2016年高考英语真题试卷（北京卷）

2016年高考英语真题试卷（北京卷）
一、单项填空。
1．（2016·北京）Jack in the lab when the power cut occurred.
A．works B．has worked C．was working D．would work
2．（2016·北京）I live next door to a couple children often make a lot of noise.
A．whose B．why C．where D．which
3．（2016·北京）—Excuse me, which movie are you waiting for
—The new Star Wars. We here for more than two hours.
A．waited B．wait
C．would be waiting D．have been waiting
4．（2016·北京）Your support is important to our work. you can do helps.
A．However B．Whoever C．Whatever D．Wherever
5．（2016·北京）I half of the English novel, and I'll try to finish it at the weekend.
A．read B．have read C．am reading D．will read
6．（2016·北京） it easier to get in touch with us, you'd better keep this card at hand.
A．Made B．Make C．Making D．To make
7．（2016·北京）My grandfather still plays tennis now and then, he's in his nineties.
A．as long as B．as if C．even though D．in case
8．（2016·北京）______ over a week ago, the books are expected to arrive any time now.
A．Ordering B．To order C．Having ordered D．Ordered
9．（2016·北京）The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is _____ one can be entirely free from dust.
A．what B．that C．whether D．why
10．（2016·北京）The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts ______ success in the end.
A．rewarded B．were rewarded
C．will reward D．will be rewarded
11．（2016·北京）I love the weekend, because I _____ get up early on Saturdays and Sundays.
A．needn't B．mustn't C．wouldn't D．shouldn't
12．（2016·北京）Newly-built wooden cottages line the street, _______ the old town into a dreamland.
A．turn B．turning C．to turn D．turned
13．（2016·北京）I really enjoy listening to music ___ it helps me relax and takes my mind away from other cares of the day.
A．because B．before C．unless D．until
14．（2016·北京）Why didn't you tell me about your trouble last week If you ___ me, I could have helped.
A．told B．had told C．were to tell D．would tell
15．（2016·北京）I am not afraid of tomorrow, ______ I have seen yesterday and I love today.
A．so B．and C．for D．but
二、完形填空。
16．（2016·北京）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上讲该项涂黑。
A Race Against Death
It was a cold January in 1925 in North Alaska. The town was cut off from the rest of the world due to heavy snow.
On the 20th of that month, Dr. Welch （1） a Sick boy, Billy, and knew he had diphtheria, a deadly infectious (传染的) disease mainly affecting children. The children of Nome would be （2） if it struck the town. Dr. Welch needed medicine as soon as possible to stop other kids from getting sick. （3） , the closest supply was over 1,000 miles away, in Anchorage.
How could the medicine get to Nome The town's （4） was already full of ice, so it couldn't come by ship. Cars and horses couldn't travel on the （5） roads. Jet airplanes and big trucks didn't exist yet.
（6） January 26, Billy and three other children had died. Twenty more were （7） . Nome's town officials came up with a(n) （8） . They would have the medicine sent by （9） from Anchorage to Nenana. From there, dogsled(狗拉雪橇) drivers—known as “mushers”—would （10） it to Nome in a relay(接力).
The race began on January 27. The first musher, Shannon, picked up the medicine from the train at Nenana and rode all night. （11） he handed the medicine to the next musher, Shannon's face was black from the extreme cold.
On January 31, a musher named Seppala had to （12） a frozen body of water called Norton Sound. It was the most （13） part of the journey. Norton Sound was covered with ice, which could sometimes break up without warning. If that happened, Seppala might fall into the icy water below. He would （14） , and so would the sick children of Nome. But Seppala made it across.
A huge snowstorm hit on February 1. Amusher named Kaasen had to brave this storm. At one point, huge piles of snow blocked his （15） . He had to leave the trail (雪橇痕迹)to get around them. Conditions were so bad that it was impossible for him to （16） the trail again. The only hope was Balto, Kaasen's lead dog, Balto put his nose to the ground, （17） to find the smell of other dogs that had traveled on the trail. If Balto failed, it would mean disaster for Nome. The minutes passed by. Suddenly, Balto began to （18） . He had found the trail.
At 5:30 am on February 2, Kaasen and his dog （19） in Nome. Within minutes, Dr. Welch had the medicine. He quickly gave it to the sick children. All of them recovered.
Nome had been （20） .
（1）A．examined B．warned
C．interviewed D．cured
（2）A．harmless B．helpless
C．fearless D．careless
（3）A．Moreover B．Therefore
C．Otherwise D．However
（4）A．airport B．station
C．harbor D．border
（5）A．narrow B．snowy
C．busy D．dirty
（6）A．From B．On
C．By D．After
（7）A．tired B．upset
C．pale D．sick
（8）A．plan B．excuse
C．message D．topic
（9）A．air B．rail
C．sea D．road
（10）A．carry B．return
C．mail D．give
（11）A．Though B．Since
C．When D．If
（12）A．enter B．move
C．visit D．cross
（13）A．shameful B．boring
C．dangerous D．foolish
（14）A．escape B．bleed
C．swim D．die
（15）A．memory B．exit
C．way D．destination
（16）A．find B．fix
C．pass D．change
（17）A．pretending B．trying
C．asking D．learning
（18）A．run B．leave
C．bite D．play
（19）A．gathered B．stayed
C．camped D．arrived
（20）A．controlled B．saved
C．founded D．developed
三、阅读理解。
17．（2016·北京）阅读下列短文：
Dear Alfred,
I want to tell you how important your help is to my life.
Growing up, I had people telling me I was too slow, though, with an IQ of 150 at 17, I'm anything but stupid. The fact was that I was found to have ADIID(注意力缺陷多动障碍). Anxious all the time, I was unable to keep focused for more than an hour at a time.
However, when something did interest me, I could become absorbed. In highs chool, I became curious about the computer, and built my first website.Moreover, I completed the senior course of Computer Basics, plus five relevantpre-college courses.
