2012届高考英语语法专题复习介词考点汇总
介词不能单独使用，必须后跟宾语，构成介词短语在句中使用，介词短语由介词+宾语构成，在句中可作状语、定语和表语等。
in, on, to, with, by, for, at, from, up, beyond, before, among, of, off, against, like, since, besides, behind, during等
about
be about to … 即将做……
What/How about … ……怎么样
for
交换： He sold the house for 50,000 yuan.
达到某一数值：She wrote a check for ￡20.
赞成，拥护：I’m for getting up early and going to bed early.
固定搭配：
for one thing 首先
for example 例如
for ever 永远
for the time being 暂时，目前
for instance 例如
for free 免费
for the first time 第一次
for sale 出售，待售
watch out for 警惕
long for 渴望
for one’s good 为（某人）好
with
和……一起:：He is playing table tennis with Tom.
用……工具：Don’t write with a pencil.
随着：The weather changes with seasons.
带有，具有：Our company needs people with specialized knowledge.
行为方式：Handle with care！
原因：She shivered with cold.
注意：with的复合结构 ：常在句中作状语，表示伴随动作、行为方式及原因、条件或结果等情况。
She often sleeps with the window open. (adj.)
她经常开着窗户睡觉。
He came in with a book in his hand. (prep.)
他手里拿着本书进来了。
She felt scared with so many people looking at her. （doing）
这么多人看着她，她感到害怕。
With everything bought, he left the market. (done)
买完了所需要的东西之后，他离开了市场。
With nothing to do, he went out for a walk .(to do)
由于没有什么事情可做，他便到外面散步。
He left his room with the light on. (adv.)
他离开了房间，灯亮着。
by
用于被动结构：This book was written by Lu Xun.
表地点，“靠近，在……的旁边”：There is a pumping station by the river.
表时间，“在……之前，不迟于”： You must hand in your homework by tomorrow.
表方法、手段：You will make progress only by studying hard.
途径： He entered by the back door.
表示按某物标准或单位：The company paid me by the hour.
根据，按照……：Don’t judge a person by his appearance.
触及，持住某人的身体或衣物：I took the boy by the hand.
表增减程度： He missed the target by an inch.
固定搭配：
little by little 逐渐地
stone by stone 一块石头一块石头地
one by one 一个一个地
by mistake 由疏忽所至
by no means 决不
by accident 偶然
by chance 偶然，碰巧
by oneself 独自
by and by 不久以后
by far ……得多，最……
to
趋于，倾向（某种情况，性质等），至某种状态： I was moved to tears.
到（地点）：Last week her aunt came to Shanghai.
给：I often write to my uncle.
差（时间）：It is ten to eleven.
比： The score is 2 to 1.
伴随：He danced to the music.
他随着音乐跳舞。
固定搭配:
to one’s delight =to the delight of sb. 使某人高兴的是
to one’s joy = to the joy of sb. 使某人高兴的是
to one’s sorrow=to the sorrow of sb. 使某人悲伤的是
to one’s astonishment =to the astonishment of sb. 使某人大吃一惊的是
to one’s surprise =to the surprise of sb. 使某人吃惊的是
off
离……, 从……离开：It is an island off the coast of France.
through
通过，“从一边进，从另一边出”：She pushed her way through the crowd.
由于：The war was lost through bad organization.
从头至尾，由始至终：I read through the book.
各处：We traveled through France.
beyond
表示位置在那一边，超出（范围、限度）：
My home is beyond the bridge.
This is beyond my comprehension.
The fruit was beyond my reach.
against
反对，违背：We are against waste.
靠着，倚： I sat against the wall.
以……为背景，衬托： The picture looks good against that light wall.
防御：We are all taking medicine against the disease.
我们大家都在吃药预防那种病。
与……相反，逆着： We sailed against the wind.
at
在 （表空间、地点）：I don’t know the man standing at the gate.
在……时刻（表时间）：We usually go to work at two in the afternoon.
以……（速度、价格）：They sold their beef at a high price.
处于……状态，从事于： The two countries were at war.
表示目标，意为“朝，对”：We had a heated argument and shouted at each other.
与有情感的词语连用（如angry, delighted, glad, happy, sad, disappointed, shocked, excited等）表示产生这些感情的原因，“因为，对于”：
I was surprised at the news.
We were in deep sorrow at his death.
I’m glad at hearing your return home from Canada.
His parents were disappointed at his losing the chance to university.
固定搭配：
at the latest 最迟
at sea 在海上，在航海
at once 马上
at most 至多
at least 至少
at first 起初，开始的时候
at present 目前
at one time 曾经
at a time 一次
at breakfast 吃早餐时
at the same time 同时
at stake 在胜败关头，冒风险
over
超过：There are over twenty girls in our class.
遍于：I have traveled all over Europe.
在……上方（与under相反）：There is a bridge over the river.
越过(尤指先往上再往下)：He jumped over the wall.
在……期间： Will you be at home over Christmas
通过： I don’t want to say it over the telephone.
在……上面盖着：He put the newspaper over his face.
in
在……方面：Your success in the examination depends upon your efforts now.
用……语言： He wrote a letter in English.
表示计算或度量的标准，“用……，以……”：The energy is measured in calories.
在……之内（表时间或空间）：The work was completed in two weeks.
过……后（时间）:It will be ready in a week.
穿、戴：He is in a silk shirt.
表状态：He was in poor health.
The room is in a mess.
表示原材料：The letter was written in ink.
固定搭配：
in public 公开地
in order to 为了
in no time 立刻
in common 共同，共用
in all 总共
in fact 实际上
in the end 最后，终于
in the distance 在远处
in a low voice 低声地
in a word 总之
in other words 换句话说
in modern times 现代，近代
in place 在适当的地方
in general 一般说来
in the past 在过去
in this way 用这种方法
in return 作为回报
in short 简言之
in the open air 在户外
take pride in 以……自豪
take part in 参加
play a part in 在……方面起作用
in the form of 以……形式
in sight 在视力范围之内，看得见
in case 万一
in the name of 以……名义
in detail 详细地
on
在……的表面上：There are two maps on the wall.
在……的时候（某日或某日的上午、下午、晚上），表具体或特殊的日子：
On the morning of November 12, 1939, Dr. Bethune breathed his last.
有关，论及：I have written an article on the importance of birth control.
在……河畔，沿着：London is on the Thames.
是……的一员：My classmate is on China Daily.
固定搭配：
on doing sth. 一……就……
on leave 休假
on purpose 故意
on holiday 度假
on the whole 总的来说
on fire 着火
on one’s own 独自，单独
on strike 罢工
on the left/right 在左/右边
on the contrary 相反地
on sale 出售/减价
on average 平均
on the air （无线电/电视）播送
on board 在车/船/飞机上
call on sb. 拜访某人
on behalf of 代表
On (hearing)... 一（听到）……就……
of
和某一动词连用表示“想到”，“谈到”：He began to talk of his hometown.
表示所属关系：He is a worker of the Beijing.
from
from among(从……当中)，from behind （从……后面），from under (从……下面)，at about (在大约……左右)，after about(在大约……之后)，from across(从……的对岸)，from above(从……上方)等
I took a ball from under the table. 我从桌底拿出一个球。
易错点点拨：
1．in 与within
in后接表示时间长度的名词，可以与将来时或过去时连用。如果它与将来时连用，则常表示“过一段时间之后”；如果与非将来时连用，常表示“在……之内”。
The train will arrive in fifteen minutes. 火车还有十五分钟就到了。
within后接表示时间长度的名词，表示在这一范围之内，“不超过，不到”某一段时间。可以同将来时和过去时连用，比in更正式。
I shall be back within three weeks. 我三周之内回来。
2．in 和after
in后接一段时间，after接某一点的时间，均可用于将来时。in不可以接表示某一点的时间名词，而after如果在过去时的句子中可以加一段的时间名词，表示从过去某一时间算起，in加一段时间指从现在的时间算起。
I’ll come back in an hour.
我要在一小时后回来。 ( in an hour为一段时间 )
I’ll come back after three o’clock.
我要在三点钟之后回来。（ three o’clock为时间点 ）
3．through , across和over
它们都可用作介词，与动词连用，表示“通过，穿过”。但across强调在某一物体平面上运动，与on有关，侧重横贯式横向通过；through强调运动在某一物体的三维空间（内部）进行，与in有关，侧重在空间穿过；over是从某物体上方越过，或在高形物上穿过，当表示在某一长形物的另一边时用法同across.
Then we took off and flew over the mountain.
随后我们起飞了，飞过高山。
The road runs through the village.
这条路穿过这村子。
They walked across the square.
他们走过广场。
4．besides 和except, but
besides “除……之外，还有……”，表示附加意义；except “除了，不包括”，常与表示全肯定或全部否定的词连用，表示整体中除去例外，即整体中不再包括除去部分。but意义与except相同，但语气较except弱；使用except的限制较少，而使用but则有许多限制，but只能用在none, all, nobody, anybody, everything, everyone,以及who, what, where之后。
We all went to the party besides Tom.
除了汤姆参加了晚会，我们也去了。
We all went to the party except /but Tom.
除了汤姆没去晚会，我们都去了。
Who but/except a fool would do such a thing
除了傻瓜，有谁会做这样的事情呢？
5．except 和except for
except 是从一组东西中排除其特殊一个或几个，except for则是以保留的方式对整个句子内容进行修正，也就是说，如果两部分所用的词或词组所表示的并非同一类事，而它们之间又是所属关系，句子后半部对前半部所说的基本情况在细节上加以修正，就要用except for。except只用于句中、句末，不用于句首。Except for可用于句首。
I looked everywhere except in the bathroom.
除了浴室之外，我到处都看了。
He is a good man except for hot temper.
他是个好人，只是脾气暴躁而已。
6．It be + 形容词+ for sb. to do sth./ It be + 形容词+of sb. to do sth.
如果句型中的形容词描述的是sb.的品质、品格，在逻辑上可以作sb.的表语，则sb.前应用介词of，否则就用for。
It’s necessary for us to use a short-wave radio to pick up the programmes.
我们用一台短波收音机收听这些节目是必要的。
It was foolish of him to give up the job.
他放弃那工作是愚蠢的。（= He was foolish to give up the job.）
7. between 和 among
between 一般表示在两者之间，也可表示在两个以上的人或物的两者之间。
among用于三者以上，常指数目不确定的事物，还可用于最高级=one of…
虽然between和among都可表示在两者以上之间，但among用于不分别看待的一堆或一群人或物之间，between强调把两者以上各个个体分别看待，而且这些人或物为数不多，彼此界限分明,强调每两者之间的关系。
Distribute the books among the students.
把书发给学生。（有一群学生）
The speaker referred to the relations between the three countries.
发言的人提到了这三个国家之间的关系。（这三个国家之间的每两者间的关系）
China is among the oldest countries in the world.
中国是世界上最古老的国家之一。（among =one of）
8. by, in 和with
by 表示方法、手段,交通工具；in 表示原料、语言等；with 表示用工具和五官等
I write with my right hand.
我用右手写字。（五官）
The article was written in ink.
这篇文章是用钢笔写的。（in ink 表示原料=with a pen表示工具）2012届高考英语语法专题复习经典讲义英语"方位"表示法
英语方位表示法为数不少，但容易混淆。特别是几个介词的用法常常令自学者无所适从。有时"一字之差"就可能"失之千里"。为此，笔者拟用比较的方式以east为例介绍一些常见的方位表示法。
(一)in the east 与 on the east的区别
1．in the east表示我们生活中和地理位置上的绝对方向。如：
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.太阳从东边升起，从西边落下。
The Great Wall begins in the east from the Shanhaiguan Pass and ends at the Jiayuguan Pass in the west.长城东起山海关，西至嘉峪关。
2．on the east表示某事物位于另一事物所朝的方向。这里的方向是相对而言的。如：
China faces the Pacific on the east.中国东临太平洋。
The United States faces the Atlantic on the east and the Pacific on the west.美国东临大西洋，西濒太平洋。
(二) in (to，on，at) the east of
1．要表示A在B的东部，即：A在B的范围之内时就用"A is in the east of B"，如：
Japan is in the east of Asia.日本在亚洲东部。
Italy is in the south of Europe.意大利在欧洲南部。
2．如果A在B的东方，即：A在B的范围之外，且相隔有一定的距离，就用"A lies to the east of B".口语中有时可将to the省去。如：
Japan lies (to the) east of China.日本位于中国东方。
France lies (to the) east of England.法国位于英国东方。
3．如果A在B的东边（侧），即：A与B相邻接。就用"A is on the east of B".如：
Guangdong is on the south of Hunan.广东在湖南南边。
Shangdong is on the north of Jiangsu.山东在江苏北边。
4．如果把方位词当作一个整体看，或是看成一点，就用"A is at the east of B" 如:
There was a big battle at the north of the Liaodong Peninsula.在辽东半岛的北边有一场大战。
5．如果要表示"A位于B东面100公里处"时我们既可以说"A lies l00km to the east of B"，也可以说"A lies 100km east of B". 后者在美国口语中更为常见。如：
The plane crashed 30 miles south of the city.飞机在离城南30英里处坠毁。
Suzhou lies 50 miles to the west of Shanghai.苏州位于上海西面50英里处。
(三) 汉语里"东南西北"的先后顺序到英语里就变成了north，south，east，west；并由此有了下列中、英文表达上的差异。
东南方：southeast 西南方：southwest
西北方：northwest 东北方：northeast
The Ming Tombs are located about 50 km to the northwest of Beijing. 十三陵位于北京西北50公里处。
Tianjin is situated l20 km southeast of Beijing. 天津位于北京东南120公里处。
(四)要表示方位的"偏向"时通常用by
正东偏北： east by north 正南偏西： south by west
正北偏东： north by east 正南偏东： south by east
We are sailing in the direction of east by north.我们正朝着正东偏北方向航行。
The island lies south by east from here.那个岛位于此地的正南偏东方向高考语文优秀作文大全（114份）2012届高考英语语法专题复习经典讲义独立主格结构
（一）：独立主格的概念
“独立主格结构”是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语，加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成。这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系，通常称为“独立主格结构”。
（二）：独立主格的功能
“独立主格结构”实质就是带有自己主语的非限制性状语从句。众所周知非限制性从句通常以主句的某一成分作为自己的逻辑主语，从而依附于主句。而有些非限制性从句和无动词从句带有自己的主语，在结构上与主句不发生关系，因此成为独立主格结构。其实，虽然叫做独立主格结构，并不是真正的独立，它还是一种从属分句，在句中有多种作用。如：表原因、表条件、表方式、表伴随、表时间等，在句中通常起状语作用。
独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。例如：
1) 表示时间
The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。
Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。
2） 表示条件
The condition being favorable, he may succeed. 若条件有利，他或许能成功。
3） 表示原因
There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有出租车，我们只好步行。
He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。
4） 表示伴随情况
Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。(=Almost all metals are good conductors,
and silver is the best of all.)
（三）： 独立主格结构的构成：
名词(代词)+现在分词 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / " \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank )、过去分词；
名词(代词)+形容词 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / " \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank )；
名词(代词)+副词；
名词(代词)+名词
名词(代词)+不定式 ( http: / / www.21cnjy.com / " \o "欢迎登陆21世纪教育网" \t "_blank )；
名词(代词) +介词短语构成。
（四） 独立主格结构的特点：
(1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词存在逻辑上的主谓关系，即逻辑主语为动作执行者。
3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
举例：（一）
1) 名词/代词+形容词
The men moved slowly forward, neck deep in the water, with their officers guiding them.
It stood silent in the noon sunlight, its door open.
2） 名词/代词+现在分词
Winter coming, it gets colder and colder. 冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。
The rain having stopped, he went out for a walk. 雨停了，他出去散步。
The question being settled, we wound up the meeting. 问题解决之后，我们结束了会议。
3） 名词/代词+过去分词
“Marquis,” said the boy, turning to the man, his eyes opened wide, and his right hand raised.
4） 名词/代词（主格）+不定式
We shall assemble at ten forty-five, the procession to start moving at precisely eleven. 我们十点四十五分集合，队伍十一点准时出发。
Here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month. 这是前两卷，第三卷将于下月问世。
We divided the work, he to clean the windows and I to sweep the floor. 我们进行了分工，他擦窗户，我扫地。
The two boys said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to his friend’s. 两个男孩彼此道了别，一个回了家，另一个去了他朋友家。
5） 名词/代词+介词短语
I followed him here, climbed in, sword in hand.
The huntsman entered the forest, gun in hand. 那位猎人手里提着枪走进了树林。
He sat at the table, coat off, head down, and pen in hand.
6） 名词/代词+副词
Nobody in, the thief took a lot of things away.
Lunch over, he left the house. But he was thinking.
