2012年中考英语第一轮复习资料八年级精讲精练上册units1-4

马石立中学九年级英语第一轮复习资料
——八年级上册units1-4精讲
Unit 1 How often do you exercise
目标语言：talk about how often you do things
重点句型：What does she do on weekends She often goes to the movies.
What do you usually do on weekends I usually play soccer.
How often does Cheng watch TV He watches TV twice a week.
How many hours do you sleep every day I sleep for nine hours .
Do you think she has a healthy lifestyle Yes, I do.
Is her lifestyle the same as yours Yes, it is.
Who is the healthiest Tom is the healthiest.
重点词组：
1.how often 多久一次 2.hardly ever 几乎不
3.as for 至于 4.junk food 垃圾食品
5.a lot of 许多 6.of course 当然
7.look after 照顾 8.do exercise 锻炼
9.make a difference 有区别\有重要性 10.surf the Internet 浏览因特网
11.Animal World 动物世界 12.do homework 做家庭作业
13.a healthy lifestyle 健康生活方式 14.get good grades 获得好成绩
15.get up 起床 16.keep in good health 保持健康
17.once or twice a week 每周一两次 18.eating habits 饮食习惯
19.ten to eleven times 十到十一次 20.pretty healthy 相当健康
21.go to the movie 去看电影 22.watch TV 看电视
23.read books 看书 24.the result for “watch TV” 看电视调查结果
25.be good for 对…有益 26.want sb to do sth 想让某人做某事
27.try to do sth 试着做某事 28 .how many hours 多少小时
知识点：
1．一般现在时，第三人称单数作主语时，动词的变化规则。
一般在动词后加-s词尾。如，come-comes live-lives
在以ch, sh ,s, x, 或o结尾的词后要加-es, 如，
teach-teaches catch-catches wish-wishes wash-washes miss-misses guess-guesses mix-mixes fix-fixes go-goes do-does
以“辅音+y”结尾的词，先变y为I 再加es,如，
Try-tries study-studies reply-replies fly-flies
2．主语为第三人称单数时一般现在时的结构
肯定式：主语+ 谓语动词的第三人称单数+其他。
He likes bananas a lot. 他非常喜欢吃香蕉。
否定式：主语+助动词（doesn’t）+动词原形+其他。
She doesn’t like milk.她不喜欢喝牛奶。
疑问式：助动词（Does）+主语+动词原形+其他
肯定回答：Yes, 主语+does.
否定回答：No, 主语+doesn’t.
-Does Kate like meat 凯特喜欢吃肉吗？
-Yes, she does. 是的，她喜欢。
-No, she doesn’t. 不，她不喜欢。
3．频度副词的用法
1）频度副词是表示动作频率的词汇，常用的有always100%,usually80%,often50%,somtimes30%,hardly ever2% never0%
2）频度副词的位置
放在连系动词，助动词或情态动词后面
放在行为动词前
有些频度副词可放在句首或句尾，用来表示强调
Sometimes I walk home,sometimes I go home by bus.
【注意】never放在句首时，主语，谓语动词要倒状。
Never have I learnt this word.我从没学过这个词。
4. as for意为“就……而论”，“至于”
As for fruit，I eat it sometimes.
As for him，I never want to see him here. 至于他，我永远不希望在这里见到。
5.She says it’s good for my health . 她说它对我的健康有意。
be good for...表示“对……有益（有好处）”
其反义为：be bad for... 对……有害/无益
　It's good for us to do more reading. 多读书对我们有好处。
Drinking milk is good for your health.喝牛奶对你的健康有益。
Reading English is good for studying English. 对英语对学习英语有益/有帮助。
Reading in bed is bad for your eyes.在床上读书对你的眼睛有害。
6.My healthy lifestyle helps me get good grades. 我健康的生活方式帮助我取得好的成绩。
Good food and exercise help me to study better. 好的食物和运动帮助我学习得更好。
help sb.(to) do sth.帮助某人做某事
She often helps me learn math. 她经常帮助我学数学。
3．词语辨析：
1）good, fine, well, nice
a)good是通用词，可以表示各种品质方面的优异，从美学到道德规范几乎都可以使用。
It is an old film, but it’s very good.
