考点20
虚拟语气
【复习建议】
1.
掌握虚拟语气的基本用法；
2.
掌握含蓄虚拟条件句的用法；
3.
掌握主从句时间不一致的虚拟条件句的用法；
4.
掌握名词性从句中的虚拟语气的用法；
5.
掌握wish/if
only/would
rather从句中的虚拟语气的用法。
考向一 if条件句中的虚拟语气
if条件从句
从句的谓语形式
主句的谓语形式
表示现在情况
动词过去式(be的过去式用were)
should/would/could/might＋动词原形
表示过去情况
had＋过去分词
should/would/could/might＋have＋过去分词
表示将来情况
should＋动词原形
should/would/could/might＋动词原形
动词过去式
were
to＋动词原形
?If
I
were
you，I
would
take
an
umbrella.
如果我是你，我会带把伞。
?We
would
have
called
a
taxi
yesterday
if
Harold
hadn’t
offered
us
a
ride
home.
如果昨天哈罗德没送我们回家，我们会打出租车回家的。
【巧学妙记】
虚拟语气记忆口诀虚拟语气表愿望；If句中三情况；与现事实若相反；从过全were
主would原；过从had过分连；Would
have过分键；从过were
to
should原；Would动原主将反。
1.(2018·北京卷·单项填空)
They
might
have
found
a
better
hotel
if
they
_________
a
few
more
kilometers.
A.
drove
B.
would
drive
C.
were
to
drive
D.
had
driven
【参考答案】D
【答案解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：如果他们多开几公里的话，他们也许会找到一个更好的旅馆。由“they
might
have
found
a
better
hotel”可知，该句是表示对过去的虚拟。if
____
a
few
more
kilometers是条件句部分，表示对过去的虚拟，条件句部分要用过去完成时态，故D选项正确。
2.(2017·北京卷·单项填空)
If
the
new
safety
system
________
to
use,
the
accident
would
never
have
happened.
A.
had
been
put
B.
were
put
C.
should
be
put
D.
would
be
put
【参考答案】A
【答案解析】考查虚拟语气。根据句意可知是对过去情况的虚拟，从句用had
done形式，
故答案选
A。句意：如果新的安全系统已投入使用的话，
这次事故就不会发生了。
2.(2016·天津卷·单项填空)I
was
wearing
a
seatbelt.
If
I
hadn’t
been
wearing
one,
I
__________.
A.
were
injured
B.
would
be
injured
C.
had
been
injured
D.
would
have
been
injured
【参考答案】D
【答案解析】句意：我当时系着安全带。如果我没有系安全带，我就会受伤了。使用虚拟语气，根据if条件句用的had
done，可知，主句用would
have
done表示对过去情况的虚拟，而且I和injure是被动关系。故选D。
考向二 错综时间条件句的虚拟语气
当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，被称为＂错综时间条件句＂，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间做出相应的调整。
?If
you
had
followed
the
doctor’s
advice，you
would
be
better
now.
如果你当时听医生建议的话，你现在就好多了。
1.
（2018·天津卷·单项填空）If
we
___________the
flight
yesterday,
we
would
be
enjoying
our
holiday
on
the
beach
A.
had
caught
B.
caught
C.
have
caught
D.
would
catch
【答案】A
【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：如果我们昨天赶上飞机的话，现在我们正在海滩享受我们的假日了。根据时间状语yesterday可知，从句表示与过去事实相反，故用had
+
v-ed。故选A。
点睛：本题考查虚拟语气。虚拟语气重要做题原则：根据题干中主句或从句中动词形式判断所考查的动词的虚拟时间，一般要保持一致，但要注意错综时间虚拟语气要根据各自所表示的虚拟时间做出调整。本题就是错综条件虚拟语气，从句与过去事实相反，故用had
+
v-ed，主句与现在事实相反。
2.（2016·江苏卷·单项填空）If
it_________
for
his
invitation
the
other
day,
I
should
not
be
here
now.
A.
had
not
been
B.
should
not
be
C.
were
not
to
be
D.
should
not
have
been
【参考答案】A
【答案解析】本句属于错综条件句的虚拟语气。if从句表示与过去事实相反，所以使用过去完成时，主句表示与现在事实相反，所以使用＂情态动词+动词原形＂。句意：如果不是因为前几天他的邀请，我现在就不会在这里了。故A正确。
考向三 省略if的倒装句
在条件句中可省略if，把were，had，should提到句首，变为倒装句式。
?If
I
were
at
school
again,
I
would
study
harder.
→Were
I
at
school
again,
I
would
study
harder.
如果我重回学校，我会更加努力学习。
?If
you
had
come
earlier,
you
would
catch
the
bus.
→
Had
you
come
earlier,
you
would
catch
the
bus.
要是你来的再早点，你可能就赶上公交了。
?If
it
should
rain
tomorrow,
we
would
not
go
climbing.
→
Should
it
rain
tomorrow,
we
would
not
go
climbing.
要是明天下雨，我们就不去爬山了。
(2017·江苏卷·单项填空)________not
for
the
support
of
the
teachers,
the
student
could
not
overcome
her
difficulty.
A.
It
were
B.
Were
it
C.
It
was
D.
Was
it
【参考答案】B
【答案解析】考查虚拟语气。根据主句could
not
overcome可知此处是省略if的虚拟语气和倒装，所以were应放于主语it之前，陈述句应为＂If
it
were
not…＂，故选B项。句意：要不是老师们的支持，这个学生不可能克服困难。
考向四 含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气
有时候，虚拟条件不是通过if引导的条件句来表示，而是暗含在上下文中。
（1）用but
for
、without(如果没有）等来代替条件从句。
?Without
electricity
human
life
would
be
quite
different.
=If
there
were
no
electricity,
human
life
would
be
quite
different.
如果没有电，人类的生活将会有很大不同。
（2）用otherwise、or(or
else)、even
though等表示与上文的情况相反，从而引出虚拟语气。
?I
lost
your
address.
Otherwise,
I
would
have
visited
you
long
before.
=I
lost
your
address.
If
I
hadn’t
lost
your
address,
I
would
have
visited
you
long
before.
你的地址我弄丢了，要不我早就去拜访你了。
（3）虚拟条件通过but暗示出来。
?He
would
have
given
you
more
help,but
he
was
too
busy.
他本来会给你更多的帮助，但是他太忙了。
也就是说，如果那时他不忙，他可以给你更多的帮助。句中but
he
was
too
busy实际上暗示了一个虚拟条件——如果那时他不忙。
?He
would
lose
weight,but
he
eats
too
much.
他本来可以减肥的，但是他吃得太多了。
也就是说，如果他吃得不多的话，他是可以减肥的。句中的but
he
eats
too
much实际上暗示了一个虚拟条件——如果他吃得不多。
1.（2019·江苏卷·单项填空）What
a
pity!
You
missed
the
sightseeing,
or
we
_________a
good
time
together.
A.
had
B.
will
have
C.
would
have
had
D.
had
had
【参考答案】C
【答案解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：真遗憾！你错过了这次观光，否则，我们本应该在一起度过一段愉快时光的。根据上文，可知是对过去事情的虚拟，与过去事实相反的假设。其句子结构为：从句：If+主语+过去完成时+其他，主句：主语+should(would,
could,
might)+现在完成时+其他，故选C。
2.(2018·天津卷·单项填空)
I
can't
find
my
purse.
I___________
it
in
the
supermarket
yesterday,
but
I'm
not
sure.
A.
should
leave
B.
must
have
left
C.
might
leave
D.
could
have
left
【参考答案】D
【答案解析】考查情态动词表推测和虚拟语气。句意：我不能找到我的钱包了，昨天我有可能把它落到超市了，但我不确定。根据句中时间状语yesterday可知，是对过去事情的推测，故用情态动词+
have
done，再根据后句but
I’m
not
sure.可知，此推测为不能肯定的推测，故用情态动词could，表示“可能”。故选D。
3.（2015·重庆卷·单项填空）Without
his
wartime
experiences,
Hemingway____
his
famous
novel
A
Farewell
to
Arms.
A.
didn’t
write
B.
hadn’t
written
C.
wouldn’t
write
D.
wouldn’t
have
written
【参考答案】D
【答案解析】本题是含蓄条件句。句意：没有他战时的经验，海明威就不可能写出著名的小说《永别了武器》。根据without
his
wartime
experience没有战时的经历，可知表示对于过去的否定猜测，故主句用would
have
done，因此选D项。
考向五 名词性从句中的虚拟语气
1．用于表示建议、愿望、命令等动词后的宾语从句中
常见的动词有：demand，order，require，insist，suggest，propose，advise，request，urge，command，prefer，desire，recommend等。宾语从句中的虚拟语气结构为＂should＋动词原形＂，should可以省略。
?Her
mother
suggested
that
she
should
go
and
see
the
doctor.她妈妈建议她去看医生。
【特别提醒】★
suggest表＂暗示＂，insist表＂坚持认为＂时不用虚拟语气。
试比较：
?He
insisted
that
I
had
read
his
letter.
他坚持说我看过他的信。
?He
insisted
that
I
should
read
his
letter.
他坚持要我看他的信。
?He
suggested
that
we
(should)
stay
for
dinner.
他建议我们留下吃饭。
?I
suggested
that
you
had
a
secret
understanding
with
him.
我觉得你与他心照不宣。
2．用于主语从句中
常见句型：It
is
important/necessary/urgent/essential/
...
+
that...
It
is
sb’s
order/desire/suggestion/advice/
...
+
that...
It
is
suggested/advised/demanded/requested/
...
+
that
从句谓语形式：（should+）动词原形
?It
is
ordered
that
the
army
(should)
get
there
by
4
a.m.
军队必须在上午4点之前到达那里。
?It
is
necessary
that
we
(should)
clean
the
room
every
day.
我们每天打扫房间是有必要的。
?It
is
suggested
that
the
meeting
(should)
be
put
off
till
next
week.人们建议会议推迟到下周。
3．用于表语从句和同位语从句中
在suggestion，proposal，order，plan，idea，request，advice等名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，其构成是＂should＋动词原形＂，should可以省略。
?His
demand
is
that
the
boy
should
go
with
him.他要求这个男孩和他一起去。
?Our
suggestion
is
that
you
(should)
be
the
first
to
go.
我们的建议是你应该第一个去。
?He
issued
the
order
that
the
troops
(should)
withdraw
at
once.
他命令部队马上撤退。
1.(2018·江苏卷·单项填空)
It’s?strange?that?he?_______
have?taken?the?books?without?the?owner’s?permission.
A.
would
B.
should
C.
could
D.
might
【参考答案】B
【答案解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：真奇怪，他竟然没有主人的允许就拿走了这些书。在句型”It
is
important/necessary/strange/impossible/natural
that...”中，其中由that引导的主语从句通常用“should+动词原形”这样的虚拟语气，其中的should可以省略。故选B。
2.（2016·全国新课标卷II·短文改错）Some
classmates
suggest
we
can
go
to
places
of
interest
nearby.
【参考答案】删除can或can改为should
【答案解析】考查虚拟语气。动词suggest作为建议讲的时候，后面的宾语从句要使用虚拟语气＂（should+）动词原形＂，所以本句可以删除can或can改为should。
考向六 wish
宾语从句中的虚拟语气
1.表示与现在事实相反的愿望，
构成：主语
+
wish
(that)
+从句主语+动词过去式（be一律用were。
?I
wish
I
knew
everything
in
the
world.
我希望我知道世界上的一切。
?I
wish
that
the
experiment
were
a
success.
我希望实验是成功的。
2.表示与过去事实相反的愿望，
构成：主语
+
wish
(that)
+
从句主语
+
would/could
+
have
+
过去分词或had
+
过去分词。
?I
wish
that
you
had
called
yesterday.
我希望你昨天打来电话。
?I
didn’t
go
to
the
party,
but
I
do
wish
I
had
been
there.
我没有去参加聚会，但我真希望我去过那儿。
3.表示将来不大可能实现的愿望，
构成：主语
+
wish
(that)
+
从句主语
+
would/should/could/might
+动词原形。
?I
wish
that
he
could
try
again.
我希望他能再试一次。
?I
wish
that
someday
I
should
live
on
the
moon.
我希望有一天我能在月球上生活。
1.(2018·江苏卷·单项填空)There
is
a
good
social
life
in
the
village,
and
I
wish
I
_______
a
second
chance
to
become
more
involved.
A.
had
B.
will
have
C.
would
have
had
D.
have
had
【答案】A
【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：在这个村里有很好的社交生活，并且我希望我再有机会去更多的参与。本题考查wish引导的宾语从句，表示与现在事实相反的愿望，所以从句用一般过去时。故选A。
2.
(2015·天津)I
wish
I
______
at
my
sister’s
wedding
last
Tuesday,
but
I
was
on
a
business
trip
in
New
York
then.
A.
will
be
B.
would
be
C.
have
been
D.
had
been
【参考答案】D
【答案解析】句意：上个周二我本希望参加我姐姐的婚礼，但那时我在纽约出差。本题考查wish引导的宾语从句，表示与过去事实相反的愿望，从句用had
+
过去分词。根据句意可知选D。
考向七 其他句型中的虚拟语气
1．would
rather后的宾语从句中，表示愿望，意为＂宁愿；但愿＂。用一般过去时表示与现在或将来事实相反；用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反。
?I
would
rather
he
had
passed
the
exam.
我宁愿他通过了那次考试。
2．在＂It
is
(about/high)
time＋that从句＂中，谓语动词常用过去式或＂should＋动词原形＂表示虚拟语气，注意should不可省略。
?It’s
high
time
that
we
devoted
ourselves
to
environmental
protection.
是我们致力于环境保护的时候了。
3．as
if，as
though引导的表语从句和方式状语从句中常用虚拟语气，与现在事实相反用一般过去时；与过去事实相反用过去完成时。
?They
talked
and
talked
as
if
they
would
never
meet
again.