While I was exploring my curiosity, my disease got worse.I wanted to go to college after high school, but couldn't. So, I waskilling my time at home until June 2012 when I discovered the online computercourses of your training center.
Since then, I have takencourses like Data Science and Advanced Mathematics. Currently, I'm learning yourProbability course. I have hundreds of printer paper, covered in self-writtennotes from your video. This has given me a purpose.
Last year, I spent all my timelooking for a job where, without dealing with the public, I could work alone,but still have a team to talk to. Luckily, I discovered the job—DataAnalyst—this month and have been going full steam ahead. I want to prove that Ican teach myself a respectful profession, without going to college, and be justas good as, if not better than, my competitors.
Thank you. You've given me hopethat I can follow my heart. For the first time, I feel good about myself because I'm doing something, notbecause someone told me I was doing well. I feel whole.
This is why you're saving my life.
Yours,
Tanis
（1）why didn't Tanis go to college after high school
A．She had learned enough about computer science
B．She had more difficulty keeping focused
C．She preferred taking online courses
D．She was too slow to learn
（2）AS for the working environment, Tains prefers____.
A．working by herself B．dealing with the public
C．competing against others D．staying with ADHD students
（3）Tanis wrote this letter in order to_____.
A．explain why she was interested in the computer
B．share the ideas she had for her profession
C．show how grateful she was to the center
D．describe the courses she had taken so far
18．（2016·北京）阅读下列短文：
SurvivingHurricane Sandy(飓风桑迪)
Natalie Doan, 14, hasalways felt lucky to live in Rockaway, New York. Living just a few blocks fromthe beach, Natalie can see the ocean and hear the wave from her house. “It'sthe ocean that makes Rockaway so special,” she says.
On October 29, 2012,that ocean turned fierce. That night, Hurricane Sandy attacked the East Coast,and Rockaway was hit especially hard. Fortunately, Natalie's family escaped toBrooklyn shortly before the city's bridge closed.
When they returned to Rockaway the next day, they found their neighborhood in ruins. Many of Natalie's friends had lost their homes and were living far away. All around her, peoplewere suffering, especially the elderly. Natalie's school was so damaged that she had to temporarily attend a school in Brooklyn.
In the following few days, the men and women helping Rock away recover inspired Natalie. Volunteers came with carloads of donated clothing and toys. Neighbors devoted their spare time to helping othersrebuild. Teenagers climbed dozens of flights of stairs to deliver water and food to elderly people trapped in powerless high-rise buildings.
“ My mom tells me that I can't control what happens to me,” Natalie says. “butI can always choose how I deal with it.”
Natalie's choice was to help.
She created a website page matching survivors in need with donors who wanted to help. Natalie posted introduction about a boy named Patrick, who lost his baseball card collecting when his house burned down. Within days, Patrick's collection was replaced.
In the coming months,her website page helped lots of kids: Christopher, who received a new basketball; Charlie, who got a new keyboard. Natalie also worked with other organizations to bring much-need supplies to Rock away. Herefforts made her a famous person. Last April, she was invited to the WhiteHouse and honored as a Hurricane Sandy Champion of Change.
Today, the scars(创痕)of destruction are still seen in Rockaway, but hope is in the air. The streets are clear, and many homes have been rebuilt. “I can'timagine living anywhere but Rockaway,” Natalie declares. “My neighborhood willbe back, even stronger than before.”
（1）When Natalie returned to Rockaway after the hurricane, she found______.
A．some friends had lost their lives
B．her neighborhood was destroyed
C．her school had moved to Brooklyn
D．the elderly were free from suffering
（2）According to paragraph4, who inspired Natalie most
A．The people helping Rockaway rebuild
B．The people trapped in high rise building
C．The volunteers donating money to survivors
D．Local teenagers bringing clothing to elderly people
（3）How did Natalie help the survivors
A．She gave her toys to the kids
B．She took care of younger children
C．She called on the White House to help
D．She built an information sharing platform
（4）What does the story intend to tell us
A．Little people can make a big difference
B．A friend in need is a friend indeed
C．East or West, home is best
D．Technology is power
19．（2016·北京）阅读下列短文：
CaliforniaCondor's Shocking Recovery
California condors are North America's largest birds, with wing-length of up to 3 meters. In the 1980s, electrical lines and lead poisoning(铅中毒) nearly drove them to dying out. Now, electric shock training and medical treatment are helping to rescue these big birds.
In the late 1980s, the last few condors were taken from the wild, and there are now more than 150 flying over California and nearby Arizona, Utah and Baja in Mexico.
Electrical lines have been killing them off. “As they go in to rest for the night, they just don't see the power lines,” says Bruce Rideout of San Diego Zoo. Their wings can bridge the gap between lines, resulting in electrocution(电死) if they touch two lines at once.
So scientists have come up with a shocking idea. Tall poles, placed in large training areas, teach the birds to stay clear of electrical lines by giving them a painful but undeadly electric shock. Before the training was introduced, 66% of set-freed condors died of electrocution. This has now dropped to 18%.
Lead poisonous has proved more difficult to deal with. When condors eat dead bodies of other animals containing lead, they absorb large quantities of lead. This affects their nervous systems and ability to produce baby birds, and can lead to kidney(肾) failures and death. So condors with high levels of lead are sent to Los Angeles Zoo, where they are treated with calcium EDTA, a chemical that removes lead from the blood over several days. This work is starting to pay off. The annual death rate for adult condors has dropped from 38% in 2000 to 5.4% in 2011.
Rideout's team thinks that the California condors' average survival time in the wild is now just under eight years. “Although these measures are not effective forever, they are vital for now,” he says. “They are truly good birds that are worth every effort we put into recovering them.”
（1）California condors attract researchers' interest because they .
A．are active at night B．had to be bred in the wild
C．are found on in California D．almost died out in the 1980s
（2）Researchers have found electrical lines are .
A．blocking condors' journey home B．big killers of California condors
C．rest places for condors at night D．used to keep condors away
（3）According to Paragraph 5 ,______ lead poisoning.
