英语教师讲义
学员姓名: 年 级:
科 目:英语 学科教师:
课程主题:名词&冠词&数词&介词&代词
授课时间:
学习目标
掌握词性的正确运用
教学内容
【知识梳理1】名词
名词的分类 :总的来说,英语中的名词可以分为专有名词和普通名词两类。
(1)专有名词:表示人、地方、事物、机构、组织等专有名称的名词。例如:Lucy,Shanghai,the Communist Party of China,the United States等。专有名词的第一个字母要大写。
(2)普通名词:表示某一类人或事物或表示一个抽象概念的名称的名词。例如:worker,boy,machine等。普通名词又可分为以下四类:
A.个体名词:表示个体的人或事物的名词。例如:man ,pencil,chair等。
B.集体名词:表示一群人或一些事物的总称的名词。例如:class,police,army ,family等。
C.物质名词:表示无法分为个体的物质或材料的名词。例如:rice,g lass,water,porridge等。
D.抽象名词:表示状态、品质、动作、情感等抽象概念的名词。例如:life,love等。
2、可数名词的数
可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。单数表示一个人或事物,复数表示一个以上的人或事物。名词单数变复数的形式有规则变化与不规则变化之区别。
A.规则变化
(1)一般在名词后加s。
(2)“以辅音字母+y”结尾的,y变为i,然后再加es。
例:baby----babies city---- cities country---countries
(3)以s, x, sh, ch结尾的,在后面加es。
例:class----classes; fox----foxes; brush----brushes; watch----watches
(4)以f或fe结尾的单词把f或fe改为v, 再加es。
例:thief---thieves; life----lives; wife----wives; self----selves;
例外:roof----roofs(屋顶); proof----proofs(证据)
(5)以o结尾的名词,一般是在后面直接加s。
例:kilo----kilos; photo----photos; zoo----zoos; bamboo----bamboos
以o结尾的名词初中阶段只有四个单词加es。
即:hero----heroes mango----mangoes potato----potatoes tomato----tomatoes
(6)不规则变化:
1、含man的名词,一般变man为men。
例:man----men; woman----women; policeman----policemen
例外:German----Germans;walkman----walkmans(随身听)
将oo改为ee
例:tooth----teeth foot----feet goose----geese(鹅,不是初中词汇)
3、单数、复数形式相同
如:deer—deer,sheep—sheep,fish—fish,Chinese—Chinese,people—people。
4、有些词只有复数形式
5、某些由两个部分构成的物体的名词。
如:trousers等。
某些通常以复数形式出现的名词。
如:clothes,goods,stairs等。
其他变化
如:child—children ,mouse—mice.
由man或woman构成的复合名词,两者都要变成复数
如:a man teacher→ two men teachers; a woman doctor→ ten women doctors
3、不可数名词的数
(1)不可数名词就是表示无法分清个体的名词。这类词主要为抽象名词和物质名词。计算不可数名词时,用“数词或冠词+量词+0f+不可数名词”这样的结构来表示,量词可以是单数也可以是复数.但of后的名词只用单数。
如:a piece of apple pie一块苹果派 two cups of tea两杯茶 three items of news三条消息
four buckets of water四桶水 a drop of water一滴水 a ray of hope一线希望
注:如果不能表示明确数量,要用much, a little, a lot of/lots of, some, any等表示多少
如:The rich man has a lot of money.
There is some milk in the bottle.
Is there any water in the glass?
I don't like winter because there's too much snow and ice.
(2) 注意一下几个名词单复数问题
2)有些抽象名词的复数形式表示不同的含义:
Arm(手臂)→arms(军火), glass(玻璃)→glasses(眼镜),
Cloth(布)→clothes(衣服), water(水)→waters(水域,海洋等)
Force(力量)→forces(军队), game(游戏)→games(运动会),
paper(纸张)→papers(报纸), people(人,人们)→peoples(民族),
manner(方式)→manners(礼貌), time(时间)→times(时代),
spirit(精神)→spirits(心情), sand(沙)→sands(沙漠),
interest(兴趣) →interests(利益), work(工作)→works(著作),
coffee(咖啡)→coffees(几杯咖啡)
4、名词所有格
(1)名词所有格的构成法
A. 单数名词词尾加’ s,复数名词词尾若没有s,也要加’ s。
the worker's bike,the Children’ s ball
B. 表示几个人共有一样东西,只需在最后一个人的名字后加’ s若表示各自所有,则需在各个名字后’ s。如:
This is Lucy and Licy’ s room.
These are Kate's and jack’ s rooms.
C. 如果是通过在词尾加—s构成的复数形式的名词,只加’。如:
the students’ books,the girls’ blouses
(2)名词+of+名词名词是有生命的,我们就用’s结构来表示所有关系。如果名词所表示的事物是无生命的,我们就要用名词+of+名词的结构来表示所有关系.如:
the legs of the desk,the door of the room
但在表示名词所有格时,’ s结构也常可转换成of结构。有些表示时间,距离、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词,也可以加’s来构成所有格.
如:ten minutes' walk,today's newspaper
【知识梳理2】冠词
冠词含义:冠词主要放在名词之前,说明所表示的人或物,不能单独作句子成分,冠词分为不定冠词(a,an)和定冠词(the)两种。
1)不定冠词的用法
用法
示例
(1)用于单数名词前表示泛指某一类人或事物。
Kobe is a basketball player.
科比是一名篮球选手。
(2)表示初次提到某人或某物。
I have a sister.
我有一个妹妹。
(3)表示“一个”,和one 的意思相近,但one更强调数量。
Bob will come back in a week.
鲍勃一周后会回来。
(4)表示“每一”,和every的意思相近。
It is said that an apple a day keeps the doctor away.
据说一天吃一个苹果,身体健康不求医。
(5)用于序数词前,表示“再一,又一”,和another的意思相近。
Would you like a second cup of tea?
你想再要一杯茶吗?
