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人教版
九年级
九年级中考英语总复习
定语从句
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一、定语从句概述
定语从句的本质就是把一个句子变成“大的形容词”,用来表达单词作定语和介词短语作定语表达不了的内容。用一个句子做定语,这个句子就叫定语从句。要想了解定语从句,那么首先得知道什么是定语。
我们先来学习一下定语是什么?只要是修饰名词的词都称为“定语”。那么形容词,代词、数词、名词或名词所有格、介词短语、不定式、或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以担任定语。定语的位置一般有两种:用在名词之前的叫前置定语,用在名词之后的叫后置定语。
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eg:The
black
bike
is
mine.
这辆黑色的自行车是我的。(形容词作前置定语)
Have
you
ever
met
anyone
famous?
你曾经遇到过名人吗?(形容词作后置定语)
They
made
paper
flowers.
他们制作纸花。(名词作定语)
The
boys
in
the
room
are
in
Class
Three
Grade
One.
(介词短语作后置定语)
房间里的男孩们是一年级三班的。
I
have
something
to
do.
我还有一些事要去做。(不定式作后置定语)
She
bought
three
books.
她买了三本书。(数词作定语)
She
is
a
nice
person
to
work
with.
她是一个不错的工作伙伴。(不定式作后置定语)
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◆
用一个句子做定语,这个句子就叫定语从句。
eg:This
is
a
book.
这是一本书。
This
is
a
good
book.
这是一本好书。(前面添加good作定语)
This
is
a
book
about
cars.
(后面添加介词短语about
cars作定语)
这是一本关于汽车的书。
This
is
a
book
that
my
mother
bought
for
me.
这是一本妈妈买给我的书。(这时候,添加单个形容词,介词短语已不能实现此表达,后面只能添加一个句子来作定语,这个句子就叫定语从句了)
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二、关系词与先行词
1、关系词
引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词,关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系词常有3个作用:引导定语从句、代替先行词、在定语从句中担当一个成分。
从属连词
类别
从句中词性
替代对象
备注
who/whom
关系代词
名词
替代人
从句中充当宾语时可省略
which
名词
替代物
that
名词
替代人或物
whose
形容词
替代人或物
表示“人的”或“物的”
when
关系副词
副词
替代时间
均来自“介词+which”的替换,介词短语整体相当于副词
where
副词
替代地点
why
副词
替代原因
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eg:The
boy
who
is
standing
over
there
is
Tom.
站在那边的那个男孩是汤姆。
This
is
our
English
teacher
whom
everybody
likes.
这是我们大家都喜欢的英语老师。
This
is
my
deskmate
whose
father
works
in
a
factory.
这是我的同桌,他的父亲在工厂工作。
We
study
in
a
classroom
whose
windows
face
to
the
south.
我们在窗户朝南的教室里学习。
This
is
a
machine
that
can
walk.
这是一台能行走的机器。
The
boy
that/who
is
playing
football
on
the
play
ground
is
my
brother.
在操场上踢足球的那个男孩是我哥哥。
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2、先行词
被定语从句修饰的名词或代词,在定语从句前。有指人的先行词或指物的先行词,先行词还可以是前面整个句子所叙述的事情。
eg:I
know
the
boys
who/that
are
playing
football.
我认识那些正在踢足球的男孩。
I
know
the
boys
(who/that/whom)
you
talked
about.
我认识那些你谈论的男孩
This
is
the
pen
which/that
is
liked
by
me.
这是那只被我喜欢的钢笔。
This
is
the
pen
(which/that)
he
bought
yesterday.
这是他昨天买的那只钢笔。
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三、定语从句的原理
1、如何写一个定语从句
例如:他是我昨天见的那个人。
?
一找:找出句子里面所有的动词
(他是我昨天见的那个人)
?
二分:区分两个动词的身份,谁是主句动词,谁是从句动词,根据汉语习惯,句中“……的”是为形容词,将视为定语,因而“是”为主句动词,“见”则为从句动词。
从句用括号表示:他是(我昨天见的)那个人
?