A．makes condors too nervous to fly
B．has little effect on condors' kidneys
C．can hardly be gotten rid of from condors' blood
D．makes it different for condors to produce baby birds
（4）The passage shows that ______.
A．the average survival time of condors is satisfactory
B．Rideout's research interest lies in electric engineering
C．the efforts to protect condors have brought good results
D．researchers have found the final answers to the problem
20．（2016·北京）阅读下列短文：
Why College Is Not Home
The college years are supposed to be a time for important growth in autonomy(自主性) and the development of adult identity. However, now they are becoming an extended period of adolescence, during which many of today's students and are not shouldered with adult responsibilities.
For previous generations, college was decisive break from parental control; guidance and support needed help from people of the same age and from within. In the past two decades, however, continued connection with and dependence on family, thanks to cellphones, email and social media, have increased significantly. Some parents go so far as to help with coursework. Instead of promoting the idea of college as a passage from the shelter of the family to autonomy and adult responsibility, universities have given in to the idea that they should provide the same environment as that of the home.
To prepare for increased autonomy and responsibility, college needs to be a time of exploration and experimentation. This process involves “trying on ” new ways of thinking about oneself both intellectually(在思维方面) and personally. While we should provide “safe spaces” within colleges, we must also make it safe to express opinions and challenge majority views. Intellectual growth and flexibility are fostered on debate and questioning.
Learning to deal with the social world is equally important. Because a college community(群体) differs from the family, many students will struggle to find a sense of belonging. If students rely on administrators to regulate their social behavior and thinking pattern, they are not facing the challenge of finding an identity within a larger and complex community.
Moreover, the tendency for universities to monitor and shape student behavior runs up against another characteristic of young adults: the response to being controlled by their elders. If acceptable social behavior is too strictly defined(规定) and controlled, the insensitive or aggressive behavior that administrators are seeking to minimize may actually be encouraged.
It is not surprising that young people are likely to burst out, particularly when there are reasons to do so. Our generation once joined hands and stood firm at times of national emergency. What is lacking today is the conflict between adolescent's desire for autonomy and their understanding of an unsafe world. Therefore, there is the desire for their dorms to be replacement homes and not places to experience intellectual growth.
Every college discussion about community values, social climate and behavior should include recognition of the developmental importance of student autonomy and self-regulation, of the necessary tension between safety and self-discovery.
（1）What's the author's attitude toward continued parental guidance to college students
A．Sympathetic B．Disapproving C．Supportive D．Neutral
（2）The underlined word “passage” in Paragraph 2 means.
A．change B．choice C．text D．extension
（3）According to the author, what role should college play
A．to develop a shared identity among students
B．to define and regulate students' social behavior
C．To provide a safe world without tension for students
D．To foster students' intellectual and personal development
（4）Which of the following shows the development of ideas in the passage
A． B．
C． D．
21．（2016·北京）根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出正确的填入空白处。选项中有两项为多余选项。
The Science of Risk-Seeking
Sometimes we decide that a little unnecessary danger is worth it because when we weigh the risk and the reward, the risk seems worth taking. 　 　 Some of us enjoy activities that would surprise and scare the rest of us. Why Experts say it may have to do with how our brains work.
The reason why any of us take any risks at all might have to do with early humans. Risk-takers were better at hunting, fighting, orexploring. 　 　As the quality of Risk-taking was passed from on ration to the next, humans ended up with a sense of adventure and a tolerance for risk.
So why aren't we all jumping out of airplanes then Well, even 200,000 years ago, too much risk-taking could get one Killed. A few daring survived, though,along with a few stay-in-the-cave types. As a result, humans developed a range of character types that still exists today. So maybe youlove car racing, or maybe you hate it. 　 　
No matter where you are on the risk-seeking range,scientists say that your willingness to take risks increases during your teenage years. 　 　 Tohelp you do that, your brain increases your hunger for new experiences.
New experiences often mean taking some risks, so your brain raises your tolerance for risk as well.
Mean taking some risks, so your brain raisers your tolerance for risk as well.
　 　 For the risk-seekers a partof the brain related to pleasure becomes active, while for the rest of us, a part of the brain related to fear becomes active.
As experts continueto study the science of risk-seeking, we'll continue to hit the mountains, the waves or the shallow end of the pool.
