take
a
little
bit
longer，but
so
what?
有时乘坐公共交通工具可能需要更长的时间，但那又怎样？
句式分析：句中的so
what表示“那又怎么样/那有什么关系”。
[例1] If
that
means
leaving
the
Council
of
Europe，so
what?
如果那意味着要离开欧洲委员会，那又如何？
[例2] When
she
heard
the
President
was
outside，she
said，“So
what？”
她听说总统就在外边，说道：
“这有什么？”
[知识拓展]
What
if...？
如果……怎么办？
What
for?
为什么？(相当于why)
What
about...?
……怎么样？
[即学即练]——完成句子
①What
for?
Your
English
is
as
good
as
mine.
为什么呢？你的英文跟我的一样好。
②What
if
something
should
happen
to
her?
万一她有个好歹，这可怎么办？
③What
about
the
salary?
Can
you
get
more
money?
工资怎么样？你能拿到更多钱吗？
1．When
I
asked
a
friend
working
for
a
green?living
organisation
for
advice
about
how
to
give
up，she
told
me
five
things.
[分析] 句中的When
I
asked
a
friend
working
for
a
green?living
organisation
for
advice
about
how
to
give
up
为when引导的时间状语从句，其中不定式短语how
to
give
up作介词about的宾语。
[翻译] 当我向一个为绿色生活组织工作的朋友征求关于如何放弃开车的建议时，她告诉了我五件事。
2．Before
you
get
into
your
car，think
about
whether
you
really
need
to
make
that
journey.
[分析] 句中的Before
you
get
into
your
car
为before引导的时间状语从句，whether
you
really
need
to
make
that
journey为whether引导的宾语从句。
[翻译] 在你上车之前，想想你是否真的需要这样做。
教材
高考
1.In
the
week
when
the
government
sets
out
its
new
environmental
programme，Kevin
McCabe
and
Alicia
Stewart
consider
the
problem
of
food
packaging
waste.
(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)The
next
morning
he
hired
a
boat
and
set
out
to
find
the
well?known
painter.
2.But
personal
anger
and
stress
are
nothing
compared
to
the
real
costs
socially.
(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)Already，a
number
of
films，including
“Water
for
Elephants，”“The
Hangover
Part
Ⅱ”and
“Zookeeper，”
have
drawn
the
anger
of
activists
who
say
the
creatures
acting
in
them
haven't
been
treated
properly.
3.Over
the
last
decade，an
average
of
2，500
people
have
died
every
year
in
vehicle
accidents.
(2020·江苏卷)For
one
thing，the
overall
development
over
the
past
decades
has
been
so
striking
that
they
feel
eager
to
familiarize
themselves
with
what
is
going
on
in
China.
4.Do
whichever
of
these
things
that
suit
you.
(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)Instead，one
activist，dressed
in
a
full?body
monkey
suit，had
arrived
with
a
sign
praising
the
filmmakers:
“Thanks
for
not
using
real
apes
(猿)！”
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．This
has
been(be)
a
growing
trend
over
the
last
couple
of
years.
2．Hungry(hunger)，he
stopped
working
and
went
home.
3．The
president
set
out
to
reform(reform)
the
management
of
the
university.
4．There
was
an
almost
complete
lack
of
awareness(aware)
of
the
issues
involved.
5．That
is
why
I
am
very
anxious
about
the
problems
my
clients
are
facing
now
in
this
industry.
6．Her
most
annoying(annoy)
habit
was
eating
with
her
mouth
open.
7．Frustration，anger(angry)
and
desperation
have
led
to
a
series
of
wildcat
strikes.
8．Poor
educational
performance
is
related
to
emotional
disturbance.
9．Would
now
be
a
suitable(suit)
moment
to
discuss
my
report?
10．I
find
it
really
hard
to
drag
myself
out
and
exercise
regularly(regular)．
Ⅱ.短语填空
set
out；stressed
out；in
anger；be
related
to；be
anxious
for
1．What's
the
matter，Luke？You
look
stressed
out．
2．A
man
is
related
to
all
nature.
3．The
government
has
set
out
to
make
many
needed
reforms
in
the
past
decade.
4．The
common
man
in
every
country
is
anxious
for
world
peace.