(6)用于一些固定词组或短语中。
a little一点儿
have a look 看一看
不定冠词a与an的不同用法
词条
用法
示例
a
a用在以辅音音素开头的字母或单词前。
a “u”一个字母“u”
a boy一个男孩
an
an用在以元音音素开头的字母或单词前。
an “m”一个字母“m”
an apple
一个苹果
特殊情况
(1)某些单词以不发音的辅音字母开头,但第一个音素是元音音素,这时要用an。
an honest boy
一个诚实的男孩
an hour
一个小时
(2)某些单词以元音字母开头,但第一个音素是辅音音素,这时要用a。
a useful book
一本有用的书
3)定冠词的用法:下列情况用定冠词the
用法
示例
(1)特指某(些)人或某(些)事物。
The man on the bike is a doctor.
骑自行车的那个人是一位医生。
(2)指谈话双方都知道的人或事物。
Look at the blackboard,please.
请看黑板。
(3)前面已提到的人或物,在第二次提到时要用the来表示特指。
Yesterday an 8?year?old boy fell into the river.The boy was saved by a policeman.
昨天一个八岁的男孩掉进了河里。这个男孩被一位警察救了。
(4)用于序数词、形容词的最高级及only,very,same等词修饰的名词前。
He is the first one to leave the classroom.
他是第一个离开教室的。
He is the only one I know in the city.
在这个城市他是我唯一认识的人。
(5)用于乐器类的名词前。
play the piano弹钢琴
play the guitar 弹吉他
(6)用于表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词前。
the moon月球 the earth地球
the sun 太阳 the sky天空
(7)由普通名词构成的表示组织、机构、建筑、国家名、书名等专有名词前多数要用定冠词the。
the Great Wall 长城
the Palace Museum故宫
the Peace Hotel 和平饭店
the WTO世界贸易组织
(8)用于某些形容词前,表示一类人,也可用于姓氏复数前,表示一家人或夫妇。
the rich 富人 the young 年轻人
the blind 盲人 the dead死者
the Smiths史密斯一家人或夫妇
(9)用于“the+比较级”与of the two连用,表示“两者中较……的”或“the+比较级,the+比较级”表示“越……,就越……”。
He is the taller of the two boys.
他是两个男孩中较高的一个。
The more you eat,the fatter you will be.
你吃得越多,你就会越胖。
零冠词(不用冠词)的用法
用法
示例
(1)一些由普通名词构成的专有名词前不用冠词,如:街名、广场名、公园名、大学名、节日名等。
Nanjing Road南京路 Times Square时代广场 Beihai Park北海公园
(2)可数名词复数和不可数名词表示一类人或事物时,不用冠词。
Horses are useful animals.
马是有用的牲畜。
(3)球类运动、棋类游戏或表示三餐的名词前不用冠词。
play basketball打篮球
play chess 下棋
have lunch 吃午饭
(4)表示季节、月份或星期的名词前不用冠词。
in spring在春天
in June在六月
(5)前面已有人称代词、指示代词或不定代词作定语的名词前不用任何冠词。
This is our first class.
这是我们的第一节课。
(6)某些习语或固定词组中的名词前不用任何冠词。
by train 乘火车
go to school 去上学
【知识梳理3】数词
1、数词的概念和分类
英语的数词可分为基数词和序数词两大类。
基数词表示的是人或事物的个数,而序数词表示的是这些数目的顺序。
批注:可简单表述为“数词是表示事物的数量和顺序的词,分基数词和序数词两种。”
2、基数词
(1)基数词的词形
批注:基数词的构成是基础内容,是需要学生记住的知识点。学生之前学习过基数词和序数词的相关知识。因此,老师可以通过朗读口诀的方式,帮助学生回顾相关的内容。关于基数词的口诀如下“英语数词不难记,找出规律很容易;一至十二词不同,一个一个单独记;后面加teen变十几,thirteen,fifteen辩仔细;eighteen只有一个t,两个音节辩清晰;十至九十后加ty,twenty不同重点记;forty去掉字母u,thirty,fifty更出奇;十位数后个位数,表示数值几十几;按序排列不费力,连字符号莫丢弃。巧学妙记加努力,hundred是你的好成绩。”
(2) 基数词的读法
读数时,从左向右三位三位地按照三位数读法读,遇上逗号就分别加上该逗号所表示的数词。
批注:
1)三位数的读写法:个位与十位之间用连字符“-”;百位与十位之间加and;十位为零时也要加and。
如:
365读作 three hundred and six-five
605读作 six hundred and five
2)大于三位数的读写法:从个位起每三位打一个撇号“,”,第一个撇号读thousand,第二个撇号读million,各撇号之间的数按三位及三位以下的数的读法读。
如:2,3589 读作twenty-three thousand five hundred eighty-nine
(3)基数词的用法
1.基数词与名词连用表示编号。
Lesson Eight? 第八课; Class One, Grade Three? 三年级一班; Room 102? 102号房间
No.4 Middle School? 四中;38 Changan Street? 长安街38号; Bus No.10? 10路公共汽车
2.数词复数表示年龄和年代、时间。
1)表年龄
①表确切年龄
(1) 一般直接用基数词表示
Her daughter is eighteen. 她的女儿18岁。
(2) 用“基数词 + years old”表示,有时可将years old 换成years of age。如:
Her daughter is eighteen years old. / Her daughter is eighteen years of age. 她的女儿18岁。
(3) 用“at the age of +基数词”表示。如:
Her daughter got married at the age of eighteen. 她的女儿18岁就结了婚。
(4) 用“基数词-year-old”表示,此结构常做(前置)定语。如:
Her 18-year-old daughter is now in the university. 他18岁的女儿现在上大学。
②表示不确切年龄,用几十的复数形式结构为be in one’s +数词复数 在某人几十多岁
In my thirties 在我三十几岁时
The old man is now in his eighties.这位老人现在已经80多岁了。
2)表示年代
①世纪可以用定冠词加序数词加世纪century表示,也可以用定冠词加百位进数加's表示
the sixth(6th)century 公元六世纪
the eighteenth(18th)century 公元十八世纪
the 1900's 二十世纪
the 1600's 十七世纪
②年代用定冠词及基数词表示的世纪加十位整数的复数形式构成?
