名词性从句知识点梳理+十一选十专题+名校期末考真题-2020-2021学年上外版高一下册英语期末复习讲义（含答案）
文档属性
| 名称 | 名词性从句知识点梳理+十一选十专题+名校期末考真题-2020-2021学年上外版高一下册英语期末复习讲义（含答案） |  | |
| 格式 | docx | ||
| 文件大小 | 214.7KB | ||
| 资源类型 | 教案 | ||
| 版本资源 | 上外版（2020） | ||
| 科目 | 英语 | ||
| 更新时间 | 2021-06-06 21:46:29 | ||
图片预览
文档简介
2021年最新期末复习教师辅导教案
学员编号： 年 级： 课 时 数：
学员姓名： 辅导科目： 学科教师：
课程主题： 名词性从句知识点梳理+十一选十专题+名校期末考真题
授课时间： 2021
学习目标
定语从句复习，掌握词汇解题技巧，提升综合能力
教学内容
Part 1.
1. Go and get your coat. It's you left it.
A. there B. where C. there were D. where there
2. the sports meet will be held depends on the weather.
A. Whenever B. If C. Whether D. That
3. The problem is he has enough time.
A. if B. whether C. / D. that
4. He made a promise he would help me.
A. what B. when C. that D. which
5. They lost their way in the forest and made matters worse was that night began to fall.
A. that B. this C. what D. which
6. He told me the news the Queen would visit China the next month.
A. that B. which C. when D. whether
7. When the holidays were drawing near, I asked my American friends was the best way to travel in the United States.
A. that B. what C. such D. where
8. He was lucky enough to sell his car for exactly .
A. where he had paid for it B. what he had paid for it
C. what he was paid for it D. which he had paid for it
9. Sometimes we are asked we think the likely result of an action will be.
A. that B. what C. which D. whether
10. They have not made any decision on they are going to do to deal with the waste and control pollution.
A. that B. which C. if D. what
11. —Do you know him?
—Yes, but I can't remember I met him for the first time.
A. where B. what C. that D. if
12. —Do you know Mr. Black's address is.
—He may live at No. 18 or No. 19 of Bridge Street. I'm not sure of .
A. what; which B. where; which C. where; what D. what; where
13. This old computer must have been of great use to did the scientific research.
A. those B. when C. whoever D. whomever
14. all the inventions have in common is they have succeeded.
A. What; what B. That; that C. What; that D. That; what
15. —I rang you at about ten, but there was no reply.
—Oh, that was probably I was seeing the doctor.
A. when B. why C. what D. that
16. Maria has to baby-sit. That's she can't come with us.
A. why B. how C. when D. what
17. surprised me most was they had finished it so quickly.
A. What, what B. That, that C. What, that D. That, what
18. The reason why she couldn't come to the meeting was she had not been invited.
A. because B. which C. that D. why
19. In some countries, is called "equality" does not really mean equal rights for all people.
A. which B. that C. what D. one
20. Although he knew little about the work done in the field of physics, he succeeded other experienced experts failed.
A. which B. that C. what D. where
Keys:
1-5 B C B C C 6-10 ABBBD 11-15 AACCA 16-20 ACCCD
79565551435
主语从句 What he wants to tell us is not clear.
名词性从句 宾语从句 He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.
表语从句 The fact is that we have lost the game.
同位语从句 I have no idea when he will come back home.
3. 名词性从句解题思路
1. 从句子结构入手，首先分清楚简单句和复合句。
2. 连词的选用依据 “缺什么补什么”原则确定正确的连词。如果句子中缺主语，指人用who，指物用what；
如缺宾语，指人用whom，指物用what；如缺时间状语用when；地点状语用where；原因状语用why；
方式状语用how；定语用what或which；什么都不缺用that。whether 和if（是否）。
知识点1：主语从句
一、主语从句的定义
在复合句中作主句的主语的从句。
二、主语从句的关系词
引导词有连词that (that 不可省)，whether； 代词有who, whoever, what ,which；副词 when ,where, how, why 等。如:
1.由从属连词引导的主语从句：
a.?Whether?the?country?should?build?a?nuclear?power?station?is?something?we?must?discuss.?
b.?That?light?travels?in?straight?line?is?known?to?all. =It is known to us all that light travels in straight?line .
注意 ：连词that, whether引导的主语从句，在从句中不作任何成分，不能省略，多用it作形式主语。
2.由连接代词引导的主语从句：
a.?What?we?need?is?more?time.?= The thing that we need is more time.
b.?Which?type?of?coal?they?are?going?to?burn?needs?to?be?decided.
c.?Whoever?is?here?gets?a?prize.
注意：who是连接代词，引导主语从句，在从句中作主语不能省略，what引导的主语从句有时相当于
“先行词+that”
3.由连接副词引导的主语从句：
a.?When?the?plane?is?to?take?off?hasn’t?been?announced.
b.?Where?he?has?been?is?still?a?puzzle.?
c.?How?much?water?is?flowing?can?be?measured?easily.?
注意：
(1)单个主语从句作主语时（包括两个或多个连接词引导一个主语从句），谓语动词要用单数；如果由and 连
接的两个或两个以上的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用复数。如：
When the meeting will begin has not been decided yet.
When they will start and where they go have not been decided yet.
When and where the meeting will begin has not been decided yet.
主语从句放在句首往往显得头重脚轻，不太平衡，因此，在大多数情况下都是在主语的位置上用一个形式
主语?it，而把主语从句移到句未去。?it?作形式主语，把主语从句后置的常用句型有：
1）It?+?be?+?形容词?+?that从句
It?is?quite?clear?that?Tom?was?fond?of?music.
2）It?+?be?+?名词?+?that从句
It?is?a?pity?that?she?has?made?such?a?foolish?mistake.
3）It?+?be?+?过去分词?+?that从句
It’s?not?yet?decided?that?when?the?test?will?be?given.?
4）It?seems,?happens?等不及物动词?+?that从句
It?happened?that?I?didn’t?take?any?money?with?me.?
It seems that he doesn’t like the dish.
注意：it作为形式主语引导的主语从句是考试的重点，需要主要和强调句型区分开来。
要注意以下情况：
1. 当what引导的主语从句表示“……东西”时，一般不用it作形式主语。?
What?he?needs?is?more?experience.
2. 表示“无论……”Whatever,?whoever,?whichever引导的主语从句一般也不用it作形式主语。 如：
Whatever he has done is right.
Whichever he likes has nothing to do with me.
whatever,?whoever,?whichever还可连接让步状语从句，相当于no matter what/who/which
Whatever (=no matter what) he has done, I can forgive him.
但以下情况往往必须用it作形式主语，主语从句一般不能放在句首。
a. It?doesn’t matter?whether?he?likes?or?not.?
b. It’s?said?that?the?highway?will?be?open?to?traffic?next?year.?
c. Is?it?likely?that?it?will?snow?in?the?afternoon?
d. It turned out that he was right.
e. It happened that he took the same train.
主语从句不在句首，可以用if代替?whether,?但如若在句首，只能用whether，而不能用if.
a. It’s?not?clear?to?me?whether?(?if?)?she?likes?to?join?our?discussion.?
b. Whether?she?likes?to?join?our?discussion?is?not?clear?to?me.
(3) It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较
It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。
而it引导的强调句句型的结构为：It is/was+被强调部分+that引导的从句（如果被强调部分是人，也可用
who代替that），是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人
是也可用who/whom。例如：
It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film.
It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.
It is in the morning that the murder took place.
It is John that broke the window.
注意：此点是常考点，也是易错点。因为强调句型的检验符合去掉it be和that如果剩下的部分稍加调整句序是正确的，如果不是这样就是主语从句。
知识点2：表语从句
一、表语从句定义
Key concept: 表语从句放在连系动词之后，充当复合句中的表语。
Eg. （1） The problem is puzzling. 这个问题令人困惑。
主语+连系动词+形容词作表语
（2）The problem is when we can get a pay rise. 问题是什么时候我们可以得到加薪。
主语+连系动词+句子作表语（表语从句）［when we can get a pay rise］
二、表语从句的引导词
主语从句引导词分为三类，具体内容如下所示：
85725-1270连词
连词
1. That
Eg. His suggestion is that we should stay calm.
总结：引导表语从句的that通常不省略，但在口语或非正式文体中有时也可省略：
Eg. My idea is (that) we should do it right away.
The trouble is (that) he is ill.
2. Whether
Eg. The question is whether the enemy is marching towards us.
The question is if the enemy is marching towards us.
总结：名词性从句中whether & if 的用法比较：
if不能引导表语从句，只能用whether 来引导。
引导宾语从句时if/whether可以互换，但介词后面的宾语从句只能用whether来引导。
位于句首的主语从句只能用whether来引导；
同位语从句也只能用whether来引导。
3. because，as，as if/ though
Eg.1) He looked just as he had looked ten years before.
2) It sounds as if someone is knocking at the door.
3) It's just because he doesn't know her.
85725148590连接代词
连接代词
1. What(ever)
Eg. The scissors are not what I need.
总结： What 与that 在引导表语从句时的区别：
What 引导主语从句时在从句中充当句子成分，what在表语从句中充当直接宾语；
that作为表语从句的引导词在该表语从句中不充当句子成分，但不能省略
2. Who(ever)/whom(ever)
Eg. The problem is who/whom we can get to replace her.
3. which(ever)
Eg. What I want to know is which road we should take.?
注意：which road we should take在本句中作整个句子的表语，由which引导的表语从句, 在从句中which 作road的定语，由此判断从句连接词选择which.
85725196215连接副词
连接副词
1. where
Eg. This is where they once lived.
注意：where they once lived在本句中作整个句子的表语，由Where引导的表语从句, 在从句中缺少地点状语成分，由此判断从句连接词选择Where。
2. When
Eg. The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.
注意：when he can arrive at the hotel在本句中作整个句子的表语，由when引导的表语从句, 在从句中缺少时间状语成分，由此判断从句连接词选择when。
3. Why
Eg. The question is why he cried yesterday.
注意：why he cried yesterday在本句中作整个句子的表语，由why引导的表语从句，在从句中缺少原因状语成分，由此判断从句连接词选择why。
总结：
because，why引导的表语从句区别：
强调部分不一样：
Eg. That's because he didn't understand me.
That's why he got angry with me.