他们谈啊谈好像永远不会再见面一样。
4．if
only引导的感叹句中，用虚拟语气表示愿望。
?Look
at
the
trouble
we’re
in.If
only
we
had
taken
our
teacher’s
advice！
看看我们所处的困境，要是我们接受老师的建议就好了！
题组一
基础过关
单句改错
1.I’d
rather
you
saw
the
film
yesterday.
2.It
is
time
that
I
go
to
pick
up
my
daughter
at
school.
3.I
wish
I
knew
the
truth
of
the
matter.
4.If
you
listened
to
the
doctor，you
would
be
all
right
now.
5.You
could
do
better，but
you
didn’t
try
your
best.
6.If
we
took
the
other
road，we
might
have
arrived
earlier.
7.He
suggested
that
we
took
the
teacher’s
advice.
8.If
he
had
been
studying
hard，he
would
work
in
the
office
now.
9.But
for
the
rain，we
should
have
a
pleasant
journey.
10.If
only
I
have
read
the
books
on
reading
list
before
I
attended
the
lecture.
题组二能力提升
单项填空
1.The
driver
was
really
careless,
otherwise
the
traffic
accident
______________.
A.
didn’t
happen
B.
hadn’t
happened
C.
wouldn’t
happen
D.
wouldn’t
have
happened
2.
If
you
______________
yourself
to
doing
everything
in
the
order
given,
you
would
miss
an
opportunity
to
be
a
unique
individual.
A.
commit
B.
committed
C.
have
committed
D.
had
committed
3.
The
boy
might
have
drowned
but
for
the
fact
that
his
father
______________
beside
him
on
the
deck
at
that
time.
A.
was
standing
B.
stood
C.
had
stood
D.
would
have
stood
4.
—What
do
you
think
of
his
performance
in
the
match?
—He
______________,
but
today
was
not
his
day.
A.
need
have
scored
B.
could
have
scored
C.
should
score
D.
would
score
5.
—I
didn’t
watch
the
program
＂Where
are
we
going,
Dad?＂
yesterday.
—I
______________,
either,
if
my
father
hadn’t
reminded
me.
A.
wouldn’t
have
B.
didn’t
C.
wouldn’t
D.
hadn’t
6.
I’d
rather
the
two
countries
______________
an
end
to
the
war.
Then
their
people
could
live
in
peace.
A.
puts
B.
would
put
C.
put
D.
should
put
7.
We
______________
the
difficulty
together,
but
why
didn’t
you
tell
me?
A.
should
face
B.
might
face
C.
could
have
faced
D.
must
have
faced
8.
The
report
urged
that
all
the
children
______________
to
swim.
A.
are
taught
B.
be
taught
C.
to
be
taught
D.
being
taught
9.
The
match
sounds
fantastic;
how
I
wish
I
______________
it
like
you.
A.
watched
B.
had
watched
C.
would
watch
D.
have
watched
10.
This
nationwide
smog
should
serve
as
a
reminder
to
all,
indicating
a
high
time
that
we
______________
on
what
we’ve
done
to
the
environment.
A.
have
reflected
B.
are
reflecting
C.
will
reflect
D.
reflected
题组三体验真题
1.（2019·天津卷·单项填空）The
workers
were
not
better
organized,
otherwise
they
____________
the
task
in
half
the
time.
A.
accomplished
B.
had
accomplished
C.
would
accomplish
D.
would
have
accomplished
2.
(2017·天津)—Do
you
have
Betty's
phone
number?
—Yes.
Otherwise,
I
________
able
to
reach
her
yesterday.
A.
hadn't
been
B.
wouldn't
have
been
C.
weren't
D.
wouldn't
be
3.(2016·浙江)Had
the
governments
and
scientists
not
worked
together
,
AIDS-related
deaths
_______
since
their
highest
in
2005.
A.
had
not
fallen
B.
would
not
fall
C.
did
not
fall
D.
would
not
have
fallen
4.(2016·北京)Why
didn’t
you
tell
me
about
your
trouble
last
week?
If
you
________
me,
I
could
have
helped.
A.
told
B.
had
told
C.
were
to
tell
D.
would
tell
5.
(2015·安徽)It
is
lucky
we
booked
a
room,
or
we
______nowhere
to
stay
now.
A.
had
B.
had
had
C.
would
have
D.
would
have
had
6.
(天津市和平区2017届高三第三次质量调查（三模）)—
What
happened
to
the
young
trees
we
planted
last
week?
—
The
trees
__________
well,
but
I
didn’t
water
them.
A.
might
grow
B.
would
have
grown
C.
needn’t
have
grown
D.
would
grow
题组一
基础过关
单句改错
1.saw→had
seen
2.go→went/should
go
3.knew→had
known
4.listened→had
listened
5.do→have
done
6.took→had
taken
7.took→(should)
take
8.work→be
working
9.have后加had
10.have→had
题组二能力提升
单项填空
1.
D
【解析】考查虚拟语气的用法。句意：那个司机真粗心，否则这起交通事故就不会发生。A.
didn’t
happen
说明事故没有发生；B.
hadn’t
happened
是过去完成时，不符合语境；C.
wouldn’t
happen
常用来表示与现在或将来事实不符；D.
wouldn’t
have
happened的意思是与过去事实相反，本句事故已经发生，故选D。
2.
B
【解析】句意：如果你承诺自己按已给的顺序做每件事，你就会错过成为独特个体的机会。此处是虚拟语气，与现在相反的虚拟语气，if从句用一般过去时，主句用would/could+动词原形，故选B。
3.
A
【解析】考查虚拟语气和时态。句意：要不是因为那个男孩的父亲当时在甲板上站在他旁边，他可能就会溺水了。but
for要不是，引导含蓄虚拟条件句，在此相当于if
it
hadn’t
been
for；the
fact后跟同位语从句，对其进行补充说明，父亲站在男孩身旁是事实，因此从句不使用虚拟语气；根据＂at
that
time＂可知，应该用过去进行时，故选A。
4.
C
【解析】句意：——你认为他在比赛中的表现怎么样？——他本能够得分的，但今天他不走运。could
have
done＂本能够（本可以）做，但实际上未做＂。
5.
C
【解析】考查虚拟条件句。句意：——昨天我没有看《爸爸去哪儿》。——如果我爸爸没有提醒我，我也不会看的。从条件句if
my
father
hadn’t
reminded
me可知是和过去相反的虚拟语气，主句用would
have
done，所以选C。
6.
C
【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：我希望这两个国家结束战争，这样，两国人民都能和平生活。I’d
rather后接从句时，从句要用虚拟语气，表示现在的非真实情况，用一般过去时。
7.
C
【解析】根据but后面的过去时可知是与过去事实相反，那么主句中应该使用情态动词+have
done的形式。故排除AB。D项只表示对过去情况的肯定推测，不表示虚拟，故C正确。
8.
B
【解析】urge后面的宾语从句要使用虚拟语气should+动词原形，should可以省略，且本句要使用被动语态。句意：那则报告强烈要求所有的孩子都被教会游泳。故B正确。
9.
B
【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：那场比赛听上去真是精彩。我多么希望像你一样看过那场比赛啊！此题考查I
wish后面的从句中虚拟语气的用法。依据前面句子的意思可以看出比赛已经发生过了，所以I
wish后面的从句中要用虚拟语气，用过去完成时来表示与过去事实相反，故选B。
10.
D
【解析】句意：全球范围的雾霾应该对所有的人是个提醒，表明是我们该反思我们对环境做了什么的时候了。这是句型＂It
is
high
time
that...＂的变形，that从句中要用一般过去时或should+动词原形表示虚拟语气，故选D。
题组三
体验真题
1.D
【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：工人们没有被更好的组织起来，否则他们用一半的时间就能完成任务。根据上句the
workers
were
not
better
organized可知，这是对过去事情的虚拟。与过去事实相反的假设。其句子结构为：从句：If+主语+过去完成时+其他，主句：主语+should(would,
could,
might)+现在完成时+其他，故选D。
2.B
【解析】考查虚拟语气。由空前的otherwise可知应用虚拟语气，再结合句意可知此处表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词用would
have
done，故选B项。句意：＂你有贝蒂的电话号码吗？＂＂有。不然的话，我昨天就不会联系上她了。＂
3.D
【解析】句意：如果政府和科学家不共同努力，艾滋病相关的死亡就不会从2005年的最高点下降。使用虚拟语气，
if条件句用的had
done，而且省略it，将had提前，主句用would
have
done表示对过去情况的虚拟。故选D。
4.B
【解析】考查虚拟语气。句意：你上周为什么没有告诉我你遇到的麻烦？如果你告诉我的话，我就可以帮你了。根据第一句可知，这里是对过去发生的事情进行虚拟，if条件句的时态应该用过去完成时，故选B。
5.
C
【解析】句意：我们很幸运地订到了房间，否则的话，我们现在就会无处可去了。or引导含蓄虚拟条件句，or后面是主句，相当于if
we
hadn’t
booked
a
room,
we
would
have
nowhere
to
stay
now.，根据＂now＂可知，是对现在进行虚拟，因此用would+动词原形，故选C。
6.B
【解析】考查虚拟语气。would
have
done表示对过去已发生的事情的推测，表示＂可能已经……＂，句意：——我们上星期种的小树怎么了？——如果我过去给它浇水的话，它可能已经长得很好了。故答案是B项。考点16动词不定式
动词不定式
定义
动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种，由不定式符号to+do构成。没有人称和数的变化，在句子中不能作谓语，但可做主语、表语、宾语、状语和宾语补足语,具有名词、形容词和副词的特征。动词不定式仍保留动词的一些特点。
形式
时态
主动
被动
一般式
to
do
to
be
done
完成式
to
have
done
to
have
been
done
进行式
to
be
doing
----
完成进行式
to
have
been
doing
----
否定式
否定词（not/never）
+动词不定式
考向一
不定式的作用
1.
作主语：不定式作主语时，谓语用单数。往往用it
作形式主语，把不定式放在谓语后面。
It
took
us
two
hours
to
finish
the
job.
（1）其他系动词如look，appear等也可用于此句型。（2）当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It
is
...to...句型。试比较：It
is
to
negate
my
own
idea
to
believe
him.（错）To
believe
him
is
to
negate
my
own
idea
.（对）
（3）It
is+
adj.
of
/
for
sb
to
do
sth结构中，当不定式的逻辑主语和前面的形容词可以构成系表结构时，用of，否则用
for。
2.
作宾语
（1）动词+不定式。
?He
managed
to
escape
from
the
fire.
?I
find
it
hard
to
get
along
with
him.（it
作形式宾语）
（2）动词+疑问词+to，＂特殊疑问句+不定式＂相当于名词，作宾语。
?I
don’t
know
what
to
do
next/
how
to
do
it
next.
不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式短语放在宾语补足语之后，用it
作形式宾语。
?I
find
it
necessary
to
learn
a
foreign
language.
3.
作宾语补足语
（1）动词+宾语+不定式（to
do
）。
?He
warned
me
to
be
careful.
注意：可以用动词不定式作宾补的动词有：ask，tell，order，want，get，would
like，like，advise，invite，allow，help，wish，warn，expect，would
prefer，encourage。
（2）表见解、看法的动词结构可为：动词+宾语+
to
be
的不定式结构。
?We
consider
Tom
to
be
one
of
the
best
students
in
our
class.
The
book
is
believed
to
be
useful.（被动语态）
（3）There
+不定式。
We
didn’t
expect
there
to
be
so
many
people
there.
我们没料到会有那么多人在那里。
有些动词需用
as
短语作补语，像regard，think，believe，take，consider。?We
regard
Eric
as
our
best
teacher.
我们认为艾瑞克是我们最好的老师。?Mary
took
him
as
her
father.
玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。
（4）在动词feel
（一感），hear,
listen
to（二听），have,
let,
make（三让），notice,
see,
watch,
observe,
look
at（五看）(即：吾看三室两厅一感觉)等后面的补足语中，不定式不带to，但变为被动语态后，必须带to。
?They
saw
the
boy
fall
off
the
tree.
（5）help后面作宾语补足语的不定式可以带to，也可以不带to。
?I
often
help
him
(to)
clean
the
room.
?I
helped
him
(to)
find
his
things.
1.
(2018·新课标III卷·语法填空)Once
his
message
was
delivered,
he
allowed
me
____70____
(stay)and
watch.
【参考答案】
to
stay
【答案解析】考查非谓语动词。此处allow
sb
to
do允许某人做某事，动词不定式作宾补，应该用to
stay。
2.
(2018·天津卷·单项填空)
I
need
a
new
passport
so
I
will
have
to
have
my
photographs___________.
A.
taking
B.
taken
C.
being
taken
D.
take
【参考答案】B
【答案解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：我需要一个新护照，所以我将不得不拍照片。本题考查非谓语动词作宾语补足语，宾语my
photograph与补足语之间为被动关系，故用过去分词作宾语补足语。C项表示正在进行。故选B。
3.（2017·新课标卷I·语法填空）Fat
and
salt
are
very
important
parts
of
a
diet.
They
are
required
63
(process)
the
food
that
we
eat,
to
recover
from
injury
and
for
several
other
bodily
functions.
【参考答案】to
process
【答案解析】考查不定式。句意：他们被要求加工食物。require表示＂要求＂，require
sb.
to
do
sth.表示＂要求某人做某事＂，被动形式为＂sb.
be
required
to
do
sth.＂(某人被要求做某事)。故填to
process。
4.
作定语
不定式作定语，修饰名词或代词，不定式和它所修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系、动状关系、同位关系或动宾关系。不定式通常要放在这些被修饰的词后。
I
have
a
lot
of
work
to
do.（动宾关系）
He
is
looking
for
a
room
to
live
in.（动状关系）
He
is
the
first
person
to
think
of
the
idea.（主谓关系）
He
has
got
a
chance
to
go
abroad.（同位关系）
（1）不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语时，不定式用主动形式表被动。?Do
you
have
anything
else
to
say?（2）如果作定语的不定式是一个短语，则要保留不定式短语中的副词或介词。?I
need
a
pen
to
write
with.
(I
will
write
with
the
pen
)
我需要一支钢笔写字。?I
have
a
little
baby
to
look
after.