三写主:用英语写出主句。(他是那个人:he
is
the
man.)
?
四写从:用英语写出从句。同时确保修饰词the
man出现在从句中。(我昨天见的那个人:I
saw
the
man
yesterday.)
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?
五替词:将从句中重复出现的被修饰词替换,一般情况下,是人的替换为who/whom,是物的替换为which,这里的the
man是“人”替换为whom,并提至从句句首。
he
is
the
man.
I
saw
the
man
yesterday.
(这里的the
man是宾语,我们选用whom)
→He
is
the
man
whom
I
saw
yesterday.
他是我昨天见的那个人。
对这个句子划分成分:He
is
the
man
whom
I
saw
yesterday
主句成分:He
is
the
man
whom
I
saw
yesterday
主
系
表
定语从句
从句成分:whom
I
saw
yesterday
宾
主
谓
状
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2、定语从句的构成
一找:找两句中相同的成分
二删:删除其中一个相同部分
三替:用关系词替代删除的部分
四放:将关系词放在从句前,将整个从句放到先行词后面
eg:I
have
a
friend.
My
friend
likes
Internet
stars.
(改写为定语从句)
一找:I
have
a
friend.
My
friend
likes
Internet
stars.
二删:I
have
a
friend.
My
friend
likes
Internet
stars.
三替:I
have
a
friend.
who
likes
Internet
stars.
四放:I
have
a
friend
who
likes
Internet
stars.
我有个朋友喜欢网络明星。
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eg:
I
give
him
a
book.
the
cover
of
the
book
is
green.(改写为定语从句)
一找:I
give
him
a
book.
the
cover
of
the
book
is
green.
二删:I
give
him
a
book.
the
cover
of
the
book
is
green.
三替:I
give
him
a
book.
the
cover
of
which
is
green.
四放:I
give
him
a
book
of
which
the
cover
is
green.
我给他一本封面是绿色的书。
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四、关系代词引导的定语从句
所谓关系代词,即同时具备连词、代词两种身份。连词是用来引导句子的,这是定语从句的标志。代词则是对名词、形容词的概括,在所有关系代词中,只有whose为形容词,其余均为名词。
先行词
主语
宾语
定语
替代对象
备注
人
who/that
whom/that
whose
替代人
充当宾语时可省略
物
which/that
which/that
whose
替代物
人/物
that
that
/
替代人或物
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1、当先行词是指人得名词或代词,而且关系词在句中作主语时,选who/that。
eg:The
boy
who
is
standing
over
there
is
Tom.
站在那边的那个男孩是汤姆。
He
who
doesn’t
reach
the
Great
Wall
is
not
a
true
man.
不到长城非好汉。
The
boy
that/who
is
playing
football
on
the
play
ground
is
my
brother.
在操场上踢足球的那个男孩是我哥哥。
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2、当先行词是指人得名词,而且关系词在句中作宾语时,选whom/that。
eg:This
is
our
English
teacher
whom
everybody
likes.(like与whom是动宾关系)
这是我们大家都喜欢的英语老师。
I
like
the
people
whom
I
work
with.(with与whom是介宾关系)
我喜欢和我一起工作的人。
3、当先行词是指物的名词时,它在句中作主语或宾语,关系词用which,也可选that(作宾语时可以省略)。
eg:This
is
the
picture
for
which
he
paid
$1,000.
这就是他花了1000美元买的那幅画。
This
is
the
house
which
I
built.
这就是我盖的房子。
This
is
a
machine
that
can
walk.
这是一台能行走的机器。
I
like
the
present
(that)
my
father
sent
me.
我喜欢我父亲送给我的礼物。
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4、当先行词是指人的名词,而且关系词在句中作定语时,选whose.
当先行词是指物的名词,而且关系在句中作定语时,选whose.
eg:This
is
my
deskmate
whose
father
works
in
a
factory.
这是我的同桌,他的父亲在工厂工作。
We
study
in
a
classroom
whose
windows
face
to
the
south.