注意：That's because…强调原因； That's why…强调结果
73469558420相似的结构：
(1）“That is why...”与“That is the reason why...”同义， 只不过从语法结构上讲， “That is the reason why...”中why引导的是—个定语从句， 将其中的the reason去掉则与“That is why...”结构一样， 例如：
That is (the reason) why I cannot agree. 这就是我不能同意的理由。
(2）“That is because...”句型中从属连词because引导的名词性从句在此作表语， 这也是个常用句型， 意为“这就是为什么……/因为……”。“That is because...”与“That is why...”之间的不同在于“That is because...”指原因或理由， “That is why...”则指由于各种原因所造成的后果， 例如：
He did not see the film last night. That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework.昨天晚上他没有去看电影， 那是因为他得帮助他的妹妹做作业。（第一句话说明结果， 第二句话说明原因）
He had seen the film before. That is why he did not see it last night.他以前曾看过那部电影， 因此他昨天晚上没有去看。（第一句话说明原因， 第二句话说明结果）
相似的结构：
(1）“That is why...”与“That is the reason why...”同义， 只不过从语法结构上讲， “That is the reason why...”中why引导的是—个定语从句， 将其中的the reason去掉则与“That is why...”结构一样， 例如：
That is (the reason) why I cannot agree. 这就是我不能同意的理由。
(2）“That is because...”句型中从属连词because引导的名词性从句在此作表语， 这也是个常用句型， 意为“这就是为什么……/因为……”。“That is because...”与“That is why...”之间的不同在于“That is because...”指原因或理由， “That is why...”则指由于各种原因所造成的后果， 例如：
He did not see the film last night. That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework.昨天晚上他没有去看电影， 那是因为他得帮助他的妹妹做作业。（第一句话说明结果， 第二句话说明原因）
He had seen the film before. That is why he did not see it last night.他以前曾看过那部电影， 因此他昨天晚上没有去看。（第一句话说明原因， 第二句话说明结果）
1905069215重难点聚焦
重难点聚焦
注意：what引导的主语从句表示结果或名词reason作主语时，后面的表语从句表示原因时要用that引导，
不宜用because.
Eg. The reason why I was sad was that he didn't understand me.
4. How
Eg. The problem is how we can get the things we need.
注意：how we can get the things we need在本句中作整个句子的表语，由how引导的表语从句，在从句中
缺少方式状语成分，由此判断从句连接词选择how。
知识点3：宾语从句
一、宾语从句定义
Key concept: 在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。通常可以分为介词宾语，动词宾语和形容词宾语。
宾语从句的引导词
8572597155连词
连词
1. That
Eg. He told me (that)he would go to college the next year
他告诉我他明年上大学.
2984599060可跟that从句做宾语的动词有：say, think, insist, wish, hope, demand, imagine, wonder, know, suppose, see, believe, agree, admit, deny, expect, explain, order, command, feel, dream, suggest, hear, mean, notice, prefer, request, require, propose, declare, report等。
可跟that从句做宾语的动词有：say, think, insist, wish, hope, demand, imagine, wonder, know, suppose, see, believe, agree, admit, deny, expect, explain, order, command, feel, dream, suggest, hear, mean, notice, prefer, request, require, propose, declare, report等。
扩展：that不能省略的情况
当that作learn, suggest, explain, agree, wonder, prove, mean, state, feel, hold等动词的宾语时
当宾语从句较长时
当主语谓语动词(包括非谓语动词)与宾语从句之间有插入语时
当一个动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时，此时第一个that可以省略，第二个that不可以省略
当宾语从句中的主语是this, that或this, that做主语的定语时
当宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时
当宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时
当宾语从句有it做其先行词时
在直接引语中，转述分句把宾语从句隔开时
2. Whether/if
Eg. I don’t know if there will be a bus any more.
我不知道是否还会有公交车.
Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam.
没有人知道他是否会通过考试.
85725113030由whether(if)引导的宾语从句，实际上是一般疑问句演变而来的。意思是“是否”。宾语从句要用陈述句语序。一般说来，在宾语从句中whether与if可以互换使用，但在特殊情况下if与whether是不能互换的。
由whether(if)引导的宾语从句，实际上是一般疑问句演变而来的。意思是“是否”。宾语从句要用陈述句语序。一般说来，在宾语从句中whether与if可以互换使用，但在特殊情况下if与whether是不能互换的。
-1270158115连接代词
连接代词
连接代词主要有who, whom, whose, what, whoever, whomever, whosever, whatever, whichever等, 连接代词一般指疑问，但what, whatever除了指代疑问外，也可以指陈述。
1. What(ever)
Eg. The book will show you what the best CEOs should know.
这本书会告诉你最好的执行总裁该了解什么.
2. Who(ever)/whom(ever)
Eg. Do you know who has won Red Alert game
你知道是谁赢得了红色警戒的游戏么？
3. which(ever)
Eg. Have you determined whichever you should buy, a Motorola or Nokia cell phone
你决定好是买诺基亚还是摩托罗拉的电话了吗?
85725196215连接副词
连接副词
连接副词主要有when, where, why, how, whenever, wherever, however等.
1. where
Eg. None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.
没有人知道这些的新的零件能在哪里买到。
2. When
Eg. He didn’t tell me when we should meet again.
他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面。
3. Why
Eg. He didn’t ask me why I turned her down.
他没有问我拒绝他的原因。
4. How
Eg. Could you please tell me how you use the new panel ?
你能告诉我怎么用这个新的操作盘吗？
85725111125这样的宾语从句实际上是由特殊疑问句变化而来的，宾语从句要用陈述句语序。用于这种结构的动词常常是：see, say, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, show, find out, imagine, suggest, doubt, wonder, discover, understand, inform, advise等。
这样的宾语从句实际上是由特殊疑问句变化而来的，宾语从句要用陈述句语序。用于这种结构的动词常常是：see, say, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, show, find out, imagine, suggest, doubt, wonder, discover, understand, inform, advise等。
三、宾语从句的时态
1）主句用一般现在时，从句可用任意时态。可归纳为“主现从不限”
2）主句用过去时，从句用过去某个时态。可归纳为“主过从句过”
3）主句用过去时，从句是客观真理、客观常识、名人格言时用一般现在时。
Eg. The teacher said that the moon goes around the earth yesterday.
老师昨天说月亮围着地球转.
4）情态动词could/would用于，“请求”，表示委婉、客气的语气时，从句不受主句的约束。
当主句为过去式，从句的时态用法
a) 从句用一般过去时或过去进行时表示与主句谓语动词动作同时发生
Eg. I only knew he was studying in a western country, but I didn’t know what country he was in.
我只知道他当时在西方的一个国家读书，可不知道是哪个国家.
He asked me if I was reading the story The Old Man and the Sea when he was in.
他问我他进来的时候我是否正在读<<老人与海>>.
b) 从句过去完成时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之前
Eg. He told me that he had told Mary about the meeting already.
他告诉我他已经把有关会议的事情告诉了Mary.
c) 从句谓语用过去将来时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之后
Eg. The reporter asked if the government would take necessary measures to put down the to-do.
记者问政府是否会采取必要的措施镇压骚乱.
四、宾语从句否定转移
Eg. I don’t think he will come to my party.
我认为他不会来我的舞会.
I don’t believe that man is killed by Jim, is he?
我认为那个人不是Jim所杀的，对吗？
注意：以上两句例句中都不能讲否定放置于后面的动词上，而不能说成I think he won’t come to my party和I don’t believe that man is not killed by Jim. 具体归纳总结见下表。
-17780118110主句的谓语动词是think, believe, imagine, suppose, consider, expect, fancy, guess等，并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时，从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来，其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致。
主句的谓语动词是think, believe, imagine, suppose, consider, expect, fancy, guess等，并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时，从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来，其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致。
Eg. We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully, does he？
我们发现他从来不仔细听老师讲课，是不是？
总结：
如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词，其反义疑问句要用肯定形式，常见的形容词接在表思维行为的动词之后。
扩展：
Eg. It doesn't seem that they know where to go.
看来他们不知道往哪去。
It doesn't sound as if he knew what had happened.
听起来他好像不知道刚才所发生的事情。
It doesn't look like it's going to rain.
看起来好像不会下雨。
五、宾语从句高考重难点突击：
1. 形式宾语it代替的宾语从句
Eg. I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day .
我认为每天多喝开水是有必要的.。
584201270动词find, feel, consider, make, believe等后面有宾语补足语的时候，则需要用it做形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置.
动词find, feel, consider, make, believe等后面有宾语补足语的时候，则需要用it做形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置.
Eg. I hate it when they say with their mouths full of food.
我讨厌他们满嘴食物时说话.
5842059055有些动词带宾语从句时需要在宾语与从句前加it ,这类动词主要有：hate, take, owe, have, see to.
有些动词带宾语从句时需要在宾语与从句前加it ,这类动词主要有：hate, take, owe, have, see to.
Eg. We all consider what you said to be unbelievable.
我们都认为你所说的是不可信的.
We discovered what we had learned to be valuable.
我们发现我们所学到的东西都是有价值的.
47625174625若宾语从句是wh-类，则不可用it代替
若宾语从句是wh-类，则不可用it代替
六、表语从句与宾语从句的异同：
1. 动词性质
i 宾语是跟在及物动词和介词后面的句子成分，宾语表示动作的对象，是动作的承受者，英语的及物动词
须有宾语，宾语一般放在及物动词之后。英语介词后面也要有宾语。某些形容词如 (worth)值得、(able)
能够、(sure)肯定. (careful)小心。
ii 表语是跟在系动词后面的句子成分，系动词一般就是指be动词和感官动词（see, hear, feel, touch……）
E.g. 1.He(主语） is(系动词） a student(表语）.
2.He(主语) plays(谓语，及物动词) basketball(宾语) well(程度副词)
3.He(主语) lives in(介词）a big house(宾语)
总结：宾语从句就是一个从句去充当宾语
表语从句就是一个句子去充当表语
2. 语序
宾语从句和表语的语序必须是陈述句语序，即“主语 + 谓语”这种形式。
3. 时态
宾语从句：当主句是一般现在时或一般将来时的时候，从句可以是任何时态，而当主句是一般过去时的时候，从句时态必须是过去时范围的时态，即（一般过去时，过去进行时，过去完成时，过去将来时）。
表语从句：具体语境具体分析，不像宾语从句，在有表语从句的复合句中，主句时态和从句时态可以不一致。
96583520955宾语从句解题方法：
判断语义
语序正常
宾语从句解题方法：
判断语义
语序正常
知识点4：同位语从句
一、同位语从句的定义
在复合句主句中名词性成分之后与该名词性成分并列，补充说明该名词性成分的有关情况的名词性从句， 被称为同位语从句。同位语从句的先行词通常为answer, hope, fact, truth, belief, news, idea, promise, information, conclusion, order, suggestion, problem, question, thought, report, belief, decision, doubt, opinion, theory等抽象名词。
例如：
The news that his health is failing made us sad. 他健康状况不佳的消息使我们很难过。
I have no idea where they are spending their holidays. 我不知道他们在哪里度假。
The question who should do the work requires consideration.谁该干这项工作的问题需要考虑.
There is no doubt that he will come here again.他会再来这里， 这是毫无疑问的。
He was tortured by the doubt whether he would accept their presents.他被是否接受他们的礼物这个疑虑所折磨着。
二、同位语从句的关系词
1. 如果同位语从句意义完整，则用that引导，而且that不能省略。如 :
1）The thought that we might success excited us.
2）The idea that they should try a second time is worth considering.
2. 如果同位语从句意义不完整，需增加是否、什么、谁、什么时候、什么地方、什么方式等含义时，则用whether/what/who/when/where/how等疑问词引导。如：
1）The question whether we need more time to do the work has not been discussed.
我们是否需要更多时间来做这项工作，这个问题还未讨论。
2）I have no idea when he will be back.