(I
must
look
after
the
little
baby
)
我有一个婴儿要照看。
5.
作状语
作状语，表示目的、结果、原因等，有时还有一些固定搭配的不定式短语，如in
order
to，so
as
to，so...
as
to，such...as
to，enough
to，too...to等。
（1）作目的状语，just
to，only
to（仅仅为了），in
order
to，so
as
to，so(such)...
as
to...（如此……以便……）
?He
ran
so
fast
as
to
catch
the
first
bus.
他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
（2）作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。
?He
hurried
to
the
post
office
only
to
find
it
was
closed.
（3）作原因状语。
?We
were
very
excited
to
hear
the
news.
（4）作条件状语。
?To
turn
to
the
left,
you
could
find
a
post
office.
6.
作表语
不定式可放在be动词后面，构成表语。
?The
question
is
how
to
put
it
into
practice.
（1）不定式在句中作表语时，对应的谓语动词用单数。（2）当主语是不定式时，表语不能用V-ing形式，可用不定式。To
see
is
to
believe.
（眼见为实）(Seeing
is
believing.
)
1.（2019·新课标I卷·语法填空）Modem
methods
___of__
tracking
polar
bear
populations
have
been
employed
only
since
the
mid-1980s,
and
are
expensive
___64___
(perform)
consistently
over
a
large
area.
【参考答案】to
perform
【答案解析】考查非谓语动词。主系表结构之后，常用不定式作原因或目的状语，句意：跟踪北极熊的现代方法只是在二十世纪八十年代以来开始采用，并且在如此大区域内持续采用是昂贵的，故此处用to
perform。
2.（2018·新课标I卷·语法填空）
You
don’t
have
to
run
fast
or
for
long
62
(see)
the
benefit.
【参考答案】to
see
【答案解析】考查不定式作目的状语。你不必跑地太快或时间太长就能看到它的好处。此处不定式作目的状语，故填to
see。
3.(2017·新课标卷II·短文改错)When
summer
came（comes）,
they
will
invite
their
students
pick
the
vegetables！
【参考答案】
pick改为to
pick
【答案解析】本句出现了两个动词，所以要将第二个动词变为非谓语动词，又根据句意：摘新鲜的蔬菜是目的，所以把第二个动词变为to
do不定式的形式表目的，故将pick前加上to。
4.
(2017·浙江卷·语法填空)Sixteen
years
earlier
(early),
Pahlsson
had
removed
the
diamond
ring
61
(cook)
a
meal.
【参考答案】to
cook
【答案解析】考查动词不定式。一个句子不能出现双重谓语，所以此处要用不定式作目的状语。故填to
cook。
考向二
不定式的时态和语态
1.
不定式的时态
（1）现在时：有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。
?He
seems
to
know
this.
（2）完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
?I’m
sorry
to
have
given
you
so
much
trouble.
?He
seems
to
have
caught
a
cold.
（3）进行时：表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。
?He
seems
to
be
eating
something.
（4）完成进行时：表示动作从过去某个时间开始，一直延续到现在，并有可能持续下去。
?She
is
known
to
have
been
working
on
the
problem
for
many
years.
2.
不定式的语态
当不定式的逻辑主语是其动作的承受者时，就用被动式。
He
was
seen
to
enter
the
hall.
考向三
省to
的动词不定式
一、使役动词后省略to的情况
在let,
make,
have等使役动词后用作宾语补足语的不定式必须省略to。如：
?My
mother
wouldn’t
let
me
go
to
the
film.
我妈妈不会让我去看电影的。
?I
don’t
like
milk,
but
mother
made
me
drink
it.
我不喜欢牛奶，可是母亲强迫我喝。
注意：
1.
当使役动词用于被动语态时，要补上在主动语态中省略的to(主要是指make，let和have很少用于被动语态)。2.
force,
oblige等虽然也表示2.
force,
oblige＂使＂，但它们后用作宾语补足语的不定式必须带to。如：?He
forced
me
to
go
with
them.
他迫使我同他们一起去。?The
police
obliged
him
to
leave.
警方强迫他离开。
二、感官动词后省略to的情况
在感觉动词后用作宾语补足语的不定式必须省略to。如：
?I
watched
her
get
into
the
car.
我看着她上了车。
?I
saw
the
woman
enter
a
bank.
我看见这个女人进了一家银行。
?We
often
hear
her
sing
this
song.
我们经常听到她唱这首歌。
?Did
you
notice
her
leave
the
house?
她离开屋子你注意到了吗?
注意：这里所说的感觉动词主要包括see,
hear,
observe,
notice,
feel,
watch等。但是它们用于被动语态时，其后的不定式必须带to。但是，用于以上句型的动词notice
和watch和通常不用于被动语态。2.
类似地，动词look
at和listen
to后用作宾语补足语的不定式也不带to。3.
若动词feel后用作宾语补足语的不定式为
to
be，则要带
to(其他情况不带
to)。4.
若不定式为完成式，通常应带
to。
三、动词help后省略to的情况
在动词help后用作宾语或宾语补足语的不定式可以不带to。如：
?Can
I
help
(to)
carry
this
heavy
box?
我可以帮忙扛这个重箱子吗？
?Mother
helped
me
(to)
do
my
homework.
妈妈帮助我做作业。
注意：1.
当
help
之后接一个较长的名词词组作宾语或当其中的不定式所表示的动作主语不直接参加时，不定式通常带to。如：?Help
the
little
boys
at
the
back
of
the
hall
to
carry
the
chairs
out.
请帮大厅后面那些小男孩把椅子搬出去。?These
tablets
will
help
you
to
sleep.
这些药片将对你的睡眠有帮助。2.
在当help用于被动语态时，不定式前的to不能省略。如：?The
boy
was
helped
by
a
woman
to
collect
his
scattered
coins.
那男孩由一个妇女帮他捡拾散乱一地的钱币。
四、why
(not)…后省略to的情况
在why
(not)…?之后的不定式不能带to。如：
?Why
go
with
him?
为什么要同他一起去？
?Why
not
ask
the
teacher?
为什么不去问问老师？
?Why
not
try
to
expand
your
story
into
a
novel?
你怎么不把你的故事扩展成小说呢?
五、介词except
/
but后省略to的情况
用作介词except,
but宾语的不定式有时带to，有时不带to。其大致原则是：若其前出现了动词
do，其后的不定式通常不带
to；若其前没有出现动词
do，则其后的不定式通常带
to。如：
?I
had
no
choice
but
to
wait.
除了等，我没有别的选择。
?He
wanted
nothing
but
to
stay
there.
他只想留在那儿。
?It
had
no
effect
except
to
make
him
angry.
It
had
no
effect
except
to
make
him
angry.
除惹他生气外，没产生任何效果。
?She
can
do
everything
except
cook.
除了做饭之外她什么都会。
六、主语带do表语省略to的情况
当主语部分有动词do的某种形式时，用作表语的不定式可以省略to。如：
?All
you
do
now
is
(to)
complete
the
form.
你现在要做的只是把这张表填好。
?The
only
thing
to
do
now
is
(to)
go
on.
前进是现在唯一的出路。
?What
I’ll
do
is
我要做的就是告诉她真相。
七、并列不定式省略to的情况
当两个或多个作用相同的不定式并列时，通常只需在第一个不定式前用to，其余不定式前的to可以省略。如：?He
told
me
to
stay
there
and
wait
for
him.
他叫我在那儿等他。
?I’m
really
puzzled
what
to
think
or
say.
我真不知该怎么想怎么说。
?It
is
easier
to
persuade
people
than
(to)
force
them.
说服人容易，强迫人难。
但是，如果两者有对比关系，则后面不定式前的to不可省略。如：
?To
try
and
fail
is
better
than
not
to
try
at
all.
尝试而失败总比不尝试好。
八、省略不定式是否保留to
在一定的上下文中，为了避免重复，有时不定式可以省略，但通常保留不定式符号to。如：
?I
shall
go
if
I
want
to.
如果我想去就去。
?
＂Don’t
be
late.＂
＂I’ll
try
not
to.＂
＂不要来晚了。＂＂我尽量不来晚。＂
?Don’t
go
till
I
tell
you
to.
等我叫你走你再走。
注意：1.
若被省略的不定式为to
be短语，则通常应保留to
be。如：?He
is
not
the
man
he
used
to
be.
他已不是原来的那个样子了。2.
有时省略不定式时，同时也可省略to。如：?She
may
go
if
she
likes
(to).
她想去就可以去。
They
knew
her
very
well.
They
had
seen
her
__________（grow）up
from
childhood.
【参考答案】grow
【答案解析】
see后接省去to的不定式傲宾语补足语。此类动词主要有感观动词和使役动词see,
watch,
notice,
observe,
took
at,
find,
feel,
listen
to,
have,
make,
let
等。
题组一
基础过关
单项填空
1.______
in
Northern
Europe
rose
steadily
in
the
third
quarter
of
2016,
following
a
0.1
percent
increase
in
the
previous
quarter.
A.
Tourist
spending
B.
Tourist
spent
C.
Tourist
spend
D.
Tourist
spends
2.It’s
natural
for
there
________
a
generation
gap
between
parents
and
their
children.
A.
being
B.
having
been
C.to
be
D.to
have
been
3.It’s
important
for
the
figures
________
regularly.
A.
to
be
updated
B.to
have
been
updated
C.
to
update
D.to
have
updated
4.It’s
interesting
________
the
children
__________there.
A.
watching;
playing
B.to
watch
;
to
play
C.to
watch;
playing
D.
watching
;
play
5.______
exactly
what
was
wrong
with
him,
the
doctors
gave
him
a
complete
examination.
A.
To
discover
B.
Discovering
C.
Discovered
D.
Having
been
discovered
6.Many
parents
don’t
take
their
kids’
interests
and
ages
into
consideration,
only
________
＂More
haste,
less
speed＂
—
their
curiosity
is
being
killed.
A.
finding
B.
having
found
C.to
find
D.
find
7.My
grandma,
living
separately
in
the
country,
is
just
content
to
sit
comfortably
in
front
of
TV
each
evening,
happy
________
Chinese
traditional
opera
programs.
A.to
be
watching
B.
watching
C.to
watch
D.to
be
watched
8.How
pleasant
the
picture
is
to
_________!
A.
look
at
B.
being
looked
at
C.
looking
at
D.be
looked
at
9.Tom
was
proud
________
captain
of
our
school
football
team.
A.to
choose
B.to
be
chosen
C.to
have
been
chosen
D.to
have
chosen
10.A
lot
of
employees
at
the
company
said
Eric
was
impossible________,
and
indeed
he
was
tough.
A.
dealing
with
B.
dealt
with
C.to
deal
with
D.to
be
dealt
with
题组二
能力提升
阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。
In
much
of
Asia,
especially
the
so-called
＂rice
bowl＂
cultures
of
China,
Japan,
Korea,
1
Vietnam,
food
is
usually
eaten
with
chopsticks.
Chopsticks
are
usually
two
long,
thin
pieces
of
wood
or
bamboo.
They
can
also
be
made
of
plastic,
animal
bone
or
metal.
Sometimes
chopsticks
are
quite
artistic.
Truly
elegant
chopsticks
might
2
(make)
of
gold
and
silver
with
Chinese
characters.
Skilled
workers
also
combine
various
hardwoods
and
metal
3
(create)
special
designs.
The
Chinese
have
used
chopsticks
for
five
thousand
years.
People
probably
cooked
their
food
in
large
pots,
4
(use)
twigs(树枝)to
remove
it.
Over
time,
5
the
population
grew,
people
began
cutting
food
into
small
pieces
so
it
would
cook
more
quickly.
Food
in
small
pieces
could
be
eaten
easily
with
twigs
which
6
(gradual)
turned
into
chopsticks.
Some
people
think
that
the
great
Chinese
scholar
Confucius,
7
lived
from
roughly
551
to
479
B.C.,
influenced
the
8
(develop)
of
chopsticks.
Confucius
believed
knives
would
remind
people
of
killings
and
9
(be)
too
violent
for
use
at
the
table.
Chopsticks
are
not
used
everywhere
in
Asia.
In
India,
for
example,
most
people
traditionally
eat
10
their
hands.
题组三
体验真题
1.（2019·江苏卷·单项填空）__________
the
convenience
of
digital
payment,
many
senior
citizens
started
to
use
smart
phones.
A.
To
enjoy
B.
Enjoying
C.
To
have
enjoyed
D.
Enjoy
2.（2019·新课标II卷·语法填空）Picking
up
her
“Lifetime
Achievement”
award，proud
Irene
___declared__(declare)
she
had
no
plans
___65___
(retire)
from
her
36-year-old
business.
3.（2019·新课标III卷·语法填空）On
our
way
to
the
house，it
was
raining
___so__
hard
that
we
couldn't
help
wondering
how
long
it
would
take
___62___
(get)there.
4.（2016·北京卷·单项填空）_____________
it
easier
to
get
in
touch
with
us,
you’d
better
keep
this
card
at
hand.
A.
Made
B.
Make
C.
Making
D.
To
make
5.（2016·全国新课标卷III·语法填空）Skilled
workers
also
combine
various
hardwoods
and
metal
43
(create)
special
designs.
6.
(2014·天津卷)Anxiously,
she
took
the
dress
out
of
the
package
and
tried
it
on,
only
_________
it
didn’t
fit
A.
to
find
B.
found
C.
finding
D.
having
found
7.(2014·山东卷)
It’s
standard
practice
for
a
company
like
this
one______
a
security
officer.
A.
employed
B.
being
employed
C.
to
employ
D.
employs
8.（2014·四川卷）—
I
hope
to
take
the
computer
course.
—
Good
idea.
____
more
about
it,
visit
this
website.
A.
To
find
out
?????????????
B.
Finding
out???
C.
To
be
finding
out??????
D.