我们在窗户朝南的教室里学习。
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5、只能用that,不用which的六种情况。
?
先行词中既有人又有物
eg:He
talked
about
the
teachers
and
schools
that
he
visited.
他讲述了以前访问过的学校和老师。
?
先行词为不定代词
eg:Everything
that
we
have
seen
in
China
is
moving.
我们在中国看到的一切都令人感动
?
主句是which/who开头的疑问句
eg:Which
is
the
bike
that
you
lost?
哪辆是你丢的自行车?
?
先行词被两个定语从句修饰
eg:He
is
the
student
who
can
jump
highest
that
I
have
ever
seen.
他是我看到过的跳的最高的学生。
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?
先行词被序数词、形容词最高级或被两者修饰
eg:The
first
place
that
they
visited
in
London
was
Big
Ben.
他们在伦敦参观的第一站是大本钟。
?
先行词被
the
only/the
very/all/any/little/few/no等修饰
eg:This
is
the
very
dictionary
that
he
will
buy.
这正是他将要买的那本词典。
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6、只能用which,不用that的情况。
?
关系代词前有介词且指事物时
eg:I’m
looking
for
a
container
in
that
I
can
put
all
these
peaches.
(×)
I’m
looking
for
a
container
in
which
I
can
put
all
these
peaches.
(√)
我想找一个能把这些桃都放进去的容器。
?
先行词本身就是that时
eg:I
don’t
like
that
which
he
did.
我不喜欢他做的那件事。
What
is
that
which
is
on
the
ground?
地上的是什么东西?
?
引导非限制性定语从句时
eg:Football,
which
is
a
very
interesting
game,
is
played
all
over
the
world.
足球是很有趣的运动项目,已在全世界普及。
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五、关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词同时具备连词、副词两种身份。连词是用来连接句子的,这是定语从句的标志。副词则说明它在从句中充当状语,when/where/why三个关系副词分别指代时间状语、地点状语、原因状语。
关系副词
先行词
从句中词性
从句中充当的成分
替代对象
备注
where
表示地点的名词
副词
地点状语
替代时间
来自“in
which”的替换,介词短语整体相当于副词
when
表示时间的名词
副词
时间状语
替代地点
why
reason
副词
原因状语
替代原因
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1、when引导的定语从句
when指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。它的先行词通常为time,
day,
week等表示时间的名词。此时常可用on
which,in
which,during
which等替代。
eg:I
will
never
forget
the
day.
I
met
you
on
the
day.
(改写为定语从句)
一找:I
will
never
forget
the
day.
I
met
you
on
the
day.
二删:I
will
never
forget
the
day.
I
met
you
on
the
day.
三替:I
will
never
forget
the
day.
I
met
you
on
which.
四放:I
will
never
forget
the
day
on
which
I
met
you.
我永远不会忘记遇见你的那一天。
“介词+名词”可以视为一个副词:介词+关系代词=关系副词,when/where/why都可以写为“介词+which”的形式。
故演变成:I
will
never
forget
the
day
when
I
met
you.
(
on
which=when)
我永远不会忘记遇见你的那一天。
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2、where引导的定语从句
where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。它的先行词常为place,
house,
country等表示地点的名词。此时常可用in
which,at
which等替代。
eg:This
is
the
town.
I
spend
my
childhood
in
the
town.(改写为定语从句)
一找:This
is
the
town.
I
spend
my
childhood
in
the
town.
二删:This
is
the
town.
I
spend
my
childhood
in
the
town.
三替:This
is
the
town.
I
spend
my
childhood
in
which.
四放:This
is
the
town
in
which
I
spend
my
childhood.
这就是我度过童年的小镇。
可以演变成:This
is
the
town
where
I
spend
my
childhood.
(in
which=where)
这是我度过童年的小镇。
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3、why引导的定语从句
why指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语,它的先行词通常为reason。
此时常可用for
which替代。
eg:I
know
the
reason.
I
left
you
for
the
reason.(改写为定语从句)
一找:I
know
the
reason.
I
left
you
for
the
reason.
