时态语态知识点梳理+语法填空专题+名校期末考真题-2020-2021学年上外版高一下册英语期末复习讲义（含答案）
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| 名称 | 时态语态知识点梳理+语法填空专题+名校期末考真题-2020-2021学年上外版高一下册英语期末复习讲义（含答案） |  | |
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2021年最新期末复习教师辅导教案
学员编号： 年 级： 高一 课 时 数：3
学员姓名： 辅导科目： 英语 学科教师：
课程主题： 时态语态知识点梳理+语法填空专题+名校期末考真题
授课时间：
学习目标
时态语态复习，掌握语法填空题的解题技巧，提升综合能力
教学内容
用适当的动词形式填空：
1. After getting lost in a storm, a member of the navy team ______ (rescue) four days later. (上海英语高考)
2. Every few years, the coal workers (have) their lungs X-rayed to ensure their health. (上海英语高考)
3. The church tower which (restore) will be open to tourists soon. The work is almost finished. (上海英语高考)
4. Mary went to the box office at lunch time, but all the tickets (sell) out. (上海英语高考)
5. During the period of recent terrorist activities, people _______ (always, warn) not to touch any unattended bag. (上海英语高考)
6. — Do you know if Terry will go camping this weekend? (上海英语高考)
—Terry? Never! She______ (hate) tents and fresh air!
7. In recent years many football clubs ______ (run) as business to make a profit. (上海英语高考)
8. --- Did you tidy your room? (上海英语高考)
--- No, I was going to tidy my room but I ______ (have) visitors.
9. With the help of high technology, more and more new substances ______ (discover) in the past years. (上海英语高考)
10. Send my regards to your lovely wife when you ________ (write) home. (上海英语高考)
11. When he turned professional at the age of 11, Mike __________ (expect) to become a world champion by his coach and parents. (2上海英语高考)
12. More than a dozen students in that school (send) abroad to study medicine last year. (上海英语高考)
13. Professor Smith, along with his assistants, (work) on the project day and night to meet the deadline.(上海英语高考)
14. The first use of atomic weapons was in 1945and their power (be) increased enormously ever since. (上海英语高考)
15. The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people _______ (persuade) to eat more fruit and vegetables. (上海英语高考)
Keys:
1.was rescued 2.have 3.is being restored 4.had sold 5.were always being warned 6.hates 7.have been run 8.had 9.have been discovered 10.write 11.was expected 12.were sent 13. is working 14.has been 15.are persuaded
false
一．高中常考时态要点简述
1. 一般过去时
1）表示过去某个特定时间发生的动作或状态，常有明确的时间状语，如yesterday，last night, some years ago，in1890等，以及由when等引导的时间状语从句。
Tom didn't come to class yesterday.
2）表示两个紧接着发生的动作，常由以下词语连接，用一般过去时。如：but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute。
The moment she came in, she told me what had happened to her.
2. 一般将来时
高中的几个常考的一般将来时句型：
1）“be about to+动词原形”表示打算或据安排即将发生的动作。它不与表示时间的副词或其他时间状语连用。
The English evening is about to start.英语晚会即将开始。
2）“be to+动词原形”表示约定的、计划中的或按职责、义务要求要发生的动作，这种动作通常是人的意志所能控制的，或用于征求意见。
There's to be a slide show this afternoon.
You are to hand in your papers by 10 o'clock.
3） 用现在进行时来表示将来。现在进行时表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作，这一结构常用于表示位置转移的动词，如come , go , leave, start ,move, arrive等，还有join, play, eat, work, return, take, wear, stay, sleep, meet等。常与表示将来的时间状语连用。
I'm leaving for Tibet on Sunday.
When are you going back to your factory?
3. 现在进行时
1）表示说话人说话时正在进行的动作，它不涉及该动作的发生和结果，译成汉语“正在”，这一用法常和表示此刻的时间状语连用，如now, at this time, at present，at the moment等。
I'm doing my homework now.
It's raining hard.
2） 表示现阶段但并非眼下正在进行着的动作，这种动作常与表示一段的时间状语连用，如these days , this week等。
He is writing a novel this week.
3）表达褒贬等感彩
和always ,forever, continually, constantly, instantly, continuously等频度副词连用，表示经常、反复发生的动作，不强调动作的进行性。表达厌烦、愤怒、抱怨、赞扬等情感。
He is constantly leaving his things about.（表责怪）
She is always changing her clothes.（表责怪）
He is always working hard.（表赞赏）
They’re forever quarreling about something. (不满)
4. 过去进行时
1）表示过去某一时刻正在或过去某段时间正在进行的动作。动作发生的特定时间常用一个短语或时间状语从句来表明。
It was raining at 6 o'clock this morning.
I was living in my teacher's house when I was in middle school.
2）用来描写故事发生的背景
在口语或记叙文中，可以用过去进行时表示的持续动作作为背景，以此引出由一般过去时表示的新动作。
It was a dark night. The wind was blowing hard and the rain was falling heavily. A young woman suddenly appeared on the river bank.
5. 现在完成时
1）表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态到说话时刚刚完成或结束，通常使用不具有延续意义的动词，arrive, become, begin, break等。这种用法可带有迄今意义的时间状语，如up to now, so far, already, not...yet等。也可带有包括现在时间在内的时间状语，如now, recently, in the past few years, just等。
I have already posted the photos.
I have just finished my work.
2）表示从过去某时开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态，也许还将继续下去。这种用法通常用于具有延续意义的动词，如live, stay, work等，并带有表示时间段的状语或迄今意义的时间的状语，如for, since等。
They have lived in Beijing since 2002.
My brother has been ill for two days.
注意：表示短暂的动作动词或状态动词不能用于这种用法，如arrive, come, go, leave等。如，不能说：She has come to our school for 2 years.
3）用在“It(This) is(will be ) the first/second/third…time+ that从句”中
在这种从句中，当主句动词为is/will be时，that-从句的动词用现在完成时，that 可以省略。主句中的主语还可用this, this evening等; 这种结构中的first也可用其他序数词；time也可由其他名词替代。
This is the first time I have been here.
It'll be the first time I've spoken in public.
4）“It (This)is the best( worst, most interesting等) + 名词+从句”结构中的从句要求用现在完成时
This is the best film I’ve ever seen.这是我所看过得最好的一部电影。
This is the most interesting novel he has ever written.
5）现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
现在完成时与一般过去时都表示完成的动作，但现在完成时强调这一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是现在的情况，所以它不能和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last night, three weeks ago, in1990等。而一般过去时则表示过去的动作或状态，和现在不发生关系，它可以和表示过去的时间状语连用。
I have seen the film.我看过这部电影。（我了解这部电影的内容）
I saw the film last week.我上星期看了这个电影。（只说明上星期看了这个电影，不涉及现在的情况）
6. 过去完成时
1）过去完成时表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作。它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”。表示过去某一时间可用by, before等构成的短语，也可用when, before，after，until等引导的从句或通过上下文表示。
By the time he was twelve, Edison had begun to make a living by himself.
When we got to the cinema, the film had already begun.
2）表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始，一直延续到过去的这一时间，而且还可能继续下去的动作，常和for, since构成的短语或引导的从句连用。
The news came as no surprise to me. I had known for some time that the factory was going to shut down.
By the time I left the school, he had taught the class for 3 years.
3）放在像said，told，asked，thought，wondered等过去时动词的后面，表示在这些动作发生之前已经发生了的事情。
My friend told me that he had passed the exam.
He asked me whether I had seen the film the night before.
She wondered who had left the door open.
4）用在 "It was the first/second/third…time that…”句型中，that引导的定语从句要用过去完成时。
This was the first time they had met in thirty-nine years.
It was the first time we had spoken together.
5）intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think等动词的过去完成时，表示过去未曾实现的设想、意图或希望等，含有某种惋惜。
I had intended to call on you yesterday, but I had an unexpected visitor.
We had meant to tell her the news but found that she wasn’t in.
6）过去完成时常用结构有“hardly, scarcely, barely … when, no sooner… than等句子里。
She hardly had gone to bed when the bell rang.
No sooner had they left the building than a bomb exploded.
7. 现在完成进行时
现在完成进行时由“助动词have/has been+ -ing形式”构成。用法如下：
1）现在完成进行时表示过去的动作持续到现在并有可能延续下去的动作。常和for，since引导的时间状语连用。
-Hi, Tracy, you look tired.
-I am tired. I have been painting the living room all day.
They have been living here for 10 years.
2）表示一个动作从过去某时开始，一直延续到说话时候刚结束。
I have been waiting you for about one hour.。(说话时"等"的动作刚结束)
She has been working all night long.
3）表示重复（只断断续续，而非一直不停）
We’ve been discussing the matter several times this year.
I have been saying goodbye to some friends today.
8. 将来完成时
将来完成时表示将来某一时间之前已经完成的动作。将来完成时由“shall /will +have +v-ed”构成。用法如下：
1）将来完成时表示将来某一时间或动作发生之前已经完成的动作，通常与before或by连用。
Before long, he will have forgotten all about it.
By the end of this month, we'll have studied 10 units.
2）表示持续到将来某一时间的动作或状态,这动作或状态也可能将继续进行下去。
When they move here next month, we'll have lived in the city for 5 years.
By the end of this month we shall have been here for two years.
9. 过去完成进行时
过去完成进行时主要表示过去某一时间以前一直在进行的动作。过去完成进行时由“助动词had+ been+ v-ing”构成。
1）过去完成进行时表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始并延续到过去这一时间。这一动作可能己经停止也可能还在进行。
She told me that she had been studying French for 5 years.（仍继续）
She told me that she had been waiting for me for an hour.（不再继续）
He had been studying English before entering the college.
2）表示反复的动作、企图、情绪、最近的情况
You had been giving me everything.（感激）
I had been studying the meaning of the poem.我一直在研究这首诗。（我还没懂）
二 被动语态的构成
一般式
进行式
完成式
现在时
am/is/are+p.p
am/is/are+being+ p.p
have/has+been + p.p
过去时
was/were+ p.p
was/were+being+ p.p
had +been + p.p
将来时
shall/will+be+p.p
shall/will+have been+ p.p
注意：含有情态动词的谓语变化为被动语态时，由“情态动词（can, may must, have to等）+be +动词的-ed形式。含有“be going to , be to, used to, be about to”等结构的复合谓语变为被动语态时，其构成为“be going to （be to, used to, be about to）+ be +动词的-ed形式”构成。
（一） 几种特殊形式的被动语态的构成
1．短语动词的被动语态
通常只有及物动词才有被动语态，但有些短语动词相当于及物动词，可以有被动语态，且短语中的介词或副词不能省略。
Have you sent for the doctor?→Has the doctor been sent for?
注意：主动结构的谓语动词为“不及物动词+名词+介词”构成的及物的短语动词时，通常把它看成一个整体。但也可将这类短语动词本身的名词用作主语，构成被动语态，尤其是在名词前有定语修饰时。
Good care must be taken of the babies particularly while they are ill.
You should pay more attention to your pronunciation. →More attention should be paid to your pronunciation.
2．Get型被动语态
被动语态的基本形式是由“be+及物动词的过去分词”构成的。但在现代英语中大量地出现了由“get+及物动词的过去分词”构成的被动语态，这叫get-型被动语态。get-型被动语态中的过去分词数量有限，通常为单个的动词或比较简单的动词短语。
（1）get+及物动词的过去分词
get常同marry, beat, break, damage, tear, strike, hurt, paint, invite, repair, dress, pay, wound等动词的-ed形式连用，构成被动语态。这种结构一般指动作的结果而非动作本身，常指“最后终于，突然发生”等意义。
Be careful when you cross this very busy street．If not，you may get run over by a car．
The boy got hurt on his way home from work.