5．The
actor
threw
down
his
script
and
walked
off
the
set
in
anger．
Ⅲ.课文语法填空
We
get
1.stuck(stick)
in
traffic
jams
and
arrive
at
work
or
school，2.stressed(stress)
out，tired
and
angry，every
day.But
personal
anger
and
stress
are
nothing
compared
to
the
real
costs
3.socially(social)．Here
are
some
figures
about
Britain：In
the
last
twenty
years，the
number
of
cars
on
the
roads
4.has
gone(go)
up
by
25%.Over
the
last
decade，vehicle
accidents
have
caused
5.an
average
of
2，500
deaths
every
year.Various
types
of
greenhouse
gases
from
car
engines
lead
to
global
6.warming(warm)
and
climate
change.Almost
30，000
deaths
per
year
are
caused
by
air
pollution.Some
types
of
cancer
7.are
related(relate)
to
traffic
pollution.However，how
should
we
give
up
cars？First，use
your
legs
instead
of
8.taking(take)
short
car
journeys.Second，use
public
transport.Third，before
you
get
into
your
car，think
about
9.whether
you
really
need
to
make
that
journey.Fourth，share
cars
10.with
someone
else.Finally，take
action
at
once!
Don't
just
sit
around
and
complain！
PAGEUNIT
3
Section
Ⅲ READING
&
WRITING
阅读WRITING
WORKSHOP中的材料，选择最佳答案。
1．What
is
the
main
purpose
of
factory
farming?
A．To
keep
animals
in
buildings.
B．To
increase
production.
C．To
suffer
from
less
diseases.
D．To
use
fewer
workers.
2．What
is
the
opinion
of
opponents
about
factory
farming?
A．It
is
a
lot
cheaper
than
traditional
farming.
B．It
provides
more
food
for
a
world
population.
C．It
costs
much
less
than
organic
farming.
D．It
is
not
friendly
to
the
animals.
3．What
is
the
writer's
attitude
towards
factory
farming?
A．Positive.
B．Critical.
C．Approval.
D．Unhappy.
[答案] 1—3 BDB
Words
and
Phrases
involve
vt.包含，需要
(教材P62)
Factory
farming
involves
keeping
farm
animals
inside
buildings
to
increase
the
production
of
meat
or
eggs.
工厂化养殖包括将农场动物饲养在建筑物内，以增加肉或蛋的产量。
[例] The
test
will
involve
answering
questions
about
a
photograph.
考试将包括回答一些关于一张照片的问题。
[知识拓展]
involve
doing
sth.
包含/需要做某事
involve
sb.in
(doing)
sth.
(使)参加，加入
be/get
involved
in/with
参加，参与；专心于
be
involved
with...
与……关系密切
[即学即练]——单句语法填空
①Painting
the
room
involved
moving(move)
out
the
piano.
②If
I
were
you，I
wouldn't
get
involved
in
their
problems.
cruel
adj.残忍的
(教材P62)
On
the
other
hand，opponents
of
factory
farming
say
that
it
is
cruel
to
the
animals.
另一方面，反对工厂化养殖的人说这对动物很残忍。
[例] The
cruel
boy
threw
stones
at
the
frogs.
那个残忍的男孩用石头投掷青蛙。
[知识拓展]
be
cruel
to
对……残忍
cruelly
adv.
残忍地；残暴地
cruelty
n.
残忍；残暴
[即学即练]——单句语法填空
①A
mother
who
is
cruel
to
her
child
is
unnatural.
②It
makes
her
angry
to
see
a
good
breed
of
sheep
being
treated
cruelly(cruel)．
③Mercy
to
the
enemies
means
cruelty(cruel)
to
the
people.
instance
n．例子，实例
(教材P62)
For
instance，many
farm
animals
are
kept
in
small
spaces
where
they
can
hardly
move.
例如，许多农场动物被关在狭小的空间里，它们几乎不能移动。
[例] Give
me
an
instance
of
what
you
mean.
举个例子说明你的意思。
[知识拓展]
for
instance
例如
at
the
instance
of
应……的要求，经……的请
求；在……的鼓动下
in
this
instance
在这种情况下
in
the
first
instance
最初，首先
[即学即练]——单句语法填空
①Some
of
my
books
have
sold
well.My
most
recent
one，for
instance，sold
100，000
copies.
②In
the
first
instance，a
letter
from
your
employer
may
be
all
you
need.