3）She raised the question where we could get the fund. 她提出这个问题，我们到哪里弄这笔资金。
4）I have some doubt whether he is suitable for the job. 他是否适合这份工作，我有点怀疑。
（比较：There’s no doubt that Robert will keep his promise. 毫无疑问，罗伯特会履行诺言的。）
注意：主句为肯定句时，doubt后的同位语从句用whether引导，主句为否定句时，doubt之后的同位语从句用that引导。
3. 有时可用namely（即），that is to say, in other words, that is, i.e.(=that is), for example 等列出同位语，说明其前面的名词（或代词）。如：
1）He told us the good news, namely, the museum is open to all.
2）There is only one way of improving your English, that is, to practice more.
同位语从句与定语从句区别
1. 先行词不同：一般说来，定语从句的先行词由名词或代词充当，同位语从句的先行词常常是抽象名词，而且在定语从句中，when, where前分别有表示时间、地点的先行词，而同位语从句中没有此对应关系。
1）Those who want to go please sign their names here.（定语从句）
2）We express the hope that they will come to visit China again.（同位语从句）
3）He didn’t tell us the date when he would come back.（定语从句）
4）I have no idea when he will come back.（同位语从句）
2. 从句的作用不同：同位语从句用来进一步说明前面名词的具体内容，于先行词是同位关系；定语从句用来修饰、限定先行词的意义，与先行词是修饰关系。
1）The news that our team has won the final match is encouraging.
（从句说明“消息”的内容：我们队取得了决赛胜利。）
2）The news that you told us is really encouraging.
（从句对“消息”加以限定：是你告诉我们的，而非来自其他渠道。但消息是何内容却不得而知。）
3. 引导从句的关联词that的功能不同：that引导同位语从句时是一个纯连词，不充当任何成分，但一般不可省略；而引导定语从句的that是关系代词，既指代先行词又须在从句中充当成分，作宾语时常可省略。
1）Dad made a promise that he would buy me CD player if I passed the English test. （that 不充当任何成分）
2）Dad made a promise that excited all his children. （that指代promise，又在从句中充当主语。）
3）The news (that) he told me is exciting. (that 作宾语，可省略)
4. when和where引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区别: when 和where前面的名词若是表示时间、地点的名词，则when和where引导的是定语从句，否则则为同位语从句。如：
This is the place (where the accident happened). （定语从句）
They put forward the question (where they could get the money). （同位语从句）
名词性从句语法填空：
1. _________ she was at the time of the murder was of major concern to the police that are investigating the case.
2. People may forget what you said or what you did, but they will never forget _________ you made them feel.
3. You didn’t study for your test, so your teacher has a point about _________ you failed!
4. Nowadays, you’ll notice a phenomenon _________ a lot of people are wearing jeans to concerts.
5. Mary’s success lies in the fact _________ she is co-operative and eager to learn from others.
6. A high definition digital camera on this cell phone can show you vividly_________ is around the person you are talking to.
7. According to the survey, the result is shocking_________ the number of people living alone has risen.
8. Online education forces colleges to focus on the rest of the learning process, which is __________ the real value lies.
9. Director Ang Lee told the New York Film Festival audience following the screening _________ Life of Pi was extremely hard to make.
10. Of course, the fact _________ misguided forms of dieting result in so many problems does not mean that no dieting is safe.
11. The limits of a person’s intelligence are fixed at birth, but _________ he reaches these limits depends on his environment.
12. His writing is so confusing that it’s difficult to make out _________ it is he is trying to express.
13. Although he has become wealthy, Mr. Wood remains _________ he used to be, modest and friendly.
14. _________ the city’s public school system should be open to the children of migrant workers has become the focus of discussion.
15. Can you be honest about _________ it would take to defend yourself against a gun attack?
答案
1.where 2.how 3.why 4.that 5.that 6.what 7.that 8.where 9.that 10.that 11.whether 12.what 13.what 14.whether 15.what
专题知识梳理---解题技巧汇总
上海高考完形填空的特点：
不考查语法
不考查固定搭配
考查实词为主，表示逻辑关系的介词短语和副词词组会考查。
干扰选项都可放在缺空处，但只有正确选项符合逻辑和含义。
解题步骤:
一、通读全文，了解大意。
二、依据中心句线索，紧扣主题选择。
三、利用原词复现或同现, 选择最佳选项。
四、利用逻辑关系。
常用解题技巧：
同义复现
逻辑关系/语境
习惯搭配/常识背景
词义辨析
利用词汇同现（复现）解题 (难点)
同现指意义上相互联系的单词同时出现在同一语篇中。一个语篇，一个话题，要求有与之相连的词汇。
1）名词同现：与一个话题或一个名词出现在同一个语境的另一个名词。如：
school---primary school—middle school—college—university
students—pupils—graduates—postgraduates
2）动词同现：与一个话题或一个名词出现在同一个语境的另一个动词。如：
school—teach—learn—attend—found—drop out—graduate—be dismissed
3)形容词同现; 就某一语境而言所能出现的形容词也是有规律的。如：
在学校这个语境中：（key）school—（optional）course—（compulsory）course
4) 结构同现: 结构同现批搭配之类的句型和成对出现的短语。如：
some…,others; on one hand…,on the other hand; former…,latter; so…that; not only…but also; hardly/scarcely…when…; no sooner…than…; be about to do /be doing /had done /be on the point of doing/be to do/be ready to do/be on the way … when…;
综合训练
延安中学高一上英语期末
II. Grammar and Vocabulary
Section A
Direction: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence.
21. Doing yoga may be a good way to guard ___________ heart disease, particularly if you can’t do more vigorous exercise.
A. against B. for C. beyond D. on
22. During the bilateral (双边的) talk, no agreement was reached between the two leaders as neither side would give way to ___________.
A. another B. other C. the other D. one another
23. Newton’s first law of motion states that any object in motion will stay in motion __________ it is acted on by an outside force.
A. though B. unless C. If D. when
24. __________ buying food online brings much convenience, the plastic bags and wrappings coming with it produce harmful effects on our environment.
A. Though B. Since C. Considering D. However
25. Fashion, __________ has a similar meaning to innovation, is a result of imagination and inspiration instead of imitation.
A. that B. in which C. where D. which
26. “Roots and Shoots” is a youth service program __________ aim is to inspire each individual to take action to make the world a better place.
A. which B. whose C. of which D.its
27. In 1960, Jane Goodall risked her life entering the forest in Gombe __________ wild chimpanzees lived.
A. which B. where C. that D. in where
Section B
Directions: Complete the sentences with the words or phrases in the box. Each word or phrase can only be used once. There is one extra that you do not need.
A. go through B. nourish C. track D. pass on E. speak highly of
F. portray G. deceive H. reveal I. aspire
28. Some satellites can be used to __________ levels of CO2 in the atmosphere , painting a more detailed picture of the impact of global warming.
29. Foreign businesses have confidence in the Chinese market and __________ what the Chinese government has done to make investments easier.
30. Rich in fat and vitamin E, avocados are said to __________ skin and hair.
31. Romantic artists __________ nature as wild and powerful with a sweeping strength to rule over everything.
32. Never __________ to have unrealistic expectations; otherwise you will feel frustrated.
33. Police are looking for patterns that might help __________ the identity of the criminal.
34. Remember that appearance can __________; just looking good doesn’t mean it is good.
35. With the company of someone I love, I can __________ all the hardships of life.
Section C
Directions: Complete the article with the words or phrases in the box. Each word or phrases can only be used once. There is one extra that you do not need.
A. purchased B. politely C. demanding D. pursuit
E. threatened F. disrespectfully G. fearing H. dissatisfaction
Living with cats opens a window into a world beyond our own and teaches us something important about what it means to be human. Unlike human beings, particularly of the modern variety, cats do not spend their days in laborious ____36___ of a fantasy of happiness. They are comfortable with themselves and their lives, and remain in that condition for as long as they are not ____37___. When they are not eating or sleeping, they pass the time exploring and playing, never asking for reasons to live. Life itself is enough for them.
In English, the word” contentment” conveys something of a feeling of being at peace with the world or with yourself. It is more of a state than a fleeting emotion. A person can be momentarily happy without being content. Contentment cannot be ____38___ happiness, on the other hand, has a price. Cats enjoy contentment as their birthright. Why this is so is worth exploring. Cats show no sign of regretting the past of being worried about the future. They live, absorbed in the present moment. It will be said that this is because they cannot envision the past or future. Perhaps so, though their habit of ___39____ their breakfast at the accustomed hour shows they do have a sensed of the passage of time. But cats, unlike people, are not haunted by an anxious sense that time is slipping away. Not thinking of their lives as stories in which they are moving towards some better state, they meet each other day as it comes. They do not waste their lives dreading the time when their lives must end. Not _____40__ death, they enjoy a kind of immortality（永生）.
“When I play with my cat,” Montaigne wrote, “How do I know she is not playing with me?” With creatures that can be understood only partly by us, one can only speculate(猜测) about their inner life. Certainly they have a sense of dignity; they avoid people who treat them ___41____, for instance. Yet cats do not struggle to remark themselves according to any ideal self-image. Not inwardly divided, they are happy to be themselves. Living in accord with their nature, cats do not need moral instruction, For human beings, on other hand, __42_____ with our natural condition seems to be natural. The human animal never stops to strive for some higher form of life. Cats make no such effort. Without any process of laborious thinking, these playful and adaptable creatures already know how to live.
III. Reading Comprehension
Section A
“I’m going to kill you while you are both asleep,” the wild-eyed 13-year-old girl said as she kicked her father before biting his arm. This was the second time in less than a week that Heidi had flown into a violent rage because her parents had taken away her _____43__ to social media.
Heidi used to be a sweet, happy, loving girl. “ It all started when she came home in seventh grade with a Chromebook(谷歌笔记本电脑) that school had given her ,” her father said. Given for school purposes, the Chromebook came loaded with Google ______44____ -----which also, ____45______, included various Google Chat communities.
Heidi spent more and more time in its social media chat rooms every night and also began playing a(n) _____46_____ game. Over the course of a year, Heidi transformed into a rude and violent terror. And sadly, she became a girl in _____47_____ of psychological treatment.
Early adolescence(青春期) is a time of dramatic ____48______ for most kids. It is true that many kids use social media _____49_____ and without problems. But growing evidence shows that addition in social media can lead to psychological problems and young people may be especially vulnerable. According to a poll, cell-phone owners between the ages of 18 and 24 send or receive an average of 109.5 messages daily, _____50_____ all adults (18 and older) exchange a daily average of 41.5 messages.
For a species of social connection, that should be a wonderful thing. And yet the rise of social media has coincide with an obvious _____51_____ in mental health. More and more people reported symptoms of _____52_____ in recent years than they did in the 1980s. Teens, in particular, are now twice as likely to see a professional for mental health issues.
Another reason why people can feel down after Facebook sessions is that they feel the time spent is not ______53____ . As social creatures, we find meaning and _____54_____ our emotional states largely through the social and cultural context created by contact with other. Not getting the right kind of human contact at key developmental periods in childhood can lead to profound emotional problems.