二删:I
know
the
reason.
I
left
you
for
the
reason.
三替:I
know
the
reason.
I
left
you
for
which.
四放:I
know
the
reason
for
which
I
left
you.
我知道我离开你的原因。
故演变成:I
know
the
reason
why
I
left
you.
(for
which=why)
我知道我离开你的原因。
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六、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
?
定语从句有限制性和非限制性之分。“限制性定语”表明定语是主句不可缺少的一部分,若去掉将严重影响句意。“非限制性定语”则表明定语只是主句的附加信息,即便删除也不会对句意产生太大影响。
?
在格式上,限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句一个最明显的区别就是非限制性定语从句要以逗号隔开。关于逗号,中英文是有很大区别的,汉语中的逗号没有语法功能,只表示停顿,而英语中的逗号则可以弱化后面的句子。
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eg:I
don't
like
people
who
are
selfish.
我不喜欢那些自私的人。(限制性定语从句)
My
mother,
who
is
50
years,
lives
with
me.
(非限制性定语从句)
妈妈五十岁了,与我住在一起。
He
has
a
daughter
who
works
in
a
hospital.
(限制性定语从句)
他有一个在医院工作的女儿。
He
has
a
daughter,
who
works
in
a
hospital.
(非限制性定语从句)
他有一个女儿,她在医院工作。
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七、定语从句与同位语从句的区别
1、定语从句是从句对其先行词或前面整个句子的修饰或限制,属于形容词性从句的范畴。而同位语从句是从句对前面抽象名词的进一步的说明和解释,属于名词性从句的范畴。
eg:The
news
that
our
team
has
won
the
game
was
true.
我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的。
(同位语从句,补充说明news到底是一个什么消息)
The
news
that
he
told
me
yesterday
was
true.
昨天他告诉我的那个消息是真的。
(定语从句,限制或修饰news,说明到底是哪个news)
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2、从引导词来看
引导词that在同位语从句中是连词,只起连接作用,无具体词义,that不可省略;that在定语从句中是关系代词,除了起连接作用,它在从句中充当一定成分——主语或宾语,作宾语时还可以省略。
eg:The
factory
(that)
we
visited
yesterday
is
a
chemical
one.
(定语从句)
我们昨天参观的工厂是一家化工厂。(factory在从句中作visited的宾语,也就是说that指代factory在从句中作宾语,可以省略)
The
news
that
he
will
leave
for
Shanghai
is
true.
(同位语从句)
他要去上海的消息是真的。(that只起连接作用,不做成分,一般不可以省略)
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3、当when
,where
,why和how引导同位语从句时为连接副词,虽在句中充当成分,但前面没有与其意义相当的先行词。而在定语从句中它们为关系副词,在其前面分别有表示时间、地点、原因及方式意义的先行词。
eg:He
will
never
forget
the
days
when
he
lived
with
his
grandparents.
他永远不会忘记和祖父母一起生活的日子(定语从句)
He
has
no
idea
when
the
meeting
will
be
held.
(同位语从句)
他不知道会议将何时举行
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八、定语从句中的主谓一致
是指关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句中谓语动词的单复数形式要与先行词一致的问题。先行词是单数时,从句的谓语动词用单数;先行词是复数时,从句的谓语动词用复数。
eg:The
man
who
is
playing
football
is
my
PE
teacher.
正在踢足球的那个人是我的体育老师。
I
love
singers
who
write
their
own
music.
我喜欢自己写音乐的歌手。
Lead
in
“one
of+复数可数名词”充当先行词时,定语从句的谓语动词用复数形式;“the
only/very/right
one
of+复数可数名词”充当先行词时,定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。
eg:Tom
is
one
of
the
students
who
were
awarded.
汤姆是获奖学生之一。
Tom
is
the
only
one
of
the
students
who
was
awarded.