b)fine表示“上好的，精细的”，也可以表示“美好的”，天气“晴朗的”。
She always wears fine clothes.她总穿好衣服。
It is fine sand.这是细砂。
It is a fine day today. 今天天气晴朗。
c)well表示身体“无病的，健康的“
d)nice表示使人感到“愉快的，好的“
2）every day, everyday
every day作状语；everyday作定语
3）some time, some times, sometime, sometimes,
a) some time表示“一些时间”，此处time为不可数名词“时间”，如
Don’t worry. We have sometime.别着急，我们还有些时间。
b) some times表示“一些次数/倍数”，此处time为可数名词“次数/倍数”。
I have been to Hong Kong some times.我去过香港好几次了。
c) sometime表示“在某个时候”，且多指将来
We are going to HongKong sometime next summer.明年夏天的某个时候，我们将要去香港。
d) sometimes表示“有时，不时”，意思与at times相近，且多指现在的情况。
My family sometimes goes to Hong Kong for vacations.我们家有时去香港度假。
4）all, most, some ,no
这四个词都是用来表示大概的数量，但是他们所表示的程度不同：all所有的,most大部分的，some一些，no 没有。如，all boys所有男孩，most boys大部分男孩，some boys一些男孩，no boys 没有男孩。
5）health, healthy
health意思是“健康”，为名词；而healthy是在health的词尾加上加上y,变成形容词，意思是“健康的”。它们的用法也不大相同：health一般只作主语或宾语；而healthy多作定语或表语。
类似的词汇还有很多，要注意区分：sleep-sleepy, luck-lucky,mood-moody
6)kind, kind of, a kind of
kind有两种基本意思：1。作名词，意思是“种类，类型”；2。作形容词，用来形容热，意思为“仁慈的，友善的，善良的”.
unit2 What’s the matter
目标语言：Talk about your health and give advice
重点句型：What’s the matter =What’s the trouble = What’s wrong with you
I have a sore throat. You should drink some hot tea with honey.
I have a stomacke. You should lie down and rest.
I have a toothache. You should see a dentist.
I have a fever. You should drink lots of water.
That’s a good idea.
I am not feeling well.
When did it start About three days ago.
That’s too bad.
I think so.
I hope you feel better soon.
Do you have a headache Yes, I do.
I am tired. You should go to bed early.
I am stressed out. You should listen to music.
I am thirsty. You should have a drink.
I am hungry. You should eat an apple.
重点词组：
1.have a cold 患感冒 2.a few 有些 3.at the moment 此时\现在
4.have a stomachache 肚子疼 5.have a sore throat 嗓子疼 6.have a fever 发烧
7.lie down 躺下 8.see a dentist 看牙医 9.have a headache 头疼
10.have a toothache 牙疼 11.hot tea with honey 热茶加蜂蜜 12.stressed out 紧张
13.go to bed early 早睡觉 14.listen to music 听音乐 15.go to party 参加音乐会
16.on the other hand 在另一方面 17.stay healthy 保持健康 18.have a sore back 背疼
19.traditional Chinese doctors 传统中医 20.a balance of yin and yang 阴阳平衡
21.too much 太多 22.a balanced diet 饮食平衡 23.go out at night 在晚上出去
24.feel well 感觉舒服 25.conversation practice 对话练习 26.host family 房东
27.give sb a fever 导致某人发烧
知识点：
1. I am sorry to hear that….获悉．．．我很抱歉（遗憾）
I am sorry to hear that your mother is ill.
2. enjoy用法
enjoy sth.喜爱，欣赏某物I enjoy my job.我喜爱我的工作．
enjoy doing喜欢做某事．I enjoy swimming in summer.在夏天，我喜欢游泳．
enjoy oneself＝have a good time=have fun玩得开心 We enjoyed ourselves at the party yesterday.我们在昨天的聚会上玩得很开心．
3. hope的用法
hope to do希望做某事I hope to work with you. 我希望能同你一起工作．
hope+that从句 . I hope (that) he will be better soon.我希望他快些好起来．
【注意】如果想表示希望某人做某事要用wish sb to do如，I wish him to come．我希望他来．
4. until的用法：
until 和 till的意义相同，都有“直到”，“直到．．．才＂，＂在．．．以前不＂的意思．它们的使用方法为：
1) 作介词: 作介词，后面通常接表时间的名词或短语．如We are back until/till３o’clock.三点种我们才回来．
2)作连词：　作连词时，until和till引导时间状语从句．如 Go along this road until you see the park沿着这条路走，直到你看到公园为止。
【注意】1)以上的状语从句的例句都是从句在主句之后，如果把从句放在主句之前，那么，引导词用till.如Till you come back, I won’t leavehere.直到你回来我才回离开这。
2)主句的动作是终止性的，要用not…until／till句型。
5.can 的用法
can意思为＂能，会＂，是情态动词，其后接动词原形，否定形式为can not，缩写为can’t．过去式为could，could有时用于一般现在时态，语气比can 委婉．
1)表示能力．I can sing我会唱歌。
2)表示惊讶，不相信等态度，主要用于否定句或疑问句中。
Can it be hers 这能是她的吗？
You can’t be serious.你不会当真吧。
3)表示允许，意思与may相近，主要用于口语中。
Can I smoke here 我能在这儿抽烟吗？
6.too much, much too, too many
too much 表示“太多”，用来修饰不可数名词；much too表示“太”，修饰形容词或副词；too many表示“太多”，用来修饰可数名词的复数。
7.ago,before
ago与before都表示“．．．．以前＂，但用法有区别：
ago表示从此刻算起的若干时间之前，常用于过去时的句子中．如
He bought the computer two days ago.两天前他买了一台电脑．
before作为副词时表示, 从过去某个时刻算起的若干时间以前，用于过去完成时的句子中；笼统的＂以前＂，用于一般过去时或现在完成时的句子中．如
He had already taken away the computer long before.他早就拿定了电脑．
I have read that novel before．我以前读过这部小说．
8.maybe, may be
maybe adv 或许，大概。其同义词为perhaps.