Social media has an impact on our basic psychological needs -----including the need for novelty(新奇). Unfortunately, in the information age, every hyperlink, tweet, text and email is an opportunity to experience something new, which can be ______55____. Vast opportunities for novelty can be extremely ___56_______.
So then where does modern digital technology leave us? Short answer: addicted or, at the very least, potentially vulnerable to screen addition. Many adults and kids have developed uncontrollable texting and social media habits precisely because they ____57______our thirst for novelty. And like addicts, they can feel like going into withdrawal(戒毒期) without it.
43. A. solution B. access C. key D. entrance
44. A. Video B. Entertainment C. Classroom D. Marketing
45. A. unfortunately B. luckily C. unnecessarily D. ridiculously
46. . inclusive B. efficient C. negative D. addictive
47. A. search B. need C. favor D. fear
48. A. influence B. danger C. change D. happiness
49. A. responsibly B. diligently C. wrongly D. unconsciously
50.A. because B. even if C. furthermore D. whereas
51. A. increase B. decline C. goodness D. development
52. A. excitement B. fatness C. depression D. shyness
53. A. meaningful B. valueless C. wasteful D. interesting
54. A. boost B. discourage C. lower D. locate
55. A. inadequate B. overwhelming C. threatening . unsatisfying
56. A. disappointing B. exhausting C. unexpected D. boring
57. A. kill B. provide C. satisfy D. stop
Section B
Direction ; Read the passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
(A)
Weight loss is still incredibly challenging for most people. According to the latest statistics, more than two in three US adults are considered overweight ( defined as a body-mass index over 25) and 36.5% of US adults fall into the obese category (BMI greater than 30).and 36.5% of US adults fall into the obese category (BMI greater than 30).
About half of overweight and obese adults reports that they are trying to lose weight. Why aren’t they losing weight? There is no simple , universal answer to this question. Here are some of the most common reasons you might not be losing weight, even though you think you are doing everything right. Suggestions are also included to get you on the right track to sustained weight loss.
You have calorie ’amnesia’
Put simply, people often eat more calories than they realize. Total calories consumed matters when it comes to weight loss, despite what some popular diets claim. People frequently forget about the little things during or between meals that add up calorically and can interfere significantly with weight loss.
You relax your diet too much on weekends
This is another very common issue that is a bit more challenging to fix, as weekends are generally much less structured and more social than weekdays. Three days (Friday, Saturday and Sunday) of more relaxed eating (and in many cases drinking) can easily erase four days of more focused effort.
The fix: Try to limit indulgences if you are trying to lose weight. One night, have a glass of wine or a more indulgent entrée but not both. On another night, split a dessert, skip the wine, and try to choose a healthier entrée. Be careful with having an entire “cheat” meal ----- or worse, “cheat” day -----as this can really interfere with weight loss.
You eat too much of a good thing
Nutrition science has found that unsaturated fat, including nuts, seed, avocado and olive oil. plays an important role in a healthy diet. However, you can easily eat too much healthy fat along with other healthy foods, including whole grains. Whole grains have three times the number of carbohydrates as non-starchy vegetables per serving, so again, portion size matters.
The fix: Practice portion control when it comes to healthy but more calorie-dense foods such as nuts, peanut butter, seeds, avocado, olive oil and whole grains including quinoa, whole-grain cereal and pasta, and brown rice.
There are other potential reasons why you are not losing weight: short sleep duration , excess sedentary (坐着的) behavior, overeating after workouts, stress eating and eating a highly inflammatory diet filled with processed food and inadequate fruits and vegetables. But the above list should get you started figuring out how to get the scale moving in the right direction.
58. For a person with BMI of 21, he/she/ is likely to ________.
A. be worried about being overweight
B. eat as much as possible beyond control.
C. have a balanced and rational diet
D. feel weight loss challenging
59. The underlined “ ammonia” probably means _______-.
A. fear of sth B. being anxious about sth
C. not remembering sth D. controlling sth
60. If you want to lose weight, how should you choose your diet on weekends?
A. Having both dessert and wine
B. Eating relaxedly with friends
C. Having more nuts and whole grains.
D. Enjoying a healthy entrée with a small portion size
61. According to the passage, which of the following is probably not a reason for not losing weight?
A. Eating much processed food.
B. Having snack food between meals.
C. Not controlling food intake after physical exercise
D. Sleeping for a longer period of time
(B)
Tokyo has plenty of fantastic places to check out autumn atmosphere, both in the city center and farther afield. Here’s a roundup of Tokyo’s most magnificent autumn viewing destination, which are usually at their best in mind-to late-November.
Icho Namiki Avenue
One of Tokyo's best spots to take in autumn leaves is right in the city's downtown area.
Sandwiched between bustling business districts, Icho Namiki Avenue is home to a stretch of gingko trees that are especially breathtaking from late November to early December, when the leaves turn a bold yellow.
The avenue is great for a walk, but you can take a seat at the Royal Garden Cafe to enjoy the leaves as well as the snacks baked in the shop.
From November 14 to December 6, a festival celebrates the season, with goods for sale from across Japan and street performers.
How to get there: A five-minute walk from Aoyama-Itchome Station or six-minute walk from Gaienmae Station.
Rikugien Gardens
Built in the early 1700s for the shogun Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, Rikugien is one of Tokyo's oldest parks.
It remains one of the capital's most beautiful spots, especially in late autumn.
It takes about an hour to do a full tour of the sprawling park, with the best views on the northwest side, particularly around Togetsukyo Bridge.
Rikugien also houses the famous Tsutsuji no Chaya teahouse, located near some of the most picturesque spots.
How to get there: It's a seven-minute walk from Komagome Station to the park's main entrance.
Rikugien is open from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., although during the autumn leaves season the hours are extended to 9 p.m.
Mount Takao
Located 50 minutes' drive from the city center, Mount Takao is a popular weekend escape for Tokyoites in search of nature.
It gets especially busy in November, when autumn colors burst into view. The attention is well-deserved.
There are lots of chances to capture the fall tones from the mountain's numerous hiking trails and peaks. The leaves are most widespread at the top.
Getting up the hill requires a 90-minute trek, but it's worth it -- particularly on a clear day, when you can see Mount Fuji. A cable car will take you halfway up the mountain.
How to get there: From Shinjuku Station, take the Keio Line to Takaosanguchi Station, which is right next to Mount Takao.
Mount Mitake
This is the farthest destination from Tokyo on the list, but the views found along the mountainside more than justify the 75-minute train ride.
Part of the massive Chichibu-Tama-Kai National Park, Mount Mitake features several hiking trails and Musashi-Mitake Shrine, a beautiful building that serves as the center of worship on the mountain. The hike up the mountain in late October features a gorgeous autumn canvas, made all the more memorable by various natural waterfalls.
There's a quaint traditional Japanese village on Mount Mitake, with food and souvenirs on sale.
How to get there: Head to Ome Station, about 75 minutes from Shinjuku Station, via the JR Chuo Line. Then transfer to the orange JR Ome Line, getting off at Mitake Station. Finally, take the Nishi Tokyo bus from Mitake Station to the end of the line, then hop on the cable car to Mitakesan Station.
62. If you want to enjoy waterfall scenery besides the beautiful autumn leave, you may visit________.
A. Mount Mitake B. Icho Namiki Avenue
C. Rikugien Gardens D. Mount Takao
63. Which activity is not mentioned in these viewing destinations?
A. Having baked snacks B. Drinking tea
C. Taking some leaves as souvenirs D. Riding a cable car
64. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?
A. Icho Namiki Avenue is located in mountain side with a 5-min walk from the Royal Garden Café.
B. Rikugien Gardens is open from 9 a.m to 5 p.m in the autumn season.
C. It takes 90 minutes to reach the top of Mount Takao by a cable car.
D. Though situated the farthest, Mount Mitake is worth a visit the touch of a beautiful shrine.
(C)
Decades ago, Churchill described what we now call the habitable (适宜居住的) zone and asked whether there were plants orbiting (绕……轨道运行) stars other than the sun could harbor life. Now scientists have confirmed the existence of seven roughly Earth-sized planets orbiting the star TRAPPIST-1. This is the first time that so many Earth-sized planets have been found around the same star. Three of these exoplanets are situated in what’s called the “habitable zone”, where temperatures are neither too hot nor too cold to have liquid water and sustain life. It remained to be discovered whether they could, did or do harbor life.
Exoplanet is the word used for any planet that revolves around a star other than the sun. Researchers have measured the precise size of each planet using the dip(倾斜) in the star’s light as each planet passes it. By measuring the interval between transits( 凌日), they could also calculate the period of the orbit as well as the distance from the star. Finally, they were able to estimate the masses of the six inner planets and estimates their densities. The researcher believe it’s likely that all of the planets in the system are rocky.
TRAPPIST-1 is much smaller and cooler than the sun, with only about 8 percent of its mass and a very dim appearance. If the sun were a basketball, TRAPPIST-1would be a golf ball. It is relatively close to Earth, at 40 light-years away. Still, even travelling at light speed, it would take about 39 years to get there. In a jet plane, it would take about 44 million years.
The exoplanets are dubbed TRAPPIST-1 b, c, d, e, f, g, and h. TRAPPIST-1e is very close in size to Earth, receives about the same amount of light as Earth and could have very similar temperature ; TRAPPIST-1f is a potentially water-rich world that is also about the same size as Earth, has a nine-day orbit and receive about the same amount of light as Mars; and TRAPPIST-1g is the largest planet in the system, with a radius(半径) about 13 percent larger than that of Earth. It is important to note that water has not yet been discovered and it will take many more observations before that could happen. The TRAPPIST-1 system provides one of the best opportunities in the next decade to study the atmospheres around Earth-sized planets.
NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope and the Kepler space telescope are already observing the system and the researchers will soon have more accurate measurements of the masses of the TRAPPIST-1 exoplanets. Unlike a lot of the other habitable zone planets that scientists have previously discovered, they can actually assess the TRAPPIST-1 exoplanets in the near future rather than rely on speculation(猜测).
65. What did Churchill’s words imply?
A. We were the only living creatures in the habitable zone.
B. Life could exist outside our solar system
C. More planets orbiting the sun remain to be discovered
D. Life was more likely to exist in Earth-sized planets.
66. Scientist have measured some aspects of the exoplanets EXCEPT_______.
A. their periods of the orbit B. distances from TRAPPIST-1
C. masses and densities D. the year when they came into being
67. Which of the following descriptions about the seven exoplanets is NOT TRUE?
A. The size of each planet has been measured accurately based on scientific calculation
B. Water has already been found on some of the exoplanets to support life.
C. TRAPPIST-1f is similar to in size to TRAPPIST-1e and is likely to have water on it.
D. TRAPPIST-1g is the largest among them with a bigger size than that of the Earth.
68. According to the passage, what is the significance of the discovery of the TRAPPIST-1 system?
A. It enables scientists to get more knowledge about Earth-sized planets.
B. It’s close to Earth, making it possible for human being to get there.
C. Evidence shows that life did exist in the system
D. Its discovery paves the way for further study of other planets discovered previously
参考答案： 后期及时更新
21.- 27. ACBADBB
28. -35 CEBFIHGA
36. -42. DEACGFH
43. -57. BCADB CADBC AABBC
58. -61. DCDD
62. A 63. C 64. D
65. B 66. D 67. B 68. A
复习本节课知识点
学员编号： 年 级： 课 时 数：
学员姓名： 辅导科目： 学科教师：
课程主题： 名词性从句知识点梳理+十一选十专题+名校期末考真题
授课时间： 2021
学习目标
定语从句复习，掌握词汇解题技巧，提升综合能力
教学内容
Part 1.