7） 名词/代词+名词
he fought the wolf, a stick his only weapon. 他和狼搏斗着，唯一的武器是一根棍棒。
（二）
The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
考试结束了，我们开始放假。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。
This done, we went home.
工作完成后，我们才回家。
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.
会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。
He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆
2. With的复合结构作独立主格
表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构。
with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语
举例: He stood there, his hand raised.
= He stood there, with his hand raised【raising亦可】.
使用独立主格四点注意：
1.独立主格与状语从句的转换当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。如：After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下课后，学生很快离开了课室。
2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being（或having been）不能省略。
(1) 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如：It being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天，我们去了做礼拜。
(2)在There being＋名词的结构中。如：There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。
3. 通常不用物主代词或冠词在“名词（或代词）＋介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如： Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯小姐走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。比较with的复合结构。如：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.
4. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来了，我们开始开会。(比较动名词复合结构。)
独立主格结构的用法
独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。
1. 用作时间状语：The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。
2. 用作条件状语：Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
3. 用作原因状语：An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
4. 用作伴随状语：He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。
5.表示补充说明：We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。
*注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。
典型例题
The murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。
A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
答案D. with +名词（代词）+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时，其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词"手"与分词"绑"是被动关系，因此用过去分词，选D.
注意:
1) 独立主格结构使用介词的问题：
当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制
A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.
( hand前不能加his)。
2) 当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，用现在分词表主动，用过去分词表被动。
He lay there, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.
他握着拳头，眼睛直视地躺在那儿。
解析：拳头被握所以用过去分词表被动，眼睛直视是主动的所以用现在分词表示来修饰。
注意：不可断章取义地根据动词是否为及物动词来判断是否采用过去分词或现在分词！
典型例题：
Weather___, we'll go out for a walk.
A permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting
答案B. 本题中没有连词，它不是复合句，也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗号，且we 小写，可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断，本句中使用的是独立结构， 其结构为：名词+分词。 由于permit在这里翻译为'天气允许'，表主动，应用现在分词，故选B。
如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式，不妨将句子改为条件句，例如本句改为If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉，再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。
独立主格结构妙题赏析
请看下面一道题：
Not far from the school there was a garden, _________ owner seated in it playing chess with his little grandson every afternoon.
A. its B. whose C. which D. that
【分析】此题很容易误选B，许多同学会认为句中逗号后是一个非限制性的定语从句，whose 在定语从句中用作定语修饰其后的名词 owner。此分析从表面上看，似乎天衣无缝，但实质上是错的，原因是空格后根本不是一个句子，因为没有谓语。尽管句中有两个动词，但它们都是非谓语动词。也许有的同学认为，其中的 seated 可视为谓语动词，但是注意，seat 用作动词时，它总是及物的，其后要么接宾语，要么它就用于被动语态，所以若在 seated 前加上助动词 is，则可以选择B（当然若将 seated 改为sitting，也应选择B）。所以此题最佳答案选A。
请再看一个类似的例子：
(1) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ translated into foreign languages.
A. it B. them C. this D. that
(2) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. which D. that
第(1)应选B，而不能选C，是因为句中的 translated 是过去分词(非谓语动词)，若选C，则该从句无谓语；第(2)应选C，因为句中有谓语 were translatedC。
再请看下面一例：
(3) He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.
A. it B. them C. which D. that
【分析】此题与上面的第(2)题不同，两句间多了一个并列连词and，说明这是一个并列句，故应选B，则不能选C。
请做做以下三题(答案均为B)：
(1) There I met several people, two of _________ being foreigners.
A. which B. them C. whom D. that
(2) There I met several people, two of _________ were foreigners.
A. which B. whom C. who D. that
(3) There I met several people, and two of _________ were foreigners.
A. which B. them C. whom D. that2012届高考英语语法专题复习经典讲义必备句型全归纳
1.as soon as…一…就…= directly / immediately / instantly…
= the second / the minute / the moment / the instant…
Eg. He came around to see me as soon as / the moment/ immediately he checked in the hotel.
他刚一入住宾馆就来看我.
They informed us the news immediately / directly they got it.
他们一得到消息就通知了我们.
The policeman came to the spot the moment / the instant / the minute she heard of the accident.一听说事故,这位警察就到了现场.
2.….before….
(1). 没来得及…就…
The roof fell before he had time to dash into the room to save his baby.
他还没有来得及冲进房间把孩子就出来,房顶就塌了.
He ran off before I could stop him.
To my great disappointment , my favorite singer left the concert before I could have a word with him.
(2).过了多久才怎么样,动作进行到什么程度才怎样
They walked about thirty miles to the west before they saw a village.
They worked day and night about three days before everything returned to normal.
Three years passed before I knew it.
3.It was + 时间段 + before….过了多久才…. ;
It was not long before… 不久就…
It will ( not ) be + 时间段 + before …要过多久 ( 不久)…..才…..
Eg. It was not long before he sensed the danger of the position.
It was three years before he came back.
It will be half a year before you graduate from this school.
4. no sooner …than…= hardly…when…一…就…., 刚刚…就…
No sooner / hardly + 过去完成时,than / when + 一般过去时
如果no sooner, hardly 位于句首, 主句要倒装.
He had hardly sat down to have a rest when the door bell rang and in came Allan.
No sooner had he got off the train than his daughter ran towards him.
Hardly had we arrived when she started crying to go home.
5. once 一旦…., 表示时间和条件
Once you understand this rule, you will have no further difficulty.
Once you have decided to do something, you should do it well.
Once you enter the chemistry lab, you should follow the teacher’s instructions.
6. since … 自从….以来
Since 引导的从句不论是延续性或非延续性动词, 都表示的是动作或状态的完成或结束.
注意一下句子翻译:
Since he lived in Nanjing, I have not heard from him. (= since he left Nanjing…)
自从他离开南京以来,我没有收到过他的信.
Since she was in Yangzhou, she has kept in touch with her former friends. ( since she left Yangzhou…)
她离开扬州以来,一直同过去的朋友保持着联系.
对比:
1). I have never seen him since he was ill.
他病好后,我就再也没有见到他.
2). I have never seen him since he fell ill.
他生病以后我就再也没有见过他.
It is / ( has been ) + 时间段 + since + 过去式
It is / has been two years since his father died.
= his father has been dead for two years. = his father died two years ago.
他的父亲去世两年了.
It has been 8 years since I graduated from university.
= I graduated from university 8 years ago.
It is 3 years since he smoked. 他三年不吸烟了.(即,从句动词延续性的,译成否定意义;从句动词非延续性的,译成肯定意义.)
It is 3 years since he left school.-----他毕业三年了.
7….until…直到…时候; not…until…直到…才…
You are to stay here until / till your mother comes back.
The meeting was put off until ten o’clock.
Not until we watched the Earth Day program on TV did we know much about global warning.
= We did not know much about global warning until we watched the Earth Day program.
= It was not until we watched the Earth Day program on TV that we knew much about global warming.
Not until he failed in the exam did he realize that he had wasted much time playing computer games.
8. …when…引导并列分句, “当时,突然”,强调另一动作的突然发生.
One day Chuck was on a flight across the Pacific Ocean when suddenly his plane crashed. Chuck survived the crash and landed on a deserted island.
I was walking along the river when I heard a drowning boy crying for help.
I was about to leave when it began to rain.
对比: A: I was walking along the street when I caught sight of a tailor’s shop.
B: I was walking along the streets. Just at that moment I caught sight of a tailor’s shop.
9. while = although尽管
While I admit that the problem is difficult, I don’t think that it can’t be solved.
While I admit his good points, I can see his shortcomings.
While I was angry with her, I didn’t lose my temper.
10. where 地点状语
You should put the book where it was.
Persistent people begin their success where others end in failure.
Where there is a will, there is a way.
Where men are greedy, there is never peace.
Go where you should, keep on studying.
11. as 引导的行为方式状语从句.
Please do exactly as your doctor says.
You must do the exercises just as I show you
As it is = as things are照现在的情形看
He promised to study hard, but as it is , he does no better than before.
Leave the house as it is. I’d like to buy it as it is.
12. as if ( as though ) 好像
He looked at me as if I were mad.
He was in great trouble, but he acted if / though nothing had happened.
Although they just met for the first time, they talked as if they had been friends for many years.
There many black clouds in the sky. It looks as if it is going to rain.
13. though, although, as “虽然”, 引导让步状语从句.
Although位于句首; though 位于句首或句中;as位于句中= though = that, 它的词序是把句中强调的形容词,副词,动词或名词放在连词前. 注意观察下列句式变化:
Although / Though I’m young, I already know what career I want to follow.
= Young as / though / that I am, I already know what career I want to follow.
Although I respect him very much, I can not agree with his idea.
= Much as / that / though I respect him, I can not agree with his idea.
Although / though he is a child, he knows a lot of Chinese characters.
= Child as / though / that he is , he knows a lot of Chinese characters.
Although he tried, he couldn’t solve the problem.
= Try as he might, he couldn’t solve the problem.
Although it is raining, I am going out for a walk.
= Raining as it is, I am going out for a walk.
14. even if = even though 即使…也…; 即便…也…
Even if / though I have to sell my house, I’ll keep my business going.
She won’t attend such parties even though/ if she is invited.
You are not stupid. Even though/ if you were slow in study, you shouldn’t give up studies.
The boy was badly injured and died at last. Even if he had been attended without delay,
he couldn’t have been saved.
15. whether… or…不管…还是…
Whether the weather is good or bad, they will set off as they planned.
Whether he drives or takes the train, he will be here on time.
Any person, whether young or old, has his worth, independent of achievements, bank accounts or looks.
16. 疑问词+ ever
Whatever ,whoever, whichever, whenever, wherever, whoever均引导让步状语从句,相当于no matter 与what, who, which, when, where, how连用.
Whatever ( = No matter what ) may happen, we shall not lose hope.
Whoever / No matter who comes, he will be welcome.
Whenever / No matter when it happened, it was certainly not yesterday.
Wherever / No matter where he went, he made friends with people.
17. unless 除非,如果不 (= if…not)
I shall go tomorrow unless it rains.
------Shall Tom go and play football
------Not unless he has finished his homework.