may be是情态动词+be动词的形式，作谓语，意思为“可能”。
【注意】由于may是情态动词，因此无人称和数的变化，也没有将来时态，即：将来时用现在时来表示。而maybe是副词，不能决定句子的时态，因此要根据具体情况，使用相应的时态。
9.keep的用法
keep+形容词. Please keep quiet!
keep+副词 Danger! Keep out!危险！不要靠近！
keep+介词 Keep off the grass!勿践踏草坪！
【相关短语】keep at坚持下去 keep in with保持友好关系
keep in mind 记住 keep on继续 keep up持续不停 keep up with赶上
10.如果其后是明确的疾病名称就要用have，如果其后是表达身体状况的形容词，则用be。如 I have a sore throat. I am tired.
11.a few有一点，表示肯定；后面接可数名词；few几乎没有，极少，表示否定，后面接可署名词；a little有一点，表示肯定，后面接不可数名词；little几乎没有，极少，表示否定，后面接不可数名词。
11.身体部位的表达
head 头 neck脖子/颈 shoulder肩膀 arm胳膊 hand 手 finger 手指
stomach 胃 back 背 leg 腿 knee膝盖 foot 脚 face 脸
eye 眼睛 ear 耳朵 nose 鼻子 mouth 嘴巴 tooth 牙齿 throat 喉咙
12.病情的表达
have a cold 患感冒 have a fever 发烧 have a headache 头痛
have a stomachache胃痛 have a toothache 牙痛 have a sore throat 喉咙痛
have a sore back 背酸痛 have a sore neck 脖子痛
13.如何给建议
see a doctor 看医生 drink lots of hot water多喝热水
drink hot tea with honey喝加蜂蜜的热茶 see a dentist 看牙医
take some medicine吃药 shouldn’t eat anything不该吃任何东西
lie down and (have a ) rest躺下休息 go to bed early早点睡觉
listen to music听音乐 shouldn’t’ eat any more …不该再吃…
14.看病的表达
What’s matter 怎么了
I’m not feeling well. I have a … 我感觉身体不适, 我得了…
When did it start 什么时候开始的
It started … ago. ….前开始的.
That’s too bad. You should / shouldn’t … 那太糟糕了. 你应该/不该…
Yes, I think so. / That’s a good idea.是的, 我也这样认为. / 好主意.
I hope you feel better soon.我希望你早点好起来.
15. I believe it’s important to sleep eight hours a night. 我相信一个晚上睡八个小时(很)重要.
It’s + adj + ( for sb. ) + to do sth. 做某事对某人来说…
It’s easy for us to find out the answer. 找出答案对我们来说是容易的.
It’s bad for you to read in the sun. 在阳光下看书对(眼睛)不好.
16．People (who are too stressed out and angry) may have too much yang.(压力太大易生气的)人可能是阳气过盛.
(who are too stressed out and angry) 为who 引导的定语从句
当先行词为人时, 定语从句必须用关系词who引导
Those (who study hard) can always get good grades.
那些(学习刻苦的)人总能取得好成绩.
The students (who are playing basketball) are all my classmates.
那些(正在打篮球的)学生是我的同班同学.
unit3 What are you doing for vacation
目标语言：talk about future plane
重点句型：What are you doing for vacation I’m visiting my grandmother.
What is she doing for vacation She’s going camping.
Who are you going with I’m going with my parents.
When is he going He’s going on the 12th.
How long are you staying I’m staying for four days.
Where are you going for vacation I am going to Italy.
How is the weather It is fine.
Can I ask you some questions about your vacation plans Sure.