汤姆是学生中唯一一个获奖的。
https://www.21cnjy.com/help/help_extract.php中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
人教版九年级中考英语总复习语法专题
定语从句讲义
一、定语从句概述
定语从句的本质就是把一个句子变成“大的形容词”,用来表达单词作定语和介词短语作定语表达不了的内容。用一个句子做定语,这个句子就叫定语从句。要想了解定语从句,那么首先得知道什么是定语。
我们先来学习一下定语是什么?只要是修饰名词的词都称为“定语”。那么形容词,代词、数词、名词或名词所有格、介词短语、不定式、或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以担任定语。定语的位置一般有两种:用在名词之前的叫前置定语,用在名词之后的叫后置定语。
eg:The
black
bike
is
mine.
这辆黑色的自行车是我的。(形容词作前置定语)
Have
you
ever
met
anyone
famous?
你曾经遇到过名人吗?(形容词作后置定语)
They
made
paper
flowers.
他们制作纸花。(名词作定语)
The
boys
in
the
room
are
in
Class
Three
Grade
One.
(介词短语作后置定语)
房间里的男孩们是一年级三班的。
I
have
something
to
do.
我还有一些事要去做。(不定式作后置定语)
She
bought
three
books.
她买了三本书。(数词作定语)
She
is
a
nice
person
to
work
with.
她是一个不错的工作伙伴。(不定式作后置定语)
◆
用一个句子做定语,这个句子就叫定语从句。
eg:This
is
a
book.
这是一本书。
This
is
a
good
book.
这是一本好书。(前面添加good作定语)
This
is
a
book
about
cars.
(后面添加介词短语about
cars作定语)
这是一本关于汽车的书。
This
is
a
book
that
my
mother
bought
for
me.
这是一本妈妈买给我的书。
(这时候,添加单个形容词,介词短语已不能实现此表达,后面只能添加一个句子来作定语,这个句子就叫定语从句了)
关系词与先行词
关系词
引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词,关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系词常有3个作用:引导定语从句、代替先行词、在定语从句中担当一个成分。
从属连词
类别
从句中词性
替代对象
备注
who/whom
关系代词
名词
替代人
从句中充当宾语时可省略
which
名词
替代物
that
名词
替代人或物
whose
形容词
替代人或物
表示“人的”或“物的”
when
关系副词
副词
替代时间
均来自“介词+which”的替换,介词短语整体相当于副词
where
副词
替代地点
why
副词
替代原因
eg:The
boy
who
is
standing
over
there
is
Tom.
站在那边的那个男孩是汤姆。
This
is
our
English
teacher
whom
everybody
likes.
这是我们大家都喜欢的英语老师。
This
is
my
deskmate
whose
father
works
in
a
factory.
这是我的同桌,他的父亲在工厂工作。
We
study
in
a
classroom
whose
windows
face
to
the
south.
我们在窗户朝南的教室里学习。
This
is
a
machine
that
can
walk.
这是一台能行走的机器。
The
boy
that/who
is
playing
football
on
the
play
ground
is
my
brother.
在操场上踢足球的那个男孩是我哥哥。
2、先行词
被定语从句修饰的名词或代词,在定语从句前。有指人的先行词或指物的先行词,先行词还可以是前面整个句子所叙述的事情。
eg:I
know
the
boys
who/that
are
playing
football.
我认识那些正在踢足球的男孩。
I
know
the
boys
(who/that/whom)
you
talked
about.
我认识那些你谈论的男孩
This
is
the
pen
which/that
is
liked
by
me.
这是那只被我喜欢的钢笔。
This
is
the
pen
(which/that)
he
bought
yesterday.
这是他昨天买的那只钢笔。
三、定语从句的原理
1、如何写一个定语从句
例如:他是我昨天见的那个人。
?
一找:找出句子里面所有的动词
(他是我昨天见的那个人)
?
二分:区分两个动词的身份,谁是主句动词,谁是从句动词,根据汉语习惯,句中“……的”是为形容词,将视为定语,因而“是”为主句动词,“见”则为从句动词。
从句用括号表示:他是(我昨天见的)那个人
?
三写主:用英语写出主句。(他是那个人:he
is
the
man.)
?