Unless the sun were to rise in the west, I wouldn’t break my word.
I won’t attend his birthday party unless invited (= unless I am invited)2012届高考英语语法专题复习经典讲义词汇have用法大全
“have+宾语+非谓语动词”结构的用法
“have+宾语+非谓语动词”是高考英语中一个非常重要的考点，请先看几道考题：
1. —Excuse me sir, where is Room 301
—Just a minute. I’ll have Bob ______ you to your room. (2007北京卷)
A. show B. shows C. to show D. showing
2. — Did Peter fix the computer himself
— He ______, because he doesn’t know much about computers. (2007安徽卷)
A. has it fixed B. had fixed it C. had it fixed D. fixed it
3. Jenny hopes that Mr. Smith will suggest a good way to have her written English ______ in a short period. (2007福建卷)
A. improved B. improving C. to improve D. improve
以上三道题的答案分别为ACA。你知道是为什么吗？下面我们就为同学全面归纳“have+宾语+非谓语动词”这一结构的用法。
一、have + 宾语 + 不定式
该结构中have的基本意思是“有”，其主要用法有：
1. 表示有某事要做，其中的不定式为定语。如：
She didn’t have the courage to refuse. 她没有勇气拒绝。
Birds have the instinct to learn to fly. 鸟有飞的本能(from www.)。
We have every reason to think he may still be alive. 我们有充分理由认为他可能还活着。
2. 表示因为有A结果发生了B，其中的不定式为结果状语。如：
I had the luck to find him at home. 我真幸运，找他时他正在家。They had the misfortune to be hit by a violent storm. 他们不幸遇上了猛烈的风暴。
二、have + 宾语 + 动词原形
该结构中的动词原形，实为省略了to的不定式，用作宾语补足语，其中的have为使役动词。该结构的主要用法有：
1. 表示叫(请、使、让)某人做某事。如：
He had his son clean the car. 他叫他的儿子擦车。
I’ll have the gardener plant some trees. 我要让园丁种些树。
Don’t interrupt her：let her have her say. 别打断她的话，让她把意见说出来。
2. 表示容忍或允许某人做某事(用于否定句，尤与 won’t, can’t连用)。如：
I won’t have you tell me what to do. 我不能让你对我做的 事指手划脚。
三、have + 宾语 + 现在分词
该结构中的现在分词用作宾语补足语，其中的have为使役动词。该结构的主要用法有：
1. 表示使(让)某人(某事物)一直做在做某事或处于做某事的状态之中。如：
She had her audience listening attentively. 她使听众听得入神(from www.)。
Within minutes he had the whole audience laughing and clapping. 没出几分钟他就让全体听众笑起来，鼓起掌来。
The film had us all sitting on the edges of our seats with excitement. 这部影片让我们大家激动不已。
2. 表示容忍或允许某人做某事(用于否定句，尤与 won’t, can’t连用)。如：
He won’t have boys arriving late. 他不允许孩子们迟到。
I won’t have you smoking at your age. 我不能让你在这个年纪就抽烟。
I hate to have my boss standing over me. 我不喜欢上司监督我。
3. 说服或命令某人做某事。如：
He had me doing all kinds of jobs for her. 他叫我为她做各种事情。
注：have difficult [problem] doing sth是英语中一个很有用的句式，其中的have表示“有”，
We had the greatest difficulty imaginable getting here in time. 我们为了及时赶到此地，经历了可能想见的最大的困难。
四、have + 宾语 + 过去分词
该结构中的过去分词用作宾语补足语，其中的have为使役动词。该结构的最大特点就是，其中的过去分词与其前的宾语有被动关系。具体说来，该结构有以下主要用法：
1. 表示请(让)别人做某事。如：
We had the machine repaired. 我们请人修理了机器(from www.)。
She’s gone into hospital to have her appendix taken out. 她已住院去切除阑尾。
What beautiful curls — why do you want to have them cut off 你那鬈发多漂亮啊——为什么要剪掉呢
注：有时指无意志的行为。如：
He had his salary raised. 他加薪了。
2. 表示经历或遭遇某情况。如：
He had his finger cut. 他的手指弄伤了。
I had my watch stolen yesterday. 我的表昨天被人偷去了。
3.表示主动地完成某动作或解决某事。如：
I’ve had all my mistakes corrected. 我已把所有的错误都改正过来了。
You should understand the traffic rule by now. You’ve had it explained often enough 到现在你应该理解这条交通规则了，已经给你解释得够多了。(2005天津卷)
I have had everything prepared beforehand. 我已事先把一切都准备好了。
Paul’s mother had him adopted because she couldn’t look after him herself. 保罗的母亲因为自己无力抚养他，便将他送给别人收养了(from www.)。
4. 表示容忍或允许做某事(用于否定句，尤与 won’t, can’t 等连用)。如：
We won’t have anything said against the Party. 我们不允 许有人这样攻击党。
注意，下面一句中的worried可视为形容词，而非过去分词：
The news had me worried. 我听了这消息十分不安。2012届高考英语语法专题复习经典讲义阅读必备资料
一.文章的套路结构:（本笔记局限于说明文章，议论文章。）
1. 结论说明型
A．文章开始出现一个结论，后为对他的解释
B.TS(topical sentence即主题句)即为为结论出现支出；注意特别容易的情况是每一段之主题句是该段首句。
C.什么是“判断句”？---通常很重要，判断结论说明型靠判断句，直指主题
a.系表结构:be. remain
b.含有作者的态度和评价，注意可能有自由褒贬词
2.新老观点型
A.判断标志:
文章开始不久就出现了老观点,例如:
it was traditionally assumed
it was once / usually believed
Many ××believed that
Many ××have argued
It was frequently assumed that
It was universally accepted that
过去.传统.大家一致公认的观点,都是老观点。
B.TS:陈述新观点的句子。
C.新观点特征:
对同一focus给出不同的解释。
读到老观点的时候,应该停下来想一想,新观点可能是什么样子,从而往下有目的地寻找。
3.现象解释型
A.判断标志:首段给出一个自然的或社会的现象,往往很古怪,下文对其做出解释。
B.可能有多种解释,TS:作者给了正评价的解释。
C.需要注意的是:
a.可能先给出几个错误的(作者持负评价),最后一个才是正确的(正平价)。
b.可能所有解释作者全都不喜欢。
4.问题解决.回答型
A.判断标志:
a.手段出现了设问句。
b.首段出现了以下词语:problem difficulty task puzzle 等
B.TS:作者给出正评价的解决方案。
5.其他类的文章
前班部分是以上四种结构之一,后半部分讲了一些与前面无关的内容。
TS在前面,从前面不从后面
二.做题的几条原则
1.先读文章后做题也可以先看题在看文章，建议仔细看全文，才能把握主题不至于上当
2.不能凭印象,或自己的知识背景做题。这点我很有感触，作题不能想当然
2. 做细节题:必须找原文语言重现,正确选项为原文的精确改写。（难大题目用选项中的关键词语，扫描全文，此外在读原文时有意识的记一下
三．平常复习的建议
1．复杂句式――重点训练。推荐王若平的大学难句和考研难句，随便哪本都可以。价格好象是20大元。难句重点训练省略，倒装，复杂从句，等
2. 生词.词组:注意熟词僻义
3. 注意对找主题句绝对敏感；
4.重点把握:A文章结构；B作者态度。
具体作题思维：
下面是我的习惯。希望网友斧正
1. 第一遍读文章的时候,第一段的1-2句要重读，可能出主题，或是1-2句本身是作者要批驳的标把
其后几段
1)例子,注意考 in order to 题型,答案或前或后,例子的目的要比例子本身重要。如果细节题要注意选乡有变化，出题老师不会送分给你
2)“:” “--” 同义重复 “；” 相当于顺接连词
3)顺接连词:moreover ,furthermore等。
a. 前后作者态度一致,可以用于旁证作者态度；
b. 前面如果有不认识的动词或者形容词,后句还可以作挣扎；
c. 如果全段都没有结构连词,则缺省为顺接关系,段首为主句。
4)让步语气:
&S226;让步之后必有转折,转折部分一定要读懂强转折很可能出题；
&S226;如果转折句没有读懂,则回过头去看让步部分,取他的相反即可这样还是可以读懂句子。
5)观点.说法:
具体内容可以快速略去,关键要把握代表人物.作者态度。作者态度很重要，很可能出题
2.选项处理
1)直选法:精确定位是关键。
2)正确选项必须是原文的精确改写:
a.主动词:与原文同义或者近义；
b.直接宾语；
c.范畴:包括各种状语(时间.地点等).作用范围.人物群体等等。
3.排除法:
1)最重要的是文字对应法；
2)先应该纵向扫描选项,如果在讲同一对象,则先回原文定位,再做选择。
四.重点语言现象
1. 主题句
2. 每段的主体词、关键词（两三个）
3. 强对比（肯定、绝对要出题1)unlike, in contrast to, be distinguish from
2)时间:once, now, new, nowadays, current ideas, until, recently, past,
in 1950’s
3)最高级,唯一性
&S226;最高级:most, uttermost, foremost, least, always, never, first, last, all, every, any, each, none, -est
&S226;唯一性:only, sole, unique, exclusively, mere
关联对比词：a. Unlike（相反）b. Contrast c. On the other hand d. On the contrary
4. 强转折
虽然：However/While
但是：But, Yet, Whereas
In fact-Actually2. 强因果
Because/Since/For/冒号/分号
表所以：Thus/Hence/Therefore/Lead to/Result in/Result from/Lie in
表结论：Conclude/Conclusion/Conclusive
表后果：Consequent/Consequence
5. 强调词、强调性语言
1) 最高级
顺序最高级：First
频率最高级：Always/Never
程度最高级：Foremost/Uttermost/Utmost
2) 唯一性
Only/Sole(ly)/Unique(ly)/Exclusive(ly)/Alone(后置)
3) 比较级
More than/Less than/As…as…/Similar to/The same as
慎重对待题肢中的最高级、比较级
6. 专有名词
人名、物种（动植物）、化学物质、地名
Nevertheless-Nonetheless
Rather-Instead
Despite-In spite of
注意：
极端转折（最后半句是想说的）
多重转折三中标点符号
引号（引用某人原话；表强调；表负评价）——易出题
括号、破折号——表插入、补充、解释
6. 判断句（定性结论、提纲挈领）（可能是主题体）
1) 系动词、情态动词
Be/Remain/Seem/Can/Cannot/May/Might
2) 自由褒贬词
例：His (brazen/penetrating) view (successfully/curiously) changed our attitude
第二部分 题目类型
一.主题题型
(一)问main idea, primary purpose，title,etc
1.正确选项必须具备三个特征:
①有focus； ②无细节； ③态度与原文一致
--能找到TS则直接改写,找不到依据这三个特征使用排除法
2.先看选项的主体动词,迅速排除干扰项
①presentation型的文章
present, describe, explain, illustrate, point out （此只是技巧有时靠不住）
②argumentation型的文章
evaluate, criticize, refute, challenge, counter, correct
--出现了则优先选（此只是技巧有时靠不住）
(二)问focus: 应直接定位TS
需要注意以下几点:
后面出现大段无关论述时:主题“从前不从后”；
从面TS已对某事物给了正态度,末尾再作转折,说一些毛病,缺点,这是倒让步,而不是文章的重点,不用考虑！
二.作者态度题型
态度题的做法：
判断依据：
1判断句（系动词、情态动词、自由褒贬词）前面两个好理解，自由褒贬词一说是新东方老师的称呼，这也是他教的方法。通过找它对判断作者态度很有作用，但前提是你对全文的结构逻辑把握的比较好，单纯通过自由褒贬词的判断还是不很保险，但这是一个思路，考研英语的语言难度不是太大，还是好判断的
2某些某些名人说话引号中的形容词或副词表评价（注意我上次改正的帖子，我也贴在这里
所谓名人态度题分两种，
1是问某人态度，可能出某人的ATTITUDE NOT INCLUDE。。。？ 2是主题的态度，借名人来造势
这就出现了
1作者的意见和名人的一致，要注意全文的起承转合，比较明显的词FOR EXAMPLE SUCH。。AS 。。SUCH AS。等等很多，自己平常作题时有意识记一下，只要知道下面的话是用来支持观点的，所以我说，例子的的目的要重要于例子本身，这种题容易丢分。
2作者的意见和名人的不一致，有时名人的话只是给文章好开个头，批的就是他。这就是观点对立式主题文章的类型，在文中的明显的词有：IS TEMPTED TO SAY，IT IS PRESUMELY BELIEVEED THAT 。。。等等，平常作题时有意识记一下，注意观点对立式这里就一定出现了意思的强转折，例如HOWER，BUT ，WHILE，ON THE CONTRARY 等等。而且在阐述作者本身观点时可能会有自由褒贬词，一定要小心呀
3一些实义动词表评价，尤其在讲原理，或研究的文章中：（我举了一些实际远不止这么多，建议自己总结一下
a. 负：fail to/overestimate/underestimate/exaggerate/
misinterpret/misrepresent/ignore/neglect/overlook
b. 正：find/discover/show/demonstrate/prove/confirm/determine
4） 让步：前半句是假话；后半句是真正要说的，转折：一般大负小正原则上以大为准兼顾小的，如果选乡中只有大的以大为准。
a. It is true/correct; Of course
b. No doubt; Undoubtedly
c. 助动词do/may/seem/appear
5） 从大不从小原则：从全文来讲，看前面、开头或主题讲的是什么评价。
2. 做题注意事项：
1） 避免极端选项，太激进的选乡，请注意极端选项排除法只是个辅助的方法，适用范围较窄。
2） 混和评价的正确选项的表达方式：
a. …but/and…
如：critical but admiring（大正小负）
correct but limited correct and incomplete
b. 由修饰词所限定的评价词：
partially (correct); qualified (approval)（打了折扣的，有限制的）；
guarded (criticism) （慎重的）；tentative (acceptance)（暂时的，尝试性的）
reluctant (criticism)（不情愿的）；enthusiasm tempered by minor reservation
还有INFER 题我真的对他没什么把握，他对应试者的素质要求很高。
三.该拿分的定位题
--需要重点练习迅速定位.精确改写的技巧！！细节题目有时考的很偏应尽量拿分再次提醒不要用背景知识答题。
1．in order to题型(example的作用？)
①原文先总结,后example,则应该往前定位
标志:for example/for instance/such as/like
②原文先example,后总结归纳,则应该往后定位
标志:thus, hence, conclusion
③如果没有任何标志,则前后为顺接关系,一般为先结论后举例,往前定位
2强对比取非题
①简单强对化
unlike, in contrast to, compared with
②时间强对比---时间可能有变化，比如原文1970S，选项为30 DECADES AGO，等等
3．态度题
4．主题问TITLE题
5，决大多数细节题，关键看你的敏感度和瞬间记忆，作完主题题再查找也可以。
本人做阅读两遍操作
下面说说我的思维过程（很多是新东方教的再结合网友经验）：
1第一段详细读,集中最高注意力的读,每一句都读（因为判断套路60%看第一段能做出个预测）.
2 每段首句好好读,尽可能多的把握其用意,尤其是和文章结构的关系,在这样结构的文章中充当什么角色 如果这一段写的是观点,则一定要读,不仅要读,还要思考,思考它在全文中的作用,思考它的启承转合。重点要读读新观点 如果这一段是个研究,试验,则明白它的研究对象, 看到启程转合,凝神静看。放慢速度. 如果这一段写的是观点,则一定要读,不仅要读,还要思考,思考它在全文中的作用,思考它的启承转合!其中重点读新观点,旧观点略! 如果这一段讲的是个具体的内容,进程,事件,原理...则基本不要读,知道他讲什么就够了!读转折词,这是为了看看是否有意外的观点!没有,则可以做题了! 遇到however ,in fact ,is driven to, purpose of, instead of, not...but..., unlike, contrast. 等等等有指导意义的词组,要慢读,并且使劲记住主体词!
例如涉及到谁,反对了什么。全文中for example, for instance等不读.想一下是针对谁举的例 子就可以,记住,例子的目的远远比内容要重要. 末句之重要!因为文章该结束了,作者一般在这 个时候必须给读者一个交待,所以通常讲出一些比较有指导意义的话! 对于文章末句要予以高度关注,尤其是末断的让步!一般不能撼动前面作者一直持续的态度,只是作者为了严谨客观起见的阐述.
3。同时划记号
如：
主题结构类(主题.organization.各段作用.各段结构.态度.写作；)
in order to题,imply题,所以遇到in order to一定要笔记；
大写名词,斜体字,一定要记
强对比(rather than. unlike.)
列举,3个以上的列举
连词(not..but..; not only..but also.. ;no longer ..but
缺陷,尤其是unless怎样怎样,就更好,一定要笔记
最后还有细节题。这种题型相对有一些难度,但是如果对段落的把握比较好,就好定。这要求在读文的时候有意识记住，对瞬间记忆要求高
4读完后不急作题，花10秒理一下思路和结构，先做主题题 INORDER TO 提等和全文有关的题目
5。细节题目，第二遍查找式阅读因为对主题把握的好，又记录了一些细节，所以相对速度还凑活
后记：
方法不是绝对，怎么方便怎么来，这也是我主持这次讨论的原因，对自己一段时间的学习做个检讨，总结。我的这些意见只提供参考，总之，作题，分析是为了提高分数，方法不是绝对，怎么方便怎么来，但我建议大家还是学会预测。顶级高手确实一遍就过。
一． 阅读的整体解题思路：三步走
1． 第一步：通读全文，抓住中心。（不推荐采用先看题目后读文章的做法）
在此过程中，注意把握三个阅读原则：
⑴原则一：1∶1原则（通读时间与做题时间对等）
⑵原则二：首段原则（不要怕重复和回读）首段的作用：①中心段 ②抛砖引玉
⑶原则三：首末句原则，即除首段和末段，其余各段的首末句一定要读懂，其他各句正常阅读
2． 第二步：仔细审题，返回原文。
3． 第三步：重叠选项，得出答案。具体来讲，可以设原文意思为A，选项意思为B
若A=B，则B为正确答案；
若A、B不相关，则B不为正确答案，即原文没有提到的，一定不是答案；
若B为A的反面，即B与A矛盾，则B不为正确答案；
若A的内容包含B，则B为正确答案；
若B的内容包含A，则B不为正确答案，属于扩大范围的错误；
若A、B有交集不重叠，则B不为正确答案。
必须记住：选一个选项应有选的理由，不选一个选项也应有不选的理由。
二． 宏观阅读技巧：
1． 一种文章模式：花开两朵，各表一枝。即在文章开始提出两个核心概念，随后分段论述。这种文章关键是两个概念的定义，以及它们的区别和联系。
2． 一种文章模式：出现独句段，即一个句子单独成段。特别是当其出现在文章最开始或结束的时候，它一般是文章的中心思想。
3． 一种文章模式：层层递进。文章整体或几个段落论述的问题有从抽象到具体、从初级到高级、从简单到复杂的过程，且各段开始都出现递进词。这种文章的中心或几段的核心观点必然出现在层层递进各段的最后一段。
4． 一种文章模式：问题答案型（question-answer）。文章第一段中出现一个问题，在随后各段提供该问题的答案。这种文章的中心就是该问题最直接最主要的答案。
5． 时文的特点：⑴耸人听闻，吸引眼球 ⑵貌似客观 ⑶抛砖引玉
一般来说，时文的中心会出现在首段的最后一句话或第二段的首句。
三． 微观阅读技巧：
1． 句子中的标点符号的作用：
⑴ 句号：用来分割句子。
⑵ 逗号：两个逗号之间或一个逗号之后，是一个补充说明成分，可以先不看。
⑶ 冒号：冒号前后是从抽象到具体的过程，后面进一步具体说明前面的内容。
⑷ 分号：分号前后是并列关系。包括结构上并列和语义上并列两种。
⑸ 破折号：两个破折号之间或一个破折号之后，是补充说明成分，可以先不看。
⑹ 引号：一种是引用别人观点，其作用要么是作为支持的观点，要么作为批判的对象；另一
种是说反话，表示反语。
⑺ 括号：括号内的内容起补充说明或解释词义的作用。
2． 长难句解析方法：先抓主干，找出复杂句最核心的成分，再层层扩展。
3． 类比关系：
⑴ 可以把类比看作特殊的例证
⑵ 识别一下，作者把什么比喻成了什么
4． 常见的长难句种的基本语法结构：
⑴ 形式主语或宾语
⑵ 强调结构
⑶ 非限定性定语从句
⑷ 同位语从句
⑸ 倒装结构
⑹ 虚拟语气
⑺ 省略
5． 虚拟语气：表达一种反事实假设。
例如：If you were/had come here yesterday, you would have seen that famous professor.