重点词组：
1)go camping去野营 2)go shopping去购物
3)go skateboarding去滑滑板 4)go swimming去游泳
5)go boating去划船 6)go skating 去滑冰
7)go hiking (in the mountains)去山上徒步旅行/远足 8)go climbing去登山
9)go fishing去钓鱼 10)go bike riding / cycling 骑自行车旅行
11)go sightseeing 去观光
12)visit my grandma / cousins / my friends in Hong Kong 拜访我的祖母/堂兄弟/香港的朋友
13)spend time with friends和朋友度过 14)babysit her sister 照顾她的妹妹
15)relax at home在家休息 16)go to sports camp去运动野营
17)go to the beach 去沙滩 18)for vacation度假
19)go to Tibet for a week 去西藏一个星期 20)go away离开
21)(for) too long太久 22)how long 多长（时间）
23)have a good time / have fun 玩得开心 24)get back to school / home回学校/回家
25)stay for three weeks 呆三个星期 26)take walks / take a walk散步
27)rent videos 租录像带 28)a famous French singer一个著名的法籍歌手
29)take a long vacation 度长假 30)take vacations in Europe在欧洲度假
31)think about / of 考虑 / 思考
32)something different / interesting / important一些不同的/ 有趣的/ 重要的东西
33)spend time in the beautiful countryside在美丽的乡村度过
34)forget all the problems忘记所有的问题 35)sleep a lot 多睡觉
36)can’t wait 迫不及待 37)a good place to go sightseeing一个观光的好地方
38)leave for Italy / Greece / Spain / Europe 离开/出发去意大利/希腊/西班牙/欧洲
39)places to visit in China 在中国参观的地方 40)plan my vacation to Italy计划去意大利度假
41)the first week in June 六月的第一周 42)leave for …离开/出发去…
43)rent videos to sb.租碟片给某人 44)rent videos from sb.从某人那租碟片
固定结构：
1. show sb. sth.让某人看某物 = show sth. to sb.把某物给某人看
He showed me a postcard from Hong Kong yesterday.
= He showed a postcard to me from Hong Kong yesterday.
2. send sb. sth.寄给某人某物 = send sth. to sb. 寄某物给某人
My friends sent me a letter just now. = My friends sent a letter to me just now.
3. think about / of sth. / doing sth. 考虑某事/考虑做某事
He often thinks about going to Europe for vacation.
4. decide on sth.决定某事
decide to do sth.决定做某事
They will decide on the case(案件) tomorrow.
He decided to go sightseeing at last.
5. plan to do sth. 计划做某事
She planned to go to Greece for vacation.
6. forget to do sth.忘记去做某事
forget doing sth.忘记做过某事
Don’t forget to close the door when you leave the classroom.
7. remember to do sth. 记得去做某事
remember doing sth. 记得做过某事
Remember to bring your book here tomorrow.
He remembered calling you just now.
8. finish sth. /finish doing sth. 完成某事/完成做某事
Do you finish your homework
When did you finish doing your homework
9. need to do sth. 需要做某事
We need to go home early.
10. leave for +地名离开/出发去…
leave A for B 离开A地去B地
My parents and I are leaving (here) for Beijing tomorrow.
My uncle will leave Beijing for Tokyo tomorrow.
11. have a good time / have fun 玩得开心= enjoy oneself
We had a good time / had fun last night. = We enjoyed ourselves last night.
I hope you can have a good time / have fun. = I hope you can enjoy yourself / yourselves.
知识点：
1.现在进行时何时表示非进行意义
“be+现在分词”构成进行时态，表示动作正在发生或进行。但也有特殊情况
表示转移的动词leave,go, come, start等进行时态表将来的时候，时常伴有意图，安排或打算的含义。这种现在进行时比较生动，给人一种期待感，它常常表示最近或较近的将来。He is leaving for London tomorrow.他明天就要去伦敦。
表示将来的现在进行时除用转移动词外，也可以用某些非转移动词。如，
When I grow up, I am joining the army.我长大要参军。
频度副词always, forever,continually等和进行时连用，带有一定的感彩， 泛指一切时间内所做的事情，或者表示客观事实。这种用法比较口语化，也比较生动。
The earth is always turning.地球转个不停。
2.Leave的用法
“leave+地点”表示“离开某地”如，When did you leave Changchun
“leave for+地点”表示“离开去某地” 如She is leaving for London.
“leave+地点+for +地点”表示“离开某地去某地”
Why are you leaving Changchun for Wuhan
3.finish doing做完某事
4．Hear的用法 hear-heard-heard
1)hear+that引导的从句。That可省略不用。如
I hear there’s an interesting film tonight.
2)hear sb do sth听见某人做某事。如
I hear her sing every day.
3)hear sb doing听见某人正在做某事。如
I hear him singing in the next room.