（2）get-型被动语态有时有言外之意或具有感彩
He got taught a lesson.（有“活该”之意）
How did the window get closed.（有“不该关上”之意）
（3）get-型被动语态有时表示开始进入某种状态，而be+动词的-ed形式只表示存在的状态。
She got tired.（有开始感到疲劳的含义）
She was tired. (只表示“她累了”)
3. 主动形式表被动含义的几种情况
（1）当feel、look、smell、taste、sound等后面接形容词时；当cut、read、sell、wear、write等词带状语修饰语时；当动词表示“开始、结束、关、停、转、启动”等意义时。
These novels won’t sell well.这些小说不畅销。
The door won’t lock.门锁不上。
The fish smells good.鱼闻起来香。
（2）当break out、take place、shut off、turn off、work out等动词表示“发生、关闭、制定”等意思时。
The plan worked out successfully.
The lamps on the wall turn off.
（3）want, require, need后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。
（4）be worth doing用主动形式表示被动含义。
（5）在“be + 形容词 + to do”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动代被动。
This kind of water isn’t fit to drink.
The girl isn’t easy to get along with.
另外：be to blame(受谴责)，be to rent（出租）也用主动形式表示被动。
63522860典型例题
The machine ______ (equip) with securing cameras and alarms and looks like a mini shop with a brick front, a grey roof and a display window. (2014上海高考）
In recent years, the commercial pressure from supermarket chains ______ （force） village shops across the country to close. (2014上海高考）
3.Feeling good, I _____(empty) my purse change into the hands of a homeless man and helped a struggling woman reverse park. (2015上海高考）
4.When I ask him to put down the phone and stop (1)?_____?(ignore) me, he say, “In a minute.” but still checks to see if (2)_____?has posted something new on the Internet. Our life (3)?_____(interrupt). If we go somewhere and I ask him to have the phone at home, he suffers from withdrawal symptom. (2015上海高考）
5.The kids were very friendly with her and even looked up to her as if she were their own mother. Then it hit me —shy would she mot want to tell me about what she _____(do)? (2016上海高考）
6. In recent years, stress______(regard) as a cause of a whole range of medical problems, from high blood pressure to mental illness. (2016上海高考）
7.Bob called to tell his mother that he couldn’t enter the house, for he ________ (leave) his key at school. (2013年上海英语高考)
8.The school board is made up of parents who ________ (elect) to make decisions about school affairs. (2013年上海英语高考)
9.Is honesty the best policy? We (teach) that it is when we are little. (2012年上海英语高考)
10.—I hear that Jason is planning to buy a car.
—I know. By next month, he (save) enough for a used one. (2012年上海英语高考)
11.Did you predict that many students (sign) up for the dance competition? (2011年上海英语高考)
1.is equipped 2. has forced 3.emptied 4.(1)ignoring (2)someone/somebody
(3)has been interrupted/is being interrupted/is interrupted 5?had?done??6.has?been?regarded??
7. had left 8.have been elected 9. are taught 10.will have saved 11.would sign
【巩固练习】
1. Dawn __________ (just, break) as they climbed into the boat and pushed it off from the bank.
2. Billy, my neighbor down the street, __________ (always, talk) about politics as if he were a great figure. Actually he knows nothing about it.
3. When the President and the First Lady were greeting the arriving guests, an orchestra __________ (play) softly in the background.
4. When the patient finally decided to go to the doctor’s, he __________ (have) pains in his side for a long time.
5. The terrorists __________ (still, negotiate) with the government officials although they hadn’t given up.
6. Although I know Picasso was one of the greatest artists of his time, I still __________ (ever, not enjoy) his paintings except for those painted during his Blue Period.
7. No. 66 still __________ (not, score) a point yet even though he is playing far better than anyone else in the team.
8. There __________ (be) two major events in my life over the past year: my marriage and the birth of my son.
9. He ended up in failure even though he __________ (work) hard for months.
10. College graduates without work experiences __________ (lose) appeal for international companies, which are turning to returned students from overseas universities.
11. I have such a bad pain in the stomach that I __________ (be) off work since Tuesday.
12. Until now research and treatment for overweight __________ (focus) on drugs to decrease appetite and surgery.
13. The friendly insurance agent __________ (call) at my office fruitfully two or three times a week to sell his various types of insurance policies.
14. We are getting close to the coast. By calculations, probably we __________ (see) land by early morning.
15. It is estimated that in the last eight years about 200 students __________ (lose) their lives because of school-related gun violence.
16. Shopping habits in the United States __________ (change) greatly since the 20th century.
17. By the late 1970s, many shopping malls __________ (develop) into small cities themselves.
18. So far the competition for admission to the country’s top private schools __________ (always, be) tough since few public schools can compare favorably with private schools.
19. To his astonishment, he was dismissed after everything he __________ (do) for the company.
20. —I smell something burning.
—So do I. I think it __________ (come) from the kitchen. Ann is probably ironing.
答案：
1. was just breaking 2. is always talking
3. was playing 4. had had
5. were still negotiating 6. haven’t ever enjoyed
7. hasn’t scored 8. have been
9. had been working 10. are losing
11. have been 12. have focused
13. calls 14. will have seen
15. have lost 16. have changed
17. had developed 18. has always been
19. had done 20. is coining
翻译练习：
1. 孩子们养成了今日事今日毕的好习惯。
2. 当地政府正采取措施有效解决空气污染问题。
3. 我们离开学校后一直保持联系。
4. 他打电话到服务总台，说他将再住两天。
5. 汤姆，你怎么老丢东西？
6. 她出国深造去了。她多次出国。
7. 我们原打算把参观安排在星期四上午，但那天博物馆恰好闭馆。
8. 他的摩托车坏了，这几天一直步行上班。
9. 我没料到这个项目他完成的这么快。
10. 我认识他时，他全世界游玩了很多地方。
答案：
1. The children have formed the good habit of never putting off today’s work until tomorrow.
2. The local government is taking steps to solve its air pollution problem more effectively.
3. We have kept in touch since we left school.
4. He telephoned the reception desk, saying he would stay for another couple of days.
5. Tom, why are you always losing things?
6. She’s gone abroad for further studies. She has been abroad many times.
7. We had meant to arrange the visit for Thursday morning, but the museum happened to be closed that day.
8. His motorcycle has gone wrong, so he is walking to work these days.
9. I didn’t expect that he had completed the project so soon.
10. He had travelled a great deal around the world when I met him.
语法填空
【知识梳理】
1．语法填空题考查形式及考点分布：
（1） 出题方式：设关键词和不设关键词。
（2）设关键词：考查形容词、副词或者动词的用法。
①形容词、副词：考查比较级和最高级，备考方法：准确判断出考点，并且熟练掌握不同形容词和副词的比较级、最高级的形式。
②动词：考查谓语和非谓语动词，即时态语态、分词、动名词、不定式。
谓语动词的备考方法：了解各种时态的标志词以及特征，判断句子主被动，掌握主动表被动的句型运用。
非谓语动词的备考方法：掌握加to do以及加doing的固定句型，准确判断动词在充当非谓语功能时的时态和语态。
（3）不设关键词：考查冠词、介词、代词、情态动词、连词的用法（情冠连介代）。
①冠词：考查定冠词和不定冠词，备考方法：准确判断语境是特指还是非特指。
②介词：考查搭配及具体语境的用法，备考方法：熟练掌握固定搭配以及本身用法。
③代词：考查人称物主代词、不定代词、指示代词、反身代词，备考方法：注意判断句子结构（尤其是所缺成分）以及语境的呼应。
④情态动词：考查各个情态动词的用法，备考方法：注意观察语境中暗含的情感和态度。
⑤连词：考查并列连词和从属连词的用法，备考方法：判断上下句之间的逻辑关系或熟练判断各种复合句结构，掌握连词的特定用法。
注意：在掌握以上考点的同时也不能忽视对一些基本常用句型的考查，如：not…until…； not only…but (also)…； so…that…； not…but…； as…as…； either…or…； more…than…； neither…nor…； such…that…； hardly…when…； no sooner…than…等。
2．语法填空解题技巧：
（1）下列情况很可能填不定冠词：
①________+可数名词(单数)；
②________+形容词+可数名词(单数)。
下列情况下很可能填定冠词：
①________ (+定语)+名词+ of等介词短语(表示特指)；
②________ (+定语)+名词+定语从句(表示特指)；
③________ (+定语)+名词+不定式短语或分词短语(表示特指)。
（2）在无提示词题型当中，空格所填词在句子中作主语或宾语时，通常填代词，包括人称代词、指示代词、不定代词、名词性物主代词、疑问代词、反身代词(不能作主语)，it 等。在名词前作定语就只能用形容词性物主代词了。
在有提示词题型当中，通常，有表示范围的in /of介词短语或形容词前有the时，一般要用最高级；than的前面一定要用比较级。
下面的情况必填连词。
①连接两个功能对等的单词或短语时，应填并列连词and, or, but等。
②若两个句子(有两个主谓结构)之间，没有句号或分号，也没有连词，那空格处必定是填连接词，否则，句子结构就不完整。
具体解题技巧如下：
第一步：分析结构，若两个句子(有两个主谓结构)之间，没有句号或分号，也没有连接词，空格必填连接词(此处的连接词包括并列连词，如：and, but, or, so, for等；和从属连词，如：which, who, that, if, whether等)。
第二步：根据两句之间的意义和逻辑关系，或根据句式结构来确定是并列结构还是某种主从复合句。
第三步：若是主从复合句，要根据从句的特点，结合连词的意义和作用，确定填具体的某个连接词。
两三空填词梳理
两空常填连词
表原因：now that
表让步：even if / even though
表方式：as if / as though , just as
表目的：so that, in case
表结果：so that
定语从句中：介词 + which/whom
表条件：what if...?
表除了：except +when/that/what
三空常填连词
表目的：in order that, for fear that
表时间：as soon as
表条件：as/so long as
特别注意：no matter how + adj./adv.
no matter what + n.
no matter where/when...
两空常填介词
表原因：because of/ due to/ owing to, thanks to
表让步：regardless of
表递进：apart from
表相反：instead of, rather than
表除了：except for, other than
三空常填介词
表让步：in spite of（despite）
表递进：in addition to, as well as
两空常填情态动词
have to, had better, ought to
【例题精讲】
Stanford Earth professor Jon Payne puts modern extinction in concept (1)________ comparing them with Earth's five previous mass extinctions.
"We have found that extinction threat in the modern oceans is strongly associated with larger body size," said Jonathan Payne at Stanford's School of Earth,Energy&Environmental Sciences."This is most likely due to people (2)________ (target) large species for consumption first."
In a new study, (3)________ (publish) in the September issue of Science this year, Payne and his colleagues examined the association between extinction threat level and ecological traits (4) ________ ________ body size for two major groups of marine animals-mollusks and vertebrates - over the past 500 years and compared it with the ancient past, (5)________ (stretch) as far back as 445 million years ago and with a particular emphasis on the most recent 66 million years.
“We used the fossil record to show,in a concrete ,convincing way,that (6) ________ is happening in the modern oceans is really different from what has happened in the past.”said study co-author Noel Heim.
Specifically, the authors found that the modern era is unique in the extent (7)________ which creatures with larger body sizes are being targeted for extinction."What our analysis shows is that for every factor of 10 increase in body mass, the chance of (8)________ (threaten) by extinction go up by a factor of 13 or so,"Payne said."So the bigger you are, the (9)________ (likely) you are to be facing extinction."
The selective extinction of large-bodied animals (10)________ have serious consequences for the health of marine ecosystems,the scientists say, because they tend to be at the tops of food webs and their movements through the water column and the seafloor help cycle nutrients through the oceans.
Keys: 1. by 2. targeting 3. published 4. such as 5. stretching
6. what 7. to 8. being threatened 9. more likely 10. can/could
【分析】
1. 考查介词。通过比较他们与地球上以前五次大灭绝。
2. 考查非谓语动词，due to doing的结构, 所以要用动名词。
3. 考查非谓语动词，过去分词作后置定语的用法，意为今年九月已被发表的研究。
4. 考查固定表达, such as，意为例如。
5. 考查非谓语动词，过去分词作后置定语的用法，意为回到445百万年前。
6. 考查名词性从句，后面从句缺主语，而且是指物，所以填what。
7. 考查定语从句，由to some extent可知，这里填to which。
8. 考查非谓语动词，介词of后接动名词，而且是被动，所以填being threatened。
9. 考查形容词固定搭配，the+比较级，the+比较级，由句意可知填more likely。
10. 考查情态动词，根据句意，动物的灭绝可能会造成严重的后果，所以填can/could。
【巩固练习】
Two American economists, William Nordhaus and Paul Romer, have been jointly awarded the 2018 Nobel Economics Prize. They constructed "green growth” models that show how climate change and technological innovation can be integrated with economic growth. Their models have shaped policy around the world profoundly.