批注:in+定冠词the+数词的复数形式,表示年代。
? ??in the 1870s? 在十九世纪七十年代
③表示某年代的早期、中期和晚期,可以在定冠词后,年代前添加 early,mid-,late
in the early 1920's 在二十世纪二十年代早期
in the mid-1950's 在二十世纪五十年代中期
3)表示时间。
表示时间有两种方法:
①表示“几点过几分”,30分钟之内用介词past。
八点十分ten past eight??? 九点一刻 a quarter past nine??? 12∶30 half past twelve
②表示“几点差几分”,30分钟之内(不包括30分整),用介词to。
7∶50 ten to eight? 8∶45 a quarter to nine? 12∶50 ten to one
③也可以按照时刻表直接读数字。
二点四十two forty???? 五点半five thirty??? 七点一刻seven fifteen??? 九点零五nine 0 five
4. hundred, thousand, million的用法
数字+hundred +名词复数 = hundreds/thousands/millions of + 名词复数
five hundred students hundreds of students
批注:关于hundred, thousand, million等的用法建议用口诀记忆(?“前有后无,前无后有”)。即模糊数字两有(有-s,有-of),具体数字两无(无-s, 无-of)。
2、序数词的词形
(1)序数词的用法
1)序数词在使用时,通常前面要加定冠词the ;但是如果序数词前出现物主代词,则不需要加the;
the first time; his first birthday;
?
2)序数词可表示日期(用在天数的后面)。
It's September the first today.? 今天是9月1日。
It happened on September 18th, 1931.? 这发生在1931年9月18日。
3)序数词可以表示编号。
批注:the+序数词+名词=名词+基数词
the twelfth lesson (=Lesson12) 第十二课???? the second paragraph (=Paragraph Two) 第二段
the fourth Middle School (=No.4 Middle School) 第四中学???
the thirty eighth room(=Room 38) 第38号房间???? the tenth page?? (Page 10)第10页
【知识梳理4】分数的表达方法
表示分数时,分子用基数,分母用序数,分子大于1,分母用复数;
四分之三 three fourths 六分之五 five sixths
例1:The number of the students in our school is about nine ____. ____ of them are boys. (2010贵州铜仁)
A. hundred; Two thirds B. hundred; Two third
C. hundreds; Two thirds D. hundreds; Two third
【答案】A
【解析】表示确数时,记数单位如hundred, thousand不用加复数。表示分数时,分子用基数词,分母用序数词。如分子大于1,分母用序数词的复数形式。故选择A。
例2: About_______of the students in our class were born in the . (2011黑龙江绥化市)
A. two-thirds, 1990s B. two-thirds, 1990 C. two-third, 1990s
【答案】A
【解析】分数的分子用基数词,分母为序数词。分子不是一的,分母序数词加S。表示年代的要在后面加“s”。故选A。
2)分数修饰名词时,后用of短语;
1/3 one third of teachers ;
3/7 three sevenths of the boys;
3)特殊的分数——……个半;
A. 基数词+and a half+可数名词复数;
B. 基数词+可数名词复数+and a half
two and a half kilos=two kilos and a half
one and a half hours=one hour and a half
4)百分数的表达方式是:基数词+ percent(单数形式)+of+名词。
Thirty percent of the students in my class are from cities.??? 我班30%的学生来自城市。
About 61 percent of the surface is covered by water.??? 大约61%的表面被水覆盖着。
例1:For breakfast, I usually have______ and two pieces of bread.
A. a cup of mild half B. half a cup of milk C. a half milk cup D. half a milk cup
【答案】B
【解析】half的用法。表示“半……”用“ half a / an+名词 of ...”。
【知识梳理5】another+基数词+名词=基数词+more+名词
“another+基数词+名词=基数词+more+名词”表示“再几个......;又几个......”
--Do you have enough students to carry the boxes?
---No, I think we need three more students. /No, I think we need another three students.
例1:---How long will Philip stay here?
---Two ______ weeks till he lives.
A. many B. much C. more D. most
【答案】C
【解析】another+基数词+名=基数词+more+名”表示“再几个......;又几个......”本题选C.
例2:In order to finish the project, we’ll have to work hours a day.
A. more two B. two another C. another two
【答案】C
【解析】another+基数词+名=基数词+more+名”表示“再几个......;又几个......”。所以本题选C.
例3:—Would you like to have _____ apples?
—No, thank you..I’ve had enough.
A. other two B. another two C. more two D. two others
【答案】B
【解析】another+基数词+名=基数词+more+名”表示“再几个......;又几个......”,所以本题选B.
【知识梳理6】序数词前有无定冠词“the”的规定。
序数词前常用定冠词“the”,但以下三种情况不用the:
1)序数词前有物主代词或名词的所有格时,序数词前不用the ;
Lily’s second pen .
2)序数词的意义为“another”时,序数词前不用the,常用a / an ;
You’d better try a second time . 你最好再试一次。
3)谈论考试、比赛获得的名次时,序数词前常不用the;
Who was second in the high jump? 跳高谁第二名?
批注:请注意,序数词前加the时,表示“第几”;序数词前加a/an时,表示“又一、另一”。
例1:-- I hear your friend is visiting San Ya again. Is it the second time for him?
-- Yes, and he will come for time next spring.
A. a third B. a second C. the third
例2: Both of the two rulers are broken. I want to buy a ________ one.
A. three B. third C. fourth D. /
【答案】B
【解析】根据题意,两个尺子都坏掉了,所以应该是再买一个,所以选B.
【知识梳理7】倍数的表达
1)表示倍数时,用half表示“一半”,用twice或double表示“两倍”,用“基数词+times”表示三倍或三倍以上
2)表示倍数的常用句式:
A. 倍数+as+adj/adv+as
Your apple is twice as big as mine.
His pen is half as long as hers.
B 倍数+as+many / much+n.+as
He has four times as many books as you.
C 倍数+the height / weight / length / width+of
This tree is double the length of that one.
Jim is three times weight of Tom.
D 倍数+形容词比较级+than
The sun is 100 million times bigger than the earth.
批注:例句的中文都没有给出,老师可以让学生自己翻译,以检测学生是否真的理解这些句型结构的意思。
例:We have two ears and one mouth so that we can listen________we speak.
A. as twice much as B. twice as much as C. as much as twice D. as much twice as
【答案】B
【解析】倍数表达法倍数+as+many / much+n.+as,所以选B.