Having
found
out
题组一
基础过关
单项填空
1.A
【解析】考查非谓语动词。根据句意＂在2016年的第三季度北欧的旅游支出稳步上升，比上一季度增 长0.1%。＂
和句子结构可知，
＂____in
Northern
Europe＂是句子的主语，所以动词spend该用ing形式（即动名词），而Tourist是动名词的逻辑主语，所以A项（Tourist
spending游客花销/旅游支出）的结构正确且符合语境之意。故选A。
2.C
【解析】考查非谓语动词。it是形式主语，to
do（动词不定式）作真正的主语。构成＂It
is
+adj.
to
do
＂结构。
3.A
【解析】考查不定式短语作主语的用法。句意:数据定期更新很重要。题干属于＂It+be+adj.+for
sb./sth.+不定式＂结构，该结构中,＂It＂为形式主语，不定式为真正的主语。update与the
figures为动宾关系，所以不定式用被动形式，而且此处陈述的是一般情况，不涉及谓语动作与非谓语动作的先后次序，故用不定式的一般被动式作主语，所以A项切题。
4.C
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：看到孩子们在那儿玩非常有趣。由语境可知，孩子们正在那边玩。该题考查watch
sb.
doing
sth.结构，意为＂看到某人正在做某事＂，故第二个空填playing。doing做主语，表示经常性的动作。to
do做主语，表示某一次的行为。由语境可知，该处并不是经常性的动作。故要用to
do作主语。C选项切题。
5.A
【解析】考查非谓语。句意：为了准确地发现他出了什么问题，医生给了他一个完整的检查。此句中用动词不定式作目的状语。故选A。
6.C
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：很多父母没有考虑孩子的兴趣和年龄，结果发现＂欲速则不达＂—他们的好奇心正在被扼杀。使用only+不定式作预料之外的结果。故选C。
7.C
【解析】考查不定式。句意：独自住在村里的奶奶，每晚只是喜欢舒适地坐在电视机前，快乐地观看中国传统戏剧节目。此处源于词组be
happy
to
do
sh.＂乐意做某事＂，该空处为形容词词组作状语，修饰主语的状态。故选C。
8.A
【解析】该句是感叹句，解题时应将其还原为陈述句：the
pictures
is
pleasant
to…
该结构中不定式作状语修饰作表语的形容词pleasant，且look
at与句子主语是逻辑上的动宾关系，sb/sth
is
adj
to
do
sth是固定句式，用不定时的主动表被动，选A项。
9.C
【解析】考查非谓语。句意：Tom非常自豪被选为我们校足球队的队长。根据句意可知要运用被动语态，用现在完成时的被动语态表示此事已经发生，且有一定影响。故选C。
10.C
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：公司里的许多员工说，对付Eric是不可能的。他确实很难对付。hard,
difficult,
easy,
impossible等形容词作表语时，其后的不定式如果与主语之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，通常用不定式的主动形式，故选to
deal
with。
题组二
能力提升
【语篇解读】本文介绍了筷子的材质与中国使用筷子的悠久历史及文化内涵。
1.and
【解析】考查并列连词。分析句子结构及语境可知，Vietnam与空前的＂China，
Japan，
Korea＂之间是并列关系，故填并列连词and。
2.be
made
【解析】考查被动语态。此处指真正雅致的筷子可能是由金和银做成的。根据make与句子主语Truly
elegant
chopsticks之间是动宾关系及空前的＂might＂可知，此处应填be
made。
3.to
create
【解析】考查非谓语动词。熟练的工人也会把各种各样的硬木和金属组合起来以创作独特的设计。根据句意可知此处应用不定式作目的状语。
4.using
【解析】考查非谓语动词。use与其逻辑主语People之间是主谓关系，故此处用现在分词作状语。
5.as/when
【解析】考查状语从句。随着人口的增长或当人口增长时，人们开始把食物切成小片。根据句意和句子结构可知，空处引导状语从句，表示＂随着＂或＂当……时＂，故填as或when。
6.gradually
【解析】考查副词。应用副词修饰动词，故用
gradually。
7.who
【解析】考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处在此引导非限制性定语从句，先行词为Confucius，且关系词在从句中作主语，故填who。
8.development
【解析】考查名词。根据空前的＂the＂及空后的＂of＂可知，此处应填名词development。
9.were
【解析】考查时态和主谓一致。根据句中的＂believed＂可知，此处描述的是过去的情况，应用一般过去时；从句主语为knives，谓语动词应用复数。故填were。
10.with
【解析】考查介词。此处指大部分人用手吃饭，故填with。
题组三
体验真题
1.A
【解析】考查非谓语动词。此处是不定式作目的状语。句意：为了享受数字支付的方便，很多老年市民开始使用智能手机。故选A。
2.to
retire
【解析】考查不定式作定语。此处用to
do
sth做后置定语，用来修饰前面的名词plan,表示“……的计划”，故填to
retire。
3.to
retire
【解析】考查不定式。句中的would提示我们作者还没有到达那座房子，wondering后的句子不缺谓语，此处应填非谓语动词，故填to
get。
4.D
【解析】考查不定式作目的状语。句意：为了更方便地联系到我们，你最好随身带着这张卡片。根据句意可知，这里是目的状语，表目的用动词不定式，故选D。
5.to
create
【解析】考查不定式作目的状语。技术娴熟的工人会把各种各样的硬质木材和金属结合起来，以创造出特殊风格的筷子。这里用不定式表目的，故填to
create。
6.A
【解析】句意：她焦急地从包里拿出裙子试穿，结果却发现不合身。only
+动词不定式，表示意想不到的结果。found是过去分词，常常表示被动和完成的含义；finding是现在分词，常常表示主动和进行；having
found
是-ing的完成式，表示动作发生在先。
7.C
【解析】it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的动词不定式。句意：像这样的一个公司雇用一名保安是惯例。故答案选C。
8.A
【解析】由结构判断此处是非谓语短语位于句首表示目的，现在分词不做目的状语，排除CD选项。To
be
doing强调正在进行，不能做目的状语，故答案选A。句意：---我希望选修计算机课程。---好主意。要想多了解计算机情况的话，去这个网站看看。考点17
-ing分词
定义
-ing分词分为现在分词和动名词，现在分词和动名词形式一样，都是由v+ing构成，但是在句子中的作用不一样，动名词是动词非谓语形式的一种；动名词具有动词和名词的特征；在句中可作主语、表语、宾语和定语；现在分词在句中作状语、定语、表语、宾补。
形式
时态
主动
被动
一般式
doing
being
done
完成式
having
done
having
been
done
否定式
否定词（not/never）
+动名词
考向一
现在分词
现在分词的用法
1.作表语：现在分词表示主语所具有的特征或属性；过去分词表示主语所处的状态。
?The
situation
is
encouraging.
情况很受人鼓舞。
2．作定语：
（1）单独作定语，常放在被修饰的名词之前。
touching
story
/coming
week
/skilled
worker
/
armed
forces
/
boiled
water
Barking
dogs
seldom
bite.
乱叫的狗不咬人。
但某些过去分词（如concerned关切的/有关的，used旧的/用过的，given特定的/给予的，involved复杂的/涉及的）置于名词前后其意义不同。
?a
concerned
look/the
students
concerned/
?a
used
car/the
textbook
used.
（2）现在分词作定语，分词应放在被修饰的名词之后；表示正在进行的动作时,变为从句时要用进行时态和表示经常性的动作或现在的状态时，变为从句时要用一般时态；同被修辞的词（先行词）有逻辑上的主谓关系，在意义上相当于一个主动语态的定语从句。
?Who
is
the
man
standing
（=
who
is
standing）
by
the
door?
站在门边的人是谁。
?They
built
a
highway
leading
（=
that/which
leads）
into
the
mountains.
一条通往山里的高速路。
（3）过去分词作定语时，分词应放在被修饰的名词之后；表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前/不确定；同被修辞的词（先行词）有逻辑上的动宾关系，在意义上相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。
?The
meeting
held（=that/which
was
held）
last
week
is
very
important.
上周举行的回忆是非常重要的。
（4）其他应注意：
①
若表示的动作此刻正在进行或同时进行，可用被动语态的进行时态（现在分词的被动语态）表示。
?We
must
keep
a
secret
of
the
things
being
discussed
here.
我们必须保守正在讨论的事情。
②
若表示的是一个未来的动作，可用不定式的被动语态表示。
Please
tell
me
the
subjects
to
be
discussed
at
the
next
meeting.
请告诉我在下次会议上讨论的主题。
③
分词还可作非限制性定语（相当于非限制性定语从句），此时须和句子的其他部分用逗号隔开，试比较：
?All
my
brothers
living
in
Shanghai
are
scientists.=All
my
brothers,
living
in
Shanghai,
are
scientists.
居住在上海的所有兄弟是科
是没有好处的。该句属于"It+is+名词/形容词(no
good/no
use/useless)+doing..."句型，It为形式主语,故选B项。
8.C
【解析】考查非谓语。句意：最近的调查显示，缺少父母的爱是导致青少年在电脑游戏中迷失的主要因素。A
teenager
is
lost
in
computer
games.指“青少年迷失在电脑游戏中”，其放在短语result
in后面用动名词形式作宾语。故选C。
9.C
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：当刘先生渡完长假回来，办公室里有一大堆文件在等着他处理。在there
be句型中，名词documents和wait是主动关系，所以用现在分词做定语，表示正存在的状态。故选C。
10.D
【解析】考查非谓语。句意：我们期待着看到得以改善的糟糕的工作条件，一定是引起了了当地政府的关注。先行词The
worse
working
conditions后面跟了定语从句，谓语部分是are
looking
forward
to，to是介词，后面跟动名词；see的逻辑宾语是省去的引导词that或which，用过去分词improved作宾补，指“期待着看到糟糕的工作条件得以改善的”。故选D。
题组二
能力提升
【语篇解读】本文是一项关于动物的最新研究报道。狮子、老虎和其他动物在夜间保持清醒，以躲避人类。最新的研究发现，即使是像耕作和露营这样的活动也能吓到动物，让它们在夜间变得更加活跃。
1.to
avoid
【解析】考查动词不定式。句意：狮子、老虎和其他动物在夜间保持清醒，以躲避人类。结合句意此处是动词不定式做目的状语，故答案为to
avoid。
2.from
【解析】考查固定词组。句意：许多动物可能会更少地移动，或者到很远的地方去远离人群。固定词组：keep
away
from远离，回避，故答案为from。
3.looking
【解析】考查固定结构。句意：通过在夜间保持清醒，动物也可以防备可能的敌人，花更少的时间寻找食物。spend---（in）doing
sth.在做---上花费，故答案为looking。
4.frighten
【解析】考查动词。句意：最新的研究发现，即使是像耕作和露营这样的活动也能吓到动物，让它们在夜间变得更加活跃。情态动词后面跟动词原形，frighten“使害怕”是动词，故答案为frighten。
5.What
【解析】考查主语从句。句意：研究的对象是坦桑尼亚的狮子、尼泊尔的老虎和巴西的猴子。分析句子结构，句子没有主语，此处用主语从句做主语，从句没有主语和引导词，所以应该用what引导主语从句，故答案为what。
6.carefully
【解析】考查副词。句意：研究人员仔细比较了这些动物在夜间活动的时间，比如狩猎和农耕。此处compare是动词，副词修饰动词，故答案为carefully。
7.It
【解析】考查强调句式。句意：正是人类活动导致夜间活动增加了大约20%，即使是在夜间睡觉的生物中也是如此。此处是强调句型，It
was+强调部分+that---，故答案为It。
8.were
published
【解析】考查被动语态。句意：研究结果发表在两个月前的《科学》杂志上。根据two
months
ago且句子主语Results和publish之间是被动关系，所以此处用一般过去时态的被动语态，答案为were
published。
9.unusual
【解析】考查形容词。句意：这些新发现是不同寻常的，因为在生态学家Marlee
Tucker惊讶地发现，任何人类活动都足以让动物把人视为威胁以前，没有其他的人这样详细地考虑它。结合句意可知答案为unusual。
10.surprised
【解析】考查过去分词。句意：这些新发现是不同寻常的，因为在生态学家Marlee
Tucker惊讶地发现，任何人类活动都足以让动物把人视为威胁以前，没有其他的人这样详细地考虑它。结合句意可知答案为surprised。
题组二
体验真题
1.C
【解析】考查动名词。句意：学会批判性思维是当代小孩未来所必需的重要技能。句子缺少主语成分，而过去分词、动词都不可以做主语。此处用动名词做主语，故选C。
2.noting
【解析】考查非谓语动词。根据其前介词by可知，此处用动名词主动形式，故填noting。
3.listening
【解析】考查现在分词。本句谓语动词为“were
invited”，所以70题空格处动词listen应用非谓语动词形式。听音乐这个动作是由we发出的，所以选用现在分词形式。也可由and前后连接两个并列的结构这一规律解题，and后meeting
interesting
locals为分词形式，故空格处填listening。
4.cycling
【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：当孩子们在黑暗的早晨步行或骑车上学时，汽车司机很容易看到它们。or连接两个并列成分，根据or前的walking可知，此处要用cycling。故填cycling。
5.B
【解析】考查非谓语动词。“医院引进新的医疗设备”和“更多的病人得到治疗”之间是主动的关系，因此用v.?ing形式。此处用现在分词短语作结果状语，故选B项。句意：医院最近引进了新的医疗设备，从而使更多的病人得到治疗。
6.B
【解析】考查现在分词表伴随状况。句意：新建的木屋林立在街道的两旁，使古镇变成了一个梦幻之地。turn的逻辑主语是cottages，两者是主动关系，故用现在分词，表示主动和伴随，故选B。
7.A
【解析】句意：冷风从我们卧室的窗户吹进来，使得没有必要开空调了。前面的事情造成后面的结果，用现在分词作结果状语，表示顺理成章的结果。不定式也可以作结果状语，但是那是预料不到的结果。故选A。
8.A
【解析】考查非谓语动词用法。不定式（短语）或动名词（短语）均可作主语，区别在于不定式常表示将来，是特指；而动名词表示一般情况，是泛指。而本句指的是普遍现象，属泛指，故用动名词较好。句意：理解你自身的需要及交际风格，同时会表达你的感情和情绪是一样重要。故A正确。
9.C
【解析】考查非谓语动词的用法。动名词在本句中作主语，此处表示一般情况，用一般式；having
known
是完成式，表示动作已经完成或先于谓语动词发生。句意：
懂得一些基本的急救技巧将有助于你对紧急情况作出快速应对。故选C。
10.A
【解析】考查非谓语动词。在该句中，要注意区分现在分词和动名词的用法。根据句子结构知，此处create前面的主语应该是_____how
others
react
to
the
book
you
have
just
read，其中you
have
just
read是定语从句修饰the
book，所以此处空格中应该用动名词形式，故选A项。考点18
-ed分词
规则动词的过去分词一般是由动词加ed构成(具体规则见后)，不规则动词的过去分词见不规则动词表。过去分词则属于类动词
1.?及物动词的过去分词作表语，与句子主语是被动关系，表示主语的状态，不但表示被动，还表示已完成了。
The
cup
is
broken.