(1) ______(work) independently, they have addressed “some of our time's most basic and pressing questions about how we create long-term sustained and sustainable growth, "the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences（瑞典皇家科学院）said in a statement. The two men, it continued, had “significantly broadened the scope of economic analysis by constructing models that explain (2)______ the market economy interacts with nature and knowledge.”
Nordhaus, 77, has been a pioneer of environmental economics since the 1970s. He is a longtime professor of economics at Yale University. He (3) ______(recognize) for his work in applying economic analysis to climate change forecasts long ago.
In the mid-1990s, Nordhaus became the first person to create a model that describes the global interaction (4) ______the economy and the climate. The model draws on the fields of chemistry, physics and economics and is used to explore the possible effects of climate policies. He also came up with the idea of carbon taxation as a way (5) ______ (cut) down on greenhouse gas emissions. Carbon taxation is widespread throughout Europe and work is underway in several other regions to adopt it. The United States -the second (6) ______ (large) emitter of greenhouse gases in the world -has yet to put it into effect.
The co-winner Romer, a former senior vice president of the World Bank, now works as (7) ______economics professor at New York University. He said he was honored to be named alongside Nordhaus, (8) work paved the way for his own. The 62-year-old was known for modeling, methods for long-term economic growth. His most influential work, (9)______ (publish) in 1990,has generated vast amounts of new research into the regulations and policies that encourage new ideas and long-term prosperity. Romer was confident that the world could reduce greenhouse gas emissions and still improve standards of living in the future. “We (10) ______absolutely make great progress in protecting the environment, and without giving up on the chance to sustain growth,” he said.
【答案】1. Working 2. how 3. was recognized 4. between 5. to cut
6. largest 7. an 8. whose 9. published 10. can/will
【分析】
1.考察非谓语，做分词，动作主体是they，与work之间是主动关系，因此填working。
2.填连词，宾语从句，解释了市场经济如何与自然和知识互动。
3.谓语，语态为被动，被认可，根据时间状语“long ago”可知时态为过去式。
4.填介词, 固定搭配，between A and B
5.考察非谓语，固定搭配，a way to do sth.
6.最高级，所给范围为“in the world”
7.冠词，一个经济学教授。
8.连词，横线后面为名词work，在这里表达的意思是，他的作品为我铺平到道路。
9.考察非谓语，插入语“published in 1990”，表示在1990年被出版的作品
10.考察情态动词，can 能够。
连词专项巩固练习
1．Americans have a terrible need to find out (1) __________ is right in an argument. The problem is (2)__________ at the interpersonal level you really don’t need to find the truth, or maybe there isn’t any. Chinese people are far more content to think (3) __________ both sides have flaws and virtues, because they have an awareness (4) __________ life is full of contradictions. They do far less blaming of the individual than Americans do.
【答案】who|that|that|that
2．Female smokers are thought to be less affected __________ they do not breathe in the smoke so deeply. Most doctors and researchers say, “Give up smoking. __________ you don’t smoke, don’t start.” Some capable doctors and researchers — __________ their small number is reducing even further — are less sure of the effect of cigarette smoking on health. They consider the increase in various forms of cancers may possibly be explained by other factors in the human environment. __________ all tobacco smoking affects health, cigarette smoking appears to have a much greater effect than cigar or pipe smoking.
【答案】because|If| though|While
3．__________ you’re trying to talk to a kid wearing his iPod or headphones, make no bones about it; he is not ignoring you, he is disrespecting you. At that point, everything else should stop and you wait __________ he takes the earplugs out his ears. Don’t try to communicate with him __________ he’s wearing headphones — __________ __________ he tells you he can hear you. Wearing earphones __________ you’re talking to him is a sign of disrespect. Parents should be very tough about this kind of thing. Remember, mutual respect becomes more important __________ children mature.
【答案】When|until|when|even|if|while/when|as
4．Dreams are a message from the subconscious. Keep a note pad and pen by your bedside, and as soon as you wake, note down (1) __________ snatches of dreams you can recall. Dreams can solve your problems, give you advice, reveal your true feelings, and be a source of inspiration.
What are you aware of right now? Look at a familiar object in the room as if seeing it of the first time---explore it with your eyes. Next, listen intently to (2)
__________ sounds you can hear. What you can smell and taste at this moment? Touch (3) __________ is within reach, run your hand over and around it---how does it feel? During the next few weeks activate all your dreams. Visit a gallery, walk in a pine forest, go to a concert, swim, have a massage. Try to experience it all as if it were totally new to you.
Daydreaming is good for you. Whether it’s a purely fantasy, or a dream about (4)
__________ life might be in the future, only the right-brain has versions of this kind. Creative visualization, vividly imagining (5) __________ you desire as if it has already happened---and really believing in it, is said to be a powerful way of getting(6) __________ you want.
【答案】whatever|whatever|whatever| how|whatever|what
综合训练
曹杨二中第一学期高一英语期末考试
II. Grammar and Vocabulary
Section A
The holiday season is supposed to be the most festive and fun time of the year, but all those plans and expectations of joy can turn tougher and more stressful than they sound. This is especially true for (21)______ of us who struggle with mental illness.
The holidays break your routine. Sometimes you (22)______ (force) to spend time with family you rarely see and don’t always get along with. Or maybe you’re alone when everyone else is with family. Or you’re at work and can’t be with those you love. Or you are off from work, (23)______ more time to think troubling thoughts. Or you are thrust into party situations that tempt your demons.
When you have a routine, it’s (24)______ (easy) to manage whatever mental struggles you may face, and when that routine is broken, it (25)______ trigger tings you may not be ready to face. I know it has for me. It was during the holidays (26)______ I hit a low moment and, with the help of my mother, decided to seek help for my eating disorder.
Around the holidays, I often feel like I’m supposed to be everywhere, with everyone—all with the (27)______ (add) guilt of knowing it’s the season of giving. (28)______ (fight) this, I’ve developed a mantra（咒语）: it’s not selfish to take time for yourself. Take a walk in nature. Talk to a friend you trust, or a therapist. Sit out one of the holiday gatherings in favor of some personal time. Just do (29)______ helps you calm down and gives you a break from the stress. Download one of the many meditation apps for your phone. I particularly like Calm and End Anxiety.
Trying to spend all of your time (30)______ (please) everyone else is not only exhausting – it’s impossible. And you know what? If you take a little time for yourself, you will be much better company for those around you.
Section B
A. outperformed B. compares C. value D. benefits E. accidentally
F. advantaged G. true H. effectively I. influence J. mirrored K. involve
When young people study or take exams the results are usually about rewarding their individual achievement.
But when they get into the workplace they will be told about the importance of social skills and the need to co-operate with other people on solving problems.
So, are school systems out of step with what is needed by young people?
PISA, which (31)______ students’ abilities in reading, maths and science, has now carried out the world’s first global tests on collaborative problem-solving skills.
As might have been expected, students who are high achievers in academic tests are also likely to be better at problem solving with other people.
They are likely to have the skills in interpreting information and complex reasoning that will help them with any kind of problem solving.
The same holds (32)______ across countries. Top-performing countries in academic tests, such as Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Estonia, Finland and Canada, are also high performers at collaborative problem solving.
Working together seems to (33)______ different types of ability. Five years ago, PISA carried out tests on individual problem-solving skills. These showed that boys tended to do better in most countries. But when the element of collaboration is added to the problem solving, girls (34)______ boys in every country. In the UK this gender gap is one of the largest.
These results are (35)______ in students’ attitudes. Girls show more positive attitudes towards relationships, meaning that they tend to be more interested in others’ opinions and want others to succeed. Boys, on the other hand, are more likely to see the (36)______ of teamwork and how collaboration can help them work more (37)______ and efficiently.
Disadvantaged students are more likely to see the (38)______ of teamwork than their (39)______ peers. They tend to report that they prefer working as part of a team to working alone, and that they think teams make better decisions than individuals.
The classroom environment seems to (40)______ how well students work together. When students have a lot of communication-intensive activities – such as taking part in class debates or arguing about science questions – they are more likely to have positive attitudes towards collaboration.
III. Reading Comprehension
Section A
On a cold November afternoon, my mother and I were walking home from a pizza shop. We were dressed __41__ and equipped with a rented video we had been __42__ to watch. I was feeling a little __43__ as I was carrying our shopping, and decided to throw away something. So I started to walk towards a garbage can when I noticed a poor man walking out of the restaurant in front of us. He __44__ over to another nearby garbage can and started looking through it.
I suddenly felt very guilty because I was about to throw away a new drink just because it was __45__. I walked up to him and handed the drink and some snacks over to him. The man looked up __46__ and took what I gave him.
A huge smile __47__ across his face and this caused me to feel indescribably satisfied. I felt I couldn’t be happier __48__ myself, but then he said, “Wow, this is my son’s lucky day!”
With that, he thanked me happily and started off on his bike, I __49__ heard him whistling a song as he rode away.
I got a warm __50__ inside. I now understand what is meant by the saying “giving is getting”.
Although it only __51__ a little action and a few words, I gained and learned more in those two minutes than I did in the rest of the month. Everyone in the world needs help, everyone can __52__ help and everyone will be helped by __53__ kindness.
The image of that man’s happiness caused by my small gift appears in my mind every __54__ I have the chance to do something nice.
This is the __55__ of charity.
41. A. poorly B. coldly C. warmly D. expensively
42. A. dying B. exciting C. worrying D. happy
43. A. worried B. interested C. bored D. tired
44. A. headed B. passed C. crossed D. took
45. A. cheap B. heavy C. tasteless D. full
46. A. in silence B. in surprise C. in interest D. in a hurry
47. A. appeared B. spread C. went D. ran
48. A. with B. to C. at D. for
49. A. still B. once C. even D. ever
50. A. sense B. mind C. thinking D. feeling
51. A. held B. took C. called D. asked
52. A. offer B. send C. show D. have
53. A. showing B. expressing C. lending D. setting
54. A. moment B. day C. minute D. time
55. A. power B. meaning C. strength D. aim
Section B
(A)
My six-year-old granddaughter, Caitlynd and I stopped at a Tim Horton’s shop for a blueberry cake. As we were going out the door, a young teenage boy was coming in.
This young man had no hair on the sides of his head and a set of blue spiked(竖起的)hair on top of it. One of his nostrils(鼻孔)was pierced, and a ring ran through the hole and a chain went across his face and was attached to a ring he was wearing in his ear. He held a skateboard under one arm and a basketball under the other.
Caitlynd, who was walking ahead of me, stopped at once when she saw the teenager. I thought he’d scared her and she’d frozen on the spot.
I was wrong.
My granddaughter backed up against the door and opened it as wide as it would go. Now I was face to face with the young man. I stepped aside and let him pass. His gracious response was a polite “Thank you very much”.
On our way to the car, I praised Caitlynd for her manners in holding open the door for the young man. She didn’t seem to be troubled by his appearance but I wanted to make sure. If a grandmother talked about freedom of self-expression and allowing people their differences was suitable, I wanted to be ready.
As it turned out, the person who needed the talk was me.
The only thing Caitlynd noticed about the teenager, was the fact that his arms were full. “He would have a hard time in opening the door.”
I saw the partially shaved head, the set of spiked hair, the piercings and the chain. She saw a person carrying something under each arm and heading toward a door.
In the future, I hope to get down on her level and raise my sights.
