英语教师讲义
学员姓名: 年 级:
科 目:英语 学科教师:
课程主题:书面表达(三)
授课时间:
学习目标
掌握词组句型的灵活运用
掌握记叙类作文的写作思路
教学内容
记叙文是记人叙事的文章,它主要是用于说明事件的时间、背景、起因、过程及结果,即我们通常所说的五个" W "( what, who, when, where, why )和一个" H "( how )。记叙文的重点在于"述说"和"描写",因此一篇好的记叙文要叙述条理清楚,描写生动形象。
一、记叙文的特点
1. 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过"我"来传达给读者,使人读后感到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street. Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast. I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side. But it was too late. The car hit my bike and I fell off it.
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受"我"活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard. On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover. Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short. What could he do? Then he had a good idea.
2. 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的,这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3. 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4. 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things. Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao. It is really a beautiful city. There are many places of interest to see. But what impressed me most was the sunrise.
The next morning I got up early. I was very happy because it was a fine day. By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red. In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing. The sun was very red, not shining. It rose slowly. At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball. At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright.
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5. 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something. Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front. I thought maybe someone was knocking the door. I asked who it was but I heard no reply. After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor. I realized it was the cat. I felt released.
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把"悬念"给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something. "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front. Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply. After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor. "It's you." I said, quite released.
二、写好记叙文的基本要领
1. 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个" W "和一个" H "有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些" W "和" H ",但动笔之前,围绕五个" W "和" H "进行构思是必不可少的。
2. 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children. They have not eaten for days." I took some food with me and went.
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger. There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger.
I gave the rice to the mother. She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice. When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors - they are hungry also!"
3. 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away. He was soon lost among people and traffic. He could not find the way back home and started crying. Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying. They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened. Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived. The two students decided to take him home. Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound. She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didn't take it. She served them with tea but they left.
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street. After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home. But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic. When he could not find the way home, he started and crying. Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop. They immediately went up to him.
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked.
"I want Mom, I go home." said the boy, still crying.
"Don't worry, we'll send you home."
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boy's house. With the help of a policeman, they finally found it.
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house. Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea.
1.(江阴初级中学5月模拟)
你是一位九年级的学生李明,你用英语写一封邮件给你的笔友Amy,感谢她对你关心,并告诉她目前你在全力以赴为中考而学习,并与她交流一下目前的学习和生活情况。要点如下:
(1).虽然你大部分功课你都学得比较好,但是你对自己不满意。你认为自己学习上还要多花工夫。
(2).你的父母对你严格要求,但是也很关心你。(举例说明,适当发挥2—3句)……
(3).老师很乐意帮助你们。他们希望你们实现自己的理想。他们说(适当发挥2—3句)……
注意:
(1). 要求语句通顺,意思连贯。
(2). 第3要点和第4要点要用2—3句话作适当发挥。
(3). 词数90个左右,邮件开头和结尾已经给出,不计入总词数。
Hello!
Dear Amy, thank you for caring.
Now I am working hard for the senior high school entrance examination.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
How about you? I am looking forward to hearing from you.
Yours
Li Ming
Hello!
Dear Amy, thank you for caring.
Now I am working hard for the senior high school entrance examination. I have got good results in most of my subjects, but I am not happy with myself. I think I must spend more time on my studies.
My parents are really strict with me. However, they care for me as well. Once upon a time, I failed in my physics exam and felt stressed and sad. They had a close communication with me and helped me solve my problems and cheer up again.
My teachers are also ready to help us. They hope that we can realize our dreams. They tell us to try our best and not to give up. Life is always full of ups and downs. It's important not to be afraid of any kind of difficulty.
How about you? I am looking forward to hearing from you.