四写从:用英语写出从句。同时确保修饰词the
man出现在从句中。(我昨天见的那个人:I
saw
the
man
yesterday.)
?
五替词:将从句中重复出现的被修饰词替换,一般情况下,是人的替换为who/whom,是物的替换为which,这里的the
man是“人”替换为whom,并提至从句句首。
he
is
the
man.
I
saw
the
man
yesterday.
(这里的the
man是宾语,我们选用whom)
→He
is
the
man
whom
I
saw
yesterday.
他是我昨天见的那个人。
对这个句子划分成分:He
is
the
man
whom
I
saw
yesterday
主句成分:He
is
the
man
whom
I
saw
yesterday
主
系
表
定语从句
从句成分:whom
I
saw
yesterday
宾
主
谓
状
2、定语从句的构成
一找:找两句中相同的成分
二删:删除其中一个相同部分
三替:用关系词替代删除的部分
四放:将关系词放在从句前,将整个从句放到先行词后面
eg:I
have
a
friend.
My
friend
likes
Internet
stars.
(改写为定语从句)
一找:I
have
a
friend.
My
friend
likes
Internet
stars.
二删:I
have
a
friend.
My
friend
likes
Internet
stars.
三替:I
have
a
friend.
who
likes
Internet
stars.
四放:I
have
a
friend
who
likes
Internet
stars.
我有个朋友喜欢网络明星。
I
give
him
a
book.
the
cover
of
the
book
is
green.(改写为定语从句)
一找:I
give
him
a
book.
the
cover
of
the
book
is
green.
二删:I
give
him
a
book.
the
cover
of
the
book
is
green.
三替:I
give
him
a
book.
the
cover
of
which
is
green.
四放:I
give
him
a
book
of
which
the
cover
is
green.
我给他一本封面是绿色的书。
四、关系代词引导的定语从句
所谓关系代词,即同时具备连词、代词两种身份。连词是用来引导句子的,这是定语从句的标志。代词则是对名词、形容词的概括,在所有关系代词中,只有whose为形容词,其余均为名词。
先行词
主语
宾语
定语
替代对象
备注
人
who/that
whom/that
whose
替代人
充当宾语时可省略
物
which/that
which/that
whose
替代物
人/物
that
that
/
替代人或物
1、当先行词是指人得名词或代词,而且关系词在句中作主语时,选who/that。
eg:The
boy
who
is
standing
over
there
is
Tom.
站在那边的那个男孩是汤姆。
He
who
doesn’t
reach
the
Great
Wall
is
not
a
true
man.
不到长城非好汉。
The
boy
that/who
is
playing
football
on
the
play
ground
is
my
brother.
在操场上踢足球的那个男孩是我哥哥。
2、当先行词是指人得名词,而且关系词在句中作宾语时,选whom/that。
eg:This
is
our
English
teacher
whom
everybody
likes.(like与whom是动宾关系)
这是我们大家都喜欢的英语老师。
I
like
the
people
whom
I
work
with.(with与whom是介宾关系)
我喜欢和我一起工作的人。
3、当先行词是指物的名词时,它在句中作主语或宾语,关系词用which,也可选that(作宾语时可以省略)。
eg:This
is
the
picture
for
which
he
paid
$1,000.
这就是他花了1000美元买的那幅画。
This
is
the
house
which
I
built.
这就是我盖的房子。
This
is
a
machine
that
can
walk.
这是一台能行走的机器。
I
like
the
present
(that)
my
father
sent
me.
我喜欢我父亲送给我的礼物。
4、当先行词是指人的名词,而且关系词在句中作定语时,选whose.
当先行词是指物的名词,而且关系在句中作定语时,选whose.
eg:This
is
my
deskmate
whose
father
works
in
a
factory.
这是我的同桌,他的父亲在工厂工作。
We
study
in
a
classroom
whose
windows
face
to
the
south.我们在窗户朝南的教室里学习。
5、只能用that,不用which的六种情况。
?
先行词中既有人又有物
eg:He
talked
about
the
teachers
and
schools
that
he
visited.