56. What did the author think of the young man?
A. Polite. B. Uncommon. C. Frightening. D. Funny.
57. Caitlynd helped the young man because ______.
A. she was scared
B. she didn’t notice his look
C. she wanted to avoid him
D. it would be difficult for him to open the door
58. The underlined sentence suggests that ______.
A. the author was ashamed of herself
B. the author didn’t know how to give a talk on freedom
C. a talk on freedom was useless for the granddaughter
D. people should have more freedom to express themselves
59. The author intends to tell us that ______.
A. we shouldn’t judge a person by his look
B. we should allow people more freedom to dress differently
C. we should be more helpful and tolerant to strange dressing of the young
D. we shouldn’t be too particular about people in life
(B)
Last week Amazon announced Word Runner, a new tool for reading Kindle books. Word Runner is a software update that shows one word at a time, instead of words, sentences and paragraphs on one page.
Opinions about Word Runner are mixed. Carmen Blyth, ph.D., and a teacher of English as a Second Language (ESL), says Word Runner is not optimal reading.
In the Kindle Forums at Amazon, a commenter called CB Retriever says, “Thanks, but that absolutely will not work for me as I too do lines and blocks of text at a time – I think the last time I read word by word was back when I was learning to read.”
Len Edgerly, business journalist and host of The Kindle Chronicles podcast, had a chance to try out Word Runner. In his podcast, Edgerly said that Word Runner is “a dramatically different way to read.”
Dynamic Pacing
Word Runner uses a feature called “Dynamic Pacing” to adjust the speed around complicated words. Dynamic Pacing automatically slows the speed of Word Runner for complicated words, punctuation, and paragraph breaks. It makes changes based on the natural rhythm of your reading.
Brake
You can pause Word Runner by tapping the pause button, called Brake:
Brake lets you move words forward and backward. You can go back and re-read words using Brake.
Availability
According to Amazon, Word Runner will be available soon for some English-language books on the Kindle app for Android devices and on Fire tablets.
Word Runner will work with select English language Kindle books from Amazon sites in all countries, says an Amazon representative.
Amazon has not yet said whether Word Runner will be coming to the Kindle app for iPhone and iPad.
60. In CB Retriever’s opinion, ______.
A. Word Runner provides one with necessary information to understand what he is reading
B. good reader can read four words at a time
C. Word Runner is not so practical for him as he reads lines and blocks of text at a time
D. Word Runner is “a dramatically different way to read”
61. From the passage, we can draw the conclusion that ______.
A. Word Runner will soon be available for iPhone and iPad
B. Word Runner will work with all English-language books in all countries
C. Word Runner is a software which updates one word at a time
D. People will soon be able to use Word Runner to read some English-language books on Andriod devices and Fire tablets
62. “Dynamic Pacing” is designed to ______.
A. regulate the speed of reading
B. quicken the speed of reading something easy
C. let you move words forward and backward
D. allow you to see all of the words on a page on your screen
(C)
In recent years many countries of the world have been faced with the problem of how to make their workers more productive. Some experts claim the answer is to make jobs more varied. But do more varied jobs lead to greater productivity? There is evidence to suggest that while variety certainly makes the worker’s life more enjoyable, it doesn’t actually make him work harder. As far as increasing productivity is concerned, then variety is not an important factor.
Other experts feel that giving the worker freedom to do his job in his own way is important and there is no doubt that this is true. The problem is that this kind of freedom cannot easily be given in the modern factory with its complicated machinery which must be used in a fixed way. Thus while freedom of choice may be important, there is usually very little that can be done to create it.
Another important consideration is how much each worker contributes to the product he is making. In most factories the worker sees only one part of the product. Some car factories are now experimenting with having many small production lines rather than one large one, so that each worker contributes more to the production of the cars on his line. It would seem that not only is degree of the workers’ contribution an important factor, therefore, but it is also one we can do something about.
To what extent more money led to greater productivity? The workers themselves certainly think this is important. But perhaps they want more money only because the work they do is so boring. Money just lets them enjoy their spare time more. A similar argument may explain demands for shorter working hours. Perhaps if we succeed in making their jobs more interesting, they will neither want more money, nor will shorter working hours be so important to them.
63. Which of these possible factors leading to greater productivity is not true?
A. To make jobs more varied.
B. To give the worker freedom to do his job in his own way.
C. Degree of work contribution.
D. Demands for longer working hours.
64. Why do workers want more money?
A. Because their jobs are too boring. B. In order to enjoy more spare time.
C. To make their job more interesting. D. To demand shorter working hours.
65. The last sentence in this passage means that if we succeed in making workers’ jobs more interesting, ______.
A. they will want more money
B. they will demand shorter working hours
C. more money and shorter working hours are important factors
D. more money and shorter working hours will not be so important to them
66. In this passage, the author tells us ______.
A. how to make the workers more productive
B. possible factors leading to greater efficiency
C. to a certain extent more money lead to greater productivity
D. how to make workers jobs more interesting
Section C
A. To fight family laziness, set an example.
B. Knowing how to fight laziness is important.
C. One way to fight laziness is to get enough sleep.
D. With strong determination, you will be able to achieve your goal.
E. Laziness appears when you no longer feel in charge of your own mind.
F. Create a reward system for yourself, just as parents do for a child.
Lazy people will never gain anything in life. However, laziness can be defeated once a few changes have been made in your mind.
__67__ Many people lack sleep constantly, since they stay up too late and get up too early to prepare for work. These people have little motivation once they arrive home. Laziness works hand in hand with a lack of motivation and a tendency to put off things. By adjusting your sleep schedule to provide a few more hours of meaningful rest, you can fight laziness throughout the day.
Another way to fight laziness is to change your mind from passive to active. Some people treat their lives as if they were pushed from task to task. Others take a more positive approach, viewing each task as a challenge they must overcome alone. __68__
Some people fight laziness by removing the temptations that surround them. A television in the living room may provide entertainment, but watching too much TV often contributes to laziness. __69__ Complete a few tasks and reward yourself with what you enjoy, such as a good dinner or a film.
Laziness can also be a lasting problem at home. Couples and children may all have different energy levels, but laziness can be spread if not dealt with immediately. __70__ Be the first to collect and wash dishes after a meal. Others in the home may eventually follow your example and perform their own task. It is difficult to practice laziness when you are surrounded by motivated people.
Finally, taking exercise regularly can help you fight laziness. Enough exercise and a balanced diet can help you develop a healthy lifestyle, thus enabling you to have more energy and help lift your spirits.
第II卷
IV. Translation
71. 你如何解释他的失败呢？ (account)
72. 科学研究成果往往被运用到现代工业。 (apply)
73. 过不了几天他们就会把面试结果寄给你的。 (It)
74. 每个人都应该明白，当你得到某些东西的时候，也在失去某些东西。 (while)
V. Tenses and Voices
75. She was busy ______ (write) out sums upon the blackboard.
76. ______ (tell) the story, the old man got more and more excited.
77. You should go to your teacher ______ (ask) about it.
78. The dictionary ______ (belong) to Jack is missing.
79. Time ______ (permit), the students will make a round trip to the nearby mountain village on Sunday afternoon.
80. The bridge ______ (build) now will be the longest and the most beautiful one in the country.
81. It is the third time you ______ (make) such a stupid mistake.
82. We will have a picnic if it ______ (not rain) tomorrow.
83. The room is so dirty and it needs ______ (clean).
84. The classroom building ______ (complete) by the end of this year.
VI. Multiple Choices
85. Sorry, I got up late this morning. I ______ have set the alarm clock before I went to bed last night.
A. might B. should C. must D. would
86. Jenny had just walked out of the classroom ______ she heard her desk-mate calling her that she had left her mobile phone on the desk.
A. while B. when C. as D. since
87. ______ with serious employment difficulties, China has to enlarge employment opportunities and spare no effort to ensure economic growth and social stability.
A. Faced B. Facing C. To face D. Having faced
88. He was just about to sit down when he felt something ______ near his feet.
A. moves B. moving C. to move D. moved
89. How can you expect to be a good speaker ______ you never dare to speak in public?
A. in case B. even if C. unless D. if
90. ______ doesn’t matter is whether she will join in our activity or not. We have enough members.
A. It B. What C. That D. Which
91. The patient, Mr. Berkey, agreed to an operation without ______ of its seriousness or the risks involved.
A. having been informed B. informing
C. having informed D. informed
92. Whatever we do, we will make it, as long as we take the passion ______ we should have to achieve our goals
A. when B. what C. which D. where
93. Is this the best way you thought of ______ people getting into the dangerous areas?
A. to stop B. stopping C. stopped D. to have stopped
94. A free gift will be given to ______ completes the questionnaire before the activity begins.
A. whomever B. whom C. whoever D. who
95. You ______ be hungry already – you had a big cake only half an hour ago.
A. wouldn’t B. can’t C. mustn’t D. needn’t
96. You can’t move in right now. The library ______.
A. has painted B. is painted C. is being painted D. is painting
97. Storm chasing is so dangerous that some chasers are often hurt in accidents ______ by driving in a heavy rain.
A. having caused B. caused C. to be caused D. causing
98. ______ different kinds of fires, several types of fire extinguisher have been invented.
A. Extinguished B. To extinguish
C. Extinguishing D. Having extinguished
99. ______ I expect is for you to think independently and introduce new ideas.
A. What B. Whether C. That D. Which
100. Taylor’s popularity gave her a lot of power with the movie industry, ______ she got very high pay for her movies.
A. if B. though C. so D. unless
101. A new eight-kilometre road is under construction ______ links the port area with motorway system.
A. that B. where C. it D. as
102. After looking through the art books here, I found Andrew’s paintings to be the closest to ______ I thought good paintings should look.
A. how B. what C. that D. why
103. In societies where social roles are determined, boys usually copy the behavior of their fathers, and girls ______ of their mothers.
A. that B. those C. one D. the ones
104. ______ several times but Mary still has no idea of how to do it properly.
A. Being shown B. Having shown
C. Having been shown D. I’ve shown her
105. He was not here. Since he had already had his papers corrected, he ______ behind.
A. needn’t have stayed B. mustn’t have stayed
C. didn’t need to stay D. shouldn’t stay
106. ______ she seems to put on a smiling face every day, she hasn’t really got over the shadow of exam failure.
A. Because B. As C. Whether D. Though
107. No one knows ______ prevented the fire from spreading.
A. what was it that B. what it was that
C. how it was that D. why it was that
108. The patient who had suffered from H1N1 insisted on ______ from others immediately, holding the belief that the disease would infect others.
A. having isolated B. being isolated C. to be isolated D. isolating
109. The English program normally attracts more than 1,000 students a year, ______ up to half will be from abroad.
A. in which B. for whom C. with which D. of whom
参考答案：
21. some 22. are forced 23. without 24. easier 25. can 26. that 27. added 28. To fight 29. what 30. pleasing
31. B 32. G 33. K 34. F 35. J 36.D 37. H 38. I 39. A 40. C
41-45 CADAB 46-50 BAACD 51-55 CAADA
56.C 57. D 58. A 59. C
60. C 61. D 62. A
63. D 64. A 65. D 66. B
67. C 68. E 69. F 70. A
71. How can you account for his failure?
72. The results of scientific research usually are applied to the modern industry.
73. It won’t a few days before they send the result of interview to you.
74. Everyone should be aware that you are losing something while you get something..
75. writing 76. Having told 77. to ask 78. belonging 79. permitting 80. being built 81. have made 82. doesn’t rain 83. cleaning 84. will be completed
85-90 DBABD B 91-95 ACACB 96-100 CBBAC 101-105 AAADC 106-109 BBBD
知识收获：
主从句时态一致
主句
状语从句
1)
…will do…/情态动词+do/祈使句
as soon as …do/does….
when …have/has done…
whenever
until
every/each/any time
if
unless
2)
… had done/did…
before… did…
3)
…did…
after…had done/did…
4)
…have/has done…
since … did…
5）
…had hardly/barely/scarcely done…
when … did…
6）
…had no sooner done…
than … did…
7)
It is/has been …
since… did …
8）
It won’t be long
before … do/does…
9）
It wasn’t long
before … did…
10）
… had done/was/were…
by the time… did…
11)
…will have done/will be…
by the time … do/does
名词性从句
12)
It/This is the first/second/… time
that… have/has done…
13)
It/This was the first/second/…time
that … had done…
14)
make sure
be sure
take care
make certain
see (to it)
(that) … do/does
其它句型
15)
It’s time
I’d rather
…did…
方法总结：
1. 从句子本身附带的时间状语来确定时态。
2. 从时态呼应规则来确定时态。
学员编号： 年 级： 高一 课 时 数：3
学员姓名： 辅导科目： 英语 学科教师：
课程主题： 时态语态知识点梳理+语法填空专题+名校期末考真题
授课时间：
学习目标
时态语态复习，掌握语法填空题的解题技巧，提升综合能力
教学内容
用适当的动词形式填空：
1. After getting lost in a storm, a member of the navy team ______ (rescue) four days later. (上海英语高考)
2. Every few years, the coal workers (have) their lungs X-rayed to ensure their health. (上海英语高考)
3. The church tower which (restore) will be open to tourists soon. The work is almost finished. (上海英语高考)
4. Mary went to the box office at lunch time, but all the tickets (sell) out. (上海英语高考)
5. During the period of recent terrorist activities, people _______ (always, warn) not to touch any unattended bag. (上海英语高考)
6. — Do you know if Terry will go camping this weekend? (上海英语高考)
—Terry? Never! She______ (hate) tents and fresh air!