茶杯破了。
2.?不及物动词的过去分词作表语，与句子主语是主动关系，表示主语的状态，只表示动作的完成。?
He
is
retired.
他已退休。
3.?有些过去分词作表语时，构成的谓语很接近被动结构。
考向一
过去分词作定语
作定语用的过去分词相当于形容词，其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词。过去分词作定语分为前置和后置两种情况。
1．前置定语
单个的过去分词作定语，通常放在被修饰的名词之前。由及物动词转化而来的过去分词作定语，表示＂被动和完成＂含义，或只具有＂被动＂含义；由不及物动词转化而来的过去分词作定语，只表＂完成＂含义。
（1）被动和完成含义：
?We
must
adapt
our
thinking
to
the
changed
conditions.
我们必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况。
（2）被动含义：
?She
is
a
respected
teacher.她是一位受人尊敬的老师。
（3）完成含义：
?They
are
cleaning
the
fallen
leaves
in
the
yard.
他们正在打扫院子里的落叶。
2.后置定语
过去分词短语作定语时，通常放在所修饰的名词之后，它的作用相当于一个定语从句。
?This
will
be
the
best
novel
of
its
kind
ever
written
(＝that
has
ever
been
written).
这将是这类小说中写得最好的。
?Who
were
the
so?called
guests
invited
(＝who
had
been
invited)
to
your
party
last
night？
昨晚被邀请参加你的晚会的那些所谓的客人是谁呀？
?Yesterday
I
bought
a
book
published
by
Foreign
Language
Teaching
and
Research
Press.
昨天我买了一本外语教学与研究出版社出版的书。
【易混辨析】(1)过去分词如果表示一种强烈的动作含义，单独使用也可以放在名词的后面。
?The
experience
gained
will
be
of
great
value
to
us.
取得的经验对我们很有价值。?By
the
end
of
the
year，the
total
money
collected
had
come
to
92
million
dollars，
all
of
which
were
sent
to
Africa.
到年底为止，筹集到的全部资金达到了9,200多万元，所有这些钱全都送往非洲了。
(2)由过去分词构成的合成词也可作定语。?The
air-conditioned
rooms
are
very
comfortable
in
hot
summer.
在炎热的夏天，装空调的房间非常舒服。?The
newly-built
building
is
our
office
building.
这座新建的大楼是我们的办公楼。(3)过去分词作定语可分为限制性(紧跟在所修饰的词之后)和非限制性(用逗号与其所修饰的词分开)两种，其作用相当于限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。?The
funds
(which/that
have
been)
raised
are
mainly
used
for
helping
the
homeless.
筹集的资金主要用于帮助那些无家可归者。?This
book，(which
is)written
in
simple
English，is
suitable
for
beginners
to
read.
这本书是使用浅显的英文写的，适合初学者阅读。?The
concert
(which/that
was)
given
by
their
friends
was
a
success.
他们朋友举行的音乐会大为成功。
?The
meeting，(which
was)
attended
by
over
five
thousand
people，welcomed
the
great
hero.
他们举行了欢迎英雄的大会，到会的有五千多人。(4)用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以转移到修饰非人的事物，这种过去分词在形式上虽
不直接修饰人，但它所修饰的事物仍与人有关。?The
boy
looked
up
with
a
pleased
expression.那男孩带着满意的表情举目而视。?He
spoke
with
a
frightened
look.他说话时显得非常恐惧。
【易混辨析】(1)动名词作定语，说明所修饰的名词的用途。
?No
one
is
allowed
to
speak
aloud
in
the
reading
room.阅览室里不准大声说话。
?There
is
a
swimming
pool
in
our
school.我们学校有一个游泳池。(2)现在分词作定语，通常放在所修饰的名词前面；现在分词短语则放在所修饰的名词后面，其作用相当于一个定语从句。
?He
is
a
promising
young
man.他是一个很有前途的青年。
?Do
you
know
the
woman(who
is)sitting
at
the
end
of
the
room？
你认识坐在房间后面的那位妇女吗？
?We
must
keep
a
secret
of
the
things
(which/that
are)
being
discussed
now.
对于现在所讨论的事情，我们必须保守秘密。(3)不定式作定语，位于所修饰的词后，通常表示将来发生的动作。当名词前有形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时，只能采用不定式作后置定语。此外，作定语的不定式与所修饰的词之间存在逻辑上的＂主谓＂、＂动宾＂或＂同位＂三种关系。如果作定语的不定式为不及物动词，其后要加相应的介词。
?Our
monitor
is
the
first
to
arrive.我们的班长是第一个到达的人。(主谓关系)
?The
question
to
be
discussed
at
tomorrow’s
meeting
is
of
great
importance.
明天会议上将要讨论的问题非常重要。(动宾关系)?I
have
a
lot
of
work
to
do.我有许多事要做。(动宾关系)
?Their
decision
to
give
up
the
experiment
surprised
us.
他们放弃这个实验的决定使我们吃惊。(同位关系)?They
have
no
happiness
to
speak
of.他们没有什么幸福可言。
1.(2017·北京卷)
Jim
has
retired,
but
he
still
remembers
the
happy
time
________
with
his
students.
A.
to
spend
B.
spend
C.
spending
D.
spent
【参考答案】D
【答案解析】考查非谓语动词。
分析句子结构可知，＂________
with
his
students＂作后置定语，且＂时光＂是被度过，而且这里指的是＂已经被度过的时光＂，
所以用过去分词短语作后置定语。故选
D
。句意：吉姆已经退休了，
但他仍然记得跟学生们一起度过的快乐时光。
2.（2016·江苏卷）In
art
criticism,
you
must
assume
the
artist
has
a
secret
message
________within
the
work.
A.to
hide
B.
hidden
C.
hiding
D.
being
hidden
【参考答案】B
【答案解析】本句中名词短语a
secret
message与动词hide构成被动关系，所以使用过去分词短语hidden
within
the
work在句中作后置定语，修饰名词短语a
secret
message，相当于定语从句that
is
hidden
within
the
work。AC项表示主动含义，D项强调正在进行，与语境不符。故B正确。
考向二
过去分词作宾补
过去分词作补语，表示＂被动和完成＂含义，或仅仅表示＂状态＂。
1.表示感觉或心理状态的动词(短语)(see，watch，observe，look
at，hear，listen
to，feel，notice，think等)
?I
have
never
heard
the
song
sung
in
my
school.我从未听过这首歌在我们学校唱过。
?He
watched
the
TV
set
carried
out
of
the
room.他看到电视机被搬到屋子外面了。
2.表示＂使役＂意义的动词(have，make，get，keep，leave等)
?I
had
my
leg
broken
in
the
football
game.我的腿在足球赛中摔坏了。
?The
reporters
keep
us
informed
of
the
results
of
the
games.
记者不断地告知我们比赛结果。
3.表示＂希望＂、＂要求＂意义的动词(like，order，want，wish，expect等后用过去分词或在过去分词前＋to
be)
?Everyone
wishes
the
matter(to
be)
settled
as
soon
as
possible.
人人都希望这件事情尽快解决。
?I
want
my
house(to
be)completed
before
the
national
day.
我想让我的房子在国庆节前完工。
易混辨析(1)现在分词作补足语
由延续性动词转化而来的现在分词作补足语，表示过程的一部分；而由瞬间性动词转化而来的现在分词作宾语补足语，表示动作的反复。
?I
heard
her
singing
when
I
passed
by
her
room.
我路过她房间时，听到她正在唱歌。(动作正在进行，宾语是动作的发出者)
?I
found
the
topic
being
discussed
everywhere
then.
那时我发现人们在到处谈论这个话题。(动作正在进行，宾语是动作的承受者)
?Are
you
listening
to
them
quarrelling？
你在听他们吵架吗？(动作正在进行，宾语是动作的发出者)
?His
remarks
set
me
thinking.
他的话引起了我的深思。
(动作正在进行，宾语是动作的发出者)
?The
explosion
sent
us
running
in
all
directions.
那次爆炸把我们吓得东奔西逃。
(动作正在进行，宾语是动作的发出者)(2)不定式作补语①不定式作补语，表示动作的全过程或者是动作已经结束。
?Did
you
notice
him
leave
the
house？你看到他离开房间了吗？
?I
heard
her
say
so.我听见她是这么说的。②某些动词短语后面接不定式作宾语补足语。此类短语有：call
on，rely
on，depend
on，wait
for，long
for，vote
for等。
?You
can
depend
on
her
to
be
late.可以担保她必定迟到。
?We
are
longing
for
the
holiday
to
come.我们渴望着假日的到来。③动词think，consider，believe，find，feel，know，guess，prove，suppose，imagine等词后面，常接＂to
be＋形容词(名词或反身代词)＂结构。
?He’s
thought
to
be
one
of
the
richest
men
in
Europe.
人们认为他是欧洲最大的富翁之一。
?Imagine
yourself(to
be)rich
and
famous.想象一下你又有钱，又有名的情况。
1.(2018·天津卷·单项填空)I
need
a
new
passport
so
I
will
have
to
have
my
photographs___________.
A.
taking
B.
taken
C.
being
taken
D.
take
【参考答案】B
【答案解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：我需要一个新护照，所以我将不得不拍照片。本题考查非谓语动词作宾语补足语，宾语my
photograph与补足语之间为被动关系，故用过去分词作宾语补足语。C项表示正在进行。故选B。
2.
Back
from
his
two-year
medical
service
in
Africa,
Dr.
Lee
was
very
happy
to
see
his
mother_____
good
care
of
at
home.
A.
taking
B.
taken
C.
take
D.
be
taken
【参考答案】B
【答案解析】句意：在非洲医疗援助两年回来后，Dr.
Lee很高兴看见妈妈被照顾得很好。his
mother和take
care
of是被动关系，用过去分词作宾语补足语，所以选B。
考向三
过去分词作状语
过去分词作状语，进一步说明谓语动词的动作和状态，即动作发生时的背景或状况。其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语，且与主语之间构成逻辑上的＂动宾关系＂或在逻辑上构成＂系表结构＂。过去分词短语在句中担任条件状语，原因状语以及时间状语时，通常放在句首；担任伴随状语或结果状语时，通常放在句末；担任方式状语时，一般位于句末，有时也可位于句首；担任让步状语时，一般位于句首，有时也可位于句末。
一、过去分词担任状语时的语法功能
1.
原因状语
?Caught
in
a
heavy
rain，he
was
all
wet.因为淋了一场大雨，所以他全身湿透了。
?Frightened
by
the
noise
in
the
night，the
girl
didn’t
dare
sleep
in
her
room.
被夜晚的响声惊吓，那姑娘不敢睡在她的房间里了。
2.
时间状语
?Asked
why
he
did
it，the
monitor
said
it
was
his
duty.当被问及为何要做这件事时，班长说这是他的职责。
?Approached
in
the
dark
the
bulbs
looked
lonely
and
purposeless.在黑暗走近时，那些电灯显得孤单而无意义。
3.
条件状语和假设状语
?Grown
in
rich
soil，these
seeds
can
grow
fast.如果种在肥沃的土壤里，这些种子能长得很快。
?Given
better
attention，the
accident
could
have
been
avoided.要是多加注意，那次事故就可以避免了。
4.
方式或伴随状语
?Surrounded
by
his
students，the
professor
sat
there
cheerfully.那位教授在学生们的簇拥下，兴高采烈地坐在那儿。
?He
stood
there
silently，moved
to
tears.他静静地站在那里，被感动得热泪盈眶。
5.
让步状语
?Beaten
by
the
police，sent
to
jail，Gandhi
invented
the
principle
of
nonviolent
resistance.
尽管受警察的殴打，被投入监牢，甘地却首创了非暴力抵抗的原则。
?Defeated
again，we
did
not
lose
heart.尽管再次被击败，但我们没有灰心。
6.
独立成分(插入语)
?Given
good
weather，our
ship
will
reach
Shanghai
Monday
evening.
假如天气好，我们的船将于星期一晚上到达上海。
?Put
frankly，I
don’t
agree
with
what
he
said.坦白地说，我不同意他所说的话。
二、与状语从句的相互转换
1.
过去分词短语作时间状语，可转换为when，while或after等引导的状语从句。
?Seen
from
the
top
of
the
hill，the
park
looks
more
beautiful.
→When
it
is
seen
from
the
top
of
the
hill，the
park
looks
more
beautiful.
从山上往下看，这座公园看起来更加漂亮。
2.
作条件状语，可转换为if，once或unless等引导的状语从句。
?Given
more
time，she
would
certainly
have
done
much
better.
→If
she
had
been
given
more
time，she
would
certainly
have
done
much
better.
如果有更多时间的话，她一定会干得更好些。
3.
作原因状语，可转换为as，since或because等引导的状语从句。
?The
children，exhausted，fell
asleep
at
once.
→As
the
children
were
exhausted
they
fell
asleep
at
once.
由于劳累，孩子们很快就睡着了。
4.
作让步状语，可转换为although，though或even
if等引导的状语从句。
?Although
exhausted
by
the
climb，we
continued
our
journey.
→Although
we
were
exhausted
by
the
climb，we
continued
our
journey.
我们虽然爬得很累，但我们仍然继续我们的旅程。
5.