作者用虚拟语气一般表示建议、态度和观点。
四． 九大题型解题思路详解：
1． 细节事实题：
⑴ 标志：
①题干中明确提到的时间、地点、人物等细节信息
②针对文章中的一句或几句发问
③题干和选项之间是因果关系
⑵ 做题的关键在于：返回原文
①根据题干中的时间、地点、人物返回原文
②根据出题顺序返回原文（60％的准度）
③根据题干中的重点词或其同义词返回原文（如名词、动词、形容词，70％的准度）
④找原文中的难句定位，一般来说，难句都是出题点。
⑶ 迷惑人的手段：
①单词替换
②颠倒因果
③扩大范围
④常识判断
2． 例证题：
⑴ 标志：case example illustration demonstration exemplify demonstrate illustrate
⑵ 做题的关键在于：是否能找到例子支持的论点，而不在于能否看懂例子
⑶ 做题的步骤：
①首先返回原文定位该例子
②然后80％向上、20％向下搜索该例子支持的论点
③在四个选项中寻找与找到的论点表达最一致、意思最接近的一个才是正确答案
3． 词汇题：
⑴ 标志：在题干中明确指出原文中某处的单词或词组，要求辨别其意思
⑵ 做题的关键在于：该单词本身并不重要，重要的是该单词的上下文
⑶ 如果该单词认识，并不超出大纲，则其字面意思必然不是正确答案，其正确答案是根据上下文推测的一个更加深刻的含义
⑷ 做题的方法：可以使用两种方法从上下文进行推理：
①代入替换法
②在上下文中寻找同词性的词或词组
4． 句子理解题：
⑴ 标志：在题干中明确指出原文中的一句话，要求理解其意思
⑵ 做题的关键在于：返回原文对出题的句子进行语法解析，要精确理解其涵义
⑶ 做此类题目时重要的并不是上下文，而是句子本身
⑷ 正确答案与原句之间是一种同义关系，其中没有任何推理过程
5． 指代题：
⑴ 标志：在题干中明确指出原文中某处的指代词，要求辨别其指代关系。
常考的指代词有：it that one
⑵ 做题的步骤：
①首先返回原文定位该指代词，并且90％向上、10％向下搜索其指代的词、词组或句子
②然后在四个选项中找出与所找到的词、词组或句子意思最接近的一个作为答案
6． 推理题：
⑴ 标志：关键词：infer imply
⑵ 整体思路：
①绝大多数推理题是原文意思的同义表达，正确答案与原文之间没有任何推理关系
②做题时可以寻找四个选项中三错一对的关系
⑶ 如果四个选项中有两个或两个以上的选项都是成立的推理步骤，那么与原文意思最接近、所用推理最少的选项即是正确答案
7． 作者态度题：
⑴ 标志：关键词：attitude believe deem consider regard
⑵ 作者态度只分为三大类：
①支持、赞同、乐观
②客观、中立
③反对、批评、怀疑、悲观
除此之外，没有其他的作者态度
⑶ 有些选项是固定不能作为正确答案的：indifferent subjective biased puzzling
⑷ 识别作者态度有以下方法：
①找文中带有感彩的名次、动词、形容词、副词
②根据作者举的例子判断
8． 判断题：
⑴标志：
①which of the following statement is not ture/correct/mentioned
②All of the following statements are ture /correct/mentioned except
⑵ 整体思路：
①首先应判断是三错一对还是三对一错
所谓“对”是指符合原文
所谓“错”是指和原文有矛盾，或原文未提及
②每一个选项都应力争返回原文，不能通过印象进行判断
⑶ 特别关注：
①转折处
②最高级
③感彩的词（褒贬含义）
9． 主旨题：
⑴ 标志：best title main idea main problem conclusion
⑵ 整体思路：利用宏观阅读技巧做主旨题
⑶ 特别要小心首段、末段陷阱
⑷ 做题的方法：快速作文法：依据选项、快速作文、与原文核对
五． 复习策略和方法：
1． 精读真题：要求做到
标准一：真题中没有任何一个单词是生词
标准二：真题中没有任何一个长句是难句
标准三：真题中每个选项都知道其在原文中的相应出处
复习方法：⑴ 朗读和背诵
⑵ 制作三套卡片： ①单词：正面单词，背面音标及意思
②长难句：正面原句，背面翻译
③精彩表达的积累，用于写作
2． 快速重复背单词：强调背诵的“快”和“重复”
⑴ 要降低一次背诵的期望值，重复是解决遗忘的最好办法
⑵ 背单词不要利用黄金时间和整块时间
3． 定量定范围泛读
⑴ 推荐书目：《大纲》《考试分析》《英语阅读理解高分宝典》《英语考前冲刺》
⑵ 推荐刊物：①《China Daily》主要看的版面：business world economy culture opinion
②《21st Century》
③《英语世界》《英语》《经济学家(economist)》《US news and world reports》
⑶ 推荐小说：可以看看海明威的作品
⑷ 推荐语法书：①《中学生英语语法》
②《Cambridge English Grammar》
⑸ 推荐字典：①《牛津高级学习者词典》 《朗文当代英语词典》
②《韦氏大学版词典》
4． 做少量模拟题
⑴ 验证自己在真题中形成的解题思路
⑵ 扩大阅读范围
注意：一定要做错误分析！
阅读40分高分研究(很长 但大家研究一下肯定有好处)
二选一，50%概率求解的方法：
“反义项，解在其中”
“形似项，解在其中”
“近义项，解在其中”
实战出真知，技巧是从大量试题中总结出来的，要想真正掌握技巧，那就要去实战中去。请大家继续阅读本书，当您读完本书后，再重读本篇，体会一下是否对此有更深入的理解？是否有新的感觉？
十三、万无一失的答题方法
*从正面解题，抓住文章的中心思想，掌握文章的脉络结构，明查文章的细枝末节。
*从反面验证解的合理性，及命题的合理性，避开陷阱，排除隐患。
*不但要知道哪一个是解，解对在那里，而且还要知道其余三个非解选项（即干扰项）错在什么地方。
如果您能够做到以上三个方面，（注意此三者并无因定顺序，尤其是在答题遇到不顺利的情况下），那您才真正达到高手做题的那种与世无争、独孤求败的境界。这与其说是方法，不如说是境界，没有非凡的阅读能力，只能是纸上谈兵。如果您现在没有此能力，不要着急，那就请您将它看作是您今后奋斗的目标，催人奋进的动力。
第三部分 阅读之盘龙云海篇---------阅读潜在命题点的挖掘
第一节 阅读理解基本理论
三、如何在文章中做记号
善于阅读的人往往在文章的某些句子或词语下面划线，表示重要，以便以后查找方便。实践证明，这种方法在考试中是非常有效的。因为通过标出重点，你的阅读更活跃，思维更积极，注意力集中，减少大脑“走私”。文章较长(450词左右)，考生很难记住所有的内容，甚至段落大意都可能忘记，而考题只有五个，不可能所有的句子都重要，都被考到。实际上看懂大部分句子就可以了。对主要句子，如表达中心思想、段落大意的句子，应该标出并重点阅读。
1． 文章主旨句
主旨句也就是中心思想句，通常在第一段，可以是第一句，也可能是最后一句，据有人统计位于最后一句的几率高于第一句。主旨句偶尔出现在末段，有的主旨句甚至是文章中间某段中的某句。主旨句的特点是：1)是作者的观点(不是他人的观点，不是描写/说明，也不是事实)。2)该观点可能是作者提倡的，也可能是作者对他人观点的批驳。3)作者的观点只能有一个，其他的内容都起说明/论证作用。4)主旨句具有归纳性、概括性、抽象性的特点。5)常常结构复杂(命题者有意安排所致)。
例1
An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’ career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction — indeed, contradiction — which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom. (可读性：33 难度：12级)
①是说明句，交代背景“计算机走进课堂的支持者有两派，这两派之间的界限是无形的。”②是主旨句，说明主题——两派之间的这种差异说明“计算机走进课堂的运动”本质上是错误的。
例2
Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it is humankind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the ideal of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind. Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good. (可读性：58.5 难度: 8.7级)
①引出话题“巨型水坝”。②解释修水坝的原因。③转折。④是主旨句“一些巨型水坝弊大于利。”
例3
Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences. (可读性：45 难度：10.9级)
①引出话题“超常儿童”。②是主旨句“为了充分发展超常儿童的潜力，对他们的教育必须适应他们的特点”。
例4
Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of . It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labour, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television licence would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 per cent more.
And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an srticle consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it claimed for it ,and that it represents good value.
Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of.
There is one more point feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.
If its message were confined merely to information — and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive — advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.(360 words 可读性：49.8 难度：11.5级)
文章话题是广告。这篇文章主旨句显然不在第一段，而是在第三段。该段是前两段的内容的总结：广告是带来前所未有的物质上的好处的力量。后两段(4、5段)话题为与他人争辩广告的劝说作用，认为广告就是要劝另人购买。
2． 段落主题句(TOPIC SENTENCE)
除了标出篇章的主旨句外，标出各段的主题句同样重要。每一段都有一个段的中心句，也有人叫它段落大意句、段中心思想句等等。主题句是考试重点，很多题目都是围绕着段中心设计的。确定主题句不仅有利于确定文章主旨，还有利读懂细节题，因此主题句的确定是阅读的关键。
主题句的特点：1)通常是第一句话，偶尔是最后一句，段中少见。2)是观点(不是描写/说明、不是事实)。可能是作者的观点，也可能是他人的观点。3)该观点可能是作者提倡的，也可能是作者认为其他人的观点是错误的/偏激的等等。4)作者的观点只能有一个。主题句只能有一个，其他的内容都起说明/论证作用。5)具有归纳性、概括性、抽象性等特点。
例1
And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilized Europe, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contention over a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of big dams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to prove itself. (可读性：68.6 难度：7.8级)
Q：What is the myth concerning giant dams
[A] They bring in more fertile soil.
They help defend the country.
[C] They strengthen international ties.
[D] They have universal control of the waters.
解析：主题句为①“控制该河段水域的神话依然继续着。”下面的句子是两个个体例子说明主题句。所以[D]“他们有对河流水域的完全控制权”正确。
例2
You can begin to think of yourself as truly intelligent on the basis of how you choose to feel in the face of trying circumstances. The life struggles are pretty much the same for each of us. Everyone who is involved with other human beings in any social context has similar difficulties. Disagreements, conflicts and compromises are a part of what it means to be human. Similarly, money, growing old ,sickness, deaths, natural disasters and accidents are all events which present problems to virtually all human beings. But some people are able to make it , to avoid immobilizing depression and unhappiness despite such occurrences, while others collapse or have an N.B.D. Those who recognize problems as a human condition and don’t measure happiness by an absence of problems are the most intelligent kind of humans we know; also,the most rare. (可读性：51.4 难度：11.1级)
1. In the paragraph, the author tells us that
[A] difficulties are part of everyone’s life.
depression and unhappiness are unavoidable in life.
[C] everybody should learn to avoid trying circumstances.
[D] good feelings can contribute to eventual academic excellence.
2. According to the passage, what kind of people are rare
[A] Those who don’t emphasize bookish excellence in their pursuit of happiness.
Those who are aware of difficulties in life but know how to avoid unhappiness.
[C] Those who measure happiness by an absence of problems but seldom suffer from N.B.D.’S.
[D] Those who are able to secure happiness though having to struggle against trying circumstances.
分析：①为主题句“知道如何面对逆境才是真正的聪明人。”②~⑦支持主题句：②③④⑤说“对于所有人来说困难和矛盾是人生的不可避免的一部分”。⑥但有些人成功地避免了不幸，而有些人却精神崩溃。⑦重申主题句。“那些认识到困难是人生必然存在的事物，不以有无困难来衡量愉快与否，是最聪明的人，也是很罕见的人。”答案：1.[A] 2.
3． 题干与选项中的关键词
仔细读考题，从考题中找出关键词，目的是确定考的是什么，考文章中的哪一段、哪一句。常见的关键词包括题干中重要的普通名词或专有名词，形容词、副词的最高级，四个选项中相同、相近词或者相关内容。在这些关键词的指引下寻找对应的句子或段落。有的时候关键词可以是各种词类，非常隐蔽，需要非常细心才能找到。
例1
“I have great confidence that by the end of the decade we’ll know in vast detail how cancer cells arise,” says microbiologist Robert Weinberg, an expert on cancer. “But ,” he cautions, “some people have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. Consider Pasteur. He discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years before cures were available.”(可读性：57.3 难度：9.6)
Q: The example of Pasteur in the passage is used to
[A] predict that the secret of cancer will be disclosed in a decade.
indicate that the prospects for curing cancer are bright.
[C] prove that cancer will be cured in fifty to sixty years.
[D] warn that there is still a long way to go before cancer can be conquered.(实考试题)
解析：Pasteur是关键词，在文章中先找到Pasteur很容易，这样就确定了所考的段落。由于篇幅所限，本文没有引证所有的段落(请参看1994年全国统考试题Passage4)。纵读全文，大家会进一步体会到这种方法的好处的。正确理解提到Pasteur的相关句子便可知道：治愈癌症还要等很多年。所以答案是[D]。
例2
Cars account for half the oil consumed in the U.S., about half the urban pollution and one fourth the greenhouse gases. They take a similar toll of resources in other industrial nations and in the cities of the developing world. As vehicle use continues to increase in the coming decade, the U.S. and other countries will have to deal with these issues or else face unacceptable economic, health-related and political costs. It is unlikely that oil prices will remain at their current low level or that other nations will accept a large and growing U.S. contribution to global climatic change. (可读性：47.47 难度：12级)
Q：From the passage we know that the increased use of cars will
[A] consume half of the oil produced in the world.
have serious consequences for the well-being of all nations.
[C] widen the gap between the developed and developing countries.
[D] impose an intolerable economic burden on residents of large cities.
解析：关键词是increased use of cars, 并且和③中vehicle use continues to increase相呼应，确定考点在此句。③“美国和其他国家将不得不做出选择，或者处理这些问题，或者面临不堪设想的经济、健康以及政治后果。”可见答案为。
四、正确选项和错误选项的特点
在本书中，正确的选项称为解，错误的选项称为干扰项。了解这两种选项的特点就是要了解命题者的思路。命题者都是英语水平相当高的英语专家，专门研究过英语测试理论，有丰富的命题经验，对中国考生的英语水平和特点有非常深的了解。这些特点，是外国专家所难以具备的。
出题者命题碰到的第一个问题是选材。文章的来源决不可能是学生学过的教材，或者市场上出售的教辅和模拟题。他们要从考生不易得到的、不熟悉的、不经常读的材料中选择。这些材料包括英语国家的报刊杂志，以及众多的普通读物。命题要考虑到文章要有一定的难度，对于话题考生不能太陌生，当然太熟悉也不行。文章要有一定的完整性，即使是从一篇长文章摘下来的一部分，其本身也要相对独立，要有中心思想等。然后就是确定题眼(考点)，一篇文章只考5道题，不可能所有内容都考，这就要确定考什么。总的原则是文章哪里难就考哪。特别是中国学生不易理解之处就可能成为考点。常考的包括长难句的理解、逻辑推测能力以及段落或文章的中心思想等。考点确定之后，就是写解和设置干扰项。两者的特点如下：
1． 正确选项的特点
设置正确选项(解)的一个常用方法就是同义替换或释义(paraphrase)，即把文中语言改头换面，运用与原文不同的结构、不同的词汇，来表达相同或类似的意思。常见的形式有：
1)正确选项大量使用原文的同义词或同义结构
例1
Useful as half-sleeping might be, it’s only been found in birds and such water mammals as dolphins, whales, and seals. Perhaps keeping one side of the brain awake allows a sleeping animal to surface occasionally to avoid drowning. (可读性：56.8 难度：10.1)
Q：While sleeping, some water mammals tend to keep half awake in order to
[A] alert themselves to the approaching enemy.
emerge from water now and then to breathe.
[C] be sensitive to the ever-changing environment.
[D] avoid being swept away by rapid currents.(实考试题)
解析：解是②的改写，原文和答案词汇比较如下：
答案中的词汇实际上是文中词汇的英语释义。答案是。
例2
We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of a substance become misuses First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negative effects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can also lead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued. (可读性：42.4 难度：12级)
Q：Physical dependence on certain substances results from
[A] uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time.
exclusive use of them for social purposes.
[C] quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases.
[D] careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms.(实考试题)
解析：解是④的改写，原文和答案词汇与结构比较如下：
解中词汇比文中词汇难而且长。答案是[A]。
例3
There is, as Robert Rubin, the treasury secretary, says, a “disjunction” between the mass of business anecdote that points to a leap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics. (可读性：37.8 难度：12级)
Q：The official statistics on productivity growth
[A] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle.
fall short of businessmen’s anticipation.
[C] meet the expectation of business people.
[D] fail to reflect the true of economy.
解析：原文和答案词汇与结构比较如下：
答案词汇比文中词汇简单，主要考查对原文词汇是否真正理解了。答案是。
2)正确选项频繁使用原文的反义词加上反义结构来表达与原文相同的意思，如：
He is old. He is no longer young. 句子结构一个是肯定形式，一个是否定形式，考查考生对这两种结构的理解。
例
Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ. At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes vowel-like sounds; at twelve months he con speak simple words and understand simple commands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to fifty words. At three he knows about 1,000 words which he can put into sentences, and at four his language differs from that of his parents in style rather than grammar. (可读性：73.2 难度：8.0级)
Q：If a child starts to speak later than others, he will
[A] have a high IQ.
be less intelligent.
[C] be insensitive to verbal signals.
[D] not necessarily be backward.(实考试题)
解析：解是①后半句双重否定的改写，原文和答案词汇比较如下：
答案是[D]
3)正确选项是原文的总体或局部
总体和局部(或称一般和特殊)的关系主要表现为：一般是特殊的总和，特殊为一般的属性。这种题型考查类比推理能力。
例
There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language — all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts. (可读性：51.9 难度：11.6级)
Q: A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when
[A] he has given up his smoking habit.
he has made great efforts in his work.
[C] he is keen on learning anything new.
[D] he has tried to determine where he is on his journey. (实考试题)
解析：题干中generally是关键词，与②中generally相对。②：“人们通常认为个人的成长是外在的成果或产物，是容易辨别和衡量的”，正确答案必须符合“外在”、“易辨别和衡量”这两个一般特征。[A]“当一个人戒了烟”，烟戒了是一种易辨别的、外在的“成果”，与“升职”等相似，属于特殊的情况。故[A]正确。
4)正确选项常常是原文长难句的简单化解释
难句是所有考试必考的内容。难句之所以难有三方面的原因：A)句子结构复杂；表达抽象；C)词难。所以很多题目都围绕着难句做文章，通常使用简单的结构或词汇对难句做浅显、具体的解释。
例1
Whether the eyes are “the windows of the soul” is debatable, that they are intensely important in interpersonal communication is a fact. During the first two months of a baby’s life, the stimulus that produces a smile. Significantly, a real human face with eyes covered will not motivate a smile, nor will the sight of only one eye when the face is presented in profile. This attraction to eyes as opposed to the nose or mouth continues as the baby matures. In one study, when American four-year-olds were asked to draw people, 75 percent of them drew people with eyes. In Japan, however, where babies are carried on their mother’s back, infants do not acquire as much attachment to eyes as they do in other cultures. As a result, Japanese adults make little use of the face either to encode or decode meaning. In fact, Argyle reveals that the “proper place to focus one‘s gaze during a conversation in Japan is on the neck of one’s conversation partner.” (可读性：58.1 难度：10.6级)
Q: Babies will not be stimulated to smile by a person
[A] whose front view is fully perceived.
whose face is covered with a mask.