③I
came
here
at
the
instance
of
Dr.Jekyll.
claim
vt.声称；断言；主张
n．声称；(根据权力而提出的)要求
(教材P62)
People
who
fight
for
animal
rights
claim
that
these
animals
suffer
terrible
stress.
为动物权利而战的人们声称这些动物承受着可怕的压力。
[例] They
claimed
the
reward
for
working
for
him.
为他工作他们要求报酬。
[知识拓展]
claim
sth.
要求获得某物；认领
claim
to
do/be...
声称要做/是……
claim
that...
声称，断言
claim
to
have
done...
声称做了……
make
a
claim
for
要求……；提出，主张
[即学即练]——单句语法填空/完成句子
①A
shipping
company
has
made
a
claim
for
the
cost
of
salvaging
a
sunken
ship.
②Nor
can
he
claim
to
have
invented
the
outdoor
shopping
centre.
他也不主张他发明了户外购物中心。
③The
settlers
claimed
the
land
to
be
theirs.
殖民者声称土地是他们的。
sum
vt.概括，总结n.金额，款项；总数
(教材P62)
To
sum
up，despite
producing
cheap
food，factory
farming
is
bad
for
the
planet
and
for
the
animals
themselves.
总之，尽管生产的食物廉价，工厂化养殖对地球和动物本身都是有害的。
[例] The
expenses
came
to
an
enormous
sum.
开支总数巨大。
[知识拓展]
sum
up
概括，总结
in
sum
简言之；总而言之
do/work/make
sums/a
sum
计算，做算术题
[即学即练]——单句语法填空
①Gerard
will
open
the
debate
and
I
will
sum
up．
②My
meaning，in
sum，is
that
you
must
stay.
③I
get
a
mental
block
every
time
I
try
to
do
sums(sum)
in
my
head.
Sentence
Patterns
with复合结构
(教材P66)
Storms
have
been
getting
worse
everywhere
too，with
more
hurricanes
hitting
the
US
and
Central
America．
暴风雨愈发肆虐，越来越多的飓风袭击美国和中美洲。
句式分析：with
more
hurricanes
hitting
the
US
ard
Central
America是with的复合结构，形式为with＋宾语＋宾语补足语，这一结构在句中可作状语也可作定语。在这一结构中，作宾补的可以是形容词、副词、介词短语、现在分词、过去分词短语、不定式等。
[例1] Don't
stand
with
your
hands
in
your
pockets.
站着的时候别把双手插在口袋里。
[例2] He
stood
before
his
teacher
with
his
head
down.
他低着头站在老师面前。
[即学即练]——单句语法填空/完成句子
①I
won't
be
able
to
go
on
holiday
with
my
mother
being(be)
ill.
②She
likes
to
sleep
with
the
windows
open．
她喜欢开着窗户睡觉。
③Holmes
and
Watson
sat
with
the
light
on
for
half
an
hour.
福尔摩斯和华生开着灯坐了半个小时。
④She
was
thinking
for
a
while
with
her
eyes
shut．
她闭着眼睛思考片刻。
间接信息题
间接信息题一般无法在文中直接找到明确的信息，要求在理解的基础上，对原文信息进行加工或整理(“断章取义”)后得出结论。
间接信息题答案选项的表述通常不是使用文章的原话，而是使用与文中同义或近义的词语来表达。学生需对原文信息进行加工整理，然后再进一步推理鉴别，也可运用排除法，将“无此细节”和“与此细节相反”的选项提前排除。
[例文] The
main
reason
for
this
is
the
drivers，who
are
called
“cabbies”．Many
of
them
are
true
Cockneys.This
means
they
were
born
in
the
heart
of
London
and
speak
their
own
special
dialect(方言)
of
English.All
of
them
know
every
street
and
famous
building
in
the
city，and
all
of
them
love
to
talk.A
simple
twenty?minute
journey
across
town
can
become
very
interesting.You
may
have
a
discussion
about
the
government
and
its
leaders
or
a
friendly
talk
about
the
driver's
Aunty
Nellie!
One
thing
is
for
sure，it
will
never
be
boring.Cabbies
know
all
the
latest
news
about
film
stars，the
Royal
Family，government
leaders，and
popular
singers
or
actors
and
actresses.
◆From
what
can
we
tell
that
someone
is
a
Cockney?