7. In recent years many football clubs ______ (run) as business to make a profit. (上海英语高考)
8. --- Did you tidy your room? (上海英语高考)
--- No, I was going to tidy my room but I ______ (have) visitors.
9. With the help of high technology, more and more new substances ______ (discover) in the past years. (上海英语高考)
10. Send my regards to your lovely wife when you ________ (write) home. (上海英语高考)
11. When he turned professional at the age of 11, Mike __________ (expect) to become a world champion by his coach and parents. (2上海英语高考)
12. More than a dozen students in that school (send) abroad to study medicine last year. (上海英语高考)
13. Professor Smith, along with his assistants, (work) on the project day and night to meet the deadline.(上海英语高考)
14. The first use of atomic weapons was in 1945and their power (be) increased enormously ever since. (上海英语高考)
15. The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people _______ (persuade) to eat more fruit and vegetables. (上海英语高考)
Keys:
1.was rescued 2.have 3.is being restored 4.had sold 5.were always being warned 6.hates 7.have been run 8.had 9.have been discovered 10.write 11.was expected 12.were sent 13. is working 14.has been 15.are persuaded
false
一．高中常考时态要点简述
1. 一般过去时
1）表示过去某个特定时间发生的动作或状态，常有明确的时间状语，如yesterday，last night, some years ago，in1890等，以及由when等引导的时间状语从句。
Tom didn't come to class yesterday.
2）表示两个紧接着发生的动作，常由以下词语连接，用一般过去时。如：but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute。
The moment she came in, she told me what had happened to her.
2. 一般将来时
高中的几个常考的一般将来时句型：
1）“be about to+动词原形”表示打算或据安排即将发生的动作。它不与表示时间的副词或其他时间状语连用。
The English evening is about to start.英语晚会即将开始。
2）“be to+动词原形”表示约定的、计划中的或按职责、义务要求要发生的动作，这种动作通常是人的意志所能控制的，或用于征求意见。
There's to be a slide show this afternoon.
You are to hand in your papers by 10 o'clock.
3） 用现在进行时来表示将来。现在进行时表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作，这一结构常用于表示位置转移的动词，如come , go , leave, start ,move, arrive等，还有join, play, eat, work, return, take, wear, stay, sleep, meet等。常与表示将来的时间状语连用。
I'm leaving for Tibet on Sunday.
When are you going back to your factory?
3. 现在进行时
1）表示说话人说话时正在进行的动作，它不涉及该动作的发生和结果，译成汉语“正在”，这一用法常和表示此刻的时间状语连用，如now, at this time, at present，at the moment等。
I'm doing my homework now.
It's raining hard.
2） 表示现阶段但并非眼下正在进行着的动作，这种动作常与表示一段的时间状语连用，如these days , this week等。
He is writing a novel this week.
3）表达褒贬等感彩
和always ,forever, continually, constantly, instantly, continuously等频度副词连用，表示经常、反复发生的动作，不强调动作的进行性。表达厌烦、愤怒、抱怨、赞扬等情感。
He is constantly leaving his things about.（表责怪）
She is always changing her clothes.（表责怪）
He is always working hard.（表赞赏）
They’re forever quarreling about something. (不满)
4. 过去进行时
1）表示过去某一时刻正在或过去某段时间正在进行的动作。动作发生的特定时间常用一个短语或时间状语从句来表明。
It was raining at 6 o'clock this morning.
I was living in my teacher's house when I was in middle school.
2）用来描写故事发生的背景
在口语或记叙文中，可以用过去进行时表示的持续动作作为背景，以此引出由一般过去时表示的新动作。
It was a dark night. The wind was blowing hard and the rain was falling heavily. A young woman suddenly appeared on the river bank.
5. 现在完成时
1）表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态到说话时刚刚完成或结束，通常使用不具有延续意义的动词，arrive, become, begin, break等。这种用法可带有迄今意义的时间状语，如up to now, so far, already, not...yet等。也可带有包括现在时间在内的时间状语，如now, recently, in the past few years, just等。
I have already posted the photos.
I have just finished my work.
2）表示从过去某时开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态，也许还将继续下去。这种用法通常用于具有延续意义的动词，如live, stay, work等，并带有表示时间段的状语或迄今意义的时间的状语，如for, since等。
They have lived in Beijing since 2002.
My brother has been ill for two days.
注意：表示短暂的动作动词或状态动词不能用于这种用法，如arrive, come, go, leave等。如，不能说：She has come to our school for 2 years.
3）用在“It(This) is(will be ) the first/second/third…time+ that从句”中
在这种从句中，当主句动词为is/will be时，that-从句的动词用现在完成时，that 可以省略。主句中的主语还可用this, this evening等; 这种结构中的first也可用其他序数词；time也可由其他名词替代。
This is the first time I have been here.
It'll be the first time I've spoken in public.
4）“It (This)is the best( worst, most interesting等) + 名词+从句”结构中的从句要求用现在完成时
This is the best film I’ve ever seen.这是我所看过得最好的一部电影。
This is the most interesting novel he has ever written.
5）现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
现在完成时与一般过去时都表示完成的动作，但现在完成时强调这一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是现在的情况，所以它不能和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last night, three weeks ago, in1990等。而一般过去时则表示过去的动作或状态，和现在不发生关系，它可以和表示过去的时间状语连用。
I have seen the film.我看过这部电影。（我了解这部电影的内容）
I saw the film last week.我上星期看了这个电影。（只说明上星期看了这个电影，不涉及现在的情况）
6. 过去完成时
1）过去完成时表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作。它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”。表示过去某一时间可用by, before等构成的短语，也可用when, before，after，until等引导的从句或通过上下文表示。
By the time he was twelve, Edison had begun to make a living by himself.
When we got to the cinema, the film had already begun.
2）表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始，一直延续到过去的这一时间，而且还可能继续下去的动作，常和for, since构成的短语或引导的从句连用。
The news came as no surprise to me. I had known for some time that the factory was going to shut down.
By the time I left the school, he had taught the class for 3 years.
3）放在像said，told，asked，thought，wondered等过去时动词的后面，表示在这些动作发生之前已经发生了的事情。
My friend told me that he had passed the exam.
He asked me whether I had seen the film the night before.
She wondered who had left the door open.
4）用在 "It was the first/second/third…time that…”句型中，that引导的定语从句要用过去完成时。
This was the first time they had met in thirty-nine years.
It was the first time we had spoken together.
5）intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think等动词的过去完成时，表示过去未曾实现的设想、意图或希望等，含有某种惋惜。
I had intended to call on you yesterday, but I had an unexpected visitor.
We had meant to tell her the news but found that she wasn’t in.
6）过去完成时常用结构有“hardly, scarcely, barely … when, no sooner… than等句子里。
She hardly had gone to bed when the bell rang.
No sooner had they left the building than a bomb exploded.
7. 现在完成进行时
现在完成进行时由“助动词have/has been+ -ing形式”构成。用法如下：
1）现在完成进行时表示过去的动作持续到现在并有可能延续下去的动作。常和for，since引导的时间状语连用。
-Hi, Tracy, you look tired.
-I am tired. I have been painting the living room all day.
They have been living here for 10 years.
2）表示一个动作从过去某时开始，一直延续到说话时候刚结束。
I have been waiting you for about one hour.。(说话时"等"的动作刚结束)
She has been working all night long.
3）表示重复（只断断续续，而非一直不停）
We’ve been discussing the matter several times this year.
I have been saying goodbye to some friends today.
8. 将来完成时
将来完成时表示将来某一时间之前已经完成的动作。将来完成时由“shall /will +have +v-ed”构成。用法如下：
1）将来完成时表示将来某一时间或动作发生之前已经完成的动作，通常与before或by连用。
Before long, he will have forgotten all about it.
By the end of this month, we'll have studied 10 units.
2）表示持续到将来某一时间的动作或状态,这动作或状态也可能将继续进行下去。
When they move here next month, we'll have lived in the city for 5 years.
By the end of this month we shall have been here for two years.
9. 过去完成进行时
过去完成进行时主要表示过去某一时间以前一直在进行的动作。过去完成进行时由“助动词had+ been+ v-ing”构成。
1）过去完成进行时表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始并延续到过去这一时间。这一动作可能己经停止也可能还在进行。
She told me that she had been studying French for 5 years.（仍继续）
She told me that she had been waiting for me for an hour.（不再继续）
He had been studying English before entering the college.
2）表示反复的动作、企图、情绪、最近的情况
You had been giving me everything.（感激）
I had been studying the meaning of the poem.我一直在研究这首诗。（我还没懂）
二 被动语态的构成
一般式
进行式
完成式
现在时
am/is/are+p.p
am/is/are+being+ p.p
have/has+been + p.p
过去时
was/were+ p.p
was/were+being+ p.p
had +been + p.p
将来时
shall/will+be+p.p
shall/will+have been+ p.p
注意：含有情态动词的谓语变化为被动语态时，由“情态动词（can, may must, have to等）+be +动词的-ed形式。含有“be going to , be to, used to, be about to”等结构的复合谓语变为被动语态时，其构成为“be going to （be to, used to, be about to）+ be +动词的-ed形式”构成。
（一） 几种特殊形式的被动语态的构成
1．短语动词的被动语态
通常只有及物动词才有被动语态，但有些短语动词相当于及物动词，可以有被动语态，且短语中的介词或副词不能省略。
Have you sent for the doctor?→Has the doctor been sent for?
注意：主动结构的谓语动词为“不及物动词+名词+介词”构成的及物的短语动词时，通常把它看成一个整体。但也可将这类短语动词本身的名词用作主语，构成被动语态，尤其是在名词前有定语修饰时。
Good care must be taken of the babies particularly while they are ill.
You should pay more attention to your pronunciation. →More attention should be paid to your pronunciation.
2．Get型被动语态
被动语态的基本形式是由“be+及物动词的过去分词”构成的。但在现代英语中大量地出现了由“get+及物动词的过去分词”构成的被动语态，这叫get-型被动语态。get-型被动语态中的过去分词数量有限，通常为单个的动词或比较简单的动词短语。
（1）get+及物动词的过去分词
get常同marry, beat, break, damage, tear, strike, hurt, paint, invite, repair, dress, pay, wound等动词的-ed形式连用，构成被动语态。这种结构一般指动作的结果而非动作本身，常指“最后终于，突然发生”等意义。
Be careful when you cross this very busy street．If not，you may get run over by a car．
The boy got hurt on his way home from work.
（2）get-型被动语态有时有言外之意或具有感彩
He got taught a lesson.（有“活该”之意）
How did the window get closed.（有“不该关上”之意）
（3）get-型被动语态有时表示开始进入某种状态，而be+动词的-ed形式只表示存在的状态。
She got tired.（有开始感到疲劳的含义）
She was tired. (只表示“她累了”)
3. 主动形式表被动含义的几种情况
（1）当feel、look、smell、taste、sound等后面接形容词时；当cut、read、sell、wear、write等词带状语修饰语时；当动词表示“开始、结束、关、停、转、启动”等意义时。
These novels won’t sell well.这些小说不畅销。
The door won’t lock.门锁不上。
The fish smells good.鱼闻起来香。
（2）当break out、take place、shut off、turn off、work out等动词表示“发生、关闭、制定”等意思时。
The plan worked out successfully.