5.all, both
all“全部，都”，指三者或三者以上事物；both“都”，指两者。
6.about, on关于
about指的内容较为普通，不那么正式，含有随便谈论的意味。如
I know nothing about the matter.我对这事一无所知。
on指的内容较为严肃或学术性的，可供专门研究这一问题的人阅读或参考。
He has written lots of books on the history of Japan.他写了许多关于日本史的书。
7．this summer指“今年夏天”，象这样有this, that ,these, those,next等修饰的词作时间状语时前面不需要加介词。
8．Famous的用法
be famous for 因。。而闻名； be famous as作为。。。而闻名
9．Problem, question“问题”
question是对某事怀疑因而提出的需要考虑，讨论，等待回答的问题；problem是客观存在的，等待解决的问题。
question常与动词ask ,answer连用；problem常与动词solve连用。
10．Forget的用法forget-forgot-forgotten
forget to do sth忘记去做某事。表示动作尚未发生；forget doing sth忘记做过某事。表示动作已经发生。Remember用法与forget相同。
11．Decide的用法
decide to do sth决定做某事；decide on doing sth/sth决定，取决；make a decision做决定
12．Think about, think out, think over, think of
think about考虑，回想 He thought about going to Greece or Spain.他考虑去希腊还是西班牙。
think out想出 We thought out a perfect way at last.我们最后想出了绝妙的方法。
think over仔细考虑，认真考虑 Please think it over, I am sure you can get the answer.
think of 考虑，设想，想起等，常用于否定句，与could,should,would连用，表示“有…想法（念头）”。You shouldn’t think of that.你不该那么想。
13．visitor ,guest
Visitor指访问者，探访者，来客等。Guest指客人，来客。如果你是一个visitor，说明你想去访问某人或参观某地；如果你是一个guest，就是指你是受某人邀请的客人或者是应邀到其家中作客，或者应邀去吃饭，或者应邀去听音乐会，看戏等，guest也指旅馆的旅客。
14．go+doing通常表示去做某些活动。如，go camping去野营， go fishing去钓鱼
15．sound, noise
sound系常用词，泛指“任何声音，不论高低，大小，是否悦耳或有无意义”。如 the sound of footsteps脚步声；noise 指“任何混杂，嘈杂，刺耳或起干扰作用，令人厌烦的声音”。
16．rent的用法
rent即为可数名词rent out 出租，租出；rent at以…出租
17．complete,finish
finish表示过去某个时候着手做的事已经做完，或者表示对已经做完的事情进行精密加工；complet侧重表示做完或完成某工作，特别是一项任务，或者把某工作圆满结束。
unit4 How do you get to school
目标语言：talk about how to get to places
重点句型：How does Bob get to school He takes the train.
How do you get to the school I ride my bike.
How long does it take It takes about forty minutes.
How far is it from his home to school It’s about 10kilometers.
What do think of the transportation in your town
= How do you like the transportation in your town
What do you think of … = How do you like …
That must be a lot more fun than taking a bus!
A small number of students take a subway.
Don’t worry.
重点词组：
1. take the subway = go to … by subway搭地铁 2. take the train = go to … by train坐火车
3. take a bus = go to …by bus= go to … on a bus乘坐公共汽车4. take a taxi = go to … by taxi坐的士
5. ride a bike / bicycle = go to … by bike / bicycle骑自行车 6. walk = go to … on foot步行
7. take a car = go to … in a car= go to … by car坐汽车 8. get to school到达学校
9. 10 kilometers from school 离学校10公里（远） 10. from his home to school 从他家到学校
11. how（用于提问状态和交通工具） 怎样
how long （用于提问时间段） 多长（时间） how often （用于提问频率）多常
how far （用于提问距离）多远 how many（用于提问数量）多少
how much（用于提问数量/价钱）多少/多少钱
12. have a quick breakfast快速地吃早餐 13. leave for school 出发去学校
14. the early bus 早班车 15. take sb. to school带某人去学校
16. bus ride搭公车的路程 17. bus stop 公车亭
18. bus station公车站 19.train station火车站
20. subway station地铁站 21. think of认为
22. around the world=all over the world 遍及全世界 23. in North America在北美洲
24. on the school bus乘/坐校车 25. in other parts of the world在世界上的其他地方
26. the other（两者中的）另一个 27. others = other (students)其他的（学生）
28. things are different情况不同 29. be different from与…不同 (be the same as与…一样)
30. make a difference产生差异 31. depend on 取决于/依赖/依靠
32. go to school by boat = take a boat to school坐船去上学 33. must be肯定/一定是
34. the most popular ways最流行的方式 35. a small number of小部分的
36. a large / great number of 大多数的 37. ill in the hospital 生病住院
38. worry about sb. /sth.担心某人/某事
固定结构：
It takes / took (sb.) some time to do sth. 做某事花了某人…时间 / 某人花了…时间做某事
It takes me 20 minutes to finish all my homework.我花了20分钟的时间完成了所有的作业。
It took him 2 years to finish making the movie. 他花了两年的时间制作了这部电影。
此句子结构可等同于：
sb. spend / spent some time on sth. 某人花了…时间在某事上
sb. spend / spent some time (in) doing sth. 某人花了…做某事
It takes me 20 minutes to finish all my homework.