作方式状语，如有连词as
if，就转换为as
if引导的方式状语从句；若无连词，则转换为并列结构。
?He
began
to
cry
as
if
bitten
by
a
snake.
→He
began
to
cry
as
if
he
was
bitten
by
a
snake.
他大叫起来，好像被蛇咬了。
6.
作伴随状语，一般转换为并列结构。
?Aunt
Wu
came
in，followed
by
her
daughter.
→Aunt
Wu
came
in，and(she)was
followed
by
her
daughter.
吴大娘走进来，(她)后面跟着她的女儿。
【知识拓展】
1.
现在分词与过去分词作状语在＂逻辑＂方面的差异：
过去分词作状语时，过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间通常构成逻辑上的动宾关系。
现在分词作状语时，现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
?Given
more
attention，the
trees
could
have
grown
better.如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。
?Not
knowing
what
to
do，he
went
to
his
parents
for
help.由于不知如何办是好，他去找父母帮忙。
2.
现在分词与过去分词作状语在＂时间＂方面的差异：
过去分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前，或表示一种状态，与谓语动作同时发生或存在。现在分词的一般式表示的动作与谓语动作同时发生或在说话时正在进行；现在分词的完成式(having
done)表示发生在谓语动作之前的一个＂主动＂动作；现在分词的完成式的被动式(having
been
done)表示发生在谓语动作之前的一个＂被动＂动作，常常和表示次数的短语以及时间段(for短语)连用，此时不能被过去分词所替换。在其他情况下通常被过去分词所替换，从而使句式更简洁。
?Written
in
a
hurry，this
article
was
not
so
good！因为写得匆忙，这篇文章不是很好！
?Reading
carefully，he
found
something
he
had
not
known
before.他仔细读书时，发现了一些从前不知道的东西。
?Having
been
discussed
several
times，the
decision
was
finally
made.进行了几次讨论之后，终于作出了决定。
3.
部分过去分词因来源于系表结构，作状语时不表示
＂被动关系＂，其前不用being。这样的过去分词及短语常见的有：lost(陷入某种状态)；seated(坐)；hidden(躲)；stationed(驻扎)；lost/absorbed
in
(沉溺于)；dressed
in(穿着)；tired
of(厌烦)等。
?Lost/Absorbed
in
deep
thought，he
didn’t
hear
the
sound.因为沉溺于思考之中，所以他没听到那个声音。
?Faced
with
difficulties，we
must
try
to
overcome
them.在遇到困难的时候，我们必须设法克服。
4.
过去分词用作状语时，前面往往带有when，if，while，though，even
if等连词，这样就能使过去分词所表示的意义更加明确。这种带有连词的过去分词结构通常可看作是一种省略句，句中省略的部分总是＂主语＋be的相应变化形式＂，省略的主语通常与主句的主语相同。
?When
given
a
medical
examination，you
should
keep
calm.当你做体格检查时要保持镇定。
?Although
exhausted
by
the
climb，he
continued
his
journey.他虽然爬得很累，但他仍继续前进。
5.
分词(短语)
作状语时，其逻辑上的主语要与句子的主语保持一致；否则分词(短语)就要有自己的逻辑主语(用名词或代词的主格来表示)。这种结构称为独立主格结构。独立主格结构常放在句首。表示时间、条件、原因时，其作用分别相当于一个时间、条件、原因状语从句。表示伴随方式时，相当于一个并列句。
?The
signal
given，the
bus
started.信号一发出，汽车就开动了。
?The
football
match(being)
over，crowds
of
people
poured
out
into
the
street.
足球赛一结束，人群便涌到大街上。
6.
不定式与分词担任状语的差异：
（1）不定式在句中可以担任目的状语，结果状语(出乎意料的结果)以及原因状语(通常后置)。
?To
make
himself
heard，he
raised
his
voice.为了被听清楚，他提高了嗓门。
?He
hurried
home，only
to
find
his
money
stolen.他匆忙赶到家中，结果却发现钱被盗了。
?All
of
us
are
surprised
to
see
his
rapid
progress.他的进步，我们都很吃惊。
（2）分词在句中可以担任除目的状语以外的其他形式的状语。
?Seen
from
the
top
of
the
hill，the
town
is
beautiful.从山上看，这座城镇很美。
?Defeated，he
remained
a
popular
boxer.虽然被击败了，但他仍然是一位受欢迎的拳击手。
?The
guests
entered
the
office，accompanied
by
the
manager.客人们在经理的陪同下进了办公室。
1.(2018·北京卷·单项填空)
Ordinary
soap,
_________
correctly,
can
deal
with
bacteria
effectively.
A.
used
B.
to
use
C.
using
D.
use
【参考答案】A
【答案解析】考查非谓语动词。句意：如果正确使用的话，普通的肥皂可以有效地处理细菌。Ordinary
soap
can
deal
with
bacterial
effectively是主句，_________
correctly是条件状语，修饰ordinary
soap，ordinary
soap和use之间是被动关系，故要用过去分词，A选项正确。
2.________in
the
early
20th
century,
the
school
keeps
on
inspiring
children's
love
of
art.
A.
To
found
B.
Founding
C.
Founded
D.
Having
founded
【参考答案】
C
【答案解析】found与逻辑主语the
school之间是被动关系，且已经完成，故用其过去分词形式作时间状语。解答非谓语动词的相关题时，先确定其逻辑主语，判断两者之间是主动关系还是被动关系，主动关系
用现在分词，被动关系用过去分词。
考向四
过去分词作表语
过去分词作表语，通常表示主语所处的一种状态。
?His
colleagues
were
surprised
at
his
absurd
behaviour.同事们对他那荒诞的行为感到吃惊。
?The
city
is
surrounded
on
three
sides
by
mountains.这座城市三面环山。
?The
door
remained
locked.门仍然锁着。
?She
looked
disappointed.她看上去很失望。
【易混辨析】(1)动名词作表语，解释或说明主语的内容。此时，主语与表语位置通常可以互换。
?Our
duty
is
serving
the
people
heart
and
soul.
我们的职责是全心全意地为人民服务。
?What
they
are
worried
about
is
being
left
behind.
他们所担心的是别被落在后面。(2)现在分词作表语，说明主语的性质，特征或属性；此时，现在分词与主语(往往
是物)构成逻辑上的主谓关系，译作＂令/使人……的＂。
?The
news
was
exciting
and
we
were
all
excited.
消息令人兴奋，我们都很激动。
?He
remained
standing
beside
the
table.他依然站在桌旁。(3)不定式作表语，一般紧跟在系动词be，seem，remain，appear，get的后面，用来说明或解释主语的内容。当主语为名词dream，business，wish，idea，plan，job，work，task，duty时，表语通常采用不定式，不用动名词。此时，不定式通常强调具体某次动作以及将来要发生的动作。
?The
aim
is
not
just
to
keep
busy.其目的不仅是为了使每个人不闲着。
?He
appears
to
want
to
leave.他看来要走。
For
those
with
family
members
far
away,
the
personal
computer
and
the
phone
are
important
in
staying
________.
A.
connected
B.
connecting
C.
to
connect
D.
to
be
connected
【参考答案】
A
【答案解析】句意：对那些与家人离得比较远的人来说，笔记本电脑和电话在保持联系方面很重要本句中的stay是一个连系动词，后接形容词作表语。connected是形容词化的过去分词，意为＂有联系的，有来往的＂，符合句意。
题组一
基础过关
I.用所给词的正确形式填空
1.Do
you
know
the
man
with
his
hair
________
(tie)
back?
2.—
How
are
the
team
playing?
—
They’re
playing
well,
but
one
of
them
got
________
(hurt).
3.The
stewardess
asked
all
the
passengers
on
board
to
remain
________
(seat)
as
the
plane
was
about
to
land.
4.Don’t
use
words,
expressions,
or
phrases
________
(know)
only
to
people
with
special
knowledge.
5.Get
your
answers
________
(check)
before
you
hand
in
the
papers.
6.She
returned
to
the
shop
the
following
morning
________
(dress)
in
a
woolen
coat，with
a
handbag
in
one
hand
and
a
long
umbrella
in
the
other.
7.________(satisfy)
with
her
reply，Telemachus
first
set
out
for
the
island
of
the
Cyclops
to
seek
news
of
Odysseus.
8.________(hesitate)
whether
to
leave
or
not，the
man
stayed
where
he
was.
9.________(warn)
many
times，they
became
more
careful
in
doing
the
job.
10.________(seize)
the
letter
from
the
boy，Maggie
ran
away
at
once.
Ⅱ.完成句子
1.We
should
be
kept
________________(被告知)
the
latest
news
if
we
don’t
want
to
fall
behind.
(inform)
2.He
failed
________________(使得他自己被理解)
by
his
teammates.
(understand)
3.________________(留下深刻印象)
the
hardworking
boy，Julia
made
up
her
mind
to
devote
herself
to
science.(impress)
4.The
general
manager
would
like
to
see
the
plan
________________(被执行)
by
the
end
of
the
year.(carry)
5.________________(被吸引)
the
beauty
of
nature，the
girl
from
London
decided
to
spend
another
two
days
on
the
farm.(attract)
6.Sarah，hurry
up.I’m
afraid
you
can’t
have
time
________________(换好衣服)
before
the
party.(get)
7.After
his
journey
abroad，Richard
Jones
returned
home，________________(筋疲力尽).
(exhaust)
8.________________(在山里迷路)
for
a
week，the
two
students
were
finally
saved
by
the
local
police.(lose)
9.________________(被投入使用)
in
April
2015,
the
hotline
was
meant
for
residents
reporting
water
and
heating
supply
breakdowns.(put)
10.________________(和……比较)
the
size
of
the
whole
earth，the
biggest
ocean
does
not
seem
big
at
all.(compare)
题组二能力提升
语法填空
阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Inserting
needles
through
the
skin
may
sound
scary,
but
acupuncncture
and
moxa-moxibustion,
two
key
components
of
1
(tradition)Chinese
medicine
(TCM),are
said
to
improve
the
patient’s
health
and
well—being.
2
(add)to
UNESCO’s
representative
list
of
Intangible
Cultural
Heritage
of
Humanity
in
2010,acupuncture
and
moxibustion
are
3
(wide)practiced
in
China.
Their
format
and
practice
have
distinctive
regional
characteristics
and
they
have
a
precious
heritage
based
4
Chinese
culture
and
science.
The
theory
of
Chinese
medicine
believes
the
human
body
is
a
small
universe
with
5
(it)own
circulatory
system,
in
this
system,
there
are
acupoints(穴位)connecting
the
channels.
By
stimulating
these
acupoints,
the
self-regulating
functions
of
the
human
body
can
7
(promote).
Acupuncture
refers
to
the
practice
of
inserting
needles
into
the
body
of
a
patient
at
a
certain
angle
and
using
7.
(technique)such
as
twisting
and
lifting
the
needles
to
excite
acupoints
8
(treat)diseases.
Moxa-moxibustion
normally
refers
to
placing
moxa(艾)directly
on
acupoints
or
holding
moxa
sticks
at
9
distance
to
warm
the
body.
In
1995,the
World
Health
Organization
published
10
can
be
treated
by
acupuncture
and
moxibustion.
TCM
has
become
more
and
more
accepted
by
other
countries
in
the
world.
题组三体验真题
1.（2018·新课标III卷·语法填空）The
noise
shakes
the
trees
as
the
male
beats
his
chest
and
charges
toward
me.
I
quickly
lower
myself,
ducking
my
head
to
avoid
____64____(look)
directly
into
his
eyes
so
he
doesn't
feel____65____(challenge).
2.（2016·浙江卷）To
return
to
the
problem
of
water
pollution,
I’d
like
you
to
look
at
a
study
_________in
Australia
in
2012.
A.having
conducted
B.to
be
conducted
C.conducting
D.conducted
3.（2016·北京卷）______
over
a
week
ago,
the
books
are
expected
to
arrive
any
time
now.
A.
Ordering
B.
To
order
C.
Having
ordered
D.
Ordered
4.（2014·湖南卷）Children，when
______
by
their
parents,
are
allowed
to
enter
the
stadium.
A.
to
be
accompanied
B.
to
accompany
C.
accompanying
D.
accompanied
题组一
基础过关
I.用所给词的正确形式填空
1.
tied
2.
hurt
3.
seated
4.
known
5.
checked
6.dressed
7.Satisfied
8.Hesitating
9.Having
been
warned
10.Having
seized
Ⅱ.完成句子
1.informed
of
2.to
make
himself
understood
3.Impressed
by
4.carried
out
5.Attracted
by
6.to
get
changed
7.exhausted
8.Lost
in
the
mountain
9.Put
into
use
pared
with
题组二能力提升
语法填空
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍中国的中医针灸。
1.
traditional
【解析】考查词形转换。此处Chinese
medicine是名词，由形容词修饰，故答案为traditional。
2.