A. It all depends on your character.
B. Those are the risks you shouldjump to take.
C. Being better at those thingsmeant a greater chance of survival.
D. Thus, these well-equipped people survived becausethey were the fittest.
E. This is when you start to move away from your family and into thebigger world.
F. However, we are not all using the same reference standard to weighrisks and rewards.
G. New brain research suggests our brains work differently when weface a nervous situation.
四、书面表达。
22．（2016·北京）假设你是红星中学高三学生李华。你的英国朋友Jim 在给你的邮件中提到他对中国历史很感兴趣，并请你介绍一位你喜欢的中国历史人物。请你给Jim回信，内容包括：
①该人物是谁；
② 该人物的主要贡献；
③该人物对你的影响。
注意：
①词数不少于50；
②开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear Jim,
Yours,
Li Hua
23．（2016·北京）假设你是红星中学高三一班的学生李华。你班同学参加了学校的“地球日”系列活动。请按照以下四幅图的先后顺序，以“Actions for a Greener Earth”为题，给校刊“英语角”写一篇英文稿件，介绍活动的全过程。
注意：词数不少于60。
提示词：地球日Earth Day
答案解析部分
1．【答案】C
【知识点】过去进行时
【解析】【分析】题目考查时态。句意：突然断电时，杰克正在实验室里工作。根据occurred可知，这里指过去发生的事情，断电时，杰克正在工作，综合用过去进行时，故选C。
【点评】过去进行时的构成：was/were+动词的现在分词(--ing)
过去进行时的用法：①表示在过去某时刻正在进行或发生的动作，通常与表过去的时间壮语连用。例如：Atthis moment yesterday, I was packing for camp.昨天这个时候，我正在收拾东西去露营。
②表移动的动词，如come,go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等词的过去进行时，可以表示过去将要发生的动作。例如：Shetold me that she was going to Hainan for her holiday. 她告诉我她将去海南度假。
③在含有时间状语从句的复合句中，表示一个过去的动作发生时或发生之后，另一个动作正在进行。
例如：It was rainingwhen they left the station. 他们离开车站时，正下着雨。
WhenI got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.我到达山顶时，阳光灿烂。
④在叙述或描写过去的事情时，过去进行时经常与其它过去时态，特别时是一般过去时连用。但是过去进行时往往是表示背景。例如：Onenight, he was typing in his study. Suddenly, a man broke into hishouse and cut off the electricity.一天晚上，他正在书房里打字。突然，一个人闯进屋来，切断了电源。
2．【答案】A
【知识点】关系代词引导定语从句的用法
【解析】【分析】题目考查定语从句的关系词。a couple是先行词，这对夫妻的孩子很吵，children和couple是所属关系，故用whose作定语，相当于the children of whom，故选A。
【点评】定语从句的关系词分为关系代词（who,whom, whose, that, which, as 等）和关系副词
（when, where, why等）
①关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在从句中充当主语、宾语，定语等成分。关系副词可代替的先行词是表示时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
②关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时，关系代词可省略（非限定性定语从句中不可省略）。
③ 非限定性定语从句中，关系词均不可省略。注意关系代词that, 关系副词why, 不可用于非限定性定语从句。
④作介词宾语的关系代词：在限制和非限制性定语从句中，关系代词作介词宾语，即介词+关系代词，whom用于指人，which用于指物，不能用that。
3．【答案】D
【知识点】现在完成进行时
【解析】【分析】句意：…打扰了，你在等哪一部电影？…在等着看《星球大战》，我们已经等了两个多小时了。for+时间段，与完成时连用，根据语境可知。说话的时候仍然在等，因此用现在完成进行时。故选D。
【点评】现在完成进行时由“助动词have/has been+ -ing形式”构成。用法如下：
①现在完成进行时表示过去的动作持续到现在并有可能延续下去的动作。常和for，since引导的时间状语连用。
②表示一个动作从过去某时开始，一直延续到说话时候刚结束。
③表示重复（只断断续续，而非一直不停）
4．【答案】C
【知识点】主语从句
【解析】【分析】题目考查主语从句。helps是谓语，“you can do”是主语成分，即主语从句，在主语从句中，do后缺少宾语，因此用whatever引导，故选C。
【点评】主语从句Subject Clauses (在主语的位置上)
①从句的连接词可以是that, 也可以是特殊疑问词wh-。
Thathe is a famous singer is known to us.= It is known to us that…
Whetherwe shall attend the meeting hasn't been decided yet.
Whowill go makes no difference.
It isknown to us that he is a famous singer.
It isnot yet fixed when he will go to America.
本题中，whatever引导主语从句，同时作do的宾语。
②wh和ever 连用的词引导的名词性从句和状语从句的区别
区分使用wh-和wh-ever:wh 有疑问的意思；wh-ever有肯定强调的意思
*Who will be invited hasn't been decided.
*Whoever comes here is welcomed.
*A reward of $1,000 willbe given to whoever can provide any clues to the case.
*The gift will be given to whomever I like.
wh-ever 在引导名词性从句时不能用nomatter wh-来替换，但在引导状语从句时可以替换
Whateverhappened, he would not mind.
= No matterwhat happened, he……
5．【答案】B
【知识点】现在完成时
【解析】【分析】题目考查时态。句意：我已经看完了这本英文小说的一半，周末把另一半看完。“看小说”这一动作发生在过去，到目前为止看了一半，故用完成时，故选B。
【点评】现在完成时基本用法：
①表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，常与already,yet, ever, never, just，before 等词连用。
②表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。往往和表示一段时间的时间状语连用，常用的有：for＋一段时间；since+过去时间点或从句。（Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度），提问用Howlong.
6．【答案】D
【知识点】非谓语动词
【解析】【分析】题目考查不定式作目的状语。句意：为了更方便地联系到我们，你最好随身带着这张卡片。根据句意可知，这里是目的状语，表目的用动词不定式，故选D。
【点评】不定式作状语表示目的、结果、原因等，有时还有一些固定搭配的不定式短语，如inorder to , so as to, so…as to, such …as to, ….enough to, too…to等。
①做目的状语，just to, only to （仅仅为了）, inorder to, so as to, so(such)….as to…（如此···以便···）
如：He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
He came to the school to see his son.
②作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。
如：He hurried to the post office only to findit was closed.
He searched the room only to find nothing.
③做原因状语。如：
We were very excited to hear the news.
I'm glad to see you.
④做条件状语。如：To turn to theleft, you could find a post office.
7．【答案】C
【知识点】引导让步状语从句的连词；让步状语从句
【解析】【分析】句意：即使是九十多岁了，我的爷爷仍然可以时不时地打打网球。as long as 只要，引导条件状语从句；as if似乎，引导方式状语从句；even though即使，引导让步状语从句；in case以防，引导目的状语从句。这里是转折关系，故选C。
【点评】
8．【答案】D
【知识点】分词；非谓语动词
【解析】【分析】句意：（因为）那些书是一周多之前订的，现在随时有可能送到。books和order是动宾关系，即order books/books are ordered，故用过去分词表示被动和完成，在此相当于原因状语从句because they wereordered……，故选D。
【点评】考查过去分词作状语。
9．【答案】B
【知识点】表语从句
【解析】【分析】题目考查表语从句。句意：雨季最令人愉悦的就是人们可以完全不再受到沙尘暴的困扰。is后跟从句作表语，即表语从句，表语从句不缺少主语、谓语和宾语，因此用that，只起引导作用，故选B。
【点评】表语从句Predictive Clauses (在be动词 后)
①从句的连接词可以是that, 也可以是wh-的特殊疑问词。
The fact is that she never liked him.
The question is whether the movie is worthseeing.
The question is who can complete thedifficult task.
This/That/It is because …
I think it is because you are doing toomuch.