[C] whose face is seen from the side.
[D] whose face is free of any covering.
解析：本题考查对④的理解。特别是presented in profile。profile这里的词义是“侧面像”，所以[C]whose face is seen from the side“从侧面看去”正确。
例2
But my own worry today is less that of the overwhelming problem of elemental literacy than it is of the slightly more luxurious problem of the decline in the skill even of the middle-class reader, of his unwillingness to afford those spaces of silence, those luxuries of domesticity and time and concentration, that surround the image of the classic act of reading. It has been suggested that almost 80 percent of America’s literate, educated teenagers can no longer read without an accompanying noise (music) in the background or a television screen flickering at the corner of their field of perception. We know very little about the brain and how it deals with simultaneous conflicting input, but every commonsense intuition suggests we should be profoundly alarmed. This violation of concentration, silence, solitude goes to the very heart of our notion of literacy; this new form of part-reading, of part-reading, of part-perception against background distraction, renders impossible certain essential acts of apprehension and concentration, let alone that most important tribute any human being can pay to poem or a piece of prose he or she really loves, which is to learn it by heart. Not by brain, by heart; the expression is vital. (可读性：35.7 难度：12级)
1.The author’s biggest concern is
[A] elementary school children’s disinterest in reading classics.
the surprisingly low rate of literacy in the U.S.
[C] the musical setting American readers require for reading.
[D] the reading ability and reading behavior of the middle class.
2.A major problem with most adolescents who can read is
[A] their fondness of music and TV programs.
their ignorance of various forms of art and literature.
[C] their lack of attentiveness and basic understanding.
[D] their inability to focus on conflicting input.
解析：
1.本题考查对①的理解。该句长达62个词。全句主干结构为my worry…is less that of…than…“与其说……不如说……”。作者说“我虽然担心初级读者在读写方面存在的问题，但我更担心的是中等阶层读者阅读技能的问题”。接着作者描述了问题所在，从of his unwillingness开始，作者说“他们不能在安静的环境下读书，不能专心……”。所以[D]“中等阶层的阅读能力和阅读行为”是整句的概括。
2.本题考查对倒数第二句的理解，该句长达66个词，有两个分句，用分号隔开。第一个分句大意为：这种阅读时不专心、不安静、不独处的情况是读写最大的问题。go to the heart of 是固定短语，意为“（问题）最重要的方面”。第二个分句更复杂，难点为作者把render sth. +adj.(使什么怎么样)句型倒装，形容词提前，名词退后，因为名词部分较长。难词有apprehension“理解”，pay tribute to “崇敬”。大意为：这种伴随着背景音乐边读边理解的阅读方式是不可能做到真正理解和专心致志的，更不用说我们欣赏诗歌时还需要的崇敬之情了。所以[C]“他们不专心，缺乏基本的理解”是两个分句的综合，是答案。
5）正确选项是对原文引语的解释
文章的引语通常较难，因为作者之所以引述他人的话是因为自己的话无论怎么说都没有他人说得准确、说得好。引语的目的不是夸耀他人，而是用来论证说明自己的观点。引语是经常考查的内容，题干形式有两种：The author quotes…because…;the author quotes…to illustrate…
例
“Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that’s no particular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done,”wrote Rudolph Flesch, a language authority, this accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient:“How come nobody thought of that before ”
The creative approach begins with the proposition that nothing is as it appears. Innovators will not accept that there is only one way to do anything. Faced with getting from A to B, the average person will automatically set out on the best-known and apparently simplest route. The innovator will search for alternate courses, which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends.(可读性：473 难度：12级)
Q：The author quotes Rudolph Flesch in paragraph 1 because
[A] Rudolph Flesch is best-known expert in the study of human creativity.
the quotation strengthens the assertion that creative individuals look for new ways of doing things.
[C] the reader is familiar with Rudolph Flesch’s point of view.
[D] the quotation adds a new idea to the information previously presented.(实考试题)
解析：这句引语含义：“创造性的思维也许仅仅意味着认识到按常规做事并没有什么不寻常的素质”，下一段的前两句说“创造性思维起始于这样一个命题：一切东西都不是它表现出来的那样。革新家们认为做任何事都不是只有一种方法。”将这两点综合考虑可知，作者引用Rudolph只不过是为了进一步证明自己的观点，即创新者总是寻找做事的新方法，这与完全一致。
正确选项的下面的几个特点是英语的重点和难点。这些特点总的特征是答案具有高度概括性、归纳性、总结性、抽象性和推理性。这或许就是英语为什么比六级难的原因。
6）正确选项是文中例证或事实的归纳总结
例1
Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late. Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July. This is a long way below the double-digit rates which many countries experienced in the 1970s and early 1980s.
It is also less than most forecasters had predicated. In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that America’s inflation rate would average 3.5% in 1995. In fact, it fell to 2.6% in August, and expected to average only about 3% for the years as a whole. In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a Percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year. This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.(可读性：49 难度：10.9级)
Q：From the passage we learn that
[A] there is a definite relationship between inflation and interest rates.
economy will always follow certain models.
[C] the economic situation is better than expected.
[D] economists had foreseen the present economic situation.(实考试题)
解析：综合推断题。这两段并不难，有大量数据，问题考查从这些数据可以归纳出什么。第二句说通货膨胀率降到了2.3%;第三句：这（低膨胀率）比多数经济学家预测的还要低，综合这一切可以推断：经济形势比预计的要好。故[C]正确。
例2
One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card. They give their owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, and even abroad, and they make many banking services available as well. More and more of these credit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposit money in scattered locations, whether of not the local branch bank is open. For many of us the “cashless society”is not on the horizon-it’s already here.（可读性：45.3 难度：12级）
Q：According to the passage, the credit card enables its owner to
[A] withdraw as much money from the bank as he wishes.
obtain more convenient services than other people do.
[C] enjoy greater trust from the storekeeper.
[D] cash money wherever he wishes to.(实考试题)
解析：对②、③概括，信用卡使持卡者比其他人享有更多的便利服务，可知正确。[A]、[D]两项均过于绝对，且与文意不符；[C]“持卡者得到店主更大的信任”文中未提及，也应排除。
例3
For a long period of time and in many parts of the country,a traveler was a welcome break in an otherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families who generally lived distant from one another. strangers and travelers were welcome sources of diversion, and brought news of the outside world.(可读性：54.2 难度：10.2级)
Q：Families in frontier settlements used to entertain strangers
[A]to improve their hard life.
in view of their long-distance travel.
[C]to add some flavor to their own daily life.
[D]out of a charitable impulse.(实考试题)
解析：大意为：过去很长一段时间，在美国很多地方，旅行者的到来对居民们单调生活是一种可喜的调节。无聊、孤独对相距很远的家庭来说是普遍存在的问题。陌生人和旅行者给他们的生活带来了娱乐消遣，因而受欢迎；同时还带来了外面世界的信息。可见，边远地区的人们对陌生人（游客）如此热情是因为这给他们的生活增添了乐趣，所以[C]正确。[A]“为了改善他们的艰苦生活”言过其实；“于由游客漫长的旅途”不够确切。
7）正确选项是对段落中心/大意，或者篇章中心的归纳总结
例1
Few people doubt the fundamental importance of mothers in child rearing, but what do fathers do Much of what they contribute is simply the result of being a second adult in the home. Bringing up children is demanding, stressful and exhausting. Two adults can support and make up for each other’s strengths.(可读性：65.7 难度：7.7级)
Q：The paragraph points out that one of the advantages of a family with both parents is
[A] husband and wife can share house work.
two adults are always better than one.
[C] the fundamental importance of mothers can be fully recognized.
[D] husband and wife can compensate for each other’s shortcoming.
解析：本段的话题是子女抚养中母亲或父亲的作用，如果双方互相支持，可以弥补对方的缺陷。可见[D]“夫妇可互相补偿彼此缺点”是段落中心的概括，符合题意。[A]“夫妇可共同做家务劳动”和 “两个总比一个好”都是根据生活常识编造的选项（合理项，参见本书“错误选项的特征”一节）；[C]“母亲的重要性可以得到充分认可”，表达片面。
例2
Levin would not comment on the debate last week, but there were signs that the chairman was backing off his hard line-stand, at leas to some extent. During the discussion of rock singing verses at last month’s stockholders’ meeting, Levin asserted that “music is not the cause of society’s ills” and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students. But he talked as well about the “balanced struggle” between creative freedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive to develop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music. (可读性：39.2 难度：12级)
Q: In face of the recent attacks on the company, the chairman
[A] stuck to a strong stand to defend freedom of expression.
softened his tone and adopted some new policy.
[C] changed his attitude and yielded to objection.
[D] received more support from the 15-member board.
解析：①由于上周发生的争执，Levin可能放弃强硬立场。③Levin宣布，公司将尽力对可能招致人们反对的音乐制定各种发行和标识的标准。综合这两镍可推断“Levin缓和了语气并采取一些新政策”正确。[A]正反倒置，错误；[C]说的程度太过了，Levin还不至于会改变态度，屈服于对方；[D]论据不足。
8)正确选项是原文某段文字的推理
例
Kitcher is a philosopher, and this may account, in part, for the clarity and effectiveness of his arguments. The non-specialist will be able to obtain at least a notion of the sorts of data and argument that support evolutionary theory. The final chapter in the creationists will be extremely clear to all. On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: “This book stands for reason itself.” And so it does — and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/ evolution debate. (可读性：57.2 难度：9.6级)
Q: From the passage we can infer that
[A] reasoning has played a decisive role in the debate.
creationists do not base their argument on reasoning.
[C] evolutionary theory is too difficult for non-specialists.
[D] creationism is supported by scientific findings.
解析：本段意思是：金切尔是位哲学家，这也许能部分说明他的立论所以明确而有说服力。非专业人士起码可以了解支持进化论的各种数据和观点。关于神造论者的最后一章对每个人来说都阐述得极为清楚。这部优秀作品的护封上引用了斯蒂芬.杰.古尔德的一句话，“本书代表的是理性”。的确——如果理性是神造论和进化论之争的惟一裁判，一切问题就已解决了。最后一句是个带有倒装结构的虚拟语气句子，转换成正常语序是：If reason were the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate, all would be well. 推断神造论是非理性的，故正确。
2． 干扰项的特点
错误选项，也叫干扰项，也戏称陷阱，是出题者(中国出题专家)的拿手好戏。对错选项的分析从某种角度来说比正确选项更有意义。因为在实际做题时，考生做的大部分工作是排除三个错误选项。有时问题集中在两个选项上，考生明明知道答案就在这两个选项中，可是很难判断究竟哪个是错的。
总的来说，干扰项从语言和内容两方面欺骗考生。虽然花样很多，但总是有些规律可循的。出题者在编错误选项时，就像一个大骗子，试想骗子的伎俩有哪些呢？首先是把假的说成真的，所谓以假乱真，其次是真真假假，虚虚实实，所谓掉包，再次是夸大其词，或以偏概全，一会儿把苹果说成灵丹妙药，一会儿又说灵丹妙药根本不存在。对干扰项的对策有以下7种：
1． 合理项：文章中没提到，利用生活常识编造出来的选项同。对策：做题不可凭空想象，一切都要从文中找依据。在相当多的情况下“项不是解”。
2． 断章取义：使用文章中出现的词语或类似的结构仿造。对策：原词越多，对的可能性越小。
3． 小动作：错误选项和原文句子几乎一样，但在细微之处做了手脚，改动了几个小词，使得意思和原文不相符。对策：仔细，仔细，再仔细！不仅要看大意，更要看细节。
4． 以偏概全：就是用文章中的细节片面的、次要的观点回答问题。对策：时刻要有一种博大的胸襟。
5． 张冠李戴(把一个事物的特征说成是另一个事物的特征，把他人的观点说成是作者的观点)、正反倒置(把作者观点的反面说成是作者的观点)、因果倒置(把因说成果，把果说成因)。对策：头脑清楚。
6． 过度引申：测试推理能力是很正常的，但有相当多的选项，过度推理，超出文章的范围。对策：掌握好分寸。
7． 字面意思：被测试的单词或短语，实际(深层)含义和表面上个别词汇的意思不同。出题者经常用表面意思作为干扰项。对策：字面意思不是解。
例
Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values. Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don’t know where they should go next.
The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.
While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. “Those things that do not show up in the test scores — personality, ability, courage or humanity — are completely ignored,” says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party’s education committee. “Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild.” Last year Japan experienced 2,125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. Last year Mitsuo Setoyams, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War Ⅱ had weakened the “Japanese morality of respect for parents.”
But that may have more to do with Japanese life-styles. “In Japan,” says educator Yoko Muro, “it’s never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure.” With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan’s 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two generation households. Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter. (可读性：34.9 难度：12级)
1． In the Westerner’s eyes, the postwar Japan was
[A] under aimless development. a positive example.
[C] a rival to the West. [D] on the decline.
2. According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society
[A] Women’s participation in social activities is limited.
More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.
[C] Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics.
[D] The life-style has been influenced by Western values.
3. Which of the following is true according to the author
[A] Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder.
Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.
[C] More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.
[D] Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.
解析：
1． <1 >①“缺乏目标从来就不是战后日本的典型特征，日本国的生产率和社会的和谐令欧美人羡慕”，可见战后日本是一个正面榜样，故正确。[A]小动作：把 <1 >①关键词保留下来，但hardly去掉了，结果意思大相径庭，原文的否定变成了肯定；[C]字面意思：envy(羡慕，嫉妒)的字面意思；[D]断章取义：使用②中“decline”编造。
2． 题干关键词为chiefly 和be responsible for。 <3 >末句：日本教育大臣说过，二战后占领日本的美国当局进行自由化改革削弱了日本人尊敬父母的道德观。 <4 >①：但是，这(道德)也计与日本人的生活方式关系更大。将两句联在一起看，作者认为日本社会道德下降的主要原因是[D]“生活方式受了西方价值观的影响”，故[D]正确。[A]正反倒置。 <2 >①提到女性进入男性占主导地位的人才市场，和[A]正好相反，而且[A]也是符合生活常识的合理项。以偏概全。借用了 <2 >末句的完整意思，但是该句不是观点，而是一次调查结果，是具体的事实，并非全部。[C]以偏概全。 <3 >①：由于重视基础知识，所以忽视了其他方面的教育。 <4 >①：但是，这(道德下降)也许与日本人的生活方式关系更大。所以[C]是次要原因。
3． <3 >①：“尽管由于强调基础教育而受到外国人的赞赏，但是日本教育往往强调应试和机械性学习而忽视创造性及自我表现”，作者暗示日本教育更应该强调创造能力的培养，所以[C]正确。[A]断章取义。将 <2 >①中“climbing…social ladder”和 <3 >①中“often praised by foreigners for”拼在一起唬人。小动作。将 <3 >①中over改成as well as。失之毫厘，谬以千里。[D]因果倒置。 <3 >③：考试失败导致学生辍学。[D]颠倒了因果关系。
阅读最后冲刺阅读突破——技巧与总结
四大问题
1．已经找对了题干与原文对应处，为何还做错？原因：
①精确定位：要看清真正的问题，即用信息词定位之后，要看清句子逻辑关系，弄清意思。如02年60题
②学会看选项的方法：
a 找最贴近原文意思的选项 b 去除选项间的相同信息，专门关注区别点 c 分清褒贬 d 分清程度大小，强烈关注选项中表内容的单词。如同为贬义，则一般挑那个程度小的选项 e 看清范围，分清是整体还是局部
特别关注：在动词意义相近的情况下，千万关注其涉及的名词！！因为选项中的名词一般都与原文中的名词一样，很难做替换
③如何判断选项：
a 在遇到两个意思很相近的选项时：特别是假设A选项正确，还能推出B选项也正确的时候，究竟选哪个？要选B选项！！因为通常B选项的范围包括了A，即B大于A，所以B正确。
原文、问题、选项三者相比较，重要性最高的是问题！！！其次是选项！！最后是原文！
b 只挑最好的：对应的好于不知道的，不知道的好于不对应的
所谓“不对应的”是指：能明确确定该选项与题目要求不符
所谓“不知道的”是指：在实战中以自身水平无法明确判断该选项的意思是否在原文出现过以及能否对应于题目
考场心态：必要性思维——正确选项未必能充分完整地表达原文意思，而只要沾边即可。反之，不沾边的必错！
c 根据内容沾边客观地决定最佳选项，因此最佳选项是通过在四个选项中比较得出的，而非直接凭自己对原文的推断得出，注意不要推！
2．根本没找到对应处，为什么？
①原文没明说 ②与原文表达并不完全一样
看问题时，抓什么？
① 如果是细节定位的题目，则强调局部性，“不是找不到，而是要找与问题沾边的”
② 如果所问的信息点在原文中布满全篇，则此点不关注，并且对任何一篇文章都可以提问的问题部分，通通不关注，而且不必关注动词，只看题干中剩下的部分，一般会是个核心名词，这时用这个核心名词定位原文，再找与这个核心名词沾边的选项，通过意思上的一致性比较后得出答案。如01年61题 、00年64题
注意：
问题的作用仅仅在于提醒我们该用什么信息做题！
原文的作用仅在于客观地复制到脑中，以为选择选项的依据，不要有任何主观加工推理！据此可以先排除明显不对的选项，对于剩下的选项只挑最佳的，而不是挑最正确的！所以，我们的结论是：原文看不懂，照样解对题目！！唯独对于词汇题，这种方法可能失灵，因为在一句话任何单词都不认识的情况下无从选择，这时一般来讲，选A的概率较大。
选项的作用在于要求我们对排除了明显不沾边的选项后，对剩下的选项要反复比较，不可轻易否定，在实战中，要求要快速分辨出选项的差异点。
3．对于根本没办法找对应信息点的题目，怎么办？
比如：题干是：原文告诉我们什么？ 作者同意什么？ 文章的主题？ 作者的态度？
其实我们读文章时，最基本的要弄明白：①该文章在说谁？（围绕谁说）②是好是坏还是中立？
文章中最重要的部分有4个部分：段首句，段尾句，转折处，文章末尾！注意：这4个部分任一部分但凡伴随着具体事务、具体信息的，立刻成为非重点。比如02年54题55题 01年67题 00年58题
4．对于直接问下面哪项是正确的，怎么办？
这种题目无技巧可言，只好返回原文，重叠选项！
5．对于两个极其相似的选项，如何判断？
① 必须精确定位！对于两个选项犹疑不定，很可能是由于原文读的信息多了，因此实际上有一个根本不沾边
② 关键要先分清两个选项的区别到底在何处，然后再对比原文选择！
③ 对于考察整体性的题目，不是根据选项中个别单词与原文一致而选择，而是要注重选项的整体意义
如03年43题C和D 48题ABD
最后的话：
当被选项搞的犯晕时，千万别自乱阵脚，千万记住任何答案要从原文中找，不可主观臆断！！！
另外千万看清是到底是在问什么、要我们找什么，以利于精确定位，注意选项对比的“好坏”和“范围”原则！！！
一.阅读理解命题干扰项的特点:
1.看似合理,实则以偏概全,断章取义.