【知识梳理8】“基数词-名词-形容词”结构
“基数词-名词-形容词”只能用来放到名词前作定语。
She is a 3-year-old girl.
批注:“基数词-名词-形容词”这种结构中名词不能用复数,同时只能作定语。用作表语时,不用连字符,名词有复数。如:Tony is 10 years old this year.;Tony is a 10-year-old boy.老师可以让学生比较这两种结构的区别,这在中考中属于易错题型,需要课后通过大量相关练习进行巩固。
【知识梳理9】地点的介词
批注:正式讲解时间介词之前,先让学生说出上一部分初中学习了解过的时间介词有哪些。表示地点的介词:at,in,on,under,by,near,between,around,opposite。
1. at,in
1)at在某地(表示比较狭窄的场所)
如:
at 2 Baker Street在贝克街2号; at home在家; at the crossroads在十字路口;
at the bus stop在公共汽车站; at the station在火车站;
e.g.
I’ll meet him at the Beijing railway station.我将去北京站接他。
2)in在某地(表示比较宽敞的场所)
如:
in Beijing在北京;in the world在世界上;in china在中国;in the street在街上;in bed躺在床上;in the yard在院子里
e.g.
Mike works in the prison.迈克在这个监狱工作。
She was born in China.她是在中国出生的。
批注:at与in接地点简单的总结为“at多指较小的地方,如车站、家等,而in多指在“大地方”,如城市、国家、大洲等。(但大小有时也是相对的)。”
2. on,above,over,under,below
1)on在……上面,有接触面。
如:
on the desk在桌子上面;on the map在地图上。
e.g.
There are two maps on the wall.墙上有两张地图。
批注:on作为地点介词还有“在……靠近……的地方”的意思;常构成以下短语:on the right在右边;on the screen在屏幕上;on the river在河边;on the farm在农场;on the floor在地板上;on the island/beach在岛上/海滨;on the pavement在人行道上。
2)above在……上方
e.g.
Our plane flew above the clouds.我们的飞机在云端上飞行。
3)below在……下方(不一定是正下方)
There are a lot of fishes below the surface of the water.水面下有许多各式各样的鱼。
批注:正下方是under,below是above的反义词。
4)over在……正上方,是under的反义词
e.g.
There is a light over Li Ming.李明的正上方有一盏灯。
A few birds were flying over the sea.有几只鸟在海上飞。
5)under在……下面;在……之内
如:
under the table桌子下面;under the jacket在夹克内
e.g.
The dog is under the table.这只狗在桌子下面。
批注:above,over,under,below的区别可以以简单的口诀强化“直上over,above斜,under,below下相反”,以帮助学生更好背诵。
3. near,by
1)near近的,不远的;
Is there a bus stop near here?这儿附近有公共汽车站吗?
2)by在……旁边,距离比near要近
如:
by the window在窗户旁边;by me在我旁边
e.g.
The boy is standing by the window.这个男孩正站在窗户旁边。
批注:near与by组合在一起就是“nearby”意为“adj.附近的; 不远的;adv.附近地; 近旁地,如,He works in the nearby police station.他在附近的警察局工作。”基础扎实,理解能力较强的学生可以拓展讲解。不要求记住,知道nearby意思即可。
4. between,among,around
1)between在两者之间
e.g.
My teacher is sitting between Tom and Mike.我们的老师正坐在汤姆和迈克之间。
What’s the difference between A and B?A和B之间有什么区别?
2)among在三者或更多的之中
e.g.
There is a beautiful house among the trees.在树林之中有一间漂亮的房子。
He is very popular among the students.他在学生之中很受欢迎(很出名)。
批注:一句话总结between与among的区别“between是指“在两者之间”,而among指“在多个之间”,“在......与......之间”常用固定结构“between...and...”。
3)around环绕,在……周围,在……四周
e.g.
We sat around the table.我们在桌子四周坐下来。
The earth moves around the sun.地球围绕太阳转。
5. in front of,behind,opposite
1)in front of在……的前面;
e.g.
There is a tree in front of the house.在房屋前面有一棵树。
批注:in the front of表示“在……前部”,指里面。如,There is a big desk for the teacher in the front of the classroom.
在教室的前部有一张大讲桌。
2)behind在……后面
e.g.
There is a tree behind my house.
批注:behind是in front of的反义词;in the front of 的反义词为 at the back of 在...的后面(在...的背后)。上面的例句可以改为There is a tree at the back of my house.我家房子后面有一棵树。请老师提醒学生,它们的反义词是不一样的,并要熟记。
3)opposite在……对面
e.g.
Our school is opposite a university,我们学校在一所大学的对面。
He stood opposite me.他站在我对面。
【知识梳理10】方向介词
批注:正式讲解方向介词之前,先让学生说出上一部分初中学习了解过的时间介词有哪些。表示方向的介词:into,out of,along,across,through,up,past。
1. in,into,out of,up,down
1)in在……之内,用于表示静止的位置
e.g.
The students are in the classroom.学生们在教室里。
2)into进入;
e.g.
The students run into the classroom.学生们跑进教室。
He jumped into the water.他跳入水中。
批注:into用于表示有特定终点的运动的方向。通常用于表示动作的动词之后,如:go,come,walk,run,等。这里要进行知识的发散。我们在9A学习过不能与into连用的动词是哪一个?enter不能与into连用,如“进入房间 enter the room”而不是“enter into room”,但可以说“come into the room”。
3)out of和into一样,也表示有一定的运动方向
e.g.
The students rushed out of the room.学生们冲出房间。
批注:out of的基本含义:从……到外面,离开;在……范围之外;从(某个数)之中。常用短语为stick out伸出,run out of 跑出.......。
4)up向上;down向下;
如:
stand up 起立;sit down 坐下
e.g.
The children climbed up the tree.孩子们爬上了树。
2)across横过
e.g.
I often swim across the river.我常游泳横渡这条河。
3)past经过
e.g.
Every day he runs past the city hall.他每天跑步经过市政府。
4)through贯穿,通过
e.g.