The lamps on the wall turn off.
（3）want, require, need后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。
（4）be worth doing用主动形式表示被动含义。
（5）在“be + 形容词 + to do”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动代被动。
This kind of water isn’t fit to drink.
The girl isn’t easy to get along with.
另外：be to blame(受谴责)，be to rent（出租）也用主动形式表示被动。
63522860典型例题
The machine ______ (equip) with securing cameras and alarms and looks like a mini shop with a brick front, a grey roof and a display window. (2014上海高考）
In recent years, the commercial pressure from supermarket chains ______ （force） village shops across the country to close. (2014上海高考）
3.Feeling good, I _____(empty) my purse change into the hands of a homeless man and helped a struggling woman reverse park. (2015上海高考）
4.When I ask him to put down the phone and stop (1)?_____?(ignore) me, he say, “In a minute.” but still checks to see if (2)_____?has posted something new on the Internet. Our life (3)?_____(interrupt). If we go somewhere and I ask him to have the phone at home, he suffers from withdrawal symptom. (2015上海高考）
5.The kids were very friendly with her and even looked up to her as if she were their own mother. Then it hit me —shy would she mot want to tell me about what she _____(do)? (2016上海高考）
6. In recent years, stress______(regard) as a cause of a whole range of medical problems, from high blood pressure to mental illness. (2016上海高考）
7.Bob called to tell his mother that he couldn’t enter the house, for he ________ (leave) his key at school. (2013年上海英语高考)
8.The school board is made up of parents who ________ (elect) to make decisions about school affairs. (2013年上海英语高考)
9.Is honesty the best policy? We (teach) that it is when we are little. (2012年上海英语高考)
10.—I hear that Jason is planning to buy a car.
—I know. By next month, he (save) enough for a used one. (2012年上海英语高考)
11.Did you predict that many students (sign) up for the dance competition? (2011年上海英语高考)
1.is equipped 2. has forced 3.emptied 4.(1)ignoring (2)someone/somebody
(3)has been interrupted/is being interrupted/is interrupted 5?had?done??6.has?been?regarded??
7. had left 8.have been elected 9. are taught 10.will have saved 11.would sign
【巩固练习】
1. Dawn __________ (just, break) as they climbed into the boat and pushed it off from the bank.
2. Billy, my neighbor down the street, __________ (always, talk) about politics as if he were a great figure. Actually he knows nothing about it.
3. When the President and the First Lady were greeting the arriving guests, an orchestra __________ (play) softly in the background.
4. When the patient finally decided to go to the doctor’s, he __________ (have) pains in his side for a long time.
5. The terrorists __________ (still, negotiate) with the government officials although they hadn’t given up.
6. Although I know Picasso was one of the greatest artists of his time, I still __________ (ever, not enjoy) his paintings except for those painted during his Blue Period.
7. No. 66 still __________ (not, score) a point yet even though he is playing far better than anyone else in the team.
8. There __________ (be) two major events in my life over the past year: my marriage and the birth of my son.
9. He ended up in failure even though he __________ (work) hard for months.
10. College graduates without work experiences __________ (lose) appeal for international companies, which are turning to returned students from overseas universities.
11. I have such a bad pain in the stomach that I __________ (be) off work since Tuesday.
12. Until now research and treatment for overweight __________ (focus) on drugs to decrease appetite and surgery.
13. The friendly insurance agent __________ (call) at my office fruitfully two or three times a week to sell his various types of insurance policies.
14. We are getting close to the coast. By calculations, probably we __________ (see) land by early morning.
15. It is estimated that in the last eight years about 200 students __________ (lose) their lives because of school-related gun violence.
16. Shopping habits in the United States __________ (change) greatly since the 20th century.
17. By the late 1970s, many shopping malls __________ (develop) into small cities themselves.
18. So far the competition for admission to the country’s top private schools __________ (always, be) tough since few public schools can compare favorably with private schools.
19. To his astonishment, he was dismissed after everything he __________ (do) for the company.
20. —I smell something burning.
—So do I. I think it __________ (come) from the kitchen. Ann is probably ironing.
答案：
1. was just breaking 2. is always talking
3. was playing 4. had had
5. were still negotiating 6. haven’t ever enjoyed
7. hasn’t scored 8. have been
9. had been working 10. are losing
11. have been 12. have focused
13. calls 14. will have seen
15. have lost 16. have changed
17. had developed 18. has always been
19. had done 20. is coining
翻译练习：
1. 孩子们养成了今日事今日毕的好习惯。
2. 当地政府正采取措施有效解决空气污染问题。
3. 我们离开学校后一直保持联系。
4. 他打电话到服务总台，说他将再住两天。
5. 汤姆，你怎么老丢东西？
6. 她出国深造去了。她多次出国。
7. 我们原打算把参观安排在星期四上午，但那天博物馆恰好闭馆。
8. 他的摩托车坏了，这几天一直步行上班。
9. 我没料到这个项目他完成的这么快。
10. 我认识他时，他全世界游玩了很多地方。
答案：
1. The children have formed the good habit of never putting off today’s work until tomorrow.
2. The local government is taking steps to solve its air pollution problem more effectively.
3. We have kept in touch since we left school.
4. He telephoned the reception desk, saying he would stay for another couple of days.
5. Tom, why are you always losing things?
6. She’s gone abroad for further studies. She has been abroad many times.
7. We had meant to arrange the visit for Thursday morning, but the museum happened to be closed that day.
8. His motorcycle has gone wrong, so he is walking to work these days.
9. I didn’t expect that he had completed the project so soon.
10. He had travelled a great deal around the world when I met him.
语法填空
【知识梳理】
1．语法填空题考查形式及考点分布：
（1） 出题方式：设关键词和不设关键词。
（2）设关键词：考查形容词、副词或者动词的用法。
①形容词、副词：考查比较级和最高级，备考方法：准确判断出考点，并且熟练掌握不同形容词和副词的比较级、最高级的形式。
②动词：考查谓语和非谓语动词，即时态语态、分词、动名词、不定式。
谓语动词的备考方法：了解各种时态的标志词以及特征，判断句子主被动，掌握主动表被动的句型运用。
非谓语动词的备考方法：掌握加to do以及加doing的固定句型，准确判断动词在充当非谓语功能时的时态和语态。
（3）不设关键词：考查冠词、介词、代词、情态动词、连词的用法（情冠连介代）。
①冠词：考查定冠词和不定冠词，备考方法：准确判断语境是特指还是非特指。
②介词：考查搭配及具体语境的用法，备考方法：熟练掌握固定搭配以及本身用法。
③代词：考查人称物主代词、不定代词、指示代词、反身代词，备考方法：注意判断句子结构（尤其是所缺成分）以及语境的呼应。
④情态动词：考查各个情态动词的用法，备考方法：注意观察语境中暗含的情感和态度。
⑤连词：考查并列连词和从属连词的用法，备考方法：判断上下句之间的逻辑关系或熟练判断各种复合句结构，掌握连词的特定用法。
注意：在掌握以上考点的同时也不能忽视对一些基本常用句型的考查，如：not…until…； not only…but (also)…； so…that…； not…but…； as…as…； either…or…； more…than…； neither…nor…； such…that…； hardly…when…； no sooner…than…等。
2．语法填空解题技巧：
（1）下列情况很可能填不定冠词：
①________+可数名词(单数)；
②________+形容词+可数名词(单数)。
下列情况下很可能填定冠词：
①________ (+定语)+名词+ of等介词短语(表示特指)；
②________ (+定语)+名词+定语从句(表示特指)；
③________ (+定语)+名词+不定式短语或分词短语(表示特指)。
（2）在无提示词题型当中，空格所填词在句子中作主语或宾语时，通常填代词，包括人称代词、指示代词、不定代词、名词性物主代词、疑问代词、反身代词(不能作主语)，it 等。在名词前作定语就只能用形容词性物主代词了。
在有提示词题型当中，通常，有表示范围的in /of介词短语或形容词前有the时，一般要用最高级；than的前面一定要用比较级。
下面的情况必填连词。
①连接两个功能对等的单词或短语时，应填并列连词and, or, but等。
②若两个句子(有两个主谓结构)之间，没有句号或分号，也没有连词，那空格处必定是填连接词，否则，句子结构就不完整。
具体解题技巧如下：
第一步：分析结构，若两个句子(有两个主谓结构)之间，没有句号或分号，也没有连接词，空格必填连接词(此处的连接词包括并列连词，如：and, but, or, so, for等；和从属连词，如：which, who, that, if, whether等)。
第二步：根据两句之间的意义和逻辑关系，或根据句式结构来确定是并列结构还是某种主从复合句。
第三步：若是主从复合句，要根据从句的特点，结合连词的意义和作用，确定填具体的某个连接词。
两三空填词梳理
两空常填连词
表原因：now that
表让步：even if / even though
表方式：as if / as though , just as
表目的：so that, in case
表结果：so that
定语从句中：介词 + which/whom
表条件：what if...?
表除了：except +when/that/what
三空常填连词
表目的：in order that, for fear that
表时间：as soon as
表条件：as/so long as
特别注意：no matter how + adj./adv.
no matter what + n.
no matter where/when...
两空常填介词
表原因：because of/ due to/ owing to, thanks to
表让步：regardless of
表递进：apart from
表相反：instead of, rather than
表除了：except for, other than
三空常填介词
表让步：in spite of（despite）
表递进：in addition to, as well as
两空常填情态动词
have to, had better, ought to
【例题精讲】
Stanford Earth professor Jon Payne puts modern extinction in concept (1)________ comparing them with Earth's five previous mass extinctions.
"We have found that extinction threat in the modern oceans is strongly associated with larger body size," said Jonathan Payne at Stanford's School of Earth,Energy&Environmental Sciences."This is most likely due to people (2)________ (target) large species for consumption first."
In a new study, (3)________ (publish) in the September issue of Science this year, Payne and his colleagues examined the association between extinction threat level and ecological traits (4) ________ ________ body size for two major groups of marine animals-mollusks and vertebrates - over the past 500 years and compared it with the ancient past, (5)________ (stretch) as far back as 445 million years ago and with a particular emphasis on the most recent 66 million years.
“We used the fossil record to show,in a concrete ,convincing way,that (6) ________ is happening in the modern oceans is really different from what has happened in the past.”said study co-author Noel Heim.
Specifically, the authors found that the modern era is unique in the extent (7)________ which creatures with larger body sizes are being targeted for extinction."What our analysis shows is that for every factor of 10 increase in body mass, the chance of (8)________ (threaten) by extinction go up by a factor of 13 or so,"Payne said."So the bigger you are, the (9)________ (likely) you are to be facing extinction."
The selective extinction of large-bodied animals (10)________ have serious consequences for the health of marine ecosystems,the scientists say, because they tend to be at the tops of food webs and their movements through the water column and the seafloor help cycle nutrients through the oceans.
Keys: 1. by 2. targeting 3. published 4. such as 5. stretching
6. what 7. to 8. being threatened 9. more likely 10. can/could
【分析】
1. 考查介词。通过比较他们与地球上以前五次大灭绝。
2. 考查非谓语动词，due to doing的结构, 所以要用动名词。
3. 考查非谓语动词，过去分词作后置定语的用法，意为今年九月已被发表的研究。
4. 考查固定表达, such as，意为例如。
5. 考查非谓语动词，过去分词作后置定语的用法，意为回到445百万年前。
6. 考查名词性从句，后面从句缺主语，而且是指物，所以填what。
7. 考查定语从句，由to some extent可知，这里填to which。
8. 考查非谓语动词，介词of后接动名词，而且是被动，所以填being threatened。
9. 考查形容词固定搭配，the+比较级，the+比较级，由句意可知填more likely。
10. 考查情态动词，根据句意，动物的灭绝可能会造成严重的后果，所以填can/could。
【巩固练习】
Two American economists, William Nordhaus and Paul Romer, have been jointly awarded the 2018 Nobel Economics Prize. They constructed "green growth” models that show how climate change and technological innovation can be integrated with economic growth. Their models have shaped policy around the world profoundly.