惯用手法:利用生活常识编造选项,把文中事实细节当主旨
应对方法:从文中找依据,找答案,"合理项"不一定就是正确选项
2.偷梁换柱,张冠李戴.
惯用手法:对原句细微处做改动,截取原文词语或结构进行改造,因果倒置,
把A的观点说成B的观点.
应对方法:过于相似的选项不一定正确,"原词越多,对的可能性越小".
3.用常规含义代替偏用词义.
惯用手法:用常规词义麻痹考生.
应对方法:掌握熟词生义,并根据上下文推测其在特定语境下的含义
4.过度引申.
惯用手法:备选项虽是由文章推出,但是却超出文章范围
应对方法:切勿过度发挥,一切以原文为本.
二.各类题型的特点及解答技巧
(一)主旨题
1.文章主旨给出的四种形式:文首,文中,文尾,没有明确主旨,需总结.
2.主旨题的解题技巧
*不管它出现在文章的什么位置,都作为最后一道题去做,因为做完其他题以后会对主旨的理解有帮助
*着重理解首末段,首末句
*主旨在文章中间的情况(非文首文尾),遇到文章前后段意思转折,提高警惕
3.主旨题的注意事项:
*段落中出现转折时,该句很可能是主题句
*作者有意识的反复重复的观点通常是主旨
*首段出现疑问句时,对该问题的解答就是文章主旨
*提出文章主旨时常伴有的文字提示:therefore,thus,but,however,in short等等
4.选项特点:
正确选项特点:不出现细节信息;不含过分肯定或绝对意义的词
干扰项特点:细节信息明显;过于笼统
(二)作者观点和态度题
1.作者态度题的解题技巧
*作者对某一事物的看法,要么支持,要么反对,带中立色彩的词最不可能是正确答案
*漠不关心类词语一定不对,既然写文章就不会不关心
*不要把自己的态度揉入其中,也要区分开作者的态度和作者引用的别人的态度
*当作者的态度没有明确提出时,要学会根据作者使用词语的褒贬性去判断作者的态度
*作者观点一般与文章主旨相关联
[注]新趋势:
*不仅局限于作者的态度,而发展到问文中某人对某事物的态度
*选项可能不再是态度明确的肯定或否定的词语,而改为带有程度限制的词
*一般带有绝对化或过于强烈的表示必错,如:strong,complete,entire,enthusiastic等
*持有保留态度的比较客观,常常是正确选项,如:reserved,qualified,tempered,guarded,consent等
(三)词义/句义题
1.对词义考察的两种方式:超纲词义含义推断;熟词生义或是在特定场合的意思
2.词义题的解题技巧:
*根据上下文进行推理猜测,两个原则
<1>不管这个词多超纲,根据上下文都能得出其意思
<2>不管这个词多熟悉,都要通过上下文得出其在特定场合的意思
*正确选项不是熟词的常规含义
3.猜测词义的方法:
*构词法:根据词根,词缀判断词义
*词性加搭配:先判断生词在文章中的词性,再看它与哪些词语可以搭配,最后根据自己的常识推测
*找同义词,同义解释,反义词,反义解释:在上下文中找出生词的其他表示方法,由此推断其含义
*找同位词:上下文中有可能有类似生词出现的句子的平行结构,找出其中和生词处于同一位置的词去推测
4.句义题的解题技巧
*正确选项不含有意义过于绝对化的词语,而是使用不肯定语气或意义解释深刻
*含原文词或短语越多,就越不可能是正确选项
(四)推理引申题
1.推理引申题的选项特点与答题技巧
干扰项的特点
*只是原文的简单复述,而非推断出来的结论,把直接表达当作间接推理
*看似从原文推断出来的结论,然而实际上与原文不符,如因果倒置,手段变目的等
*根据考生已有的常识是正确的,但是却不是基于文章,一切以文章为准
*推理过头,引申过渡
正确选项的特点
*不是文中明确说明的内容,没有引申推理就不是正确选项
*正确选项大多含义深刻,不是常识选项
[注意]
*注意那些似乎话中有话的的间接表达句,它们往往采用说半句,打比喻,反着说的方式,让考生有推理的余地
*注意含义深刻或结构复杂的句子.考生对作者表达的意思能不能一下子看透,也是命题点所在
(五)事实细节题
1.事实细节题的选项特点
正确选项特点
*一般可以在文章中直接或间接找到答案,但是不可能与阅读材料一模一样,而是用不同的词语或句型表达相同的意思
题干+正确选项的信息值等于或者约等于原文中某句的信息值
体现中心思想,一篇试题的细节与主旨直接关联
干扰选项的特点
*部分正确,部分错误
*是原文信息,但是不是题目要求的内容
*符合常识,但不是文章内容
*与原句的内容极为相似,只是在程度上有些变动
2.事实细节题的解题技巧
*主旨与细节是相辅相成的,确定了主题,才能深刻理解材料的作用.同样,对具体细节有较为全面的理解,就能更好的判明主题
*文章的事实细节内容不会孤立的出现,它与前后的内容密切相关,考生要善于利用因果,类比,时间,空间的关系将零碎的细节组成一个有机整体
*看细节内容要"跳出来"看,即要对文章的组织结构有很清楚的认识,然后判断这个细节为什么主题服务
*坚决遵循"本本主义",文章里有什么就用什么,不可凭感觉发挥做题2012届高考英语语法专题复习经典讲义定语从句
定语从句及相关术语
1.定语从句：定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。
2.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有where, when, why等。关系词常有3个作用：1，引导定语从句。2，代替先行词。3，在定语从句中担当一个成分。
注：关系代词有主语.宾语之分。一般whom作为宾语。
4.定语：定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的，是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用‘……的’表示。主要由形容词担任。此外，名词，代词，数词，分词，副词，不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任．单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。
先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。
（一） 限定性定语从句
一、关系代词（在句中作主语、宾语或定语）
1. that既可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语也可以省略。[eg： this is the book （which）you want。]
2而且，如果which在从句中作“不及物动词＋介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置
3. 代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括当先行词是anything, everything, nothing , none等不定代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时等，这时的that常被省略 还有先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时,或先行词就是序数词或最高级时.以及先行词中既有人又有物时.还有句中前面有which时,都只能用that
4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语
5. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格.它引导的从句可以修饰人和物, 当它引导的从句修饰物体时, 可以与 of which 调换,表达的意思一样。
二、关系副词（在句中作状语）
关系副词=介词+关系代词
why=for which
where=in/ at/ on/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配)
when=during/ on/ in/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配)
1. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句。
2. when引导定语从句表示时间［注］值得一提的是，表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导。
By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. I still remember the first time I met her. Each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towels, soap, toothbrush etc。
3. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导
There is somebody here who wants to speak to you. 这里有人要和你说话。
（二）非限定性定语从句
非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立
1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分
2.当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。
3.非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。
4. 有时as也可用作关系代词
5. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用关系副词why和关系代词that，而用who, whom代表人，用which,whose代表事物.；
（三）关系代词引导的定语从句
1.who指人在从句中做主语
(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 在踢足球的男孩们是一班的.
(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way. 昨天，我帮助了一个迷路的老人.
2. whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。（注：who和whom已无太大区别，可以通用。）
(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked with on the bus. 刘先生就是在公交车上和你聊天的那个人.
(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see. 凌先生恰巧就是我想见的那个男孩.
(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend. 你刚刚见到的那个人就是我的朋友.
注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。
如果在从句中做宾语,就用whom或who.比如: He is the man whom/who I talk to. 他就是那个和我聊天的男人.
如果是在从句中作主语就只能用who.比如: He is the man who has an English book. 他就是那个有英语书的男人.
3.which指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略
(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多数男孩都喜欢的游戏.
(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. 这是他昨天刚买的钢笔.
4. that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。
在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。
(5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.
(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning
5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语
(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.
(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替
(3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
(4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.
(5) Do you like the book whose color is yellow
(6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow
（四）注意
介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时
从句常由介词+关系代词引导
(1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.
(2) The school in which he once studied is very famous.
(3) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.
(4) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.
(5) We’ll go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about.
(6) We’ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.
注意：1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等
(1) This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T＝正确)
(2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F＝错误)
2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose
(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)
(2) The man with that you talked is my friend. (F)
(3) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T)
(4) The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)
3. “介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词
(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.
(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.
(3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.
关系代词
关系代词（一般情况下）that 可用who ,whom 和which在从句做主语，谓动词的宾语，但是不能做介词的宾语
which指物，在从句中作主语，谓语或宾语；
who在从句中作主语；
whom在从句中宾语；
where在从句中修饰表地点的名词，做地点状语；
when在从句中通常修饰表时间的名词，做时间状语；
why在从句中做原因状语，先行词通常是"reason"
有时why也可用for+which代替。
例：A doctor is a person who looks after people's health.
______ _ _____ _____________________
主语 谓语 先行词 从句
|________________________|
定语从句修饰先行词
（五）关系副词引导的定语从句
1. when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语
(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.
(2) The time when we got together finally came.
2. where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语
(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born.
(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
3. why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语
(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
(2) I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.
注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换
(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,
(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.
(3) Great changes have taken place in the city in which./where I was born.
（六）判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。不及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系副词或者是介词加关系代词；而及物动词后接宾语，则要求用关系代词。例如：
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
判断改错（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不同的颜色表示出。）
（错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
（错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
（对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
（对） I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days ago
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one答案：
例1 D，例2 A
例1变为肯定句： This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.例2变为肯定句： This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中，is后应跟表语，只有the one可以，而后面的you visited a few days ago则做one的定语从句。
而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。
关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)；
先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语) 。
（七）介词+关系词
1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。
2）that前不能有介词。
3） 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when ,where和why 互换。 This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club
Do you remember the day when you joined our club
This is the reason why he came late.
This is the reason for which he came late.
（八）先行词和关系词二合一
1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here. (Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替) 2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school. (what 可以用all that代替)
但这两句句子已经不是定语从句了，是名词性从句。因为定语从句一定要有先行词，而名词性从句没有。将“Whoever”、“what”分别用“Anyone who”、“all that”代替后，才是定语从句，先行词分别是“Anyone”、“all”。
（九）as,which引导的非限定性定语从句
由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
典型例题
1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.
A. it B. that C. which D. he
答案C. 此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。
2）The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.
A. what B. which C. that D. it
答案B。
which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。
3）It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..
A. that B. which C. as D. it
答案B.
as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：
(1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。
(2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。
在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。
As 的用法例
1. the same… as；such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
例2. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有'正如'。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As is known, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；
例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。
一、“as / which” 特殊定语从句的先行成分
1. 形容词或形容词短语作先行成分, 具有形容词意义的介词短语也可以充当先行成分，如：
My grandmother’s house was always of great importance to me, as my own is.
在一定的语言环境里，有些名词可以具有形容词的性质。这些名词主要是那些表示人的身份、职业、状态的名词。值得一提的是，在这些具有形容词性质的名词之后，引导定语从句的关系代词不能用who / whom.
2. 动词短语先行成分
这种动词短语既可是限定形式也可是非限定形式。如果是动态动词短语，它们在从句中就一般有限定或非限定形式的替代动词do和as / which一起代替。do可以出现，也可以不出现，但不能用其它动词代替。
3. 句子作先行成分
这句子可以是整个主句也可以只是主句中的一个从句。有时是连续几个句子，有时甚至可以是一个完整的故事。
二、“as/which”特殊定语从句在句中的位置
由于先行成分的构成成分不同，“as/which”特殊定语从句在句中的位置有以下几种情况：
1. 形容词做先行成分时：形容词或形容词短语（含具有形容词性质的名词）作先行成分，“as / which”特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后。
2. 动词短语作先行成分时：动词短语作先行成分时，“as / which”特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后。但是，当从句中含有表示主观意志的插入成分时，“as”特殊定语从句可以移至句子之首。
3. 句子作先行成分时：“as”特殊定语从句的位置较灵活，可以置于先行成分之前、之中或之后。但如果先行成分是直接引语，“as”特殊定语从句多在先行成分之前。如果先行成分是否定句，“as”特殊定语从句与否定词的相对位置不同可以使它产生不同的意义。由于“as”特殊定语从句具有这一特点，所以有时它的位置不能随便移动。在非正式的文体里，“which”特殊定语从句可以出现在先行成分之中。
三、“as/which”特殊定语从句的语义功能
一般说来，as与which的语义功能相同，可以相互替换。但先行成分为句子时，它们的语义功能则有差异。
1. 表示结果
表示结果的特殊定语从句与其先行成分之间存在着一定的因果关系，从句中往往使用有结果意义的词，如动词result, make, enable, cause和形容词interesting, surprising, delightful, disgraceful等。
2. 表示评注
表示评注的特殊定语从句对其先行成分所述事实的正确性有肯定的倾向，它通常与那些表示客观事实，普遍真理或某种习性的先行成分连用；从句中则常用一些表示“合乎自然规律”、“众所周知”或“经常发生”等意义的词语，如natural, known to all, usual等。
3. 有无状语意义
“as”特殊定语从句具有状语意义（主要是方式状语意义），而“which”特殊定语从句则无状语意义。“as”特殊定语从句的状语意义要求它在语义上与其先行成分的语义保持一致，“which”特殊定语从句则不受这种限制。
四、关系代词as与which的句法功能
1. as / which 在特殊定语从句中作主语。
as作主语时，谓语动词常为连系动词（主要是be, seem），主语补语为usual、 a rule、 a matter of fact等时，系动词be习惯经常省略。行为动词作“as”特殊定语从句的谓语时一般用于被动语态（其中助动词be常略），不及物的行为动词在“as”特殊定语从句中作谓语的极少，常见的有happen一词。如：
Freddie, as might be expected, was attending the conference.
Which作主语时，谓语动词不限，主语被动皆可，只是谓语动词为被动语态时助动词be省略。
2. as和which都可以在特殊定语从句中宾语。
3. as和 which在特殊定语从句中作补语。如：
We thought him a gentleman, as/which he could never be.