The reason why…is that…
The reason why the playis successful is that it appeals to many different people.
②只能用whether的情况
在表语从句、主语从句、同位语从句中
在介词后的宾语从句中
It all depends on whether they will supportus.
在不定式之前
He doesn't know whether to stay or not.
从句中有or not时
He doesn't know whether he should stayor not.
10．【答案】D
【知识点】动词的语态；一般将来时
【解析】【分析】题目考查时态和语态。句意：学生们一直在刻苦学习功课，他们的努力（将来）一定会得到回报。句意可知，回报是将来要发生的事情，应该用将来时；efforts和reward是被动关系，应该使用被动语态，故选D。
【点评】一般将来时
①表示未来的动作或状态常用will /shall + 动词（常与表示将来的时间状语边用如tomorrow、next week等）。
②表示一种趋向或习惯动作。We'lldie without air or water.
③表示趋向行为的动词如come、go、start、begin、leave等词常用进行时的形式表示将来时。
④begoing to与will / shall, be to do, be about to do用法及区别：
A shall / will do表示未事先考虑过，即说话时临时作出的决定。
B be going to 表示现在打算在最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，甚至已做了某种准备；begoing to 表将来，不能用在条件状语从句的主句中；而will则能，表意愿。
C be to do sth.表按计划、安排即将发生的动作，还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止，可能性等。
A meeting is to be held at 3:00 o'clockthis afternoon.
D be about to do sth.表示“即将或者正要去做某事”，通常不与时间状语连用,但可与when引导的从句连用，构成常考句型：sb wasabout to do when sb did sth。
注意：
含有情态动词的谓语变化为被动语态：由“情态动词（can, may must, have to等）+be +动词的-ed形式构成。
含有“be going to , be to, used to,be about to”等结构的复合谓语变为被动语态：其构成为“be going to （be to, used to, be about to）+ be +动词的-ed形式”。
11．【答案】A
【知识点】情态动词的基本用法；情态动词的辨析
【解析】【分析】题目考查情态动词。句意：我喜欢周末，因为周六和周日我不需要早起。needn't不需要； mustn't禁止；wouldn't 不愿；shouldn't不应该。根据句意选A。
【点评】常用的情态动词有can，may，must，need,should, had better.
can 的用法：
① 表示能力 “能，会” eg: Hecan speak a little Japanese.他会说一点日语。
② 表示请求或许可 “可以” eg: Can Ihelp you 要我帮忙吗
③ 表示猜测 “可能” eg: Where can she go now 她可能到哪里去了呢
may 的用法：
①表示请求或允许 “可以”“准许” eg: May I go home，please 请问我可以回家吗
② 表示可能性 “ 可能”、也许” eg: I thinkit may rain this afternoon. 我想今天下午可能下雨。
注：might为may的过去式，但也可以代替may，语气较为婉转客气或更加不肯定。
must的用法：
①表示义务、必要或命令 “必须、应该” eg: Youmust come early tomorrow．你明天得早来。
② 表示推测时“肯定，一定” eg: They mustbe at home.The light is on 他们肯定在家,灯亮着呢.
③ must not 禁止，不许 eg: Youmust not tell lies. 你不许撒谎。
注意：①must开头的疑问句，其否定回答通常用 don't have to 或needn't 。而不用mustn't
②can 和 must在 表推测时，can一般否定句中，而must 常用于肯定句中。
need 的用法：
① 情态动词 “需要, 有必要”一般用于否定句或疑问句中。
② 行为动词 “需要, 有必要” 可以用于各种句式中。
need的用法的助记口诀：
实义动词表“需要”，后接名、代、不定式。 need后接动名词，主动形式表被动。
情态动词表“需要”，没有人称 数之变。 其后直接加动原，多用疑问与否定。
12．【答案】B
【知识点】分词；非谓语动词
【解析】【分析】题目考查现在分词表伴随状况。句意：新建的木屋林立在街道的两旁，使古镇变成了一个梦幻之地。turn的逻辑主语是cottages，两者是主动关系，故用现在分词，表示主动和伴随，故选B。
【点评】现在分词和过去分词的区别：在语态上，现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词表示被动意义；在时间上，现在分词表示的动作往往正在进行或者与谓语动词同时发生，过去分词表示的动作已经完成或没有一定的时间性。
13．【答案】A
【知识点】连词；引导原因状语从句的连词；原因状语从句
【解析】【分析】题目考查原因状语从句。句意：我非常喜欢过听音乐，因为它能让我放松，使我不去想其它的事情。前后是因果关系，故选A。
【点评】引导原因状语从句的从属连词。主要的有because, as, since, seeing (that), now (that),considering (that) 等。如：He distrusted me because I was new.他不信任我，因为我是新来的。
14．【答案】B
【知识点】虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的运用；虚拟语气；过去完成时
【解析】【分析】题目考查虚拟语气。句意：你上周为什么没有告诉我你遇到的麻烦？如果你告诉我的话，我就可以帮你了。根据第一句可知，这里是对过去发生的事情进行虚拟，if条件句的时态应该用过去完成时，故选B。
【点评】虚拟语气：不可能发生的事，愿望，建议，与事实相反的假设等.
if从句的谓语动词 主句谓语动词
.与现在事实相反 动词过去式（be一律用were） would/could/might/should+动词原形
与过去事实相反 had done
would/could/might/should+have done
与将来事实可能相反 a.动词过去式（be一律用were） b.should+动词原形（不能用would） c.were to+动词原形 would/could/might/should+动词原形
15．【答案】C
【知识点】表因果关系的连词；并列句
【解析】【分析】题目考查并列连词。句意：我不害怕未知的明天，因为我已经经历了昨天并且深爱着今天。so后跟结果；and表并列关系；but表转折；for补充说明原因，故选C。
【点评】并列连词的用法
①表示转折关系的并列连词。这类连词主要有 but, yet 等。如：
Someone borrowed mypen, but I don't remember who.有人借了我的钢笔，但我不记得是谁了。
② 表示因果关系的并列连词。这类连词主要有 for, so 等。如：
The child had a badcough, so his mother took him to the doctor.