1. Go and get your coat. It's you left it.
A. there B. where C. there were D. where there
2. the sports meet will be held depends on the weather.
A. Whenever B. If C. Whether D. That
3. The problem is he has enough time.
A. if B. whether C. / D. that
4. He made a promise he would help me.
A. what B. when C. that D. which
5. They lost their way in the forest and made matters worse was that night began to fall.
A. that B. this C. what D. which
6. He told me the news the Queen would visit China the next month.
A. that B. which C. when D. whether
7. When the holidays were drawing near, I asked my American friends was the best way to travel in the United States.
A. that B. what C. such D. where
8. He was lucky enough to sell his car for exactly .
A. where he had paid for it B. what he had paid for it
C. what he was paid for it D. which he had paid for it
9. Sometimes we are asked we think the likely result of an action will be.
A. that B. what C. which D. whether
10. They have not made any decision on they are going to do to deal with the waste and control pollution.
A. that B. which C. if D. what
11. —Do you know him?
—Yes, but I can't remember I met him for the first time.
A. where B. what C. that D. if
12. —Do you know Mr. Black's address is.
—He may live at No. 18 or No. 19 of Bridge Street. I'm not sure of .
A. what; which B. where; which C. where; what D. what; where
13. This old computer must have been of great use to did the scientific research.
A. those B. when C. whoever D. whomever
14. all the inventions have in common is they have succeeded.
A. What; what B. That; that C. What; that D. That; what
15. —I rang you at about ten, but there was no reply.
—Oh, that was probably I was seeing the doctor.
A. when B. why C. what D. that
16. Maria has to baby-sit. That's she can't come with us.
A. why B. how C. when D. what
17. surprised me most was they had finished it so quickly.
A. What, what B. That, that C. What, that D. That, what
18. The reason why she couldn't come to the meeting was she had not been invited.
A. because B. which C. that D. why
19. In some countries, is called "equality" does not really mean equal rights for all people.
A. which B. that C. what D. one
20. Although he knew little about the work done in the field of physics, he succeeded other experienced experts failed.
A. which B. that C. what D. where
Keys:
1-5 B C B C C 6-10 ABBBD 11-15 AACCA 16-20 ACCCD
79565551435
主语从句 What he wants to tell us is not clear.
名词性从句 宾语从句 He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.
表语从句 The fact is that we have lost the game.
同位语从句 I have no idea when he will come back home.
3. 名词性从句解题思路
1. 从句子结构入手，首先分清楚简单句和复合句。
2. 连词的选用依据 “缺什么补什么”原则确定正确的连词。如果句子中缺主语，指人用who，指物用what；
如缺宾语，指人用whom，指物用what；如缺时间状语用when；地点状语用where；原因状语用why；
方式状语用how；定语用what或which；什么都不缺用that。whether 和if（是否）。
知识点1：主语从句
一、主语从句的定义
在复合句中作主句的主语的从句。
二、主语从句的关系词
引导词有连词that (that 不可省)，whether； 代词有who, whoever, what ,which；副词 when ,where, how, why 等。如:
1.由从属连词引导的主语从句：
a.?Whether?the?country?should?build?a?nuclear?power?station?is?something?we?must?discuss.?
b.?That?light?travels?in?straight?line?is?known?to?all. =It is known to us all that light travels in straight?line .
注意 ：连词that, whether引导的主语从句，在从句中不作任何成分，不能省略，多用it作形式主语。
2.由连接代词引导的主语从句：
a.?What?we?need?is?more?time.?= The thing that we need is more time.
b.?Which?type?of?coal?they?are?going?to?burn?needs?to?be?decided.
c.?Whoever?is?here?gets?a?prize.
注意：who是连接代词，引导主语从句，在从句中作主语不能省略，what引导的主语从句有时相当于
“先行词+that”
3.由连接副词引导的主语从句：
a.?When?the?plane?is?to?take?off?hasn’t?been?announced.
b.?Where?he?has?been?is?still?a?puzzle.?
c.?How?much?water?is?flowing?can?be?measured?easily.?
注意：
(1)单个主语从句作主语时（包括两个或多个连接词引导一个主语从句），谓语动词要用单数；如果由and 连
接的两个或两个以上的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用复数。如：
When the meeting will begin has not been decided yet.
When they will start and where they go have not been decided yet.
When and where the meeting will begin has not been decided yet.
主语从句放在句首往往显得头重脚轻，不太平衡，因此，在大多数情况下都是在主语的位置上用一个形式
主语?it，而把主语从句移到句未去。?it?作形式主语，把主语从句后置的常用句型有：
1）It?+?be?+?形容词?+?that从句
It?is?quite?clear?that?Tom?was?fond?of?music.
2）It?+?be?+?名词?+?that从句
It?is?a?pity?that?she?has?made?such?a?foolish?mistake.
3）It?+?be?+?过去分词?+?that从句
It’s?not?yet?decided?that?when?the?test?will?be?given.?
4）It?seems,?happens?等不及物动词?+?that从句
It?happened?that?I?didn’t?take?any?money?with?me.?
It seems that he doesn’t like the dish.
注意：it作为形式主语引导的主语从句是考试的重点，需要主要和强调句型区分开来。
要注意以下情况：
1. 当what引导的主语从句表示“……东西”时，一般不用it作形式主语。?
What?he?needs?is?more?experience.
2. 表示“无论……”Whatever,?whoever,?whichever引导的主语从句一般也不用it作形式主语。 如：
Whatever he has done is right.
Whichever he likes has nothing to do with me.
whatever,?whoever,?whichever还可连接让步状语从句，相当于no matter what/who/which
Whatever (=no matter what) he has done, I can forgive him.
但以下情况往往必须用it作形式主语，主语从句一般不能放在句首。
a. It?doesn’t matter?whether?he?likes?or?not.?
b. It’s?said?that?the?highway?will?be?open?to?traffic?next?year.?
c. Is?it?likely?that?it?will?snow?in?the?afternoon?
d. It turned out that he was right.
e. It happened that he took the same train.
主语从句不在句首，可以用if代替?whether,?但如若在句首，只能用whether，而不能用if.
a. It’s?not?clear?to?me?whether?(?if?)?she?likes?to?join?our?discussion.?
b. Whether?she?likes?to?join?our?discussion?is?not?clear?to?me.
(3) It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较
It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。
而it引导的强调句句型的结构为：It is/was+被强调部分+that引导的从句（如果被强调部分是人，也可用
who代替that），是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人
是也可用who/whom。例如：
It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film.
It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.
It is in the morning that the murder took place.
It is John that broke the window.
注意：此点是常考点，也是易错点。因为强调句型的检验符合去掉it be和that如果剩下的部分稍加调整句序是正确的，如果不是这样就是主语从句。
知识点2：表语从句
一、表语从句定义
Key concept: 表语从句放在连系动词之后，充当复合句中的表语。
Eg. （1） The problem is puzzling. 这个问题令人困惑。
主语+连系动词+形容词作表语
（2）The problem is when we can get a pay rise. 问题是什么时候我们可以得到加薪。
主语+连系动词+句子作表语（表语从句）［when we can get a pay rise］
二、表语从句的引导词
主语从句引导词分为三类，具体内容如下所示：
85725-1270连词
连词
1. That
Eg. His suggestion is that we should stay calm.
总结：引导表语从句的that通常不省略，但在口语或非正式文体中有时也可省略：
Eg. My idea is (that) we should do it right away.
The trouble is (that) he is ill.
2. Whether
Eg. The question is whether the enemy is marching towards us.
The question is if the enemy is marching towards us.
总结：名词性从句中whether & if 的用法比较：
if不能引导表语从句，只能用whether 来引导。
引导宾语从句时if/whether可以互换，但介词后面的宾语从句只能用whether来引导。
位于句首的主语从句只能用whether来引导；
同位语从句也只能用whether来引导。
3. because，as，as if/ though
Eg.1) He looked just as he had looked ten years before.
2) It sounds as if someone is knocking at the door.
3) It's just because he doesn't know her.
85725148590连接代词
连接代词
1. What(ever)
Eg. The scissors are not what I need.
总结： What 与that 在引导表语从句时的区别：
What 引导主语从句时在从句中充当句子成分，what在表语从句中充当直接宾语；
that作为表语从句的引导词在该表语从句中不充当句子成分，但不能省略
2. Who(ever)/whom(ever)
Eg. The problem is who/whom we can get to replace her.
3. which(ever)
Eg. What I want to know is which road we should take.?
注意：which road we should take在本句中作整个句子的表语，由which引导的表语从句, 在从句中which 作road的定语，由此判断从句连接词选择which.
85725196215连接副词
连接副词
1. where
Eg. This is where they once lived.
注意：where they once lived在本句中作整个句子的表语，由Where引导的表语从句, 在从句中缺少地点状语成分，由此判断从句连接词选择Where。
2. When
Eg. The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.
注意：when he can arrive at the hotel在本句中作整个句子的表语，由when引导的表语从句, 在从句中缺少时间状语成分，由此判断从句连接词选择when。
3. Why
Eg. The question is why he cried yesterday.
注意：why he cried yesterday在本句中作整个句子的表语，由why引导的表语从句，在从句中缺少原因状语成分，由此判断从句连接词选择why。
总结：
because，why引导的表语从句区别：
强调部分不一样：
Eg. That's because he didn't understand me.
That's why he got angry with me.
注意：That's because…强调原因； That's why…强调结果
73469558420相似的结构：
(1）“That is why...”与“That is the reason why...”同义， 只不过从语法结构上讲， “That is the reason why...”中why引导的是—个定语从句， 将其中的the reason去掉则与“That is why...”结构一样， 例如：
That is (the reason) why I cannot agree. 这就是我不能同意的理由。
(2）“That is because...”句型中从属连词because引导的名词性从句在此作表语， 这也是个常用句型， 意为“这就是为什么……/因为……”。“That is because...”与“That is why...”之间的不同在于“That is because...”指原因或理由， “That is why...”则指由于各种原因所造成的后果， 例如：
He did not see the film last night. That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework.昨天晚上他没有去看电影， 那是因为他得帮助他的妹妹做作业。（第一句话说明结果， 第二句话说明原因）
He had seen the film before. That is why he did not see it last night.他以前曾看过那部电影， 因此他昨天晚上没有去看。（第一句话说明原因， 第二句话说明结果）
相似的结构：
(1）“That is why...”与“That is the reason why...”同义， 只不过从语法结构上讲， “That is the reason why...”中why引导的是—个定语从句， 将其中的the reason去掉则与“That is why...”结构一样， 例如：
That is (the reason) why I cannot agree. 这就是我不能同意的理由。
(2）“That is because...”句型中从属连词because引导的名词性从句在此作表语， 这也是个常用句型， 意为“这就是为什么……/因为……”。“That is because...”与“That is why...”之间的不同在于“That is because...”指原因或理由， “That is why...”则指由于各种原因所造成的后果， 例如：
He did not see the film last night. That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework.昨天晚上他没有去看电影， 那是因为他得帮助他的妹妹做作业。（第一句话说明结果， 第二句话说明原因）
He had seen the film before. That is why he did not see it last night.他以前曾看过那部电影， 因此他昨天晚上没有去看。（第一句话说明原因， 第二句话说明结果）
1905069215重难点聚焦
重难点聚焦
注意：what引导的主语从句表示结果或名词reason作主语时，后面的表语从句表示原因时要用that引导，
不宜用because.