“as”特殊定语从句中可以主谓倒装，“which”从句中则不能主谓倒装。
如果先行成分不是主语补语或宾语补语，关系代词用which而不用as。如：
He talked like a native, which/as he hardly was.
4. which在特殊从定语句中作定语。
which可以在特殊定语从句中作定语，修饰fact, matter, thing 等名词。这些名词代表先行成分表达的意义，有时将其略去句义仍然完整。as不能作定语。如：
I was told to go not by train but bus, which advice I followed.
（十）关系代词that 的用法
(1)不用that的情况
(a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。
(错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, Is very famous here.
(b) 介词后不能用。
We depend on the land from which we get our food.
We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
(2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
(a) 在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。
(b) 在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。
(c) 先行词有the only, the very,the same,the last,just修饰时，只用that。
(d) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。.
(e) 先行词既有人，又有物时。
(f) 先行词指物，在主句中作表语时．
(g) 为了避免重复．
(h)先行词是the way时
举例：
Is this the book that you borrowed in the library
这是你在图书馆借的那本书吗？
Who that break the window should be punished．
谁打碎了窗户都要受到惩罚．
All that is needed is a supply of oil.
所需的只是供油问题。
Finally, the their handed everything that he had stolen to the police.
那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。
（十一）定语从句的难点分析
（一）限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况
1．当先行词是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much，each等修饰时
(1) Have you taken down everything (that) Mr. Li has said
(2) There seems to be nothing (that) seems impossible for him in the world.
(3) All that can be done has been done.
(4) There is little (that) I can do for you.
注意1：部分时候that可以省略，如部分例句将that用括号括住。
注意2：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who
(4) Any man that/.who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing.
2. 当先行词被序数词修饰
(1) The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.
3. 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时
(1) This is the best film that I have seen.
4. 当形容词被the very, the only，the same,the last 修饰时
(1) This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy,
(2) After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned.
当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who
(3) Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting？
5. 当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时
(1) Who is the man that is standing there
(2) Which is the T-shirt that fits me most
6. 当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时
(1) Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned
7.当关系代词在定语从句中做表语或先行词本身就作主语的表语
(1)The village is no longer the one that it used to be 10 years ago.
(2)This is a good book that will help you a lot.
（二）关系代词as和which引导的定语从句as和which引导非限制性定语从句，有相同之处也有不同之处。具体情况是：
1．As和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子。
(1) He married her, as/which was natural.
(2) He was honest, as/which we can see.
2. as 引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如……，正像……”的意思
(1) As is known to all, China is a developing country.
(2) He is from the south, as we can see from his accent.
(3) John, as you know, is a famous writer.
(4) He has been to Paris more than several times, which I don’t believe.
注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用which
(5) Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.
3. 当先行词受such, the same修饰时，常用as
(1) I have never heard such a story as he tells.
(2) He is not such a fool as he looks.
(3) This is the same book as I lost last week.
注意：当先行词由the same修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同
(4) She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding.
她穿着她在MARY婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。
(5) She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. 她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。
注意：定语从句such…as …与结果状语从句such… that
…的区别：as在所引导的定语从句中作主语，宾语；that在结果状语从句中不做成分
(6)He has such a good laptop as I want to buy.
(7)He has such a good laptop that I want to by one.
(三）以the way为先行词的定语从句通常由in which, that引导，而且通常可以省略。
(1) The way in which/ that/./ he answered the question was surprising.
(四) but有时也可以做关系词引导定语从句
(1) There are very few but understand his idea.
( but= who don’t )
(五) 区分定语从句和同位语从句
1．定语从句修饰先行词，它和先行词是修饰关系；
同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容，是补充说明的关系
(1) The plane that has just taken off is for London. 定语从句
(2) The fact that he has been dead is clear. 同位语从句
2．定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导，关系词在句中充当成分，有时可以省略；
同位语从句主要由that引导，在句中一般不做成分；
句子也可以由when, where, how, why, whether, what等词引导，充当成分
(1) The news he told me is true.
(2) The news that he has just died is true.
(3) The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money. 定语
(4) The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve.
3. 同位语从句和先行词一般可以用be动词发展成一个完整的句子，而定语从句不可以
(1) The idea that we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful. 同位语
(2) The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice.
(3) The fact that the earth moves around the earth is known to all.
(4) The fact is that the earth moves around the earth.
18. 定语从句
定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。
关系副词有： when, where, why等。
18.1 关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1）who, whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you
他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）
2) Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）, 例如：
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。
3）which, that
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作宾语）
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语）
［定语从句］介词+关系词
1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。
2）that前不能有介词。
3）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。例如：
This is the house in which I lived two years ago. 这是我两年前住过的房子。
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club？ 还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗？
Do you remember the day when you joined our club？
that的比用。。先行词是最高级2012届高考英语语法专题复习经典讲义As引导的从句
一、As引导让步状语从句
为了帮助同学们全面掌握让步状语从句的倒装用法，本文将这类语法现象归纳为以下五种句型：
1、名词 + as / though + 主语 + 动词
King as he was，he was unhappy. 他虽是国王，但他并不幸福。
Child as he is，he knows to help other. 他虽是个孩子，却知道帮助别人。
【说明】其中的动词通常为连系动词，也就是说位于句首的名词是其后连系动词的表语。另外，要特别注意位于句首的名词前习惯上不用冠词，即使其前有形容词修饰也不用冠词。比较：
Boy as ［though］ he is， he likes to play with girls.=Though he is a boy，he likes to play with girls. 他虽是男孩，却喜欢与女孩子玩。
Strong man as ［though］ he is，General Botha has been severely put to the test during the past few weeks.= Though he is a strong man， General Botha has been severely put to the test during the past few weeks. 波赛将军虽然坚强，但在过去的数周里也受到了严峻的考验。
2、形容词 + as / though + 主语 + 动词
Successful as he is，he is not proud. 他虽然成功，但不骄傲。
Improbable as it seems，it’s true. 虽然看起来不太可能，但却是真的。
Stupid as it sounds，I was so in love with her that I believed her. 尽管听起来很愚蠢，我是如此爱她竟然相信了她的话。
Patient as he was，he didn’t like waiting that long. 他虽说有耐心，也不愿等这么长。
Beautiful though the necklace was，we thought it was over-priced. 那条项链虽然很漂亮，我们认为价钱太高。
【说明】其中的动词也通常为连系动词，也就是说位于句首的形容词是其后连系动词的表语。
3、副词 + as / though + 主语 + 动词
Much as I like Paris，I couldn’t live there. 尽管我喜欢巴黎，但我不能住在那里。
Hard though they tried，they couldn’t make her change her mind. 尽管他们做了很大努力，却没法让她改变主意。
Fast as you read， you can’t finish the book in two days. 尽管你读得很快，你总不能在两天之内就读完这本书。
He was unable to make much progress，hard as he tried. 尽管他做了努力，却未能取得很大进步。
【说明】有的词典将 much as 作为习语看待，认为它是一个用以引导让步状语从句的复合连词。再如：
Much as I admire him as a writer，I do not like him as a man. 他作为一名作家我很佩服他，但我却不喜欢他这个人。
Much as I like you，I couldn’t live with you. 我尽管很喜欢你，却不能和你在一起生活。
4、动词原形 + as / though + 主语 + 动词
Object as you may，I’ll go.纵使你反对，我也要去。
Try as he might，he couldn’t solve the problem. 尽管他想方设法，却未解决这个问题。
Search as they would，they would find nobody in the house. 无论怎样搜查，他们在房子里仍然没有找到一个人。
Dislike him as we may，we must acknowledge his greatness. 尽管我们不喜欢他，但必须承认他的伟大。
Lose money as I did，we got a lot of experience. 钱虽然丢了，我们却得到了许多经验。
Fail in the election as he did，he became famous for his fiery speech against slavery. 尽管落选了，但他却以其反对奴隶制的激烈演说而出了名。
【说明】主语后的动词通常为 may，might，would，did 等情态动词或助动词(若表示情态意义，则选用情态动词；若陈述事实，则用 did，do 等助动词)。
5、分词 + as / though + 主语 + 动词
Raining hard as it is， I’m going out for a walk. 虽然正在下着大雨，我还是要出去散步。
Surrounded as we were by the enemy，we managed to march forward. 虽然我们被敌人包围着，但我们还是设法前进了。
Munching the apple as he was，he had got an eye for all John’s movements. 他尽管在一个劲地嚼着苹果，但仍警惕着约翰的一举一动。
6、补充说明
1）这类倒装的让步状语从句可用 as， though 来引导，不能用 although 来引导；但是，未倒装的让步状语从句却可用 though， although 来引导，而不能用 as 来引导。也就是说， although 引导让步状语从句时不能倒装，as 引导让步状语从句时必须倒装，而 though 引导让步状语从句时可以倒装也可以不倒装。如：
虽然很晚了，但我们还是继续工作。
正：Late as ［though］ it was，we still went on working.
正：Though it was late，we still went on working.
误：Late although it was，we still went on working .
误：As it was late，we still went on working.
2）上面提到的倒装结构有时也可用来表示原因，区别的办法主要看句子的内容：让步从句的内容大多数与主句在意义上相反，而原因从句则与主句之间有因果关系。比较：
Tired as he was，he sat up late studying at night. 昨晚他虽然很疲倦了，但还是学习到很晚才睡。(表让步)
Tired as he was，he went to bed early. 因为很累，所以他睡得很早。(表原因)
Young as he was，he was equal to the task. 他虽年轻，却能胜任这项工作。(表让步)
Young as he was，he was not equal to the task. 他因为年轻，所以不能胜任这项工作。(表原因)
3）在美国英语中，人们通常用 as...as 引导让步状语从句。如：
Cold as it was， we went out.=As cold as it was， we went out. 尽管天气冷，我们还是出去了。
Successful as he is， he is not proud.=As successful as he is， he is not proud. 他虽成功了，但不骄傲。
二、as 引导定语从句
as 的用法:(as 引导定语从句, 在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语)
(一) 如为限制性的，多用于the same …as ; the same as；such …as …; as many/much as；so …as等结构中。如：
1. I have the same book as you (have). 我有一本和你的一样的书。
Her attitude to him was quite the same as it had always been. (关系代词as和指示代词same连用, 在从句中用作表语, 先行词是same.)
2.---Why didn't you mention that in face of the police just now
--- I thought it was such a minor detail as was hardly worth mentioning.
We will only discuss such problems as have something to do with our own interests.
Don't do such things as you are not sure about.
There is no such place as you dream of in all this world.
比较：I live in the same house that he used to live in.
I'm wearing the same shirt as you wore yesterday.
比较：Here is so big a stone as no one can lift. （定语从句）
Here is so big a stone that no one can lift it.（结果状语从句）
(二) 如为非限制性的，多单独引导一个定语从句，这种定语从句可置于句首，句中或句尾，译为"正如，这一点"。（动词常为know, see, expect, point out, etc.）
1. As we all know, smoking is harmful to one's health . (as 作宾语)
=As is known to all, smoking is harmful to one's health . （as 作主语）
=It's known to all that smoking is harmful to one's health .
或:Smoking is harmful to one's health , as we all know .（as 作宾语）
或: Smoking, as we all know, is harmful to one' health.
2.He was a foreigner, as I knew from his accent. (宾语, 先行词是前面整个句子)
当先行词被the same所修饰时，关系词既可以用as，也可以用that。在表示具体事物
时，有时两者有一定的区别。一般说来，表示同一种类多用as，表示同一事物多用that。
如：
This is the same instrument that I used yesterday.这就是我昨天用过的那台仪器。
This is the same instrument as I used yesterday. 这台仪器跟我昨天用过的那台一样。
在抽象概念上，同种类和同一事物是没有绝对区别的，所以两个词可换用：
I have the same opinion as / that you have.
这里要注意的是：
（1）使用as时，它引导的定语从句中的动词可以省略，但使用that时，定语从句中
的动词不可省略。如：
Women received the same pay as men.
Women received the same pay that men received.
(2) 在“the same…that”结构中，that只是用来加强语气，强调“相同”。that可以省去而不改变句子原意，甚至连名词前的same也可以省去。如：
This is the same instrument that I used yesterday.
= This is the same instrument I used yesterday.
= This is the instrument I used yesterday.
但在“the same…as”结构中，same和as都不能省略。
(3) 当“the same…that”结构中的that作为关系副词用时，不可以直接与as互换。
如：
He lives in the same building that I live.
= He lives in the same building as / that I live in.
Shall we meet at the same place that we last met
= Shall we meet at the same place that / as we last met at
7. 当先行词前有such, so, as时，关系词应当用as。如：
A wise man seldom talks about such things as he doesn’t understand.
He spoke in such easy English as everybody could understand.
At this time of the day, all buses and trolleys have to carry as many passengers as they can.
It is so easy a book as every schoolboy can read.
Let’s discuss such things as we can talk of freely.
另需注意：
This book is written in such easy English as beginners can understand.（定语从句）
This book is written in such easy English that beginners can understand.（结果状语从句）2012届高考英语语法专题复习讲义荟萃状语从句
( )1. ________ you show any fear，the tiger will attack you.
A．Once B．Until C．Till D．While
( )2. The master will not attend our meeting ________ he________ free.
A．if; will be B．if; is C．unless; shall be D．unless; is
( )3. Those who have problems in real marriage would look for other ways to evade (逃避) their families，________ there was no web marriage.
A．as if B．only when
C．even if D．in which
( )4.________ I could write down the number of the bus，the bus had run away.
A．Before B．Unless
C．Until D．Once
( )5. She had to go back to the room ________she had left her handbag there.
A．unless B．until C．because D．where
( )6. Shall we go outing ________ fine tomorrow
A．unless it is B．if it will be C．if it is D．whether it is
( )10. Questions about her divorce follow ________she goes.
A．where B．whenever C．whatever D．wherever
( )11. You may borrow this book ________ you promise to give it back.
A．in case B．so long as C．as if D．even if
( )12. ________the days went on，the situation there got worse.
A．With B．Since C．While D．As
( )13. ________ the man grew older，he lost interest in everything except gardening.
A．With B．Since C．While D．As
( )14. ________ everybody is here，let’s set out right away.
A．Now that B．Because C．For D．After
( )15. ________ you understand this rule，you’ll have no further difficulty.
A．Once B．Unless C．As D．Until
( )16. ________I know，they will go to London to watch the Olympic Games in 2012.
A．Since B．So far as C．In case D．As if
( )17. I had no sooner got back to the kitchen ________ the doorbell rang loud enough to wake the dead.
A．when B．than C．as D．while
( )18. You should put the dictionary________ you can find it easily.
A．where B．the place C．the place on which D．what
( )19. I criticized him，you know，not ________ I hate him but ________ I love him.
A．because; because B．because; for
C．for; because D．for; for
( )20. She said to me，“I’ll tell you the result of test ________ I know it.”