The sun shone through the clouds.阳光穿过云层照射下来。
The river was through the city.这条河穿过这个城市。
批注:across 一般与go,come,swim等行为动词(go across, come across, swim across是必须记住的短语,老师可以让学生自己总结,不全的话有老师补充)连用,表“穿过(某物体上方)”。across与cross的区别。cross:动词 可直接在句中作谓语动词,Be careful when you cross the street.过马路要当心。through,侧重于“从物体内部穿过或通过”。
3. to,from,for
1)to到达……地点(目的地)或方向
e.g.
He came to Japan in 1980.他1980年来到日本。
2)for表示目的地,“向……”
批注:for表目的时,一般都是和固定动词搭配。如,leaver for动身去……;start for出发去……
e.g.
I will leaver for America next week.下周我将动身去美国。
3)from从……地点起
e.g.
It’s about ten minutes’ walk from here to the cinema. 从这儿到电影院大约需步行十分钟。
【知识梳理11】其他介词
介词除了可以表示“时间”、“场所”以外,有些也可以表示“手段”、“材料”等。
1. 表示手段和材料的介词with,in,by
1)with
A.和……在一起
e.g.
Will you please go with me?你和我一起去好吗?
B.具有、带有
e.g.
He was a handsome boy with large bright eyes.他是有着一双明亮大眼睛的英俊男孩。
C.用某种工具或办法
e.g.
Li Li cut her hand with a knife.莉莉用刀把手指弄破了。
He wrote the letter with a new pen.他用一只新钢笔写这封信。
批注:“with(+形容词)+名词”构成的介词短语可以作定语,放在其所修饰名词的后面,表示名词的特征。在7B中我们曾经学习过这样一个短语“a room with a12 showers and 4 baths.一个带有12个淋浴器和4个浴缸的房间”,老师可以通过这个短语引导学生回顾with构成介词短语作后置定语的用法。常考短语with one’s help在某人的帮助下。如,With the teacher’s help I have made progress.在老师的帮助下,我取得了进步。
2)in表示用什么材料(如用墨水,铅笔等),或用什么语言,或者表示衣着、声调特点时,不用with,而用in。
e.g.
She wrote a letter in black ink.她用黑色的墨水写信。
Can you speak in English?你能用英语说吗?
批注:in和with①用in,with表示工具或方法时,在译成中文时区别不大,但在英语上的用法却不大相同。②用“with”时,后面的名词要加上冠词或代词。with my ears.用我的耳朵。with a pencil.用一只铅笔。③用in时,后面加物质名词,不能加冠词。In ink用墨水(钢笔)in pencil用铅笔。
3)by通过……方法、手段
e.g.
I’ll go home by train this Spring Festival.
批注:关于by的必备短语为“by+交通工具”的词组:by bicycle骑自行车;by train坐火车;by plane/by air坐飞机;by taxi坐出租车;by car坐小汽车;by ship坐船;by bus坐公共汽车。老师先说中文,让学生说出英文,重点标注和讲解学生出错的短语。“by doing sth通过做某事”也是一定要记住的。9Aunit5中有这样一句话“通过向人们展示大自然的美,赫本提醒人们要保护环境”,老师可以让学生翻译这句话,以
2. of,from
1)of(属于)……的;表示……的数量或种类
This is a map of china.这是一幅中国地图。
Will you please give me a cup of tea?请您给我一杯茶好吗?
2)from来自(某地、某人);以……起始(时间或地点)
I’m from Nanjing.我是南京人。
I have got a letter from my friend.我收到了一封我朋友的来信。
3. without,like,as
1)without没有,是with的反义词。
Man can’t live without air and water.人类没有空气和水不能生存。
I can’t read the book without using a dictionary.不用字典,我看不了这本书.
批注:without与with的用法相似,那么without的用法可以让学生通过回顾with的用法来进行总结。这样既复习了with的用法,又掌握了without的用法。请看下面例句Please give me a cup of coffee with(without) milk.请给我一杯(不)加牛奶的咖啡。老师可以以此例句为例,让学生分析,或者直接让学生翻译。
2)like像……一样
e.g.
Nancy is just like her mother.南希和她的妈妈一样。
批注:Nancy looks like her mother.(南希和她妈妈长得一样。)用look时,强调外表。“象......一样”经常用的结构为“be like”由此我们可以看出“like”在这里是一个介词,而非动词。许多学生经常会将“be like”中的“like”看作是动词,这是不对的。在9Bunit1中,我们学习过这样一个句型“未来的生活将会是什么样的?What will the life be like in the future?”,老师可以用这样的方式帮助学生理解和回顾“like”作为介词的用法。
3)as作为
He is famous as a scientist here.他在此地作为一个科学家而闻名。
They treated me as a hero.他们像对待英雄那样对待我。
The room is dirty as usual.这房间像平时一样脏。
批注:as作为介词的时候,常考方式是放在固定的介词短语中。比如例句中的“be famous as 作为......而出名”“treat be as把某人........作为......看待/对待”“as usual象往常一样”。相关的短语还有as a matter of fact 实际上,事实上; as well as=and 和 as a result结果,因此。
4. against,about
1)against反对;靠着
e.g.
He is against the plan(Li Ming).他反对这个计划。(他反对李明)
The teacher is standing against the blackboard.老师正靠着黑板站着。
批注:against是9Aunit6中非常重点的单词,大多数学生只熟记了against“反对”的意思,并没有注意against的“靠着,紧挨”的意思。许多学生也会将against当作动词,因为翻译成中文是“反对”的意思,“反对”在中文中确实是动词,但在英语中是介词,老师需要在课堂中强调这些要点。
2)about
A.关于;各处;身旁
e.g.
Tell me something about your life.告诉我你的生活情况。
I have no money about/with me.我身上没带钱。
B.询问某人/某物的情况或提出建议
e.g.
What about your sister?你姐姐情况如何?
How about going to the park?去公园怎么样?