= I spend 20 minutes on all my homework.
= I spend 20 minutes (in) doing all my homework.
It took him 2 years to finish making the movie.
= I spent 2 years on the movie.
= He spent 2 years (in) making the movie.
知识点：
1．How 问句简介
1)how询问交通方式
-How can I get to the railway station 我怎样才能到火车站？
-You can take the No.5 bus.你可以乘五路公共汽车。
2)how询问身体状况
-How is your father 你爸爸身体怎么样？
-He’s fine. 他很好。
-How is everything going 一切进展得怎么样？
-Everything goes well with me.我一切都好。
3)how far询问距离
Could you tell me how far it is from here to your home 你能告诉我从这到你家有多远吗？
4)how long询问物体的长度或时间的长度
-How long is the Long River 长江有多长？
-It’s about 6300kilometres.大约6300千米长。
-How long did you live here 你住在这多久了？
-For about 4years.四年了
5)how old询问年龄
You want to know how old he is 你想知道他多大吗？
6)how often询问频率
-How often does she play football 他多久踢一次足球？
-Every day.每天（都踢）。
7)how soon询问多久以后会发生某事
-How soon will she come back 她多久回来？
-She will come back in an hour. 她一个小时后会回来。
8)how many/much询问数量，how much还可以询问价格
How many students are there in your class 你们班有多少学生？
How much money does this cost 这要多少钱？
2．表达交通方式的方法
1)take+a(the)+交通工具: take the bus
2) go to…on foot 步行去。。。
ride to… 骑车去。。。
drive to…. 开车去。。。
fly to…. 飞往。。。
sail to… 坐船去。。。
3)by+交通工具 乘，坐
by air, by plane乘飞机；by sea，by ship乘船；by bike骑车；by car坐车
4)in(on)+冠词（形容词性物主代词）+交通工具 表示“乘，坐）
in多用于带舱或车厢的交通工具，侧重于封闭式的交通工具，in the bus
on多用于开放式或封闭式，on the bike
3．“花费”的几种说法
a)take“花费”：It takes sb. some time to do
It takes some time for sb to do
Sth takes sb some time to do(主语多为工程，项目)
The bridge will take us three years to build.
Sb takes some time to do
I took a month to read this book.
b)cost“ 花费”，主语一般是要买的东西的名词
The book cost me five yuan.
c) pay主语为人，其宾语可以是人也可以是钱。pay+money+for+sth.
I will pay five yuan for this book.
d) spend“花费”：spend+time/money+(in)doing
I spent five yuan in buying this book.
spend+time/money+on sth
I spent five yuan on this book.
spend除了花费讲以外，还有度过，消磨的意思，spend…with friends和朋友共度好时光。
4．quick,fast
quick常指反应快或表示某事在比较短的时间内发生或完成。如
He had breakfast quickly.他很快吃完午饭。
fast侧重于指人或物体具有动作快的特点。如
Run as fast as you can .尽可能的快跑。
5．get to, reach, arrive in/at“到达”
get to+地点名词，但跟here,there,home等词要省略to,如get here; reach+地点名词；arrive in+大地方；arrive at+小地方
6．home,family,house
home指一个人出生或居住的地方（也许不是房屋，而是帐篷或船等）；family指家庭或家庭所有成员，【注意】当family表示“家庭”，将“家庭”看作一个整体时谓语用单数；当family强调家庭成员时谓语用复数；house指家庭居住的房屋。
7．stop,station
stop一般指公共汽车在马路上停止，乘客上下车的站点；station一般指始发站。
8．must”在反意疑问句中的用法
1)must作“必须”解释， mustn't作“不允许”解释时
They must clean the floor, mustn't they/needn't they 他们必须擦地板，是不是？
We must stay at home, mustn't we 我们必须留在家里，是不是？
We mustn't be late, must/may we 我们不许迟到，是不是？
2) must表示推测时：
They must be playing basketball, mustn't they 他们肯定在打篮球，是不是？.