他讲述了以前访问过的学校和老师。
?
先行词为不定代词
eg:Everything
that
we
have
seen
in
China
is
moving.
我们在中国看到的一切都令人感动。
?
主句是which/who开头的疑问句
eg:Which
is
the
bike
that
you
lost?
哪辆是你丢的自行车?
?
先行词被两个定语从句修饰
eg:He
is
the
student
who
can
jump
highest
that
I
have
ever
seen.
他是我看到过的跳的最高的学生。
?
先行词被序数词、形容词最高级或被两者修饰
eg:The
first
place
that
they
visited
in
London
was
Big
Ben.
他们在伦敦参观的第一站是大本钟。
?
先行词被
the
only/the
very/all/any/little/few/no等修饰
eg:This
is
the
very
dictionary
that
he
will
buy.
这正是他将要买的那本词典。
6、只能用which,不用that的情况。
?
关系代词前有介词且指事物时
eg:I’m
looking
for
a
container
in
that
I
can
put
all
these
peaches.
(×)
I’m
looking
for
a
container
in
which
I
can
put
all
these
peaches.
(√)
我想找一个能把这些桃都放进去的容器。
?
先行词本身就是that时
eg:I
don’t
like
that
which
he
did.
我不喜欢他做的那件事。
What
is
that
which
is
on
the
ground?
地上的是什么东西?
?
引导非限制性定语从句时
eg:Football,
which
is
a
very
interesting
game,
is
played
all
over
the
world.
足球是很有趣的运动项目,已在全世界普及。
五、关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词同时具备连词、副词两种身份。连词是用来连接句子的,这是定语从句的标志。副词则说明它在从句中充当状语,when/where/why三个关系副词分别指代时间状语、地点状语、原因状语。
关系副词
先行词
从句中词性
从句中充当的成分
替代对象
备注
where
表示地点的名词
副词
地点状语
替代时间
来自“in
which”的替换,介词短语整体相当于副词
when
表示时间的名词
副词
时间状语
替代地点
why
reason
副词
原因状语
替代原因
1、when引导的定语从句
when指时间,在定语从句中作时间状语。它的先行词通常为time,
day,
week等表示时间的名词。此时常可用on
which,in
which,during
which等替代。
eg:I
will
never
forget
the
day.
I
met
you
on
the
day.
(改写为定语从句)
一找:I
will
never
forget
the
day.
I
met
you
on
the
day.
二删:I
will
never
forget
the
day.
I
met
you
on
the
day.
三替:I
will
never
forget
the
day.
I
met
you
on
which.
四放:I
will
never
forget
the
day
on
which
I
met
you.
我永远不会忘记遇见你的那一天。
“介词+名词”可以视为一个副词:介词+关系代词=关系副词,when/where/why都可以写为“介词+which”的形式。
故演变成:I
will
never
forget
the
day
when
I
met
you.
(on
which=when)
我永远不会忘记遇见你的那一天。
2、where引导的定语从句
where指地点,在定语从句中作地点状语。它的先行词常为place,
house,
country等表示地点的名词。此时常可用in
which,at
which等替代。
eg:This
is
the
town.
I
spend
my
childhood
in
the
town.(改写为定语从句)
一找:This
is
the
town.
I
spend
my
childhood
in
the
town.
二删:This
is
the
town.
I
spend
my
childhood
in
the
town.
三替:This
is
the
town.
I
spend
my
childhood
in
which.
四放:This
is
the
town
in
which
I
spend
my
childhood.
这就是我度过童年的小镇。
“介词+名词”可以视为一个副词:介词+关系代词=关系副词,when/where/why都可以写为“介词+which”的形式。
故演变成:This
is
the
town
where
I
spend
my
childhood.
(in
which=where)
这是我度过童年的小镇。
3、why引导的定语从句
why指原因,在定语从句中作原因状语,它的先行词通常为reason。
此时常可用for
which替代。
eg:I
know
the
reason.
I
left
you
for
the
reason.(改写为定语从句)
一找:I
know
the
reason.