Added
【解析】考查过去分词作状语。句意：在2010年被添加到联合国教科文组织的人类非物质文化遗产列表的代表之后,针灸在中国广为流传。此处句子主语acupuncture
and
moxibustion和add之间是一种被动关系，是过去分词作时间状语，故答案为Added。
3.
widely
【解析】考查词形转换。句意：在2010年被添加到联合国教科文组织的人类非物质文化遗产列表的代表之后，针灸在中国广为流传。此处practiced是动词，由副词修饰，故答案为widely。
4.
on
【解析】考查固定搭配。句意：他们的格式和实践有独特的区域特征,并且他们有基于中国文化和科学为基础的宝贵遗产。固定搭配：be
based
on“以……为基础”。故答案为on。
5.
its
【解析】考查形容词性物主代词。此处own“自己的”，与形容词性物主代词连用，故答案为its。
6.
be
promoted
【解析】考查含情态动词的被动语态。句意：通过刺激这些穴位可以提升人体的自我调节功能。此处是含情态动词的被动语态，情态动词can已经给出，故答案为be
promoted。
7.
techniques
【解析】考查名词复数。句意：针灸疗法指的是在一定角度将针插入病人的身体和使用技术,如扭曲和解除针刺激穴位来治疗疾病。此处用名词复数，故答案为techniques。
8.
to
treat
【解析】考查固定搭配。句意：针灸疗法指的是在一定角度将针插入病人的身体和使用技术,如扭曲和解除针刺激穴位来治疗疾病。固定搭配：use+宾语+to
do
sth.此处是动词不定式做宾语补足语，故答案为to
treat。
9.
a
【解析】考查固定词组。句意：Moxa-moxibustion通常是指将艾直接放在穴位上或在远处持有艾棒温暖身体。固定词组：at
a
distance“在远处”。故答案为a。
10.
what
【解析】考查宾语从句。句意：1995年,世界卫生组织发表了什么可以接受针灸治疗。此处published是动词，后面是宾语从句，从句缺少引导词和主语，所填词其双重作用，故答案为what。
题组三
体验真题
1.
looking；challenged
【解析】动词avoid后要加doing。此处表示避免直接看他的眼睛。用looking。根据语境可知，此处表示不直视他的眼睛，他就不会感到被挑战性。feel为系动词，表示“被挑战”，用过去分词challenged。
2.D
【解析】句意:回到水污染这个问题，我想让你看看2012年在澳大利亚所做的一项研究。在该句中，要注意区分现在分词和过去分词的用法。此处非谓语动词的逻辑主语是空格前面的名词a
study，与conduct构成被动关系，所以根据原则应该用过去分词形式conducted表示被动，A项和C项是主动关系要排除，同时B项不定式表示＂将来＂，而根据语意，此处为已经完成的动作，也可以排除，所以选D项。
3.
D
【解析】句意：(因为)那些书是一周多之前订的，现在随时有可能送到。Books和order是动宾关系，即order
books/books
are
ordered，故用过去分词表示被动和完成，在此相当于原因状语从句because
they
were
ordered...，故选D。
4.
D
【解析】句中的逻辑主语为children，与accompany之间为被动意义上的关系，故用过去分词作状语。句意：当有父母陪伴的时候，孩子们是允许进入体育馆的。故D正确。考点19
情态动词
【复习建议】
1.
真实的语境中对情态动词的理解和把握；
2.
掌握情态动词表示推测和可能性的用法；
3.
掌握情态动词表达＂情感、态度、语气等＂方面的用法。
考向一 can，could与be
able
to的用法
1．表示能力，意为＂能，会＂。
?Many
people
can
use
the
computer.
许多人会用电脑。
?If
you
have
a
good
sleep，you
will
be
able
to
work
out
this
problem.
如果你好好睡一觉，你将能够解出这道题。
?I
could
have
worked
out
the
problem，but
I
was
too
nervous.
我本来可以解决这个问题，但我太紧张了。
2．can/could表示惊讶，常用在否定句和疑问句中。
?How
can
you
treat
me
like
that?
你怎么能那样对我？
3．can/could表示礼貌地请求别人做某事，意为＂能，可以＂。
?Can
I
have
a
word
with
you?
It
won’t
take
long.(表示请求)我可以和你谈谈吗？不会花很多时间的。
【易混辨析】can和be
able
to
用法上的区别1.
can只有两种时态，即can
和could；而be
able
to
有多种时态，如was/were
able
to，will/shall
be
able
to，have/has
been
able
to等。I’ll
be
able
to
drive
the
car
in
a
week.
Through
his
diligent
work,
the
deaf-mute
has
been
able
to
read
and
write
in
a
sign
language.
2.
表示过去通过努力终于做成了某事要用be
able
to，而不能用can。I
was
able
to
swim
to
the
bank
after
the
boat
turned
over.
can
和be
able
to
都可以表示能力。can泛指一般的能力；be
able
to则主要指具体做到了某件事的能力，其形式主要是靠be
发生变化，所以形式比can
多。3.
can能表猜测，be
able
to不能。can的这种用法主要用于疑问句和否定句。其肯定形式是must
be。
Somebody
is
knocking
at
the
door.
Who
can
it
be?
It
can’t
be
our
teacher
who
is
knocking
at
the
door.4.
can
可以表
＂允许＂，与may可以互换，此时不能用be
able
to
代替。—Can
/
May
I
sit
here?—Yes,
please.
1.
(2018·北京卷·单项填空)
In
today’s
information
age,
the
loss
of
data
_________
cause
serious
problems
for
a
company.
A.
need
B.
should
C.
can
D.
must
【参考答案】C
【答案解析】考查情态动词。句意：在今天的信息时代，数据的丢失有时会对一个公司造成严重的问题。数据丢失造成严重问题是客观上会发生的情况，即“客观可能性”，故该空应用情态动词can。C选项正确。其余情态动词均没有该用法。need需要；should应该，竟然；must必须，肯定。
2.
(2017·北京卷·单项填空)Samuel,
the
tallest
boy
in
our
class,
________
easily
reach
the
books
on
the
top
shelf.
A.
must
B.
should
C.
can
D.
need
【参考答案】C
【答案解析】考查情态动词。can表示能力，意为“能够”
。故答案为C。句意：塞缪尔——我们班个子最高的男孩——能够轻松地够到架子顶层上的书。
考向二 may与might的用法
1．表示请求、允许时，might比may的语气更委婉一些，否定回答时要用mustn’t，表示＂不可以＂＂禁止＂＂阻止＂之意。
?—May
I
play
basketball
this
afternoon?
—No，you
mustn’t.
——今天下午我可以打篮球吗？
——不，不行。
2．＂may/might
as
well＋动词原形＂意为＂最好，倒不如＂，may/
might
well＋动词原形，意为＂很可能＂。
?He
may/
might
well
stay
in
Beijing
now.
他现在很可能呆在北京。
?If
you
think
the
price
of
beef
is
too
high，you
might
as
well
buy
some
pork.It
depends
on
you.
如果你认为牛肉太贵的话，你不妨买些猪肉。你自己决定。
might为may的过去式，但也可以代替may，语气较为婉转客气或更加不肯定。He
might
not
come
today.
今天他也许不来了。(语气不肯定)
You
might
also
get
a
headache
when
you
work
too
hard.
当你工作太努力时，你也可能患头痛。
You
feel
all
the
training
a
waste
of
time,
but
I’m
a
hundred
percent
sure
later
you’ll
be
grateful
you
did
it.
A.
should
B.
need
C.
shall
D.
may
【参考答案】D
【答案解析】句意：你可能觉得所有的训练都是浪费时间，但是我有100%的把握你以后会感激它的。should应该；need需要；shall将会；may（不确定）可能。所以选D。
考向三 must与need的用法
1．must用于否定句，表示＂禁止＂，表示说话者的命令或指令，语气比较强烈。
?You
mustn’t
play
with
the
knife，or
you
may
hurt
yourself.你千万不要玩刀，否则会伤到自己。
2．must表示必要性，意为＂必须＂。
?Progress
must
lead
to
a
better
life
and
a
better
way
of
doing
things.
发展一定会促成一种更好的生活，更好的做事情的方法。
3．must表示偏执、固执，意为＂非得，偏要＂。
?If
you
must
go，at
least
wait
until
the
storm
is
over.
如果你非要走的话，至少等到暴风雨结束。
①must开头的疑问句，其否定回答通常用don’t
have
to或needn’t。而不用mustn’t。
—Must
I
finish
my
homework
first?
我必须先完成作业吗？—No,
you
don’t
have
to/
needn’t.
不，你不必。②can和must在表推测时，can一般用于否定句中，而must
常用于肯定句中。It
can
not
be
Li
Lei.
那个人不可能是李磊。
It
must
be
Li
Lei.
那个人肯定是李磊。
【易混辨析】must和have
to
1.
表示必须、必要。在回答引出的问句时，如果是否定的，不能用mustn’t（禁止，不准），而用needn’t/don’t
have
to（不必）.
—Must
we
hand
in
our
exercise
books
today?
—Yes,
you
must.
—No,
you
don’t
have
to
/
you
needn’t.
2.
must是说话人的主观看法，而have
to则强调客观需要。must只有一般现在时，have
to有更多的时态形式。
The
play
isn’t
interesting,
I
really
must
go
now.
I
had
to
work
when
I
was
your
age.
3.
表示推测、可能性，只用于肯定的陈述句。
You’re
Tom’s
good
friend,
so
you
must
know
what
he
likes
best.
Your
mother
must
be
waiting
for
you
now.
4.
need
的用法：
（1）情态动词，＂需要，有必要
＂，一般用于否定句或疑问句中。
You
needn’t
come
here
this
afternoon.
你今天下午不必来。
（2）行为动词，＂需要,
有必要＂，可以用于各种句式中。
You
don’t
need
to
go
now.
你不必现在就走。
I
need
to
have
a
rest.
我需要休息一下。
Do
we
need
to
finish
all
the
work
today?
我们今天需要完成所有的工作吗？
【巧学妙记】
need的用法助记口诀实义动词表＂需要＂，后接名、代、不定式。need后接动名词，主动形式表被动。情态动词表＂需要＂，没有人称、数之变。其后直接加动原，多用疑问与否定。
【易混辨析】dare和need
1.
dare作情态动词用时，常用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中，过去式形式为dared。
How
dare
you
say
I’m
unfair?
He
daren’t
speak
English
before
such
a
crowd,
dare
he?
If
we
dared
not
go
there
that
day,
we
couldn’t
get
the
beautiful
flowers.
2.
need
作情态动词用时，常用于疑问句、否定句。在肯定句中一般用must,
have
to,
ought
to,
should代替。
You
needn’t
come
so
early.
—Need
I
finish
the
work
today?
—Yes,
you
must.
/
No,
you
needn’t.
3.
dare和
need作实义动词用时，有人称、时态和数的变化。在肯定句中，dare后面常接带to的不定式。在疑问句和否定句中，dare后面可接带to或不带to的不定式。而need后面只能接带to的不定式。
I
dare
to
swim
across
this
river.
He
doesn’t
dare
(to)
answer.
He
needs
to
finish
his
homework
today.
1.—Can’t
you
stay
a
little
longer?
—It’s
getting
late.
I
really
_________go
now,
My
daughter
is
home
alone.
A
.may
B
.can
C
.
must
D
.dare
【参考答案】C
【答案解析】句意：——你不能再多待会儿吗?——很晚了，我必须得走了。我女儿一个人在家。A.
may可能，可以，也许；
can能，会；C.
must必须，必然要，必定会；D.
dare敢，胆敢。结合句意，故选C。
2.You
__________be
careful
with
the
camera.
It
costs!
A
.must
B.
may
C.
can
D.
will
【参考答案】A
【答案解析】考查情态动词。根据下文的it
costs可知，照相机很昂贵，可推断此处是说，你一定要非常小心对待照相机。故选A
。may可能；can能够，有时会；will会，愿意。
考向四 will与would的用法
1．表示请求、建议等，would比will委婉客气。
?Would
you
mind
opening
the
window
for
me?
请你给我打开窗户好吗？
2．will和would表示意志、愿望和决心。
?I
will
never
talk
to
him
again.
我再也不愿意和他说话了。
3．will可以表示一种习惯性的动作，有＂总是＂或＂总要＂之意。
Fish
will
die
without
water.没有水，鱼会死去。
1.
(2018·新课标II卷·短文改错)
As
kid,
I
loved
to
watch
cartoons,
but
no
matter
how
many
times
I
asked
to
them,
my
parents
would
not
to
let
me.
【参考答案】删除let前的to
【答案解析】would后跟动词原形，故把to删除。
考向五 shall，should与ought
to的用法
1．shall用于第一、第三人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见和向对方请示。
?Shall
we
begin
our
new
lesson
today?
我们今天开始上新课好吗？
2．shall用于第二、第三人称陈述句中，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁。
?You
shall
be
punished
for
what
you
have
done.
你必须为你的所作所为受到惩罚。
3．should表示义务、职责等，意为＂应该＂。
?You
should
be
strict
with
yourself
as
an
officer.
作为一名官员，你应该严格要求自己。
4．ought
to表示应该。
?You
ought
not
to
be
late
for
such
an
important
meeting.
这么重要的会议你不应该迟到的。
5．shall还可表示法律、规定和条例中规定的＂应该＂。
Whoever
drives
through
a
red
light
shall
be
fined
at
least
200
yuan.不论谁驾车闯红灯，罚款至少200元。
【易混辨析】should,
ought
to
1.
should,
ought
to表示＂应该＂，ought
to表示义务或责任，比should语气重。
I
should
help
her
because
she
is
in
trouble.
You
ought
to
take
care
of
the
baby.
2.
表示劝告、建议和命令。should、ought
to可通用，但在疑问句中常用should。
You
should
/
ought
to
go
to
class
right
away.
Should
I
open
the
window?
3.
表示推测，should、ought
to
(客观推测)，must(主观推测)。
He
must
be
home
by
now.
(断定他已到家)
He
ought
to/should
be
home
by
now.(不太肯定)
This
is
where
the
oil
must
be.(直爽)
This
is
where
the
oil
ought
to/should
be.(含蓄)
考向六 情态动词表推测的用法
1．can用于肯定句中表示客观的可能性，意为＂有时会＂；用于疑问句中可以表示推测，意为＂可能＂，有时表示一种惊讶的语气；用于否定句中也可以表示推测，can’t意为＂不可能＂，语气很强烈。
?As
we
all
know，an
experienced
teacher
can
make
mistakes.
众所周知，一位有经验的老师也会犯错。
?He
can’t
have
left.
His
coat
is
here.
他不可能已经走了。他的外套还在这里。
?Mr
Bush
is
on
time
for
everything.
How
can
it
be
that
he
was
late
for
the
meeting？布什先生做什么事情都很准时，他怎么可能开会迟到呢？
2．may/might用于肯定句中可以用来表示不十分肯定的推测，意为＂有可能＂；用于否定句中也可以表示推测，may
not意为＂可能不＂，表示一种不太确定的语气。
?—What
are
you
doing
this
Saturday?
—I’m
not
sure，but
I
might
go
to
the
Rolling
Stones
concert.