(1) ______(work) independently, they have addressed “some of our time's most basic and pressing questions about how we create long-term sustained and sustainable growth, "the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences（瑞典皇家科学院）said in a statement. The two men, it continued, had “significantly broadened the scope of economic analysis by constructing models that explain (2)______ the market economy interacts with nature and knowledge.”
Nordhaus, 77, has been a pioneer of environmental economics since the 1970s. He is a longtime professor of economics at Yale University. He (3) ______(recognize) for his work in applying economic analysis to climate change forecasts long ago.
In the mid-1990s, Nordhaus became the first person to create a model that describes the global interaction (4) ______the economy and the climate. The model draws on the fields of chemistry, physics and economics and is used to explore the possible effects of climate policies. He also came up with the idea of carbon taxation as a way (5) ______ (cut) down on greenhouse gas emissions. Carbon taxation is widespread throughout Europe and work is underway in several other regions to adopt it. The United States -the second (6) ______ (large) emitter of greenhouse gases in the world -has yet to put it into effect.
The co-winner Romer, a former senior vice president of the World Bank, now works as (7) ______economics professor at New York University. He said he was honored to be named alongside Nordhaus, (8) work paved the way for his own. The 62-year-old was known for modeling, methods for long-term economic growth. His most influential work, (9)______ (publish) in 1990,has generated vast amounts of new research into the regulations and policies that encourage new ideas and long-term prosperity. Romer was confident that the world could reduce greenhouse gas emissions and still improve standards of living in the future. “We (10) ______absolutely make great progress in protecting the environment, and without giving up on the chance to sustain growth,” he said.
【答案】1. Working 2. how 3. was recognized 4. between 5. to cut
6. largest 7. an 8. whose 9. published 10. can/will
【分析】
1.考察非谓语，做分词，动作主体是they，与work之间是主动关系，因此填working。
2.填连词，宾语从句，解释了市场经济如何与自然和知识互动。
3.谓语，语态为被动，被认可，根据时间状语“long ago”可知时态为过去式。
4.填介词, 固定搭配，between A and B
5.考察非谓语，固定搭配，a way to do sth.
6.最高级，所给范围为“in the world”
7.冠词，一个经济学教授。
8.连词，横线后面为名词work，在这里表达的意思是，他的作品为我铺平到道路。
9.考察非谓语，插入语“published in 1990”，表示在1990年被出版的作品
10.考察情态动词，can 能够。
连词专项巩固练习
1．Americans have a terrible need to find out (1) __________ is right in an argument. The problem is (2)__________ at the interpersonal level you really don’t need to find the truth, or maybe there isn’t any. Chinese people are far more content to think (3) __________ both sides have flaws and virtues, because they have an awareness (4) __________ life is full of contradictions. They do far less blaming of the individual than Americans do.
【答案】who|that|that|that
2．Female smokers are thought to be less affected __________ they do not breathe in the smoke so deeply. Most doctors and researchers say, “Give up smoking. __________ you don’t smoke, don’t start.” Some capable doctors and researchers — __________ their small number is reducing even further — are less sure of the effect of cigarette smoking on health. They consider the increase in various forms of cancers may possibly be explained by other factors in the human environment. __________ all tobacco smoking affects health, cigarette smoking appears to have a much greater effect than cigar or pipe smoking.
【答案】because|If| though|While
3．__________ you’re trying to talk to a kid wearing his iPod or headphones, make no bones about it; he is not ignoring you, he is disrespecting you. At that point, everything else should stop and you wait __________ he takes the earplugs out his ears. Don’t try to communicate with him __________ he’s wearing headphones — __________ __________ he tells you he can hear you. Wearing earphones __________ you’re talking to him is a sign of disrespect. Parents should be very tough about this kind of thing. Remember, mutual respect becomes more important __________ children mature.
【答案】When|until|when|even|if|while/when|as
4．Dreams are a message from the subconscious. Keep a note pad and pen by your bedside, and as soon as you wake, note down (1) __________ snatches of dreams you can recall. Dreams can solve your problems, give you advice, reveal your true feelings, and be a source of inspiration.
What are you aware of right now? Look at a familiar object in the room as if seeing it of the first time---explore it with your eyes. Next, listen intently to (2)
__________ sounds you can hear. What you can smell and taste at this moment? Touch (3) __________ is within reach, run your hand over and around it---how does it feel? During the next few weeks activate all your dreams. Visit a gallery, walk in a pine forest, go to a concert, swim, have a massage. Try to experience it all as if it were totally new to you.
Daydreaming is good for you. Whether it’s a purely fantasy, or a dream about (4)
__________ life might be in the future, only the right-brain has versions of this kind. Creative visualization, vividly imagining (5) __________ you desire as if it has already happened---and really believing in it, is said to be a powerful way of getting(6) __________ you want.
【答案】whatever|whatever|whatever| how|whatever|what
综合训练
曹杨二中第一学期高一英语期末考试
II. Grammar and Vocabulary
Section A
The holiday season is supposed to be the most festive and fun time of the year, but all those plans and expectations of joy can turn tougher and more stressful than they sound. This is especially true for (21)______ of us who struggle with mental illness.
The holidays break your routine. Sometimes you (22)______ (force) to spend time with family you rarely see and don’t always get along with. Or maybe you’re alone when everyone else is with family. Or you’re at work and can’t be with those you love. Or you are off from work, (23)______ more time to think troubling thoughts. Or you are thrust into party situations that tempt your demons.
When you have a routine, it’s (24)______ (easy) to manage whatever mental struggles you may face, and when that routine is broken, it (25)______ trigger tings you may not be ready to face. I know it has for me. It was during the holidays (26)______ I hit a low moment and, with the help of my mother, decided to seek help for my eating disorder.
Around the holidays, I often feel like I’m supposed to be everywhere, with everyone—all with the (27)______ (add) guilt of knowing it’s the season of giving. (28)______ (fight) this, I’ve developed a mantra（咒语）: it’s not selfish to take time for yourself. Take a walk in nature. Talk to a friend you trust, or a therapist. Sit out one of the holiday gatherings in favor of some personal time. Just do (29)______ helps you calm down and gives you a break from the stress. Download one of the many meditation apps for your phone. I particularly like Calm and End Anxiety.
Trying to spend all of your time (30)______ (please) everyone else is not only exhausting – it’s impossible. And you know what? If you take a little time for yourself, you will be much better company for those around you.
Section B
A. outperformed B. compares C. value D. benefits E. accidentally
F. advantaged G. true H. effectively I. influence J. mirrored K. involve
When young people study or take exams the results are usually about rewarding their individual achievement.
But when they get into the workplace they will be told about the importance of social skills and the need to co-operate with other people on solving problems.
So, are school systems out of step with what is needed by young people?
PISA, which (31)______ students’ abilities in reading, maths and science, has now carried out the world’s first global tests on collaborative problem-solving skills.
As might have been expected, students who are high achievers in academic tests are also likely to be better at problem solving with other people.
They are likely to have the skills in interpreting information and complex reasoning that will help them with any kind of problem solving.
The same holds (32)______ across countries. Top-performing countries in academic tests, such as Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Estonia, Finland and Canada, are also high performers at collaborative problem solving.
Working together seems to (33)______ different types of ability. Five years ago, PISA carried out tests on individual problem-solving skills. These showed that boys tended to do better in most countries. But when the element of collaboration is added to the problem solving, girls (34)______ boys in every country. In the UK this gender gap is one of the largest.
These results are (35)______ in students’ attitudes. Girls show more positive attitudes towards relationships, meaning that they tend to be more interested in others’ opinions and want others to succeed. Boys, on the other hand, are more likely to see the (36)______ of teamwork and how collaboration can help them work more (37)______ and efficiently.
Disadvantaged students are more likely to see the (38)______ of teamwork than their (39)______ peers. They tend to report that they prefer working as part of a team to working alone, and that they think teams make better decisions than individuals.
The classroom environment seems to (40)______ how well students work together. When students have a lot of communication-intensive activities – such as taking part in class debates or arguing about science questions – they are more likely to have positive attitudes towards collaboration.
III. Reading Comprehension
Section A
On a cold November afternoon, my mother and I were walking home from a pizza shop. We were dressed __41__ and equipped with a rented video we had been __42__ to watch. I was feeling a little __43__ as I was carrying our shopping, and decided to throw away something. So I started to walk towards a garbage can when I noticed a poor man walking out of the restaurant in front of us. He __44__ over to another nearby garbage can and started looking through it.
I suddenly felt very guilty because I was about to throw away a new drink just because it was __45__. I walked up to him and handed the drink and some snacks over to him. The man looked up __46__ and took what I gave him.
A huge smile __47__ across his face and this caused me to feel indescribably satisfied. I felt I couldn’t be happier __48__ myself, but then he said, “Wow, this is my son’s lucky day!”
With that, he thanked me happily and started off on his bike, I __49__ heard him whistling a song as he rode away.
I got a warm __50__ inside. I now understand what is meant by the saying “giving is getting”.
Although it only __51__ a little action and a few words, I gained and learned more in those two minutes than I did in the rest of the month. Everyone in the world needs help, everyone can __52__ help and everyone will be helped by __53__ kindness.
The image of that man’s happiness caused by my small gift appears in my mind every __54__ I have the chance to do something nice.
This is the __55__ of charity.
41. A. poorly B. coldly C. warmly D. expensively
42. A. dying B. exciting C. worrying D. happy
43. A. worried B. interested C. bored D. tired
44. A. headed B. passed C. crossed D. took
45. A. cheap B. heavy C. tasteless D. full
46. A. in silence B. in surprise C. in interest D. in a hurry
47. A. appeared B. spread C. went D. ran
48. A. with B. to C. at D. for
49. A. still B. once C. even D. ever
50. A. sense B. mind C. thinking D. feeling
51. A. held B. took C. called D. asked
52. A. offer B. send C. show D. have
53. A. showing B. expressing C. lending D. setting
54. A. moment B. day C. minute D. time
55. A. power B. meaning C. strength D. aim
Section B
(A)
My six-year-old granddaughter, Caitlynd and I stopped at a Tim Horton’s shop for a blueberry cake. As we were going out the door, a young teenage boy was coming in.
This young man had no hair on the sides of his head and a set of blue spiked(竖起的)hair on top of it. One of his nostrils(鼻孔)was pierced, and a ring ran through the hole and a chain went across his face and was attached to a ring he was wearing in his ear. He held a skateboard under one arm and a basketball under the other.
Caitlynd, who was walking ahead of me, stopped at once when she saw the teenager. I thought he’d scared her and she’d frozen on the spot.
I was wrong.
My granddaughter backed up against the door and opened it as wide as it would go. Now I was face to face with the young man. I stepped aside and let him pass. His gracious response was a polite “Thank you very much”.
On our way to the car, I praised Caitlynd for her manners in holding open the door for the young man. She didn’t seem to be troubled by his appearance but I wanted to make sure. If a grandmother talked about freedom of self-expression and allowing people their differences was suitable, I wanted to be ready.
As it turned out, the person who needed the talk was me.
The only thing Caitlynd noticed about the teenager, was the fact that his arms were full. “He would have a hard time in opening the door.”
I saw the partially shaved head, the set of spiked hair, the piercings and the chain. She saw a person carrying something under each arm and heading toward a door.
In the future, I hope to get down on her level and raise my sights.
56. What did the author think of the young man?
A. Polite. B. Uncommon. C. Frightening. D. Funny.
57. Caitlynd helped the young man because ______.
A. she was scared
B. she didn’t notice his look
C. she wanted to avoid him
D. it would be difficult for him to open the door
58. The underlined sentence suggests that ______.
A. the author was ashamed of herself
B. the author didn’t know how to give a talk on freedom
C. a talk on freedom was useless for the granddaughter
D. people should have more freedom to express themselves
59. The author intends to tell us that ______.
A. we shouldn’t judge a person by his look
B. we should allow people more freedom to dress differently
C. we should be more helpful and tolerant to strange dressing of the young
D. we shouldn’t be too particular about people in life
(B)
Last week Amazon announced Word Runner, a new tool for reading Kindle books. Word Runner is a software update that shows one word at a time, instead of words, sentences and paragraphs on one page.