Eg. The reason why I was sad was that he didn't understand me.
4. How
Eg. The problem is how we can get the things we need.
注意：how we can get the things we need在本句中作整个句子的表语，由how引导的表语从句，在从句中
缺少方式状语成分，由此判断从句连接词选择how。
知识点3：宾语从句
一、宾语从句定义
Key concept: 在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。通常可以分为介词宾语，动词宾语和形容词宾语。
宾语从句的引导词
8572597155连词
连词
1. That
Eg. He told me (that)he would go to college the next year
他告诉我他明年上大学.
2984599060可跟that从句做宾语的动词有：say, think, insist, wish, hope, demand, imagine, wonder, know, suppose, see, believe, agree, admit, deny, expect, explain, order, command, feel, dream, suggest, hear, mean, notice, prefer, request, require, propose, declare, report等。
可跟that从句做宾语的动词有：say, think, insist, wish, hope, demand, imagine, wonder, know, suppose, see, believe, agree, admit, deny, expect, explain, order, command, feel, dream, suggest, hear, mean, notice, prefer, request, require, propose, declare, report等。
扩展：that不能省略的情况
当that作learn, suggest, explain, agree, wonder, prove, mean, state, feel, hold等动词的宾语时
当宾语从句较长时
当主语谓语动词(包括非谓语动词)与宾语从句之间有插入语时
当一个动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时，此时第一个that可以省略，第二个that不可以省略
当宾语从句中的主语是this, that或this, that做主语的定语时
当宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时
当宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时
当宾语从句有it做其先行词时
在直接引语中，转述分句把宾语从句隔开时
2. Whether/if
Eg. I don’t know if there will be a bus any more.
我不知道是否还会有公交车.
Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam.
没有人知道他是否会通过考试.
85725113030由whether(if)引导的宾语从句，实际上是一般疑问句演变而来的。意思是“是否”。宾语从句要用陈述句语序。一般说来，在宾语从句中whether与if可以互换使用，但在特殊情况下if与whether是不能互换的。
由whether(if)引导的宾语从句，实际上是一般疑问句演变而来的。意思是“是否”。宾语从句要用陈述句语序。一般说来，在宾语从句中whether与if可以互换使用，但在特殊情况下if与whether是不能互换的。
-1270158115连接代词
连接代词
连接代词主要有who, whom, whose, what, whoever, whomever, whosever, whatever, whichever等, 连接代词一般指疑问，但what, whatever除了指代疑问外，也可以指陈述。
1. What(ever)
Eg. The book will show you what the best CEOs should know.
这本书会告诉你最好的执行总裁该了解什么.
2. Who(ever)/whom(ever)
Eg. Do you know who has won Red Alert game
你知道是谁赢得了红色警戒的游戏么？
3. which(ever)
Eg. Have you determined whichever you should buy, a Motorola or Nokia cell phone
你决定好是买诺基亚还是摩托罗拉的电话了吗?
85725196215连接副词
连接副词
连接副词主要有when, where, why, how, whenever, wherever, however等.
1. where
Eg. None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.
没有人知道这些的新的零件能在哪里买到。
2. When
Eg. He didn’t tell me when we should meet again.
他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面。
3. Why
Eg. He didn’t ask me why I turned her down.
他没有问我拒绝他的原因。
4. How
Eg. Could you please tell me how you use the new panel ?
你能告诉我怎么用这个新的操作盘吗？
85725111125这样的宾语从句实际上是由特殊疑问句变化而来的，宾语从句要用陈述句语序。用于这种结构的动词常常是：see, say, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, show, find out, imagine, suggest, doubt, wonder, discover, understand, inform, advise等。
这样的宾语从句实际上是由特殊疑问句变化而来的，宾语从句要用陈述句语序。用于这种结构的动词常常是：see, say, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, show, find out, imagine, suggest, doubt, wonder, discover, understand, inform, advise等。
三、宾语从句的时态
1）主句用一般现在时，从句可用任意时态。可归纳为“主现从不限”
2）主句用过去时，从句用过去某个时态。可归纳为“主过从句过”
3）主句用过去时，从句是客观真理、客观常识、名人格言时用一般现在时。
Eg. The teacher said that the moon goes around the earth yesterday.
老师昨天说月亮围着地球转.
4）情态动词could/would用于，“请求”，表示委婉、客气的语气时，从句不受主句的约束。
当主句为过去式，从句的时态用法
a) 从句用一般过去时或过去进行时表示与主句谓语动词动作同时发生
Eg. I only knew he was studying in a western country, but I didn’t know what country he was in.
我只知道他当时在西方的一个国家读书，可不知道是哪个国家.
He asked me if I was reading the story The Old Man and the Sea when he was in.
他问我他进来的时候我是否正在读<<老人与海>>.
b) 从句过去完成时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之前
Eg. He told me that he had told Mary about the meeting already.
他告诉我他已经把有关会议的事情告诉了Mary.
c) 从句谓语用过去将来时表示该动作发生在主句谓语动作之后
Eg. The reporter asked if the government would take necessary measures to put down the to-do.
记者问政府是否会采取必要的措施镇压骚乱.
四、宾语从句否定转移
Eg. I don’t think he will come to my party.
我认为他不会来我的舞会.
I don’t believe that man is killed by Jim, is he?
我认为那个人不是Jim所杀的，对吗？
注意：以上两句例句中都不能讲否定放置于后面的动词上，而不能说成I think he won’t come to my party和I don’t believe that man is not killed by Jim. 具体归纳总结见下表。
-17780118110主句的谓语动词是think, believe, imagine, suppose, consider, expect, fancy, guess等，并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时，从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来，其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致。
主句的谓语动词是think, believe, imagine, suppose, consider, expect, fancy, guess等，并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时，从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来，其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致。
Eg. We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully, does he？
我们发现他从来不仔细听老师讲课，是不是？
总结：
如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词，其反义疑问句要用肯定形式，常见的形容词接在表思维行为的动词之后。
扩展：
Eg. It doesn't seem that they know where to go.
看来他们不知道往哪去。
It doesn't sound as if he knew what had happened.
听起来他好像不知道刚才所发生的事情。
It doesn't look like it's going to rain.
看起来好像不会下雨。
五、宾语从句高考重难点突击：
1. 形式宾语it代替的宾语从句
Eg. I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day .
我认为每天多喝开水是有必要的.。
584201270动词find, feel, consider, make, believe等后面有宾语补足语的时候，则需要用it做形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置.
动词find, feel, consider, make, believe等后面有宾语补足语的时候，则需要用it做形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置.
Eg. I hate it when they say with their mouths full of food.
我讨厌他们满嘴食物时说话.
5842059055有些动词带宾语从句时需要在宾语与从句前加it ,这类动词主要有：hate, take, owe, have, see to.
有些动词带宾语从句时需要在宾语与从句前加it ,这类动词主要有：hate, take, owe, have, see to.
Eg. We all consider what you said to be unbelievable.
我们都认为你所说的是不可信的.
We discovered what we had learned to be valuable.
我们发现我们所学到的东西都是有价值的.
47625174625若宾语从句是wh-类，则不可用it代替
若宾语从句是wh-类，则不可用it代替
六、表语从句与宾语从句的异同：
1. 动词性质
i 宾语是跟在及物动词和介词后面的句子成分，宾语表示动作的对象，是动作的承受者，英语的及物动词
须有宾语，宾语一般放在及物动词之后。英语介词后面也要有宾语。某些形容词如 (worth)值得、(able)
能够、(sure)肯定. (careful)小心。
ii 表语是跟在系动词后面的句子成分，系动词一般就是指be动词和感官动词（see, hear, feel, touch……）
E.g. 1.He(主语） is(系动词） a student(表语）.
2.He(主语) plays(谓语，及物动词) basketball(宾语) well(程度副词)
3.He(主语) lives in(介词）a big house(宾语)
总结：宾语从句就是一个从句去充当宾语
表语从句就是一个句子去充当表语
2. 语序
宾语从句和表语的语序必须是陈述句语序，即“主语 + 谓语”这种形式。
3. 时态
宾语从句：当主句是一般现在时或一般将来时的时候，从句可以是任何时态，而当主句是一般过去时的时候，从句时态必须是过去时范围的时态，即（一般过去时，过去进行时，过去完成时，过去将来时）。
表语从句：具体语境具体分析，不像宾语从句，在有表语从句的复合句中，主句时态和从句时态可以不一致。
96583520955宾语从句解题方法：
判断语义
语序正常
宾语从句解题方法：
判断语义
语序正常
知识点4：同位语从句
一、同位语从句的定义
在复合句主句中名词性成分之后与该名词性成分并列，补充说明该名词性成分的有关情况的名词性从句， 被称为同位语从句。同位语从句的先行词通常为answer, hope, fact, truth, belief, news, idea, promise, information, conclusion, order, suggestion, problem, question, thought, report, belief, decision, doubt, opinion, theory等抽象名词。
例如：
The news that his health is failing made us sad. 他健康状况不佳的消息使我们很难过。
I have no idea where they are spending their holidays. 我不知道他们在哪里度假。
The question who should do the work requires consideration.谁该干这项工作的问题需要考虑.
There is no doubt that he will come here again.他会再来这里， 这是毫无疑问的。
He was tortured by the doubt whether he would accept their presents.他被是否接受他们的礼物这个疑虑所折磨着。
二、同位语从句的关系词
1. 如果同位语从句意义完整，则用that引导，而且that不能省略。如 :
1）The thought that we might success excited us.
2）The idea that they should try a second time is worth considering.
2. 如果同位语从句意义不完整，需增加是否、什么、谁、什么时候、什么地方、什么方式等含义时，则用whether/what/who/when/where/how等疑问词引导。如：
1）The question whether we need more time to do the work has not been discussed.
我们是否需要更多时间来做这项工作，这个问题还未讨论。
2）I have no idea when he will be back.