You must be more careful. 你必须更小心。
(1) 情态动词must意为“必须”，“应该”，表必要性；用第一人称时，表示说话人认为有义务、有必要（做某事）；用第二、第三人称时，表示说话人的命令或要求别人做某事。其否定形式为mustn’t，意思是“不应该”，表示“禁止”、“警告”，回答must引出的问句时，否定回答常用need not（needn’t）或don’t have to表示“不必”。例：—Must I finish my homework before eight 我必须在八点前完成作业吗？
—Yes, you must. / No, you needn’t. 是的，你必须这样。/不，你不必这样。
但在带有must的反意疑问句中，其后半句简略疑问式不能用needn’t，仍用mustn’t. 例： She must do the work, mustn’t she
(2)must在肯定句中可以表示“一定是”，表示不可避免性，肯定性，把握大的推测。此时，它的否定式应用can’t，表示“不可能”。例：
It must be more delicious in the paper bags, in the open air. 在户外，装在纸袋里一定会更美味。
注意：have to也有“必须”的意思，它有时态和人称的变化，而must没有。另外，must带有主观因素，意为“一定”，而have to带有客观因素，意为“不得不”
9．other, another, the other, the others, others
other指“另外的”，后面一般须加名词。She doesn’t like other skirts.
another指三个或三个以上中的“任何一个”，或同类中的“另一个，再一个”
the other表示两个事物或人中的“另一个”。One…the other…
the others是the other的复数形式，表示“其余全部”
others指“另外一些”。Some…others…
10. 一般现在时，第三人称单数作主语时，动词的变化规则。
一般在动词后加-s词尾。如，come-comes live-lives
在以ch, sh ,s, x, 或o结尾的词后要加-es, 如，
teach-teaches catch-catches wish-wishes wash-washes miss-misses guess-guesses mix-mixes fix-fixes go-goes do-does
以“辅音+y”结尾的词，先变y为i 再加es,如，
Try-tries study-studies reply-replies fly-flies
11. 形容词的比较级的构成
（1）一般情况+er：cheap—cheaper
（2）以e结尾+r，nice—nicer
（3）重读闭音节结尾，词尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写这个辅音字母，再+er，big—bigger
（4）辅音字母+y结尾，把y改为i再+er，heavy—heavier
形容词比较级的用法：
句中出现两个比较对象时，该用比较级。常见的句型有：
1)A is ＋比较级＋than B. 意为：A 比B要更……。例如：
He is older than you. 他比你大。
Mary is happier than Tom. 玛丽比汤姆更高兴。
2)Which / Who is ＋比较级，A or B 意为：A 和B 哪一个 / 谁更……？例如：
Which is bigger, the moon or the earth 月亮和地球，哪个更大？
Who is taller, you or he 你和他，谁的个子高？
3)有时因为被比较对象不需要说出来，句中就会省略“than＋被比较对象”，这时要根据上下文的暗示来判断形容词的级别。例如：
The woman has a son and a daughter. The son is younger. (younger 后省略了than the daughter ) 那个女人有一儿一女，儿子要小一些。
Are you feeling better now (句末省略了than before ) 你现在感觉好些了吗？
形容词最高级的构成：
1)一般在形容词词尾加-est. ,new-newest
2)以e结尾+st, nice-nicest
3) 重读闭音节结尾，词尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写这个辅音字母，再+est，big—biggest
4)辅音字母+y结尾，把y改为i再+est，heavy—heaviest
形容词最高级的用法
句中出现三个或三个以上的比较对象时，则要用最高级形式，最高级的前面一般要加the。常见的句型有：
1)A is the ＋最高级＋of / in ... 意为：在……中，A最……。例如：
This apple is the biggest of all. 在所有的苹果中，这个最大。
He is the strongest in his class. 他是他们班上最强壮的一个。
2) Which / Who is the ＋最高级，A, B, or C 意为：在A、 B 、C 中，哪一个 / 谁最……？例如：
Which is the heaviest, the horse, the sheep or the cat 在马、羊和猫中，哪一个最重？
Who is the youngest, your father, your mother, or your aunt 在你爸、妈和姑姑三人中，谁最年轻？
值得注意的是，当句中出现三者或三者以上的比较对象时，也可以把其中的一个作为比较对象的一方，而其它的所有的比较对象作为另一方，用比较级形式进行比较。例如：
Tom is taller than Kate and Mary.(= Tom is the tallest of the three.) 汤姆是三个人中个子最高的。
Li Lei is older than the other students in his class. (= Li lei is the oldest student in his class.) 李雷是他班上年龄最大的学生。
12. in,with
In表示使用某种语言，或表示所用的材料或颜色；with强调使用具体工具。
13．Speak, say,talk,tell
Speak指说什么语言。Speak着重开口发声的动作；say指用语言表达自己的思想，强调说的内容；talk指连续性的说话或交谈。常用短语talk to, talk with, talk about; tell 指将一件事，一个故事等告诉给别人。
14．make,have, let都是使役动词。make/have/let sb do.或sb.be made/had/let to do
15.if引导的条件状语从句，主句为一般将来时，从句为一般现在时。
16．some time, some times, sometime, sometimes,
a)some time表示“一些时间”，此处time为不可数名词“时间”，如
Don’t worry. We have sometime.别着急，我们还有些时间。
b)some times表示“一些次数/倍数”，此处time为可数名词“次数/倍数”。
I have been to Hong Kong some times.我去过香港好几次了。
c)sometime表示“在某个时候”，且多指将来
We are going to HongKong sometime next summer.明年夏天的某个时候，我们将要去香港。
d)sometimes表示“有时，不时”，意思与at times相近，且多指现在的情况。
My family sometimes goes to Hong Kong for vacations.我们家有时去香港度假。
17．How long与how far
How long多长，用来询问时间，指时间上的长久，how far多远，用来询问距离，指路程上的远近。
18．时间的表达法：
　　 ①整点： It's ＋基数词（one, two, …）＋o'clock.