A．Their
interest.
B．Their
manners.
C．Their
speech.
D．Their
appearance.
[答案] C
[即学即练]——请快速确定下面间接信息题的答案
Other
cultures
can
be
different
from
ours
in
many
aspects!
They
can
eat
different
foods
and
live
in
different
types
of
houses.People
probably
speak
different
languages
and
have
beliefs
and
customs
very
different
from
yours.However，they
can
also
be
similar
in
ways
of
connecting
with
each
other.We
sometimes
call
these
means
of
communication
universal
languages.
Some
legends
hold
that，thousands
of
years
ago，there
was
a
single
language
spoken
by
everyone
on
Earth.It
is
fun
to
think
about
a
time
when
everyone
may
have
been
able
to
communicate
in
the
same
language
though
historical
evidence
does
not
support
this，of
course.
Today，there
are
thousands
of
languages
spoken
around
the
world.Yet，there
are
some
means
of
communication
that
go
beyond
words
and
allow
people
of
wildly
different
backgrounds
to
communicate
and
share
emotions
and
feelings.For
example，some
people
believe
music
is
a
universal
language.There
may
be
some
scientific
support
for
this
idea，too.Experts
have
learned
that，across
cultures，people
can
recognize
three
common
emotions
in
music：happiness，sadness
and
fear.
So
what
other
types
of
universal
languages
might
there
be？Some
people
believe
dance
is
a
universal
language.Along
with
music，dancing
seems
to
be
a
common
interest
shared
by
peoples
all
over
the
world.Do
you
think
you
could
see
a
dance
from
another
culture
and
make
some
reasonable
guesses
about
the
ideas
and
emotions
behind
it？We
bet
you
could!
Another
universal
language
that
you
might
not
have
thought
of
is
math!
If
you
think
about
it
now，though，it
just
makes
sense.The
value
of
pi
is
roughly
3.14159
no
matter
where
you
are
on
Earth，likewise，figuring
out
the
value
of
something
involves
the
same
mathematical
calculations，regardless
of
whether
you're
counting
in
dollars，pesos
or
coconuts.
◆Why
is
music
regarded
as
a
universal
language?
A．It
can
be
enjoyed
by
people
from
all
walks
of
life.
B．It
can
be
understood
more
easily
than
languages.
C．It
usually
comes
from
different
backgrounds.
D．It
helps
people
to
share
common
feelings.
[答案] D
正反观点对比类文章
正反观点对比类文章大多数是议论文，有时是夹叙夹议类文章。写好该类作文要注意以下要点：
1．观点鲜明，文章一定要有一个明确的中心论点。
2．层次分明，一个中心论点通常有几个分论点支持，层次要分明，过渡要自然。
3．最后一段一般要总结全文，得出一个符合逻辑的结论，突出中心思想。
4．通常采用一般现在时。
5．语言简洁有力，一般不采用口语。
[基本框架]
开头——开门见山，引入辩论话题
主体——列举正方和反方的观点并说明理由
结尾——表明自己的观点
[常用词块]
1．attach
great
importance
to高度重视
2．play
a
vital
part
in在……中起重要作用
3．make
outstanding
contributions
to对……做出杰出贡献
4．serve
the
society服务社会
5．from
my
point
of
view依我之见
6．a
wise
choice一个明智的选择
7．support
the
opinion支持这个观点
8．oppose
the
opinion反对这个观点
9．the
following
three
reasons以下三个原因
10．become
more
and
more
popular变得越来越受欢迎
[常用语句]
第一部分：引入辩论话题。
1．Recently
our
class
had
a
discussion
whose
topic
was
whether
it
was
necessary
for
high
school
students
to
do
voluntary
work.
最近我们班进行了一次讨论，主题是中学生是否有必要做义工。
2．Opinions
were
divided
on
the
topic.
在这个问题上意见有分歧。
第二部分：列举正方和反方的观点并说明理由。
1．However，every
coin
has
two
sides.
然而，任何事物都有两面性。
2．Some
students
support
the
opinion.Other
students
oppose
the
opinion.
一些学生支持这个观点。其他学生反对这个观点。
3．73%
of
the
students
supported
the
view
for
the
reason
that
volunteering
to
help
others
made
a
contribution
to
building
a
harmonious
society.