批注:例句“I have no money about/with me.我身上没带钱”这里about的用法不常见,但about作为介词时确实有这样的用法,这里老师需要提醒一下学生做一重点标注。
【知识梳理12】介词短语
批注:介词和动词、形容词或名词相结合后,形成复合词,有特定的意思。如下:1. 动词+介词(如:talk about,look at);2. Be动词+形容词+介词(如:be kind of);3. 介词+名词(如:at home,on foot,in time)。
1. 动词+介词
1)look up查看,查(字典);play with sth.玩某物(玩耍;hear from sb.收到某人的信;talk about sth.谈论某事;
2)talk to/with sb.和某人谈论;look at注视;listen to倾听;call on sb.拜访某人;arrive at/in 到达;take care of照顾;
3)wait for等待;look for寻找;suffer from 遭受;talk of 谈论 ;think of 考虑,想起;turn down 调低
2. Be动词+形容词+介词
1)be kind to对(某人)亲切;be good at在……做得好;擅长于……;be late for迟到;be afraid of害怕;
2)be sorry for sth.为……抱歉;be absent from缺席;be proud of以……为自豪;be found of 喜欢;be full of 充满
3)be interested in 对…有兴趣;be proud of 对…感到骄傲;be worried about 为…担心;be aware of 意识到
4)be busy with 忙于(某事) ;be different from 和…不同; be famous for 因…而出名
代词专题讲解
用来代替名词、名词短语或句子的词称为代词。代词可分为:人称代词、物主代词、反身代词和不定代词等。
【知识梳理1】人称代词
1、人称代词的分类
-113665-5715数
人称格
单数
复数
主格
宾格
主格
宾格
第一人称
I
me
we
are
第二人称
you
you
you
you
第三人称
he
she
it
him
her
it
they
them
2、人称代词的用法
句子的成份
例句
作主语(代替上文中提到的人或物)
Mrs. Sun is an English teacher. She teaches us geography.
作宾语(用宾格)
直接宾语
We often meet him at the school gate.
间接宾语
Granny offered us fruit.
介词宾语
Please sit between him and me.
作表语(用主格或宾格)
---Who is that?---It’s me.
It was I whom you saw at the station.
注意:
1.选用什么人称代词,取决于所要代替的名词。在数和性上要与所代替的名词保持一致。
2.如果有几个不同的人称代词同时作主语,且用 and, or连接时,习惯顺序是单数:第二人称、第三人称、第一人称,即:you, he/she, I。复数第一人称、第二人称、第三人称,即we, you and they。
【例题精讲】
例1. I can’t read the story. It is written in Russian. 我读不懂这个故事,它是用俄语写的。
例2. Let her play now. 现在让她玩吧。
例3. The sun gives us light and heat. 太阳给我们光和热。
例4. The teacher took good care of us. 老师把我们照顾得很好。
例5. It was I whom you saw at the station. 你在车站见到的是我。
例6. ---Who broke the window? ---I and Tom. 谁打破了窗子? 我和汤姆。
【巩固练习】
1. My parents showed ___ some old pictures that brought back sweet memories.
A. I B. me C. my D. mine
2. ---Miss Lin teaches _______English this term.
---You are lucky .______is a very good teacher.
A. our; She B. us; He C. us, She D. ours; He
Keys:B C
【知识梳理2】物主代词
1.物主代词的分类
物主代词是用来表示所有关系的,分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种。形容词性物主代词放在名词前作定语,相当于形容词;名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”,相当于名词,可以作主语、表语或宾语。
形容词性物主代词
数
人称
单数
复数
第一人称
my 我的
our 我们的
第二人称
your 你的
your 你们的
第三人称
his 他的,her 她的,its 它的
their 他们的
名词性物主代词
数
人称
单数
复数
第一人称
mine 我的
ours 我们的
第二人称
yours 你的
yours 你们的
第三人称
his 他的,hers 她的,its 它的
theirs 他们的
2. 物主代词的用法
(1)形容词性物主代词放在名词前作定语。
(2)名词性物主代词作名词用
本身就相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”,因此,后面不可再加名词。
可以作主语、表语、宾语
“of+名词性物主代词”可以放在名词后作定语,表示强调:
批注:物主代词最容易考的是形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词的区别,教师可以用模拟情景对话的方式帮助学生加深记忆。
【例题精讲】
例1. His pencil box is on the desk. 他的铅笔盒在桌子上。
例2. Richard’s school bag is blue and mine is black. 里查德的书包是蓝色的,我的书包是黑色的。(mine=my school bag)
例3. It’s his. 这是他的(东西)。
例4. He borrows your dictionary and you may borrow mine. 他借你的字典,你可以借我的。(作及物动词的宾语)
例5. He is a friend of mine. 他是我的一个朋友。
【巩固练习】
1. ---Excuse me, is this _______ iPad mini?
---No, it isn’t. _______ is at home.
A. your; Mine B. your; My C. yours; My D. yours; Mine
2. Is there any difference between your idea and___ ?
A. he B. his C. she D. her
Keys:AB
【知识梳理3】反身代词的用法
句子成分
例句
宾语
直接宾语
My father taught himself Japanese.
介词宾语
The twelve-year-old boy can take care of himself.
同位语
主语
同位语
She taught Thomas Edison herself.
宾语
同位语
--- Li Ming, I want to ask for leave.
---You’d better ask the teacher herself / himself.
表语
同位语
--- Who is the man?
---It was Mr. Yang himself.
表语
I’m not quite myself today itself. 今天我感到不舒服。
反身代词固定结构:
teach oneself 自学 say to oneself自言自说 improve oneself提高自己
learn. ... by oneself自学 enjoy oneself过得愉快 help oneself to. ..随便吃些….吧
批注:反身代词最常考的是以上的几个词组,教师应要求学生牢记。
【例题精讲】
例1. Please help yourselves to some fruit, everyone. 请随便吃一些水果。
例2. Don’t think too much of yourself. 你不要想太多。
例3. The detective story itself is worth reading. 这个侦探故事很值得阅读。
【巩固练习】
1. ---Help _____to some fish,my boy.
---Thanks.
A. you B. yours C. yourself D. yourselves
2. ---How was your visit to the World Park in Beijing?
---Wonderful! We enjoyed ______very much.