I
left
you
for
the
reason.
二删:I
know
the
reason.
I
left
you
for
the
reason.
三替:I
know
the
reason.
I
left
you
for
which.
四放:I
know
the
reason
for
which
I
left
you.
我知道我离开你的原因。
“介词+名词”可以视为一个副词:介词+关系代词=关系副词,when/where/why都可以写为“介词+which”的形式。
故演变成:I
know
the
reason
why
I
left
you.
(for
which=why)
我知道我离开你的原因。
限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
?
定语从句有限制性和非限制性之分。“限制性定语”表明定语是主句不可缺少的一部分,若去掉将严重影响句意。“非限制性定语”则表明定语只是主句的附加信息,即便删除也不会对句意产生太大影响。
?
在格式上,限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句一个最明显的区别就是非限制性定语从句要以逗号隔开。关于逗号,中英文是有很大区别的,汉语中的逗号没有语法功能,只表示停顿,而英语中的逗号则可以弱化后面的句子。
eg:I
don't
like
people
who
are
selfish.
我不喜欢那些自私的人。(限制性定语从句)
My
mother,
who
is
50
years,
lives
with
me.
(非限制性定语从句)
妈妈五十岁了,与我住在一起。
He
has
a
daughter
who
works
in
a
hospital.
(限制性定语从句)
他有一个在医院工作的女儿。
He
has
a
daughter,
who
works
in
a
hospital.
(非限制性定语从句)
他有一个女儿,她在医院工作。
七、定语从句与同位语从句的区别
1、定语从句是从句对其先行词或前面整个句子的修饰或限制,属于形容词性从句的范畴。而同位语从句是从句对前面抽象名词的进一步的说明和解释,属于名词性从句的范畴。
eg:The
news
that
our
team
has
won
the
game
was
true.
我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的。
(同位语从句,补充说明news到底是一个什么消息)
The
news
that
he
told
me
yesterday
was
true.
昨天他告诉我的那个消息是真的。
(定语从句,限制或修饰news,说明到底是哪个news)
2、从引导词来看
引导词that在同位语从句中是连词,只起连接作用,无具体词义,that不可省略;that在定语从句中是关系代词,除了起连接作用,它在从句中充当一定成分——主语或宾语,作宾语时还可以省略。
eg:The
factory
(that)
we
visited
yesterday
is
a
chemical
one.
(定语从句)
我们昨天参观的工厂是一家化工厂。(factory在从句中作visited的宾语,也就是说that指代factory在从句中作宾语,可以省略)
The
news
that
he
will
leave
for
Shanghai
is
true.
(同位语从句)
他要去上海的消息是真的。(that只起连接作用,不做成分,一般不可以省略)
3、当when
,where
,why和how引导同位语从句时为连接副词,虽在句中充当成分,但前面没有与其意义相当的先行词。而在定语从句中它们为关系副词,在其前面分别有表示时间、地点、原因及方式意义的先行词。
eg:He
will
never
forget
the
days
when
he
lived
with
his
grandparents.
(定语从句)
他永远不会忘记和祖父母一起生活的日子
He
has
no
idea
when
the
meeting
will
be
held.
(同位语从句)
他不知道会议将何时举行
八、定语从句中的主谓一致
是指关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句中谓语动词的单复数形式要与先行词一致的问题。先行词是单数时,从句的谓语动词用单数;先行词是复数时,从句的谓语动词用复数。
eg:The
man
who
is
playing
football
is
my
PE
teacher.
正在踢足球的那个人是我的体育老师。
I
love
singers
who
write
their
own
music.
我喜欢自己写音乐的歌手。
“one
of+复数可数名词”充当先行词时,定语从句的谓语动词用复数形式;“the
only/very/right
one
of+复数可数名词”充当先行词时,定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。
eg:Tom
is
one
of
the
students
who
were
awarded.
汤姆是获奖学生之一。
Tom
is
the
only
one
of
the
students
who
was
awarded.
汤姆是学生中唯一一个获奖的。
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