这孩子咳得很利害，所以他妈妈带他去看医生。
注意：for表示结果通常不能放句首，也不能单独使用。
③表示并列关系的并列连词。这类连词主要有 and , or ,either…or , neither…nor , not only…but (also) , both…and , as well as 等。如：
He didn't go andshe didn't go either. 他没去，她也没去。
The weather is mildtoday; it is neither hot nor cold. 今天天气很温暖，不冷也不热。
16．【答案】（1）A；（2）B；（3）D；（4）C；（5）B；（6）C；（7）D；（8）A；（9）B；（10）A；（11）C；（12）D；（13）C；（14）D；（15）C；（16）A；（17）B；（18）A；（19）D；（20）B
【知识点】人物故事类；记叙文
【解析】【分析】文章讲述了一个人们接力运送药物来救患病儿童的感人故事。1925年一月的阿拉斯加北部极其寒冷，由于大雪，诺姆小镇与外界隔绝了。雪上加霜的是，那里的孩子患上了一种致命的传染病——白喉。为了拯救孩子们，人们接力运送药品到诺姆。最总，人们通过狗拉雪橇把药物送到了诺姆。
（1）考查动词辨析。examined检查；warned警告；interviewed采访，面试；cured治愈。医生检查了一个生病的孩子，知道他换上了白喉，选A 。
（2）考查形容词辨析。harmless无害的；helpless无望的；fearless不怕的；careless粗心的。如果白喉肆虐诺姆，那里的孩子都将面临死亡，故选B。
（3）考查副词辨析。Moreover而且；Therefore因此；Otherwise否则；However然而。然而，岁进的药品供应站距离诺姆一千多公里，前后是转折关系，故选D。
（4）考查名词辨析。airport机场；station车站；harbor港口；border边境。根据”so it couldn't come by ship”可知，这里指港口结冰，故选C。（5）考查形容词辨析。narrow狭窄的；snowy被雪覆盖的；busy繁忙的；dirty脏的。根据第一段可知，大雪覆盖了道路，汽车和马都不能通行，故选B。
（6）考查介词辨析。From从，自；On在……上面；By通过，在……之前；After在……之后。by+时间，与完成时连用，后跟过去的时间，用过去完成时；跟将来时间，用将来完成时，故选C。
（7）考查形容词辨析。tired劳累的；upset难过的；pale苍白的；sick生病的。四个孩子相继去世，还有20几个患病，故选D。
（8）考查名词辨析。plan计划；excuse借口；message信息；topic话题。当地的官员想到了一个计划，故选A。
（9）考查名词辨析。air空气；rail栏杆，铁轨；sea海洋；road道路。根据下一段”from the train at Nenana”可知，药物被火车运到Nenana，故选B。
（10）考查动词辨析。A.carry运送，携带；B.return返回，归还；C. mail邮寄；D.give给。然后再由乘坐狗拉的雪橇的人把药物接力送到诺姆，故选A。（11）考查时间状语从句。Though虽然；Since因为，自从； When当； If如果。当他把药物交给下一个人时，他的脸已经被冻得乌青，故选C。
（12）考查动词辨析。enter进入； move移动； visit拜访； cross 穿过。根据“NortonSound was covered with ice”可知，Norton Sound是一片冰冻的水域，Seppala必须穿过这片水域，故选D。
（13）考查形容词辨析。shameful惭愧的；boring令人厌烦的；dangerous危险的；foolish愚蠢的。根据“whichcould sometimes break up without warning”可知，这是旅途最难的一部分，故选C。
（14）考查动词辨析。escape逃跑；bleed 流血； swim游泳；die死亡。如果掉进寒冷的水中，Seppala会被冻死，诺姆的病童们也会去世，故选D。（15）考查名词辨析。memory记忆；exit出口；way道路；destination目的地。根据下一句可知，有的地方被大雪挡住了去路，Seppala不得不绕道行驶，故选C。
（16）考查动词辨析。find找到；fix固定，安装；pass通过；change 改变。当时的天气状况极差，Seppala找到雪橇轨道是不可能的，只能靠他的狗，故选A。
（17）考查动词辨析。pretending假装；trying努力；asking问，要求；learning学会。Seppala的雪橇狗努力嗅着其他狗的味道，故选B。
（18）考查动词辨析。run跑；leave离开；bite咬；play玩耍。Seppala的雪橇狗找到了轨道，开始奔跑起来，故选A。
（19）考查动词辨析。gathered聚集；stayed保持；camped露营，借住；arrived到达。arrive in sp到达某地，这里指终于到达诺姆，故选D。
（20）考查动词辨析。Controlled控制；saved拯救；founded建立；developed发展。所有的孩子得到了救治，诺姆活了下来，故选B。
【点评】完形填空题的命题特点及答题方法：
①侧重基础知识，考查学生语言知识的能力
完形填空以文入手，结合文章的内容考查学生的基础知识，主要是词语搭配、固定句型、近义词辨析、辨析句子结构、掌握语法规则的能力，其中考查实词居多。
②上下文对照，考查学生捕捉关键词的能力
解完形填空题时，单独看一句话是找不到正确答案的，需要注意句子间的关系及句子与段落的关系。所谓上下对照，即在上文和下文中找到与正确答案相同的关键词。因此，在做题时要边读边在大脑中储存上下文信息的能力，捕捉关键词。例如第4空：A.airport机场； B.station车站；C. harbor 港口；D.border边境。根据“so it couldn't come by ship”可知，这里指港口结冰，故选C。
③设置语境，考查学生的分析推理能力
旨在考查学生在选项都符合语法及句子结构的情况下能否利用前后语境去推断出正确答案。
④结合生活，考查学生利用常识题的能力
目的考查学生的生活常识，看看学生是否善于观察生活，积累生活常识，能否利用常识去做恰当的选择。
⑤关注连词，考查学生对行文逻辑、句子关联的理解能力
此项用来考查学生在缺少连词的情况想，通过阅读能否理解句子的与句子的关系，是否了解行文逻辑的要求，能否掌握表示因果、转折、并列、条件、让步等的连词的用法。例如第11空：A. Though虽然；B. Since因为，自从；C. When当；D. If如果。当他把药物交给下一个人时，他的脸已经被冻得乌青，故选C。
17．【答案】（1）B
（2）A
（3）C
【知识点】细节理解题；观点态度题；故事阅读类
【解析】【分析】这是一封书信。作者患有多动症，因为注意力不能集中，作者无法上大学。作者在家通过网络自学了计算机知识，并找到了心仪的工作。作者认为自己能够和同龄人做得一样好。