A．because B．the moment
C．after D．though
参考答案
1. A 该空表示“一旦……”，应填once引导条件状语从句。
2. D unless引导条件状语从句时应用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
3. C even if表示“即使”，引导让步状语从句。
4. A 该空表示“尚未来得及”，应填before引导时间状语从句。
5. C 该空表因果关系，应填because 引导原因状语从句。从句中有作地点状语的 “there”因此不能选D。
6. C 条件状语从句应用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
7. A 该空表示“当……的时候”，应填when引导时间状语从句。
8. C as表示“尽管”引导让步状语从句时应采用倒装结构。
9. B 该空表示“除非”，应填unless引导条件状语从句。
14. A now (that) 在此表示原因，意为“既然，由于”；because表示对方不知道的原因；for 表示原因时，是并列连词，应放在后面。
15. A once意为“一旦”。句意：一旦明白了这条规则，就再也没有困难了。
16. B so far as I know意为“据我所知”。
17. B no sooner…than意为“一……就”，相当于as soon as。句意：我一走回厨房，门铃又响了，响得足以把死人吵醒。类似用法还有hardly/scarcely…when。
18. A 此处where引导地点状语从句。
19. A for不能与not…but这一结构连用。句意：我批评他不是因为我恨他，而是因为我爱他。
20. B the moment意为“一……就”，相当于as soon as。类似用法的连词还有： the minute/ instant; instantly/ immediately/ directly等2012届高考英语语法专题复习经典讲义介词全归纳
上午、晚要用in，at黎明、午夜、点与分。
年、月、年月、季节、周，阳光、灯、影、衣、冒in。
将来时态in...以后，小处at大处in。
有形with无形by，语言、单位、材料in。
特征、方面与方式，心情成语惯用in。
介词at和to表方向，攻击、位置、恶、善分。
日子、日期、年月日，星期加上早、午、晚，
收音、农场、值日on，关于、基础、靠、著论。
着、罢、出售、偷、公、假，故意、支付、相反，准。
特定时日和"一……就"，on后常接动名词。
年、月、日加早、午、晚，of之前on代in。
步行、驴、马、玩笑on，cab，carriage则用in。
at山脚、门口、在当前，速、温、日落、价、核心。
工具、和、同随with，具有、独立、就、原因。
就……来说宾译主，对、有、方状、表细分。
海、陆、空、车、偶、被by，单数、人类know to man。
this、that、tomorrow，yesterday，next、last、one。
接年、月、季、星期、周，介词省略已习惯。
over、under正上下，above、below则不然，
若与数量词连用，混合使用亦无关。'
beyond超出、无、不能，against靠着，对与反。
besides，except分内外，among之内along沿。
同类比较except，加for异类记心间。
原状because of,、 owing to、 due to表语形容词
under后接修、建中，of、from物、化分。
before、after表一点, ago、later表一段。
before能接完成时，ago过去极有限。
since以来during间，since时态多变换。
与之相比beside，除了last but one。
复不定for、找、价、原，对、给、段、去、为、作、赞。
快到、对、向towards，工、学、军、城、北、上、南。
but for否定用虚拟，复合介词待后言。
ing型由于鉴，除了除外与包合。
之后、关于、在......方面，有关介词须记全。
in内to外表位置，山、水、国界to在前。
如大体掌握如上介调用法口诀，就不易出错。下面对该口诀分别举例帮助你理解消化。
早、午、晚要用in
例：in the morning 在早上
in the afternoon 在下午
in the evening 在晚上
in the day 在白天
at黎明、午、夜、点与分
例: at dawn, at daybreak 在黎明时候
at noon 在中午
at night 在夜间
at midnight 在午夜
以上短语都不用冠词
at six o'clock 在6点钟
at 7：30 (seven thirty) 在7点半
at half past eleven 在11点半
at nine fifteen 在9点15分
at ten thirty a.m. 在上午10点30分
也可以写成
seven to five 5点差7分(半小时以上)
five minutes after two 2点过5分
at a quarter to two 1点45分
at the weekend 在周末
年、月、年月、季节、周
即在"来年"，在"某月"，在"某年某月" (但在某年某月某
日则用on)，在四季，在第几周等都要用in。
例；in 1986 在1986年
in 1927 在1927年
in April 在四月
in March 在三月
in December 1986 1986年12月
in July l983 1983年7月
in spring 在春季 in summer 在夏季
in autumn 在秋季 in winter 在冬季
in the fist week of this semester 这学期的第一周
in the third week 在第三周
阳光、灯、影、衣、冒 in，
即在阳光下，在灯下，在树阴下，穿衣、着装、冒雨等都要用in。
例：Don't read in dim light. 切勿在暗淡的灯光下看书。
They are reviewing their lessons in the bright light. 他们在明亮的灯光下复习功课。
They are sitting in the shade of a tree. 他们坐在树阴下乘凉。
a prisoner in irons 带着镣铐的囚犯
He went in the rain to meet me at the station. 他冒雨到车站去接我。
The poor dressed (clothed) in rags in old society. 旧社会穷人们衣衫褴褛．
以及：in the bright sunlight 在明亮的阳光下
a merchant in disguise 乔装的商人
the woman in white (black, red, yellow) 穿着白(黑、红、黄)色衣服的妇女
in uniform 穿着制服
in mourning 穿着丧服
in brown shoes 穿着棕色鞋
in his shirt sleeves 穿着衬衫
将来时态in...以后
例: They will come back in 10 days. 他们将10天以后回来。
I'll come round in a day or two. 我一两天就回来。
We'll be back in no time. 我们一会儿就回来。
Come and see me in two days' time. 两天后来看我。(从现在开始)
after... (从过去开始)
小处at大处in
例：Li and I arrived at Heishan county safe and sound, all is well. Don't worry. 李和我平安地到达黑山县，一切很好，勿念。
I live in a great city (big city), my sister lives at a small town while my parents live at a village. 我住在大城市，我姐姐住在一个小城镇，而我的父母则住在农村。
I'm in Liaoning, at Anshan. 我住在辽宁省鞍山市．
有形with无形by，语言 、单位、材料in
例：The workers are paving a road with stone. 工人们正用石子铺路。(有形)
The teacher is correcting the paper with a new pen. 这位教师正用一支新笔批改论文。(有形)
"Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy" is a good opera. <<智取威虎山>>是-出好戏。(无形)
The product is separated by distilation into gasoline and gas oil. 这种产品是用蒸馏分离出气油和粗柴油。 (表示方式、手段、方法--无形)
I really can't express my idea in English freely in-deed． 我确实不能用英语流利地表达我的思想。 (表示某种语言用in)
I wrote a novel in Russian. 我用俄语写了一本小说。(同上)
The kilometer is the biggest unit of length in the metric system． 公里是米制中最长的长度单位。 (表示度、量、衡单位的用in )
The length is measured in meter, kilometre, and centimetre. 长度是以米、公里、厘米为单位来计算的。(同上)
This board was cast in bronze not in gold. 这个牌匾是铜铸的，不是金铸的。
特征、方面与方式、心情、成语惯用in
特征或状态：
例: The Democratic Party was then in power. 那时民主党执政。
They found the patient in a coma. 他们发现病人处于昏迷状态。
He has not been in good health for some years. 他几年来身体一直不好。
Many who came in despair went away in hope. 许多人带着绝望情绪而来，却满怀希望而去。
The house was in ruins. 这房屋成了废墟。
The poor girl was in tears. 这个贫苦女孩泪流满面。
Her clothes were in rags. 她的衣跟穿破了。
His shoes were in holes. 他的鞋穿出窟窿了。
I only said it in fun. 我说这话只是开玩笑的。
She spoke in grief rather than in anger. 与其说她讲得很气愤，不如说她讲得很伤心。
还有一些短语也用in，如：
in jest 诙谐地，in joke 开玩笑地，in spite 恶意地， in fairness 公正地，in revenge 报复, in mercy 宽大，in sorrow 伤心地等。
His mind was in great confusion. 他脑子里很乱。
Today everybody is in high spirits and no one is in low ebb. 今天大家都兴高采烈，没有一个情绪低落。
She and her classmates are in flower ages. 她和她的同学都正值妙龄。
The compaign was in full swing. 运动正值高潮中。
方面：
例：we accepted the item in principle. 我们在原则上接受了这个条款。
They are never backward in giving their views. 他们从来不怕发表自己的意见。
The backward area has achieved self-sufficient in grain. 这个落后的地区在粮食方面已能自给。
A good teacher must be an example in study. 一个好的教师必须是学习的模范。
方式：
例：All the speeches were taken down in shorthand. 所有报告都用速记记录下来了。
The Party has always educated us in the spirit of patriotism and internationalism. 党一贯以爱国主义和国际主义精神教育我们。
如下成语惯用in
例如： in all 总计
in advance 事前
in the meantime 与此同时
in place 适当地
in hopes of(或in the hope of) 怀着.......希望
in connection with 和……有关
in contact with 和……联系
in addition to 除......以外
in case of 倘若，万一
in conflict with 和......冲突
in force 有效的，大批
in depth 彻底地
in regard to 关于
in the neighborhood of 大约、邻近
in retrospect 回顾，一想起
in behalf of 代表......利益
in the least 一点，丝毫
in alarm 惊慌、担心
in the opinion of 据……见解
in the long run 从长远说来
in one's opinion 在……看来
in word 口头上
in a word 总之
in vain 无益地, 白白地
in case 如果，万一，以防
in detail 详细地
in haste 急急忙忙地
in conclusion 总之
in spite of 尽管
in other words... 换句话说
in return 作为回报
in the name of 以......名义
be confident in 对......有信心
be interested in 对......感兴趣
in doubt 怀疑
in love 恋爱中
in debt 负债
in fun (jest、joke) 玩笑地
in hesitation 犹豫不决
in wonder 在惊奇中
in public (secret) 公开他(秘密地)
in a good humour 心情(情绪)好
"介词at、to表方向，攻击、位置、善、恶、分"。
介词at和to都可以表示方向; 用at表示方向时，侧重于攻击的目标，往往表示恶意；用to表示方向时，突出运动的位置或动作的对象，侧重表示善意。试比较下列各句：
1. A．She came at me. 她向我扑过来。
B．She came to me. 她向我走过来。
2．A．Jake ran at John. 几 杰克向约翰扑过去。
B．Jake ran to John. 杰克朝约翰跑去。
3．A. He rushed at the woman with a sword. 他拿着剑向那妇女扑过去。
B. He rushed to the woman with a sword. 他带着剑向那妇女跑过去。
4．A．He shouted at the old man. 他大声喝斥那老人。
B. He shouted to the old man. 他大声向那老人说
5．A．I heard her muttering at Xiao Li. 我听见她在抱怨小李。
B．I heard her muttering to Xiao Li. 我听见她在同小李低声说话。
6．A. She talked at you just now. 她刚才还说你坏话呢。
B．She talked to you just now. 她刚才还同你谈话呢.
7．A．She threw a bone at the dog. 她用一块骨头砸狗。
B．She threw a bone to the dog. 她把一块骨头扔给狗吃。
8．A．He presented a pistol at me. 他用手枪对着我。
B．He presented a pistol to me. 他赠送我一支手枪。
日子、日期、年月日，星期加上早午晚; 以下皆用on。
例: on Octorber the first 1949 1949年10月1日
on February the thirteenth l893 1893年2月13日
on May the first 5月1日
on the first 1号
on the sixteenth 16号
on the second of January 或 on January the second 1月2日
on a summer evening 在夏天的一个夜晚
on Boxing Day 在节礼日(圣诞节次日)
on New Year's Day 在元旦
on my birthday 在我的生日
但 in the Christmas holidays在圣诞节假期; in the eighteenth century 在十八世纪; in ancient times 在古代; in earlier times 在早期; in modern times 在现代，则用in，the present time 现在，at the present day当今则用at。
on May Day 在"五·一"节
on winter day 在冬天
on Decenber 12th 1950 l950年12月12日
on Sunday 在星期天
on Monday 在星期一
on Tuesday morning 星期二早晨
on Saturday afternoon 星期六下午
on Friday evening 星期五晚上
但last night 昨夜；in the evening 在晚上; on time准时，in time及时，等则不同。
年月日，加早午晚，of之前on代in
例： on the morning of 18th 18日早晨
on the evening of 4th 4日晚上
On the eve of their departure they gave a farewell banquet and their head gave a garewell speech. 他们在临行前夕举行了一次告别宴会，他们的团长发表了告别讲话。
收音、农场，值日on
例：Did your supervisor like the story over (or on) the radio last night
您的导师喜欢昨天从收音机里听到的故事吗
I heard the news over (or on) the radio. 我从收音机里听到了这一条消息。
taIk over the radio 由无线电播音
on TV 从电视里......
hear something on the wireless 在无线电里听到
My brother works on an Army reclamation farm. 我哥哥在一个军垦农场工作。
The students are working on a school farm. 学生们正在校办农场劳动。
This is a farmer's house on a farm. 这是农场的农舍。
Who is on duty, tody 今天谁值日
We go on duty at 8 a.m. 我们上午8点钟上班。
关于、基础、靠、著论
例: This afternoon we are going to listen to a report on the international situation. 今天下午我们要听关于国际形势的报告。
Professor Shen will give us a talk on travelling in America. 申教授将给我们做关于美国之行的报告。
You are wrong on all these issues. 在这些问题上你的看法都错了。
The belief is based on practical experience. 这种信念是以实际经验为基础的。
Theory must be based on practice. 理论必须以实践为基础。
The people in the south live on rice. 南方人主食大米。(靠)
The citizens live on their salaries. 城市人靠薪金生活。
You can't afford luxuries, on an income of 100 yuan a month． 靠月薪100元的收入，你是买不起奢侈品的。
Her pet dogs were fed on the choicest food． 她用精饲料喂养她心爱的狗。
He is just a scrounger, who lives on other people. 他正是一个小偷，专靠损害别人过日子。
Keep the kettle on the boil (=boiling). 让水壶的水一直开着。
The enemy are on the run (=running). 敌人在逃跑。
on后接the加上一个作名词的动词．其意义与现在分词所表达的相近。类似例子很多如：
on the march在行军中，on the mend 在好转中，on the prowl徘徊，on the move活动中，on the scrounge巧取豪夺(埋语)，on the go活跃，忙碌，on the lookout注意, 警戒，on the watch监视着。on the hop趁不备抓住某人等等。
on the People's Democratic Dictatorship<<实践论>>和<<矛盾论>>
on the People's Democratic Dictatorship<<论人民民主专政>>
"on Coalition Government" <<论联合政府>>
着、罢、出售、偷、公、假，故意、支付，相反、准
注：口诀中的"着"是指着火，罢指罢工，偷指偷偷地，公指出差、办公事；假指休假，准指准时。
例：The house next to mine was on fire. 我邻居的房子着火了。
The workers of the railway station were on strike. 铁路工人罢工了。
Grapes and big water melons from Sinkiang are on sale on a large sale. 新疆葡萄和西瓜大量上市了。
do something on the sly (quiet). 秘密地(暗地里，偷偷地)做某事。
I've come here on business. 我是有公事来的。
They went to Bern on a mission. 他们到伯尔尼去执行一项使命。
They has been away on a long trip. 他们出去做一次长途旅行。
I'll go home on leave next month. 下月我将休假回家。
I went on business to Shanghai. I did not take leave. 我是公出去上海的，不是不告面别。
She came to see you on purpose. 她是专程来看你的。
He came here on purpose to discuss it with you. 他到这来是要与你讨论这件事的。
This lunch is on me.
"No. let's go Dutch."
"这顿午饭我付钱。"
"不，还是各付各的。"
On the contrary, it was very easy to understand. 相反，这事儿很容易理解。
P1ease come on time. (on schedule). 请准时来。
注：in time是"及时"的意思。
The train arrived on schedule. 火车准时到达。
特定时间和"一……就"，左右on后动名词
例：Gases expand on heating and contract on cooling. 气体加热时膨胀，冷却时收缩。(特定时间)
On entering the room, he found his friends dancing in high spirits. 一进屋，他就发现他的朋友们在愉快地跳舞。
On reaching the city he called up Lao Yang. 一到城里他就给老杨打了一个电话。
I'll write to him on hearing from you. 我接到你的来信就给他写信。(一……就)
以及on the left, right向左向右，on the stair在台阶上等。
步行、驴、马、玩笑on，cab，carriage用in
例：On foot步行; on horse骑马; on donkey 骑驴。
He rode on, blood flowing from his side. 他骑着马，鲜血从腰部流下来。
The soldier of the Eighth Route Army rode 100 li on a horse a day in order to catch up with his unit. 为赶上部队，那位八路军战士骑马日行百里。
Go on horse back! 骑马去！
You are having me on! 你和我开玩笑呢!
in cab和in carriage 不能用on或by cab或carrige。
at山脚、门口在当前，速、温、日落价核心
即在山脚下、在门口、在目前，速度、以……速率、温度、在日落时、在……核心要用at。
例：At the foot of the mountain, there are thirty of our comrades. 在山脚下，有我们30个同志。
There is a beautiful lake at the foot of the hill. 山脚下有一个美丽的湖。
At the gate of the house there are many children playing glassball. 门口有一大群孩子在玩玻璃球。
Who's standing there at the door 谁站在门口
I don't need the dictionary at present. 我现在还不需要这本词典。
He is at present in Washington. 他目前正在华盛顿。
The train runs at fifty kilometres an hour. 火车每小时行驶50公里。
we built the plant at top speed and minimun cost. 我们以最低的投资，最高的速度修建了该工厂。
at home 在国内，在家里
at ten degrees centigrade 在摄氏10度
at minus ten degrees centigrade 摄氏零下10度
Water freezes at 0°centigrade. 水在镊氏零度结冰。
Water usually boils at 100°. 水通常在摄氏loo度沸赐。
at zero 在零度
at the rate of 45 miles an hour
at full speed 全速
at a good price 高价
at a low cost 低成本
at a great cost 花了很大代价
at that time 在当时
Evaporation takes place at all tempertures. 蒸发在任何温度下都能发生。
at 1000RPM (revolution per minute) 每分钟1000转
at a high speed 高速
The soldiers launched an attack upon the enemy at sunset. 战士们在日落时对敌人发起了攻击。
at daybreak 日出时
The force at the core leading our cause forward is the Chinese Communist Party. 领导我们事业的核心力量是中国共产党。
The atom has a nucleus at its core. 在原子的中心有一个原于核。
At the beginning of this term the teacher in charge of our class was very strict with us. 这学期开始，我们的班主任老师对我们要求非常严格