Opinions about Word Runner are mixed. Carmen Blyth, ph.D., and a teacher of English as a Second Language (ESL), says Word Runner is not optimal reading.
In the Kindle Forums at Amazon, a commenter called CB Retriever says, “Thanks, but that absolutely will not work for me as I too do lines and blocks of text at a time – I think the last time I read word by word was back when I was learning to read.”
Len Edgerly, business journalist and host of The Kindle Chronicles podcast, had a chance to try out Word Runner. In his podcast, Edgerly said that Word Runner is “a dramatically different way to read.”
Dynamic Pacing
Word Runner uses a feature called “Dynamic Pacing” to adjust the speed around complicated words. Dynamic Pacing automatically slows the speed of Word Runner for complicated words, punctuation, and paragraph breaks. It makes changes based on the natural rhythm of your reading.
Brake
You can pause Word Runner by tapping the pause button, called Brake:
Brake lets you move words forward and backward. You can go back and re-read words using Brake.
Availability
According to Amazon, Word Runner will be available soon for some English-language books on the Kindle app for Android devices and on Fire tablets.
Word Runner will work with select English language Kindle books from Amazon sites in all countries, says an Amazon representative.
Amazon has not yet said whether Word Runner will be coming to the Kindle app for iPhone and iPad.
60. In CB Retriever’s opinion, ______.
A. Word Runner provides one with necessary information to understand what he is reading
B. good reader can read four words at a time
C. Word Runner is not so practical for him as he reads lines and blocks of text at a time
D. Word Runner is “a dramatically different way to read”
61. From the passage, we can draw the conclusion that ______.
A. Word Runner will soon be available for iPhone and iPad
B. Word Runner will work with all English-language books in all countries
C. Word Runner is a software which updates one word at a time
D. People will soon be able to use Word Runner to read some English-language books on Andriod devices and Fire tablets
62. “Dynamic Pacing” is designed to ______.
A. regulate the speed of reading
B. quicken the speed of reading something easy
C. let you move words forward and backward
D. allow you to see all of the words on a page on your screen
(C)
In recent years many countries of the world have been faced with the problem of how to make their workers more productive. Some experts claim the answer is to make jobs more varied. But do more varied jobs lead to greater productivity? There is evidence to suggest that while variety certainly makes the worker’s life more enjoyable, it doesn’t actually make him work harder. As far as increasing productivity is concerned, then variety is not an important factor.
Other experts feel that giving the worker freedom to do his job in his own way is important and there is no doubt that this is true. The problem is that this kind of freedom cannot easily be given in the modern factory with its complicated machinery which must be used in a fixed way. Thus while freedom of choice may be important, there is usually very little that can be done to create it.
Another important consideration is how much each worker contributes to the product he is making. In most factories the worker sees only one part of the product. Some car factories are now experimenting with having many small production lines rather than one large one, so that each worker contributes more to the production of the cars on his line. It would seem that not only is degree of the workers’ contribution an important factor, therefore, but it is also one we can do something about.
To what extent more money led to greater productivity? The workers themselves certainly think this is important. But perhaps they want more money only because the work they do is so boring. Money just lets them enjoy their spare time more. A similar argument may explain demands for shorter working hours. Perhaps if we succeed in making their jobs more interesting, they will neither want more money, nor will shorter working hours be so important to them.
63. Which of these possible factors leading to greater productivity is not true?
A. To make jobs more varied.
B. To give the worker freedom to do his job in his own way.
C. Degree of work contribution.
D. Demands for longer working hours.
64. Why do workers want more money?
A. Because their jobs are too boring. B. In order to enjoy more spare time.
C. To make their job more interesting. D. To demand shorter working hours.
65. The last sentence in this passage means that if we succeed in making workers’ jobs more interesting, ______.
A. they will want more money
B. they will demand shorter working hours
C. more money and shorter working hours are important factors
D. more money and shorter working hours will not be so important to them
66. In this passage, the author tells us ______.
A. how to make the workers more productive
B. possible factors leading to greater efficiency
C. to a certain extent more money lead to greater productivity
D. how to make workers jobs more interesting
Section C
A. To fight family laziness, set an example.
B. Knowing how to fight laziness is important.
C. One way to fight laziness is to get enough sleep.
D. With strong determination, you will be able to achieve your goal.
E. Laziness appears when you no longer feel in charge of your own mind.
F. Create a reward system for yourself, just as parents do for a child.
Lazy people will never gain anything in life. However, laziness can be defeated once a few changes have been made in your mind.
__67__ Many people lack sleep constantly, since they stay up too late and get up too early to prepare for work. These people have little motivation once they arrive home. Laziness works hand in hand with a lack of motivation and a tendency to put off things. By adjusting your sleep schedule to provide a few more hours of meaningful rest, you can fight laziness throughout the day.
Another way to fight laziness is to change your mind from passive to active. Some people treat their lives as if they were pushed from task to task. Others take a more positive approach, viewing each task as a challenge they must overcome alone. __68__
Some people fight laziness by removing the temptations that surround them. A television in the living room may provide entertainment, but watching too much TV often contributes to laziness. __69__ Complete a few tasks and reward yourself with what you enjoy, such as a good dinner or a film.
Laziness can also be a lasting problem at home. Couples and children may all have different energy levels, but laziness can be spread if not dealt with immediately. __70__ Be the first to collect and wash dishes after a meal. Others in the home may eventually follow your example and perform their own task. It is difficult to practice laziness when you are surrounded by motivated people.
Finally, taking exercise regularly can help you fight laziness. Enough exercise and a balanced diet can help you develop a healthy lifestyle, thus enabling you to have more energy and help lift your spirits.
第II卷
IV. Translation
71. 你如何解释他的失败呢？ (account)
72. 科学研究成果往往被运用到现代工业。 (apply)
73. 过不了几天他们就会把面试结果寄给你的。 (It)
74. 每个人都应该明白，当你得到某些东西的时候，也在失去某些东西。 (while)
V. Tenses and Voices
75. She was busy ______ (write) out sums upon the blackboard.
76. ______ (tell) the story, the old man got more and more excited.
77. You should go to your teacher ______ (ask) about it.
78. The dictionary ______ (belong) to Jack is missing.
79. Time ______ (permit), the students will make a round trip to the nearby mountain village on Sunday afternoon.
80. The bridge ______ (build) now will be the longest and the most beautiful one in the country.
81. It is the third time you ______ (make) such a stupid mistake.
82. We will have a picnic if it ______ (not rain) tomorrow.
83. The room is so dirty and it needs ______ (clean).
84. The classroom building ______ (complete) by the end of this year.
VI. Multiple Choices
85. Sorry, I got up late this morning. I ______ have set the alarm clock before I went to bed last night.
A. might B. should C. must D. would
86. Jenny had just walked out of the classroom ______ she heard her desk-mate calling her that she had left her mobile phone on the desk.
A. while B. when C. as D. since
87. ______ with serious employment difficulties, China has to enlarge employment opportunities and spare no effort to ensure economic growth and social stability.
A. Faced B. Facing C. To face D. Having faced
88. He was just about to sit down when he felt something ______ near his feet.
A. moves B. moving C. to move D. moved
89. How can you expect to be a good speaker ______ you never dare to speak in public?
A. in case B. even if C. unless D. if
90. ______ doesn’t matter is whether she will join in our activity or not. We have enough members.
A. It B. What C. That D. Which
91. The patient, Mr. Berkey, agreed to an operation without ______ of its seriousness or the risks involved.
A. having been informed B. informing
C. having informed D. informed
92. Whatever we do, we will make it, as long as we take the passion ______ we should have to achieve our goals
A. when B. what C. which D. where
93. Is this the best way you thought of ______ people getting into the dangerous areas?
A. to stop B. stopping C. stopped D. to have stopped
94. A free gift will be given to ______ completes the questionnaire before the activity begins.
A. whomever B. whom C. whoever D. who
95. You ______ be hungry already – you had a big cake only half an hour ago.
A. wouldn’t B. can’t C. mustn’t D. needn’t
96. You can’t move in right now. The library ______.
A. has painted B. is painted C. is being painted D. is painting
97. Storm chasing is so dangerous that some chasers are often hurt in accidents ______ by driving in a heavy rain.
A. having caused B. caused C. to be caused D. causing
98. ______ different kinds of fires, several types of fire extinguisher have been invented.
A. Extinguished B. To extinguish
C. Extinguishing D. Having extinguished
99. ______ I expect is for you to think independently and introduce new ideas.
A. What B. Whether C. That D. Which
100. Taylor’s popularity gave her a lot of power with the movie industry, ______ she got very high pay for her movies.
A. if B. though C. so D. unless
101. A new eight-kilometre road is under construction ______ links the port area with motorway system.
A. that B. where C. it D. as
102. After looking through the art books here, I found Andrew’s paintings to be the closest to ______ I thought good paintings should look.
A. how B. what C. that D. why
103. In societies where social roles are determined, boys usually copy the behavior of their fathers, and girls ______ of their mothers.
A. that B. those C. one D. the ones
104. ______ several times but Mary still has no idea of how to do it properly.
A. Being shown B. Having shown
C. Having been shown D. I’ve shown her
105. He was not here. Since he had already had his papers corrected, he ______ behind.
A. needn’t have stayed B. mustn’t have stayed
C. didn’t need to stay D. shouldn’t stay
106. ______ she seems to put on a smiling face every day, she hasn’t really got over the shadow of exam failure.
A. Because B. As C. Whether D. Though
107. No one knows ______ prevented the fire from spreading.
A. what was it that B. what it was that
C. how it was that D. why it was that
108. The patient who had suffered from H1N1 insisted on ______ from others immediately, holding the belief that the disease would infect others.
A. having isolated B. being isolated C. to be isolated D. isolating
109. The English program normally attracts more than 1,000 students a year, ______ up to half will be from abroad.
A. in which B. for whom C. with which D. of whom
参考答案：
21. some 22. are forced 23. without 24. easier 25. can 26. that 27. added 28. To fight 29. what 30. pleasing
31. B 32. G 33. K 34. F 35. J 36.D 37. H 38. I 39. A 40. C
41-45 CADAB 46-50 BAACD 51-55 CAADA
56.C 57. D 58. A 59. C
60. C 61. D 62. A
63. D 64. A 65. D 66. B
67. C 68. E 69. F 70. A
71. How can you account for his failure?
72. The results of scientific research usually are applied to the modern industry.
73. It won’t a few days before they send the result of interview to you.
74. Everyone should be aware that you are losing something while you get something..
75. writing 76. Having told 77. to ask 78. belonging 79. permitting 80. being built 81. have made 82. doesn’t rain 83. cleaning 84. will be completed
85-90 DBABD B 91-95 ACACB 96-100 CBBAC 101-105 AAADC 106-109 BBBD
知识收获：
主从句时态一致
主句
状语从句
1)
…will do…/情态动词+do/祈使句
as soon as …do/does….
when …have/has done…
whenever
until
every/each/any time
if
unless
2)
… had done/did…
before… did…
3)
…did…
after…had done/did…
4)
…have/has done…
since … did…
5）
…had hardly/barely/scarcely done…
when … did…
6）
…had no sooner done…
than … did…
7)
It is/has been …
since… did …
8）
It won’t be long
before … do/does…
9）
It wasn’t long
before … did…
10）
… had done/was/were…
by the time… did…
11)
…will have done/will be…
by the time … do/does
名词性从句
12)
It/This is the first/second/… time
that… have/has done…
13)
It/This was the first/second/…time
that … had done…
14)
make sure
be sure
take care
make certain
see (to it)
(that) … do/does
其它句型
15)
It’s time
I’d rather
…did…
方法总结：
1. 从句子本身附带的时间状语来确定时态。
2. 从时态呼应规则来确定时态。
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