73%的学生支持这一观点，因为志愿帮助他人对构建和谐社会做出了贡献。
4．However，27%
of
the
students
were
against
the
idea.
然而，27%的学生反对这个想法。
5．They
argued
that
for
one
thing，teenagers
were
too
young
to
take
up
some
work.
他们认为，一方面，青少年太年轻，不能从事某些工作。
6．For
another，students'
time
was
limited
with
so
much
homework
to
do.
另一方面，学生时间是有限的，因为有这么多的作业要做。
第三部分：表明自己的观点。
1．From
my
point
of
view，it's
beneficial
for
us
to
do
voluntary
work，for
we
can
not
only
gain
valuable
experience
but
also
a
better
understanding
of
society.
在我看来，做志愿者工作对我们是有益的，因为我们不仅可以获得宝贵的经验，而且可以更好地了解社会。
2．As
far
as
I'm
concerned/Personally，I'm
in
favour
of
the
first/second
view.
就我个人而言，我赞成第一/第二种观点。
随着科学技术的发展，克隆已经成为现实。但人们对于是否应该克隆人类有不同的看法。请你根据下面所提供的信息，写一篇英语作文并适当发表自己的观点。主要内容：
1．赞同克隆人：可用于医疗领域。
2．反对克隆人：用克隆人进行犯罪活动，无法预知克隆人的未来。
注意：词数80左右。
【学生习作】
We
can
clone
animals
now.It
is
possible
to
clone
humans
in
the
future.People
have
different
opinions
about
this.Some
people
are
for
it.They
think
we
can
use
it
in
the
field
of
medicine.We
may
make
some
organs
to
replace
the
bad
ones.Some
people
are
against
it.They
think
the
cloned
people
can
be
used
as
a
tool
to
do
crimes.We
can
not
forecast
the
future
of
the
cloned
people.In
my
opinion，the
cloning
technology
is
very
useful
to
us
humans，but
it's
immoral
to
clone
humans.
点评：1．内容全面，要点齐全，能够从正反两个层面进行论述，符合写作要求。2．句式单一，适当使用合适的过渡词，文章会更加流畅。3．使用定语从句合并句子可提升作文的档次。
【升格作文】
Cloning
has
been
realized.Furthermore，it
is
possible
to
clone
humans
in
the
future.People
have
different
opinions
about
this.
The
people
who
are
in
favor
of
it
believe
we
can
use
it
in
the
field
of
medicine；we
may
make
some
organs
to
replace
the
bad
ones
in
patients'
bodies.
But
the
people
who
go
against
think
that
the
cloned
people
can
be
used
as
a
tool
to
do
crimes.What's
more，we
can
not
forecast
the
future
of
the
cloned
people.
In
my
opinion，the
cloning
technology
is
very
useful
to
us
humans，but
it's
immoral
to
clone
humans.
最近，你班同学就“Is
it
better
to
employ
self?study
or
teamwork
study？”进行了讨论，大家观点不一致。请根据表格提示写一篇短文，介绍此次讨论情况并发表自己的看法，然后发表在你校英语论坛上。
独立学习更好(55%)
1.免于被他人干扰；2．有助于培养独立思考的能力；3．更容易获得成就感。
合作学习更好(45%)
1.有助于营造浓厚的学习气氛；2．有助于培养互助合作的精神。
你的看法
？
注意：1.词数80左右；
2.开头已经给出，不计入总词数。
A
lively
discussion
was
held
in
our
class
about
whether
it
was
better
to
employ
self?study
or
teamwork
study.
【参考范文】
A
lively
discussion
was
held
in
our
class
about
whether
it
was
better
to
employ
self?study
or
teamwork
study.There
were
different
opinions
among
students
concerning
this
topic.
55%
of
them
were
in
favor
of
self?study.They
believed
that
it
could
avoid
interruptions
from
others.Besides，it
could
develop
their
ability
to
think
independently
and
they
would
have
a
greater
sense
of
achievement
if
they
were
successful.
However，45%
of
them
thought
that
teamwork
study
could
help
create
a
more
enjoyable
learning
atmosphere
and
develop
the
spirit
of
cooperation.
As
far
as
I'm
concerned，both
of
them
have
their
advantages
and
disadvantages，so
individuals
should
choose
the
learning
style
that
they
find
most
suitable.
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