A. itself B. myself C. yourselves D. ourselves
Keys:CD
【知识梳理4】不定代词之普通不定代词
初中阶段常用的普通不定代词包括
some, any
few, little
None, one, other
many, much
either, neither
each, every
both, all
1.some与any
some通常用于肯定句中,在疑问句中, 当表示说话人希望得到的肯定回答或表达请求、建议时应用some.
any一般用来修饰或代替不可数名词及可数名词复数, 多用于疑问句、否定句、条件状语从句中, 用于肯定句表示任何一个或任何一些。
批注:此处可以先出一条题目Do you have _______ bread? I am so hungry. 让学生选择用some还是any。此处应该是希望得到对方的肯定回答,所以应该填some。
2.many与 much
many修饰可数名词复数,还可以与表示程度的副词如so, too, as, how等连用。
much修饰不可数名词,也可以与表示程度的副词如so, too, as, how等连用。
3.few与little
few, a few是表示数的代词, 用以代替或修饰可数名词;
little, a little是表示量的代词, 用以代替或修饰不可数名词。
a few和 a little表示肯定的意义, 而 few和little则表示否定意义。
批注:此处教师可提醒学生注意a little既可以表示一点儿,也可以表示一个小的…
4.either与neither
either表示“两者之中的任何一个”, 作主语时, 谓语动词用单数形式;
neither表示“两者都不”, 是对两者的否定, 作主语时, 谓语动词常用单数形式
批注:either与neither常用于短语either…or…和neither…nor…, 连接主语时, 谓语动词要与离它最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致, 即保持“就近”原则。
5.both与all
both意为“两者都”, both常与and连用; all指三者及以上, 或不可数的东西。
6.each与every
each与every都表示“每一个”,each侧重于个体,用来指两个或两个以上的人或事物,作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式;every侧重于整体,用来指三个或三个以上的人或物,作主语时谓语动词用单数形式。
7.other, the other, others, the others与another
1)other意为“另一个, 另一些, 另外的, 别的, 其他的”, 作定语修饰名词
2)the other表示“两者中的另一个”, 是特指, 常用句型有:两者常用one…the other, 三者或三者以上常用one…the others/the other two(three)…
3)others和some对比使用, 是“有些”的意思, 二不是作“其他”讲, 泛指“其他的人或物”。常见结构是:some…others…“一些……, 另一些……”
4)the others意为“其余的”, 表示在一个范围内的其他全部
5)another指三个或三个以上中的“任何一个;再一个, 又一个”
批注:这个知识点是学生最容易混淆的,讲解时,列出一个表格,让学生进行对比。
不定代词
意义
用法说明
other
另外的
后跟复数名词或不可数名词
若前面有the, this, that, some , any, every, each, no, one, my, your, his等,后可跟单数名词
the other
两者中的另一个
与one连用,one… the other….
后跟复数名词
others
泛指别的人或物
other的复数,后面不跟名词
与some连用,some …. others….
the others
特指其余的人或物
the other的复数,后面不跟名词
another
任何一个,另一个
三者或三者以上的任何一个,后跟可数名词单数
批注:由于不定代词需要辨析的知识点较多,建议教师先提问学生,了解学生的掌握程度,再讲解并辅以相关练习。
【例题精讲】
例1.---Would you like some coffee? ---Yes, please. 你想喝一些咖啡吗? 好的,请给我一杯。
例2. There are too many mistakes in your exercises.你的练习里错误太多。
例3. He never eats so much breakfast. 他从不吃那么多早餐。
例4. ---Could you give me some pens? ---Sorry, I have few to lend you. 你能给我一些钢笔吗? 对不起,我没有多余的借给你。
例5.---Do you have money? --Yes, I have a little on me. 你有钱么? 是的,我有一点在身上。
例6. There are trees on either side of the street. 这条街每边都有树。
例7.Neither of the books is good. 这两本书没有一本是好的。
例8. Both she and I are students. 她和我都是学生。
例9.All of us should go there. 我们所有人都应该去那里。
例10. There are trees on each side of the road.这条路的每一边都有树。
例11.Every student passed the exam.每个学生都通过了这次考试。
例12. ---Where are his other books? ---I haven't any other books except this one. 他的其他的书在哪里? 我除了这本书以外没有其他的了。
例13. He has two brothers. One is 10 years old, the other is 5 years old. 他有两个兄弟。一个是十岁,另一个五岁。
例14. Some went to the cinema, others went swimming. 一些人去了电影院,其他人去游泳。
例15.We got home by 4 o'clock, but the others didn't get back until 8 o'clock. 我四点钟的时候到家,但是剩下的人直到八点钟才回来。
例16. Mary doesn't want to buy this skirt. Would you please show her another one? 玛丽不想买这件短裙。你能给她再看一件吗?
【巩固练习】
1. --- Do you know how many hamburgers and sandwiches there are in the fridge?
--- ______. In fact, there is ______ in it. Look at the empty fridge.
A. Nothing; none B. None; nothing C. Neither; none D. Nothing; none
2. ---Why don’t we take a little break?
---Didn’t we just have_________?
A.it B.that C.one D.this
Keys:BC
【知识梳理5】不定代词之复合不定代词
由some, every, no, any分别与one, thing和body组合而成的代词, someone, something, somebody;everyone, everything, everybody;no one, nothing, nobody; anyone, anything, anybody
1.由every构成的不定代词大多具有“复数”的含义, 但并不能因此而将其用作复数, 因为此类词更强调个体, 使用时仍应以单数对待
2.由no构成的不定代词表示的是一种否定意义, 作主语时, 谓语动词多用单数形式
批注:这部分也是中考中的考查重点,需着重讲解。
【例题精讲】
例1. Every student is trying their best to achieve high scores in the exam.
例2. Nothing is impossible if you put your heart in it.
【巩固练习】
1. --I am so thirsty. Do you have something to drink?
--Sorry. There is_______ in the fridge.
A nothing B no one C anything D none
2. —Who is in the classroom?
—________________. Look! The students are playing outside.
A. None B. Nobody C. Nothing D. Anybody
3. --- What an amazing film Beauty and the Beast is!
--- I agree. But you know it won’t be liked by ______.
A. nobody B. anybody C. everybody D. somebody
Keys:DBC
一、单项填空
( )1.--- Where have you been, Tim?
--- I’ve been to ______.