（1）细节理解题。根据第四段”my disease got worse. I want to go to college afterhigh school, but I couldn't”可知，“我”的多动症加重了，无法上大学，故选B。
（2）细节理解题。根据倒数第三段”without dealing with the public”排除B；根据”I could work alone, but still have a team to talkto.”可知，“我”不想处理复杂的人际关系，想单独工作，故选A。
（3）写作意图题。根据倒数第二段”Thank you. You've given me hope that I can followmy heart. For the first time, I feel good about myself”可知，作者写信的目的是表达感谢，故选C。
【点评】细节理解题的类型：
①直接信息题
对此类题型，考生可以首先从问题中找到关键词，然后以此为线索，运用略读及查阅的技巧在文中迅速寻找这一细节，找到后再把这一部分内容仔细阅读一遍，仔细比较所给选项与文中细节的细微区别，在准确理解细节的前提下，最后确定最佳答案。56、57题都可以直接在文中找到有关信息。
②间接信息题
做这类题目时，考生需要对原文信息进行加工处理，然后再进行进一步的推理或鉴别，这是介于事实细节题和推理判断题之间的一种题型，对考生来说有一定难度。
③数字计算题
数字计算题也是近几年高考中常考的内容，此类试题是在文章中直接表现出来细节事实，有的要经过具体的计算才能够得出正确的答案。具体的计算题可以是对年代的计算、月份的计算或比例的计算等。文章中经常会出现许多数字，它们对解题产生一定的影响。解答此类试题的方法是先来理解文章的大意，然后经过对比、分析、计算等就能够得出正确的答案。
④排列顺序题
这种试题要求考生根据事件发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件发生的正确顺序。做这种题时可采用“首尾定位法”，即最先找出第一个事件和最后一个事件，迅速缩小选择范围，从而快速选出正确答案。
⑤图表图画题
在有图表图画的阅读理解中，有的图表图画出现在阅读理解文章中，有的出现在选项中，这些图片的出现增加了试题的直观性，同时也暗含着和文章内容相关的信息。在解答此类试题的时候，一定要把握图表图画中所暗含的信息，特别是有些事实是通过图片来叙述的，我们可以采用按图寻找正确答案的方法。
18．【答案】（1）B
（2）A
（3）D
（4）A
【知识点】细节理解题；观点态度题；段落大意；故事阅读类
【解析】【分析】Natalie是一个14岁的孩子，她生活的地方Brooklyn遭到了飓风桑迪的袭击，受灾严重。看到人们在帮助家乡重建，Natalie也加入了进去，Natalie创建网站来分享求助信息，帮助捐赠者找到需要的受助者。Natalie的行为得到了社会的认可和表扬。
（1）段落大意题。A项未提及；根据第三段“Natalie's school was so damaged that she had to temporarily attend a school in Brooklyn.”可知，学校没有搬走，而是暂时去Brooklyn上学，排除C；根据“peoplewere suffering, especially the elderly”排除D；根据“Whenthey returned to Rockaway the next day, they found their neighborhood inruins.”可知，他们的街区被飓风毁了，故选B。
（2）细节理解题。根据第四段“In the following few days, the men and women helping Rockaway recover inspired Natalie.”可知，那些帮助Rockaway恢复重建的人给了Natalie鼓舞，故选A。
（3）细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“Shecreated a website page matching survivors in need with donors who wanted tohelp.”可知，Natalie创建了一个网站来分享和匹配求助信息和捐赠信息，故选D。
（4）写作意图提。根据倒数第二段“Herefforts made her a famous person. Last April, she was invited to the WhiteHouse and honored as a Hurricane Sandy Champion of Change.”可知，Natalie的助人行为得到了社会的认可和赞扬，说明小人物也可以有大作为，故选A。
【点评】故事类文章是高考阅读理解常选材料之一。这类文章常通过叙述突出人物性格特征或讲述个人经历与感悟，以及逸闻趣事。文章的要素有时间、地点、人物、事件等。有些是按事件发展的经过为主线叙述的，在叙述的过程中有详有略；有些是按时间的顺序叙述的，有顺叙、倒叙等。解题技巧：
①高考选用的此类文章常常为幽默类或情感类故事，其目的或阐明某种观点，或抨击某种陋习，或赞扬某种品德，所以要关注作者表达的个人感悟，提出的个人意见，或故事中出其不意的变化，而这些往往体现文章中心或写作意图，属于必考点。如本题中的第62题：通过Natalie帮助他人的行为告诉读者小人物也可以有大作为这一道理。
②该类文章语言流畅、有趣，命题往往从故事的情节、人物或事件之间的关系、作者的意图和态度、故事的前因和后果等方面入手，考查学生对细节的辨认能力以及推理判断能力。这类文章同学们常有文章易懂，题目不易做的感觉。要注意培养自己快速阅读的习惯。切不可在个别难懂的词句上停留太久，耽误时间。
③对整篇短文内容有了一定的了解后，要马上看短文后的问题，带着问题去选择或判断答案。要确定所需查找的信息范围，并注意所查找信息的特点。例如：如果问题或选项涉及到人名、地名，就应该找首字母大写的单词；如果问题或选项涉及时间、日期、数字，就应该寻找具体的数据。
19．【答案】（1）D
（2）B
（3）D
（4）C
【知识点】推理判断题；细节理解题；段落大意；科普环保类
【解析】【分析】加利福尼亚神鹰是北美最大的鸟类，双翼展开可达3米。由于频繁的触电和铅中毒，加利福尼亚神鹰几乎绝迹。现在，电击和药物治疗正在拯救加利福尼亚神鹰。
（1）推理判断题。根据第三段“As they go in to rest for the night,”排除A；根据第二段“In the late 1980s, the last few condors were taken from the wild”可知，condors一直生活在野外，排除B; 根据第二段“more than 150 flying over California and nearby Arizona,Utah and Baja in Mexico”可知，不止加利福尼亚由condors，排除C,故选D。