　　　 e.g. It's twelve o'clock. 现在12点整。
　　 ②几点过几分： It's ＋分＋past＋小时
　　　　　　　　　　　（基数词） （基数词）
　　　 e.g. It's twenty past five. 现在5：20。
　　 ③几点差几分： It's＋分＋to＋小时
　　　　　　　　　　（基数词）（基数词）
　　　 e.g. It's twenty to six. 现在5：40。/现在6点差20。
注意：
　　 A、介词to, past前的分钟通常在30之内，但几点半，通常用介词past.
　　　 e.g. It's half past six. 现在6：30。
　　 B、时间的表达有一种简单的方法：即直接用小时＋分钟
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　（基数词） （基数词）
　　　 e.g. It's eight twenty –five 现在8：25。
（3）有关时间的两个句型：
　　 e.g. It's time for school. = It's time to go to school. 到了上学的时候。
19.In places (where there are rivers and lakes), students usually go to school by boat. (在有河流和湖泊的)地方，学生通常都坐船去上学。
这是一个定语从句。where there are rivers and lakes 是定语，修饰前面的名词place.
The girl (who speaks French) is my classmate. 那个（说法语的）女孩是我的同班同学。
若定语从句修饰的名词（先行词）是人物，则用关系代词who连接.
He wants to live in a place (where there are flowers and grass). 他想住在有花有草的地方。
若定语从句修饰的名词（先行词）是地点，则用关系副词where连接
20. It depends on where you are. 取决于你在哪里。
这是一个宾语从句。在宾语从句中要用陈述句语序。
I know. He comes from Spain.
→I know he comes from Spain.
I want to know. Where does he come from
→I want to know where he comes from.
附：
不规则动词表 不规则动词表
现在式 过去分词 过去分词 现在式 过去分词 过去分词
am, is was been let let let
are were been lie lay lain
babysit babysat babysat light litlighted litlighted
become became become lose lost lost
bend bent bent make made made
begin began begun may might -
bite bit bitten mean meant meant
bleed bled bled meet met met
blow blew blown pay paid paid
break broke broken put put put
bring brought brought read read read
build built built retell retold retold
burn burntburned burntburned ride rode ridden
buy bought bought ring rang rung
can could - rise rose risen
catch caught caught run ran run
choose chose chosen say said said
come came come see saw seen
cost cost cost seek sought sought
cut cut cut sell sold sold
dig dug dug send sent sent
do, does did done set set set
draw drew drawn shake shook shaken
drink drank drunk shall should -
drive drove driven shine shone shone
eat ate eaten shoot shot shot
fall fell fallen show showed shown
feed fed fed sing sang sung
feel felt felt sit sat sat
fight fought fought sleep slept slept
find found found smell smelt smelt
fly flew flown speak spoke spoken
forget forgot forgotten spell spelt spelt
freeze froze frozen spend spent spent
forgive forgave forgiven spread spread spread
get got got stand stood stood
give gave given steal stole stolen
go went gone stick stuck stuck
grow grew grown swim swam swum
has, have had had swing swung swung
hear heard heard take took taken
hide hid hidden teach taught taught
hit hit hit tear tore torn
hold held held tell told told
hurt hurt hurt think thought thought
keep kept kept throw threw thrown
know knew known tread trod trod / trodden
lay laid laid understand understood understood
leap leaptleaped leaptleaped upset upset upset
learn learntlearned learntlearned wake wokewaked wokenwaked
leave left left wear wore worn
lend lent lent will would -
win won won
write wrote written
形容词&副词 比较级，最高级不规则表
原形 比较级 最高级
good, well better best
ill, bad, badly worse worst
little less least
old olderelder oldesteldest
many, much more most
far fartherfurther farthest (表距离)furthest (表程度)
late laterlatter latest (用于时间)last (用于顺序)
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