——本周六你打算干什么？
——还说不定，但我可能会去滚石音乐会。
3．must表示推测时只能用于肯定句中，意为＂一定，必定＂，表示十分肯定的语气(在疑问句中或否定句中要用can/could)。
?Someone
must
have
used
my
umbrella
yesterday.
I
found
it
wet.
昨天一定有人用了我的雨伞，我发现它湿了。
4．should用来表示推测时意为＂应该＂，即含有＂按道理来说应当如此＂的意思。
?There
shouldn’t
be
any
difficulty
about
passing
the
road
test
since
you
have
practiced
a
lot
in
the
driving
school.
因为你在驾校训练了那么多，通过路考应该没什么困难。
考向七 ＂情态动词＋have
done＂的用法
情态动词＋have
done
用法
must
have
done
一定做过某事，其否定形式为can’t/couldn’t
have
done
can/could
have
done
(1)本来能够做但却未做(2)可能做过某事
can’t/couldn’t
have
done
不可能做过某事
may/might
have
done
或许/可能做过某事
should/ought
to
have
done
本该做但却未做，其否定形式表示本不该做但却做了
needn’t
have
done
做了本没有必要做的事情
1.＂must
have
done＂
?表示对过去事情的肯定推测，译成＂一定做过某事＂，该结构只用于肯定句。
?It
must
have
rained
last
night,
for
the
ground
is
wet.
昨晚一定下雨了，因为地面还是湿的。
?You
must
have
been
mad
to
speak
to
the
servant.
你和仆人说话，一定是发疯了。
2.＂can’t
have
done＂
表示对过去事情的否定推测，译成＂不可能做过某事＂。
?Mr
Smith
can’t
have
gone
to
Beijing,
for
I
saw
him
in
the
library
just
now.
史密斯先生不可能去北京了，我刚才还在图书馆见过他。
?Mary
can’t
have
stolen
your
money.
She
has
gone
home.
玛丽不可能偷你的钱，她回家去了。
3.＂can
have
done＂
?表示对过去行为的怀疑，用于疑问句，译成＂可能做过……吗？＂。
?There
is
no
light
in
the
room.
Can
they
have
gone
out?
屋里没有灯，他们可能出去了吗？
?There
is
nowhere
to
find
them.
Where
can
they
have
gone?
到处找不到他们，他们可能到什么地方去呢？
4.＂could
have
done＂
是虚拟语气，表示对过去事情的假设，意思是本来能够做某事而没有做。
?He
could
have
passed
the
exam,
but
he
was
too
careless.
本来他能够通过考试，但是他太粗心。
5.＂may
have
done＂
表示对发生过的事情的推测，意思是＂可能已经＂或＂也许已经＂，用于肯定句中。
?—What
has
happened
to
George?
乔治发生了什么事？
—I
don’t
know.
He
may
have
got
lost.
我不知道，他可能迷路了。
6.＂might
have
done＂
表示对过去事情的推测，might与may意思相同，但可能性更小。多用于虚拟语气结构中。
?She
might
have
achieved
greater
progress,
if
you
had
given
her
more
chances.
如果你多给她点机会，她可能已经取得了更大的成绩。
7.＂would
have
done＂
虚拟语气，表示对过去事情的假设，意思是＂本来会……＂。
?I
would
have
told
you
all
about
the
boy’s
story,
but
you
didn’t
ask
me.
我本来会告诉你这个小男孩的故事，但是你没有问我。
8.＂should
have
done＂
意思是＂本来应该做某事，而实际没做＂。＂shouldn’t+have+done＂表示本来不应该做某事，而实际做了。含有指责对方或自责的含义。
?Tom,
you
are
too
lazy.
The
work
should
have
been
finished
yesterday.
汤姆，你太懒惰了，这项工作本来应该昨天就做完的。
?Look,
Tom
is
crying.
I
shouldn’t
have
been
so
harsh
on
him.
看，汤姆哭了，我本不应该对他如此严厉的。
9.＂ought
to
have
done＂
表示过去应该做而实际并没有做，译成＂理应做……＂，往往表示遗憾。与＂should
have
done＂用法基本一样。
?I
ought
to
have
gone
home
last
Sunday.
我理应上星期日回家。
?You
ought
not
to
have
given
him
more
help.
你不应该帮助他那么多。
10.＂need
have
done＂
表示本来需要做某事而实际没有做。＂needn’t
have
done＂则表示＂本来不需要做某事而实际做了＂
?I
needn’t
have
bought
so
much
wine
—
only
five
people
came.
我本来没有必要买这么多酒，只来了五个人。
?He
need
have
hurried
to
the
station.
In
that
case,
he
wouldn’t
have
missed
the
train.
他本来需要快点去车站的，那样的话，他就不会误了火车。
—Sorry,
Mum!
I
failed
the
job
interview
again.
—Oh,
it’s
too
bad.
You
_____________
have
made
full
preparations.
A.
must
B.
can
C.
would
D.
should
【参考答案】D
【答案解析】考查情态动词+have
done结构。句意：——对不起，妈妈，我面试又失败了。——噢，那太糟糕了，你应该做好充分准备的。A.must必须；B.can可以；C.would将会；D.should应该。can
have
done＂表示对过去行为的怀疑，用于疑问句，译成＂可能做过……吗？＂；could
have
done表示对过去事情的假设，意思是本来能够做某事而没有做；must
have
done＂表示对过去事情的肯定推测，译成＂一定做过某事＂，该结构只用于肯定句；should
have
done＂的意思是＂本来应该做某事，而实际没做。故选D。
题组一
基础过关
I.
用适当的情态动词填空
1.
Can
you
help
me?
I
_________
never
understand
this.
2.
___________
you
tell
me
what
time
it
is,
please?
3.
Henry
________
walk
when
he
was
one
year
old.
4.
We
are
going
for
a
walk.
_________
you
like
to
join
us?
5.
Tom,
you
___________
leave
your
clothes
on
the
floor
like
this.
6.
The
road
is
wet.
It
__________
have
rained
last
night.
7.
He
has
waited
outside
for
half
an
hour.
___________
he
come
in?
8.
These
flowers
have
died.
You
_____________
have
watered
them.
9.
__________
she
be
ten
years
old
next
month?
10.
I
___________
have
hurt
your
feelings
but
it
was
not
my
intention.
II.
单项填空
1.
You
_____________
give
me
a
lift.
I
want
to
walk
home
for
exercise.
A.needn’t
B.couldn’t
C.can’t
D.mustn’t
2.
Remember
that
in
some
countries,
you
_____________
take
flowers
of
a
certain
colour,
because
they’re
unlucky.
A.could
not
B.needn’t
C.may
not
D.mustn’t
3.
—Being
young
generations
in
China,
_____________
they
take
up
all
of
the
challenges
and
opportunities
that
this
country
offers?
—Absolutely.
A.
mustn’t
B.
mightn’t
C.
shouldn’t
D.
couldn’t
4.
—_____________
you
interrupt
now?
Can’t
you
see
I’m
on
the
phone?
—Sorry,
sir,
but
it’s
an
emergency.
A.
Can
B.
Should
C.
Must
D.
Would
5.
It
is
said
that
people
_____________
reduce
the
risk
of
catching
some
serious
diseases
by
exercising.
A.
must
B.
can
C.
would
D.
need
6.
I
was
very
surprised
that
that
little
child
_____________
have
said
such
rude
words
to
his
parents.
A.
might
B.
could
C.
would
D.
should
7.
My
phone
_____________
have
been
stolen
while
I
was
taking
a
bus.
I
can’t
find
it
anywhere.
A.
can
B.must
C.should
D.would
8.
You
_____________
so
much
cash
with
you,
you
know
—
that
shop
accepted
checks.
A.couldn’t
have
taken
B.wouldn’t
have
taken
C.shouldn’t
have
taken
D.needn’t
have
taken
9.
Without
your
help,
we
_____________
our
task
on
time.
I
cannot
thank
you
enough.
A.can’t
finish
B.couldn’t
finish
C.can’t
have
finished
D.couldn’t
have
finished
10.
—Bob
didn’t
pass
this
exam.
—What
a
pity!
He
_____________.
A.
should
study
hard
B.
should
have
studied
hard
C.
would
have
studied
hard
D.
could
have
studied
hard
题组二能力提升
用适当的情态动词完成下面短文
Miss
Fang
couldn’t
read
for
very
long
without
getting
a
headache.
Her
mother
told
her
that
she
__1__go
to
the
Health
Service
and
see
a
doctor.＂You
should
see
a
doctor
as
soon
as
possible，＂
she
said.＂You
__2__need
glasses.＂
When
Miss
Fang
had
free
time,
she
went
to
the
Health
Service.
The
appointment
clerk
said
that
the
doctor
__3__see
her
at
3：30.
Miss
Fang
replied
that
she
would
not
be
able
to
be
there
at
3：30
because
she
had
a
class
then.＂The
doctor
__4__take
you
at
about
ten
to
four，＂
the
appointment
clerk
suggested.
＂__5__I
put
you
down
for
ten
to
four，or
would
you
rather
come
tomorrow？＂
Miss
Fang
thought
she
__6__(not)
waste
any
more
time.
The
teacher
shouldn’t
be
unhappy
if
she
asked
for
permission
to
leave
the
class
a
little
early,
as
he
was
always
so
kind
to
everyone.
And
she
replied,
＂I
think
I
__7__make
it
at
ten
to
four.＂
Miss
Fang
went
to
the
class.
She
asked
her
teacher,
＂__8__I
leave
at
3：45
today？I
__9__have
an
eye
examination.＂
As
expected,
the
teacher
said,
＂Yes,
of
course
you
__10__.＂
题组三体验真题
1.(2017·天津)
My
room
is
a
mess,
but
I
________clean
it
before
I
go
out
tonight.
I
can
do
it
in
the
morning.
A.
daren't
B.
shouldn't
C.
needn't
D.
mustn't
2.
(2016·天津)
It
was
really
annoying;
I
________
get
access
to
the
data
bank
you
had
recommended.
A.
wouldn’t
B.
couldn’t
C.
shouldn’t
D.
needn’t
3.(2016·浙江)George
_________
too
far
.
His
coffee
is
still
warm
.
A.
must
have
gone
B.
might
have
gone
C.
can’t
have
gone
D.
needn’t
have
gone
4.（2015
?
重庆）You
_________
be
Carol.
You
haven’t
changed
a
bit
after
all
these
years.
A.
must
B.
can
C.
will
D.
shall
题组一
基础过关
I.
用适当的情态动词填空
1.
can
2.
Could/Can
3.
could
4.
Would
5.
mustn’t
6.
must
7.
Shall
8.
should
9.
Will
10.
may
II.
单项填空
1.
A
【解析】考查情态动词。句意：你不必让我搭便车。为了锻炼我想走回家。needn’t不必；couldn’t（过去）不能；can’t不能；mustn’t禁止。故选A。
2.
D
【解析】考查情态动词。句意：记住在一些国家，你不能带某些颜色的花，因为它们是不幸运的。这里表示＂禁止＂用mustn’t。could
not不能（表示能力）；
needn’t不必；may
not可能不。故选D。
3.
C
【解析】考查情态动词。句意：作为中国的年轻一代，难道他们不应该接受这个国家提供的所有挑战和机会吗？should表示＂应该＂，故C项正确。
4.
C
【解析】考查情态动词。句意：——你偏要现在打断吗？难道你没有看见我在打电话吗？——对不起，但是这是紧急事情。Can
能够；Should应该；Must必须，偏要；Would将会。故选C。
5.
B
【解析】考查情态动词。句意：据说，人们可能通过锻炼减少得一些严重疾病的危险。这里要用情态动词can表示＂可能会＂。must必须；would将会；need需要。故选B。
6.
D
【解析】考查情态动词。句意：我十分震惊，那个小孩子竟然对他的父母说了那样粗鲁的话。由句意可知这里表示＂惊讶＂，故用should。
7.
B
【解析】考查情态动词。句意：一定是我乘坐公共汽车的时候手机被偷了。我到处都找不到它。can能；must必须；should应该；would将会。must
have
done过去一定做某事。故选B。
8.
D
【解析】考查情态动词+have
done。句意：——你本不必带这么多现金在身边。你知道那家商店接受支票。couldn’t
have
taken过去不可能做了；wouldn’t
have
taken过去不会做而做了；shouldn’t
have
taken本不应该做某事而做了；needn’t
have
taken过去本不必做某事而做了。故选D。
9.
D
【解析】考查情态动词+完成式的用法。句意：没有你的帮助，我不可能按时完成我们的任务。我再怎么感谢你都不过。对过去事情的否定推测用couldn’t
have
doneb表示过去不可能做某事。故选D。
10.
B
【解析】考查情态动词+have
done。句意：——Bob没有通过考试。——真遗憾！他本应该努力学习的。should
have
done意为＂过去本应该做却没有做＂，would
have
done意为＂过去本来会做却没有做＂；could
have
done意为＂过去本可能做却没有做＂。故选B。
题组二能力提升
适当的情态动词完成下面短文
1.should
2.might
3.could
4.might
5.Shall
6.shouldn’t
7.can
8.May/Can
9.must
10.can
题组三
体验真题
1.C 【解析】
考查情态动词。根据“I
can
do
it
in
the
morning.”可知现在没必要打扫房间。故选C项。needn't不必；daren't不敢；shouldn't不应该；mustn't不准，禁止。句意：我的房间很乱，不过今晚在我出去之前，我没必要打扫它。我可以在(明天)早晨打扫。
2.B
【解析】句意：这真是令人生气的；我不能进入你推荐的数据库。wouldn’t不愿意；couldn’t不能；shouldn’t不应该；needn’t不必。故选B。
3.C
【答案】句意：乔治不可能走得太远了。他的咖啡仍然是温的。can’t
have
done是对过去的否定推测；must
have
done过去一定做了某事；might
have
done过去可能做了某事；needn’t
have
done过去本不必做某事。故选C。
4.D
【解析】句意：你肯定是卡罗，这些年你一点也没有变化。must表示对现在的肯定推测。