A. the Henry house????? B. the Henry family C. The Henry’s home??? D. Henry’s
( )2.In England, if ____ is in the middle of the day, the evening meal is called supper.
A. food?? B. lunch?? C. breakfast?? D. dinner
( )3.You looked for it twice, but you haven’t found it. Why not try ____ .
A. three times?? B. a third time?? C. the third time?? D. once
( )4.--- They are thirsty. Will you please give them ______ ?
--- Certainly.
A. some bottles of waters?? B. some bottles of water C. some bottle of water???? D. some bottle of waters
( )5.Mike hurt one of his ______ in the accident yesterday.
A. tooth?? B. feet?? C. hand?? D. ear
( )6.There is some _______ on the plate.
A. cakes?? B. meat?? C. potato?? D. pears
( )7.In England, the last name is the? _______ .
A. family name?? B. middle?? C. given name?? D. full name
( )8.The are going to fly _______ to Beijing.
A. Germen?? B. Germany?? C. Germanys?? D. Germans
( )9.The______ has two _______ .
A. boys; watches?? B. boy; watch?? C. boy; watches?? D. boys; watch
( )10.The little baby has two _______ already.
A. tooth?? B. tooths?? C. teeth?? D. teeths
( )11.What’s your _______ for being late again?
A. idea?? B. key?? C. excuse?? D. news
( )12.--- It’s dangerous here. We’d better go out quickly.
--- But I think we should let _______ go out first.
A. woman and children?? B. women and child C. woman and child????? D. women and children
( )13.--- You can see Mr. Smith if there is a sign “_______ ”on the door of his shop.
--- Thanks.
A.ENTRANCE?????? B.BUSINESS HOURS C.THIS SIDE UP?? D.NO SMOKING
( )14.Are they going to have a picnic on _______ ?
A. Children’s Day??? B. Childrens’s Day C. Childrens Day????? D. Children Day
( )15.Where are the students? Are they in _______ ?
A. the Room 406?? B. Room 406?? C. the 406 Room?? D. 406 Room
答案:1-5D B.B.B B??6-10BADCC?11-15CDBAB
二. 根据下列句子的情景及所给汉语注释,写出所缺单词。
1. We’ve got a lot of new ________(杂志) in our school library.
2. Please turn to another _______(频道), I don’t like this show.
3. Yesterday the _________(航班) to London was put off because of the bad weather.
.4. Autumn is my favourite (季节)
5. ---How many _______(小刀) do you have?
---Three.
6. __________ are widely used in the modern world.?
7. June 1st is __________(儿童) Day.
8. Mary, would you please tell me your new ________(地址) so that I can write to you.
9. ---Does this piece of ______(音乐) sound nice?
---Yes. It’s wonderful!
May 12th is the International _______(护士) Day. Let’s say “ Thanks” to them for their work.
答案: 1.magazines 2.Channel 3. flight 4.season 5. knives
6. Computers 7. Children’s 8. address 9. music 10. Nurses’
一、单项选择
( )1. ---How far is it from your school to Lake Taihu?
---It’s about ________ drive.
A. forty minute B. forty minutes C. forty minutes’ D.forty-minutes
( )2. ________ the teachers in the school is one hundred, and ________ of them are women teachers.
A. A number of; four-fifth B. The number of; four-fifth
C. A number of; four-fifths D. The number of; four-fifths
( )3. _______ tigers in that forest are in danger. Now only ________ the tigers are protected.
A. Hundreds; three-fourths B. Hundreds of; three-fourths of
C. Hundreds of; three quarters D. Hundred of; three-quarters of
( )4. Jim has a ______. He is going to the USA to visit his sister.
A. two-months holiday B. two months’ holidays C. two-month holiday D. two months holiday
( )5. The park is about walk from the bank.
A. two hour B.two hour’s C.two hours’ D. two hours
( )6. For breakfast, I usually have ________ and two pieces of bread.
A half a cup of milk B a half milk cup C a cup of milk half D half a milk cup
( )7.----How soon shall we start the bicycle trip?
----___________.
A In three days’ B After three days C In three days’ time D After three days’ time
( )8._______ of the land in that district________ covered with trees and grass.
A Two-five; is B Two-fifth; are C Two-fifths; is D Two-fifths; are
( )9.About _______ of the workers in the factory were born in the _________.
A two-thirds; 1970 B two-thirds; 1970s C two-third; 1970 D two-third ; 1970s
( )10.During World War Ⅱ,a Jewish lady in her ____ was protected by a local family in Shanghai.
A fifties B fifty C fiftieth D the fiftieth
答案:CDBCC ACCBA
二、词汇
1. Take the (第二) turning on your right and you’ll see the museum. (2012徐州)
2. Seeing these old ladies get on the bus, (几个)students offered them their seats. (2012盐城)
3. Yesterday was Father’s Day and it was just my cousin’s _______(二十) birthday. (2012扬州)
4. My grandma is in her __________ (八十多岁), but she can still take care of herself.
答案:second several twentieth eighties
三、用所给单词的适当形式填空
1. Father’s Day is on the _______(three) Sunday of June.
2. I got a new bicycle from my father on my (sixteen)birthday. I like it very much.
3. The old town attracts ________(thousand) of foreign visitors every year.
4. Though my grandfather is in his (seventy), he has got a QQ number.
5. I have tried three times, and the teacher asks me to have a _______ (four) try.
6. Even a child knows September is the _______ (nine) month of a year.
7.I’ve bought a present for my father’s _______ (forty)birthday.
8. Mr. Smith lives on the _______ (six) floor.
9. Climb up to the _______ (eleven) floor, and you can enjoy a better view.
10. He wrote his _______ (five)novel when he was _______(fifty).
11.----What did you see on the large farm last Sunday?
----Oh, I saw about three ________(hundred) hens and _________ (thousand)of eggs.
12.–We’ll be back for our school’s _____(twelve) anniversary ceremony(周年庆典).
- -I see. That means you’ll have a get-together with your classmates in ___ years.(ten)
答案:1.third 2.sixteenth 3.thousands 4.seventies 5.fourth 6.ninth
7.fortieth 8.sixth 9.eleventh 10.fifth;fifty 11.hundred;thousands 12. twelfth;ten