3）She raised the question where we could get the fund. 她提出这个问题，我们到哪里弄这笔资金。
4）I have some doubt whether he is suitable for the job. 他是否适合这份工作，我有点怀疑。
（比较：There’s no doubt that Robert will keep his promise. 毫无疑问，罗伯特会履行诺言的。）
注意：主句为肯定句时，doubt后的同位语从句用whether引导，主句为否定句时，doubt之后的同位语从句用that引导。
3. 有时可用namely（即），that is to say, in other words, that is, i.e.(=that is), for example 等列出同位语，说明其前面的名词（或代词）。如：
1）He told us the good news, namely, the museum is open to all.
2）There is only one way of improving your English, that is, to practice more.
同位语从句与定语从句区别
1. 先行词不同：一般说来，定语从句的先行词由名词或代词充当，同位语从句的先行词常常是抽象名词，而且在定语从句中，when, where前分别有表示时间、地点的先行词，而同位语从句中没有此对应关系。
1）Those who want to go please sign their names here.（定语从句）
2）We express the hope that they will come to visit China again.（同位语从句）
3）He didn’t tell us the date when he would come back.（定语从句）
4）I have no idea when he will come back.（同位语从句）
2. 从句的作用不同：同位语从句用来进一步说明前面名词的具体内容，于先行词是同位关系；定语从句用来修饰、限定先行词的意义，与先行词是修饰关系。
1）The news that our team has won the final match is encouraging.
（从句说明“消息”的内容：我们队取得了决赛胜利。）
2）The news that you told us is really encouraging.
（从句对“消息”加以限定：是你告诉我们的，而非来自其他渠道。但消息是何内容却不得而知。）
3. 引导从句的关联词that的功能不同：that引导同位语从句时是一个纯连词，不充当任何成分，但一般不可省略；而引导定语从句的that是关系代词，既指代先行词又须在从句中充当成分，作宾语时常可省略。
1）Dad made a promise that he would buy me CD player if I passed the English test. （that 不充当任何成分）
2）Dad made a promise that excited all his children. （that指代promise，又在从句中充当主语。）
3）The news (that) he told me is exciting. (that 作宾语，可省略)
4. when和where引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区别: when 和where前面的名词若是表示时间、地点的名词，则when和where引导的是定语从句，否则则为同位语从句。如：
This is the place (where the accident happened). （定语从句）
They put forward the question (where they could get the money). （同位语从句）
名词性从句语法填空：
1. _________ she was at the time of the murder was of major concern to the police that are investigating the case.
2. People may forget what you said or what you did, but they will never forget _________ you made them feel.
3. You didn’t study for your test, so your teacher has a point about _________ you failed!
4. Nowadays, you’ll notice a phenomenon _________ a lot of people are wearing jeans to concerts.
5. Mary’s success lies in the fact _________ she is co-operative and eager to learn from others.
6. A high definition digital camera on this cell phone can show you vividly_________ is around the person you are talking to.
7. According to the survey, the result is shocking_________ the number of people living alone has risen.
8. Online education forces colleges to focus on the rest of the learning process, which is __________ the real value lies.
9. Director Ang Lee told the New York Film Festival audience following the screening _________ Life of Pi was extremely hard to make.
10. Of course, the fact _________ misguided forms of dieting result in so many problems does not mean that no dieting is safe.
11. The limits of a person’s intelligence are fixed at birth, but _________ he reaches these limits depends on his environment.
12. His writing is so confusing that it’s difficult to make out _________ it is he is trying to express.
13. Although he has become wealthy, Mr. Wood remains _________ he used to be, modest and friendly.
14. _________ the city’s public school system should be open to the children of migrant workers has become the focus of discussion.
15. Can you be honest about _________ it would take to defend yourself against a gun attack?
答案
1.where 2.how 3.why 4.that 5.that 6.what 7.that 8.where 9.that 10.that 11.whether 12.what 13.what 14.whether 15.what
专题知识梳理---解题技巧汇总
上海高考完形填空的特点：
不考查语法
不考查固定搭配
考查实词为主，表示逻辑关系的介词短语和副词词组会考查。
干扰选项都可放在缺空处，但只有正确选项符合逻辑和含义。
解题步骤:
一、通读全文，了解大意。
二、依据中心句线索，紧扣主题选择。
三、利用原词复现或同现, 选择最佳选项。
四、利用逻辑关系。
常用解题技巧：
同义复现
逻辑关系/语境
习惯搭配/常识背景
词义辨析
利用词汇同现（复现）解题 (难点)
同现指意义上相互联系的单词同时出现在同一语篇中。一个语篇，一个话题，要求有与之相连的词汇。
1）名词同现：与一个话题或一个名词出现在同一个语境的另一个名词。如：
school---primary school—middle school—college—university
students—pupils—graduates—postgraduates
2）动词同现：与一个话题或一个名词出现在同一个语境的另一个动词。如：
school—teach—learn—attend—found—drop out—graduate—be dismissed
3)形容词同现; 就某一语境而言所能出现的形容词也是有规律的。如：
在学校这个语境中：（key）school—（optional）course—（compulsory）course
4) 结构同现: 结构同现批搭配之类的句型和成对出现的短语。如：
some…,others; on one hand…,on the other hand; former…,latter; so…that; not only…but also; hardly/scarcely…when…; no sooner…than…; be about to do /be doing /had done /be on the point of doing/be to do/be ready to do/be on the way … when…;
综合训练
延安中学高一上英语期末
II. Grammar and Vocabulary
Section A
Direction: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence.
21. Doing yoga may be a good way to guard ___________ heart disease, particularly if you can’t do more vigorous exercise.
A. against B. for C. beyond D. on
22. During the bilateral (双边的) talk, no agreement was reached between the two leaders as neither side would give way to ___________.
A. another B. other C. the other D. one another
23. Newton’s first law of motion states that any object in motion will stay in motion __________ it is acted on by an outside force.
A. though B. unless C. If D. when
24. __________ buying food online brings much convenience, the plastic bags and wrappings coming with it produce harmful effects on our environment.
A. Though B. Since C. Considering D. However
25. Fashion, __________ has a similar meaning to innovation, is a result of imagination and inspiration instead of imitation.
A. that B. in which C. where D. which
26. “Roots and Shoots” is a youth service program __________ aim is to inspire each individual to take action to make the world a better place.
A. which B. whose C. of which D.its
27. In 1960, Jane Goodall risked her life entering the forest in Gombe __________ wild chimpanzees lived.
A. which B. where C. that D. in where
Section B
Directions: Complete the sentences with the words or phrases in the box. Each word or phrase can only be used once. There is one extra that you do not need.
A. go through B. nourish C. track D. pass on E. speak highly of
F. portray G. deceive H. reveal I. aspire
28. Some satellites can be used to __________ levels of CO2 in the atmosphere , painting a more detailed picture of the impact of global warming.
29. Foreign businesses have confidence in the Chinese market and __________ what the Chinese government has done to make investments easier.
30. Rich in fat and vitamin E, avocados are said to __________ skin and hair.
31. Romantic artists __________ nature as wild and powerful with a sweeping strength to rule over everything.
32. Never __________ to have unrealistic expectations; otherwise you will feel frustrated.
33. Police are looking for patterns that might help __________ the identity of the criminal.
34. Remember that appearance can __________; just looking good doesn’t mean it is good.
35. With the company of someone I love, I can __________ all the hardships of life.
Section C
Directions: Complete the article with the words or phrases in the box. Each word or phrases can only be used once. There is one extra that you do not need.
A. purchased B. politely C. demanding D. pursuit
E. threatened F. disrespectfully G. fearing H. dissatisfaction
Living with cats opens a window into a world beyond our own and teaches us something important about what it means to be human. Unlike human beings, particularly of the modern variety, cats do not spend their days in laborious ____36___ of a fantasy of happiness. They are comfortable with themselves and their lives, and remain in that condition for as long as they are not ____37___. When they are not eating or sleeping, they pass the time exploring and playing, never asking for reasons to live. Life itself is enough for them.
In English, the word” contentment” conveys something of a feeling of being at peace with the world or with yourself. It is more of a state than a fleeting emotion. A person can be momentarily happy without being content. Contentment cannot be ____38___ happiness, on the other hand, has a price. Cats enjoy contentment as their birthright. Why this is so is worth exploring. Cats show no sign of regretting the past of being worried about the future. They live, absorbed in the present moment. It will be said that this is because they cannot envision the past or future. Perhaps so, though their habit of ___39____ their breakfast at the accustomed hour shows they do have a sensed of the passage of time. But cats, unlike people, are not haunted by an anxious sense that time is slipping away. Not thinking of their lives as stories in which they are moving towards some better state, they meet each other day as it comes. They do not waste their lives dreading the time when their lives must end. Not _____40__ death, they enjoy a kind of immortality（永生）.
“When I play with my cat,” Montaigne wrote, “How do I know she is not playing with me?” With creatures that can be understood only partly by us, one can only speculate(猜测) about their inner life. Certainly they have a sense of dignity; they avoid people who treat them ___41____, for instance. Yet cats do not struggle to remark themselves according to any ideal self-image. Not inwardly divided, they are happy to be themselves. Living in accord with their nature, cats do not need moral instruction, For human beings, on other hand, __42_____ with our natural condition seems to be natural. The human animal never stops to strive for some higher form of life. Cats make no such effort. Without any process of laborious thinking, these playful and adaptable creatures already know how to live.
III. Reading Comprehension
Section A
“I’m going to kill you while you are both asleep,” the wild-eyed 13-year-old girl said as she kicked her father before biting his arm. This was the second time in less than a week that Heidi had flown into a violent rage because her parents had taken away her _____43__ to social media.
Heidi used to be a sweet, happy, loving girl. “ It all started when she came home in seventh grade with a Chromebook(谷歌笔记本电脑) that school had given her ,” her father said. Given for school purposes, the Chromebook came loaded with Google ______44____ -----which also, ____45______, included various Google Chat communities.
Heidi spent more and more time in its social media chat rooms every night and also began playing a(n) _____46_____ game. Over the course of a year, Heidi transformed into a rude and violent terror. And sadly, she became a girl in _____47_____ of psychological treatment.
Early adolescence(青春期) is a time of dramatic ____48______ for most kids. It is true that many kids use social media _____49_____ and without problems. But growing evidence shows that addition in social media can lead to psychological problems and young people may be especially vulnerable. According to a poll, cell-phone owners between the ages of 18 and 24 send or receive an average of 109.5 messages daily, _____50_____ all adults (18 and older) exchange a daily average of 41.5 messages.
For a species of social connection, that should be a wonderful thing. And yet the rise of social media has coincide with an obvious _____51_____ in mental health. More and more people reported symptoms of _____52_____ in recent years than they did in the 1980s. Teens, in particular, are now twice as likely to see a professional for mental health issues.
Another reason why people can feel down after Facebook sessions is that they feel the time spent is not ______53____ . As social creatures, we find meaning and _____54_____ our emotional states largely through the social and cultural context created by contact with other. Not getting the right kind of human contact at key developmental periods in childhood can lead to profound emotional problems.
Social media has an impact on our basic psychological needs -----including the need for novelty(新奇). Unfortunately, in the information age, every hyperlink, tweet, text and email is an opportunity to experience something new, which can be ______55____. Vast opportunities for novelty can be extremely ___56_______.