Yours
Li Ming
2.(无锡中考真题)
近期,一部片名为《摔跤吧,爸爸!》的印度电影在各地热映,引发了观众对父母育儿方式的热议,为此英文报Teens将在下期开设专栏讨论这—话题。假设你是Alice,上周随父亲一起观看了此片,请结合观后感受给报社写一封英文信参与讨论,内容提示见下表
总体印象
一部充满正能量的电影
内容概要
一个印度父亲和他两个女儿的故事
父亲为实现自己的世界冠军梦逼迫女儿们接受训练
起先两人都不愿意,但父亲非常严厉,最后成功了
热议焦点
父母是否该为孩子决定未来?
你的观点
...
注意事项:
英文信须包括表格中所有提不内容,要求语句通顺、意思连贯;表格中“你的观点”—栏须用2-3句话进行合理阐述,作适当发挥.词数在90个左右,信的首尾已在答题卡上给出,不计入总词数.,信件内容必须写在答题卡指定的位置上。
参考词汇:
正能量(positive energy) 世界冠军(world champion)
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I think it is full of positive energy.
It tells a story about a father and two daughters. In the film, the father wants to realize his world champion dream by training his two daughers hard . At first, the two girls don’t agree. However, their father is very strcit with them. They finally make a big success.
After the film, many people discuss whether parents should decide their children’s future.
I suggest our parents should guide us to choose our own life. When we have difficulty making decisions, they should give us wiser advice.
3.(天津)
假如你是晨光中学的学生李华,平时坚持用英语写日记。请根据以下要点,描述你星期三放学乘地铁
回家路上看到的事情,并表达自己的想法。
(1)一个男孩不舒服,开始呕吐,一位穿着漂亮的女士帮着擦拭地面,男孩表达感谢。
(2)地铁到站,有人挤向座位,有人下不去车,有人因此争吵。
(3)你认为……
参考词汇:开始呕吐 begin to vomit
挤向座位 push towards the seat
争吵 have a quarrel
要求:
(1)词数:80~100个。
(2)日记格式和开头已给出,不计入总词数。
(3)要点齐全,行文连贯,可适当发挥。
Wednesday
When I took the underground back home after school, I noticed?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ???
参考范文
Wednesday
When I took the underground back home after school, I noticed a boy who looked uncomfortable, and then he began to vomit. But people around him just looked at him. Nobody wanted to help him. Just then, a beautifully dressed woman helped him scrub the floor, and the boy thanked her very much.
When the underground arrived, some people pushed towards the seat, some people couldn't get off, and some people had a quarrel about it.After seeing this, I think people should help each other. And we should obey some rules. Only in this way will our world become better and better.
???
4.(河南)
假如你有机会和任何一个名人共进午餐。请根据以下要点和要求用英语写一篇短文。
要点:
1)这个名人是谁;
2)你为什么想和他或她共进午餐;
3)你想和他或她谈论什么。
2.要求:1)文中不得出现真实姓名和学校名称;
2)词数80左右。
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
参考范文
I'd like to have lunch with Ren Zhengfei, the founder of the well-known Chinese tech company HUAWEI.Mr. Ren is considered as a great man who always has everything mapped out ahead. And under his leadership, HUAWEI has become a high-tech giant worldwide. Over the lunch, I will listen to his success story. Then I will ask him what is important to make it happen. If time permits, I'll ask for his advice for us teenagers today.
5.(广东广州)
你校将开设一些特色课程,学生可根据兴趣进行选择。请根据以下内容提示为学校英文网页写一篇短文,介绍这些课程、提出你建议增设的课程并说明理由。
519430198755
?? ??
?? ??
??Students in our school are free to choose some special courses according to their interest.
…
注意:1.参考词汇:模型制作 model making;
2.词数80左右(文章开头已给出,不计入词数);
3.不得透露学校、姓名等任何个人信息,否则不予评分。
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???参考范文
Students in our school are free to choose some special courses according to their interest.
For those who like playing football,they can choose the football course.This course aims to make students healthier and stronger,as well as to encourage teamwork.Students interested in English may choose the English play course which can improve their spoken English.They can also learn a lot about acting.And the model making course can raise students' interest in science and help them learn more about the subject.
I hope the school can add a photography class because I enjoy taking photos.I think such a class will improve my creativity.It will also help me to appreciate nature more.