So then where does modern digital technology leave us? Short answer: addicted or, at the very least, potentially vulnerable to screen addition. Many adults and kids have developed uncontrollable texting and social media habits precisely because they ____57______our thirst for novelty. And like addicts, they can feel like going into withdrawal(戒毒期) without it.
43. A. solution B. access C. key D. entrance
44. A. Video B. Entertainment C. Classroom D. Marketing
45. A. unfortunately B. luckily C. unnecessarily D. ridiculously
46. . inclusive B. efficient C. negative D. addictive
47. A. search B. need C. favor D. fear
48. A. influence B. danger C. change D. happiness
49. A. responsibly B. diligently C. wrongly D. unconsciously
50.A. because B. even if C. furthermore D. whereas
51. A. increase B. decline C. goodness D. development
52. A. excitement B. fatness C. depression D. shyness
53. A. meaningful B. valueless C. wasteful D. interesting
54. A. boost B. discourage C. lower D. locate
55. A. inadequate B. overwhelming C. threatening . unsatisfying
56. A. disappointing B. exhausting C. unexpected D. boring
57. A. kill B. provide C. satisfy D. stop
Section B
Direction ; Read the passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
(A)
Weight loss is still incredibly challenging for most people. According to the latest statistics, more than two in three US adults are considered overweight ( defined as a body-mass index over 25) and 36.5% of US adults fall into the obese category (BMI greater than 30).and 36.5% of US adults fall into the obese category (BMI greater than 30).
About half of overweight and obese adults reports that they are trying to lose weight. Why aren’t they losing weight? There is no simple , universal answer to this question. Here are some of the most common reasons you might not be losing weight, even though you think you are doing everything right. Suggestions are also included to get you on the right track to sustained weight loss.
You have calorie ’amnesia’
Put simply, people often eat more calories than they realize. Total calories consumed matters when it comes to weight loss, despite what some popular diets claim. People frequently forget about the little things during or between meals that add up calorically and can interfere significantly with weight loss.
You relax your diet too much on weekends
This is another very common issue that is a bit more challenging to fix, as weekends are generally much less structured and more social than weekdays. Three days (Friday, Saturday and Sunday) of more relaxed eating (and in many cases drinking) can easily erase four days of more focused effort.
The fix: Try to limit indulgences if you are trying to lose weight. One night, have a glass of wine or a more indulgent entrée but not both. On another night, split a dessert, skip the wine, and try to choose a healthier entrée. Be careful with having an entire “cheat” meal ----- or worse, “cheat” day -----as this can really interfere with weight loss.
You eat too much of a good thing
Nutrition science has found that unsaturated fat, including nuts, seed, avocado and olive oil. plays an important role in a healthy diet. However, you can easily eat too much healthy fat along with other healthy foods, including whole grains. Whole grains have three times the number of carbohydrates as non-starchy vegetables per serving, so again, portion size matters.
The fix: Practice portion control when it comes to healthy but more calorie-dense foods such as nuts, peanut butter, seeds, avocado, olive oil and whole grains including quinoa, whole-grain cereal and pasta, and brown rice.
There are other potential reasons why you are not losing weight: short sleep duration , excess sedentary (坐着的) behavior, overeating after workouts, stress eating and eating a highly inflammatory diet filled with processed food and inadequate fruits and vegetables. But the above list should get you started figuring out how to get the scale moving in the right direction.
58. For a person with BMI of 21, he/she/ is likely to ________.
A. be worried about being overweight
B. eat as much as possible beyond control.
C. have a balanced and rational diet
D. feel weight loss challenging
59. The underlined “ ammonia” probably means _______-.
A. fear of sth B. being anxious about sth
C. not remembering sth D. controlling sth
60. If you want to lose weight, how should you choose your diet on weekends?
A. Having both dessert and wine
B. Eating relaxedly with friends
C. Having more nuts and whole grains.
D. Enjoying a healthy entrée with a small portion size
61. According to the passage, which of the following is probably not a reason for not losing weight?
A. Eating much processed food.
B. Having snack food between meals.
C. Not controlling food intake after physical exercise
D. Sleeping for a longer period of time
(B)
Tokyo has plenty of fantastic places to check out autumn atmosphere, both in the city center and farther afield. Here’s a roundup of Tokyo’s most magnificent autumn viewing destination, which are usually at their best in mind-to late-November.
Icho Namiki Avenue
One of Tokyo's best spots to take in autumn leaves is right in the city's downtown area.
Sandwiched between bustling business districts, Icho Namiki Avenue is home to a stretch of gingko trees that are especially breathtaking from late November to early December, when the leaves turn a bold yellow.
The avenue is great for a walk, but you can take a seat at the Royal Garden Cafe to enjoy the leaves as well as the snacks baked in the shop.
From November 14 to December 6, a festival celebrates the season, with goods for sale from across Japan and street performers.
How to get there: A five-minute walk from Aoyama-Itchome Station or six-minute walk from Gaienmae Station.
Rikugien Gardens
Built in the early 1700s for the shogun Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, Rikugien is one of Tokyo's oldest parks.
It remains one of the capital's most beautiful spots, especially in late autumn.
It takes about an hour to do a full tour of the sprawling park, with the best views on the northwest side, particularly around Togetsukyo Bridge.
Rikugien also houses the famous Tsutsuji no Chaya teahouse, located near some of the most picturesque spots.
How to get there: It's a seven-minute walk from Komagome Station to the park's main entrance.
Rikugien is open from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., although during the autumn leaves season the hours are extended to 9 p.m.
Mount Takao
Located 50 minutes' drive from the city center, Mount Takao is a popular weekend escape for Tokyoites in search of nature.
It gets especially busy in November, when autumn colors burst into view. The attention is well-deserved.
There are lots of chances to capture the fall tones from the mountain's numerous hiking trails and peaks. The leaves are most widespread at the top.
Getting up the hill requires a 90-minute trek, but it's worth it -- particularly on a clear day, when you can see Mount Fuji. A cable car will take you halfway up the mountain.
How to get there: From Shinjuku Station, take the Keio Line to Takaosanguchi Station, which is right next to Mount Takao.
Mount Mitake
This is the farthest destination from Tokyo on the list, but the views found along the mountainside more than justify the 75-minute train ride.
Part of the massive Chichibu-Tama-Kai National Park, Mount Mitake features several hiking trails and Musashi-Mitake Shrine, a beautiful building that serves as the center of worship on the mountain. The hike up the mountain in late October features a gorgeous autumn canvas, made all the more memorable by various natural waterfalls.
There's a quaint traditional Japanese village on Mount Mitake, with food and souvenirs on sale.
How to get there: Head to Ome Station, about 75 minutes from Shinjuku Station, via the JR Chuo Line. Then transfer to the orange JR Ome Line, getting off at Mitake Station. Finally, take the Nishi Tokyo bus from Mitake Station to the end of the line, then hop on the cable car to Mitakesan Station.
62. If you want to enjoy waterfall scenery besides the beautiful autumn leave, you may visit________.
A. Mount Mitake B. Icho Namiki Avenue
C. Rikugien Gardens D. Mount Takao
63. Which activity is not mentioned in these viewing destinations?
A. Having baked snacks B. Drinking tea
C. Taking some leaves as souvenirs D. Riding a cable car
64. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?
A. Icho Namiki Avenue is located in mountain side with a 5-min walk from the Royal Garden Café.
B. Rikugien Gardens is open from 9 a.m to 5 p.m in the autumn season.
C. It takes 90 minutes to reach the top of Mount Takao by a cable car.
D. Though situated the farthest, Mount Mitake is worth a visit the touch of a beautiful shrine.
(C)
Decades ago, Churchill described what we now call the habitable (适宜居住的) zone and asked whether there were plants orbiting (绕……轨道运行) stars other than the sun could harbor life. Now scientists have confirmed the existence of seven roughly Earth-sized planets orbiting the star TRAPPIST-1. This is the first time that so many Earth-sized planets have been found around the same star. Three of these exoplanets are situated in what’s called the “habitable zone”, where temperatures are neither too hot nor too cold to have liquid water and sustain life. It remained to be discovered whether they could, did or do harbor life.
Exoplanet is the word used for any planet that revolves around a star other than the sun. Researchers have measured the precise size of each planet using the dip(倾斜) in the star’s light as each planet passes it. By measuring the interval between transits( 凌日), they could also calculate the period of the orbit as well as the distance from the star. Finally, they were able to estimate the masses of the six inner planets and estimates their densities. The researcher believe it’s likely that all of the planets in the system are rocky.
TRAPPIST-1 is much smaller and cooler than the sun, with only about 8 percent of its mass and a very dim appearance. If the sun were a basketball, TRAPPIST-1would be a golf ball. It is relatively close to Earth, at 40 light-years away. Still, even travelling at light speed, it would take about 39 years to get there. In a jet plane, it would take about 44 million years.
The exoplanets are dubbed TRAPPIST-1 b, c, d, e, f, g, and h. TRAPPIST-1e is very close in size to Earth, receives about the same amount of light as Earth and could have very similar temperature ; TRAPPIST-1f is a potentially water-rich world that is also about the same size as Earth, has a nine-day orbit and receive about the same amount of light as Mars; and TRAPPIST-1g is the largest planet in the system, with a radius(半径) about 13 percent larger than that of Earth. It is important to note that water has not yet been discovered and it will take many more observations before that could happen. The TRAPPIST-1 system provides one of the best opportunities in the next decade to study the atmospheres around Earth-sized planets.
NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope and the Kepler space telescope are already observing the system and the researchers will soon have more accurate measurements of the masses of the TRAPPIST-1 exoplanets. Unlike a lot of the other habitable zone planets that scientists have previously discovered, they can actually assess the TRAPPIST-1 exoplanets in the near future rather than rely on speculation(猜测).
65. What did Churchill’s words imply?
A. We were the only living creatures in the habitable zone.
B. Life could exist outside our solar system
C. More planets orbiting the sun remain to be discovered
D. Life was more likely to exist in Earth-sized planets.
66. Scientist have measured some aspects of the exoplanets EXCEPT_______.
A. their periods of the orbit B. distances from TRAPPIST-1
C. masses and densities D. the year when they came into being
67. Which of the following descriptions about the seven exoplanets is NOT TRUE?
A. The size of each planet has been measured accurately based on scientific calculation
B. Water has already been found on some of the exoplanets to support life.
C. TRAPPIST-1f is similar to in size to TRAPPIST-1e and is likely to have water on it.
D. TRAPPIST-1g is the largest among them with a bigger size than that of the Earth.
68. According to the passage, what is the significance of the discovery of the TRAPPIST-1 system?
A. It enables scientists to get more knowledge about Earth-sized planets.
B. It’s close to Earth, making it possible for human being to get there.
C. Evidence shows that life did exist in the system
D. Its discovery paves the way for further study of other planets discovered previously
参考答案： 后期及时更新
21.- 27. ACBADBB
28. -35 CEBFIHGA
36. -42. DEACGFH
43. -57. BCADB CADBC AABBC
58. -61. DCDD
62. A 63. C 64. D
65. B 66. D 67. B 68. A
复习本节课知识点
同课章节目录