（2）细节理解题。根据第三段“Electrical lines have been killingthem off.……Their wings can bridge the gap betweenlines, resulting in electrocution(电死) if they touch two lines at once.”可知，神鹰不知道停在电线上会触电身亡，它们经常停在电线上休息，结果，很多被电死了，故选B。
（3）段落大意题。根据“This affects their nervous systemsand ability to produce baby birds, and can lead to kidney(肾) failuresand death.”可知，金属铅会刺激神鹰神经系统，影响它们的生育能力，导致肾衰竭和死亡，故选D。
（4）推理判断题。根据“justunder eight years”可知，身影的平均寿命太短，排除A；根据“Althoughthese measures are not effective forever”可，目前采用的措施并不能永远有效，排除D;根据第六段“They are truly good birds that areworth every effort we put into recovering them.”可知，Rideout团队的研究兴趣在于怎样挽救这一濒危物种，故选C。
【点评】推理判断题属于主观题，是层次较高的题目。它包括判断题和推理题。这两类题常常相互依存，推理是为了作出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。此类题要求在理解表面文字的基础上，作出判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意思和深层意思，也就是通过文章中的文字信息、上下文的逻辑关系及事物的发展变化等已知的信息，推断出作者没有直接表达的态度和观点。
推理判断题的解题方法 ：推理判断题不仅要求考生读懂文章中的每个句子的意思还要推理它们之间的关系，结合自己的生活常识和经验，再通过逻辑推理和判断，理解文章的言外之意，从而揭示文章的深层涵义。任何一篇文章都有其特定的写作目的，读者需要知道如何去做或按照某种方式思考问题。推理判断题的答案不可能在文章中直接找到，因此推理时我们务必要忠于原文，在文章中寻找并确定可推论的依据，即：已知部分－推论的前提，从中推测出未知部分－推理的结论，切忌妄加评论，把自己的观点当成作者的观点。
20．【答案】（1）B
（2）A
（3）D
（4）C
【知识点】推理判断题；词义猜测题；观点态度题；文章结构题；社会现象类
【解析】【分析】大学并不是温暖的家庭，也不能成为学生的家庭。大学时期应该是培养自主性和自我同一性的重要时期。大学是孩子脱离父母控制的决定性时期，因此，学校不应该成为像家庭一样让孩子依赖的地方。
（1）细节观点态度题。根据第一段“The college years are supposed to be a time forimportant growth in autonomy(自主性) and the development of adult identity. However……”可知，作者认为，大学不应该成为孩子们依赖的“家庭”，说明作者不赞成父母继续指导上大学的孩子，故选B。
（2）猜测词义题。根据“from the shelter of the family to autonomy and adultresponsibility”可知，从家庭庇护到自主性和成年人的责任，这是一种转变、变化，故选A。
（3）推理判断题。每个人的个性都是不同的，排除A；根据第四段“If students rely on administrators to regulate theirsocial behavior and thinking pattern, they are not facing……”可知，作者不赞成大学管理者约束学生的社会行为，排除B；大学不是一个无忧无虑的场所，排除C；大学应该是学习知识和促进学生成长的地方，故选D。
（4）篇章结构题。根据第四段“ Learning to deal with the social world is equallyimportant.”中的“equally important”和第五段的“moreover”可知，第四段和第五段是第三段的次要论点，故选C。
【点评】三类篇章结构题的出题方式
①结构识辨:此类组织结构题要求考生能够识别文章、段落的组织结构或行文方式。 结构识辨类组织结构题常见的题干表述方式如下：
How isthe text organized
Theauthor develops the passage mainly by________.
Thetext is mainly developed in the order of________.
Whichof the following shows the structure of the passage
②组织结构功能: 此类组织结构题要求考生判断文章或段落组织结构的功能、作用，其常见的题干表述方式如下：
Theauthor quoted …words in...paragraph in order to make the article________.
③结构推测: 此类组织结构题要求考生能够根据文章或段落的组织结构、行文方式或段落内容推测文章前后未呈现的写作内容。其常见的题干表述方式如下：
Whatwould the author probably discuss in the paragraph that follows
Whichof the following do you think has been discussed in the part before thisselection
解题策略
考查组织结构的文章通常行文组织结构都比较清晰、规范，因此，具备文体、写作方式和文章组织结构方面相关知识对于有效解答此类题目具有至关重要的作用。
①记叙文可以采取以时间为序、以地点为序、以故事情节发展为序（开端、发展、高潮、结局）等叙事方式进行写作。以故事情节为序又可以不按照时间的先后顺序叙述，比如，先写结局，再写其他, 最后写高潮，这种叙事手法叫做倒叙。
②议论文总体上可以分为四类：
第一类，“提出论点——分论点一——分论点二——分论点三…——结论”；
第二类，“引入段——导出论点——分点论述——结论”；
第三类，“提出问题——分析问题——解决问题”；
第四类，“提出反面观点——批驳反面观点——提出正面观点”。
③说明文往往采取下定义、举例子、列数字、对比或比较等说明方式进行写作，而这些说明方式都是为了使文章要说明的内容或问题更加清晰明了、真实可信，或者更具说服力。
21．【答案】F；C；A；E；G
【知识点】七选五
【解析】【分析】文章从科学上追求冒险和刺激进行了解释。冒险行为与大脑的工作机制有关，当大脑的快乐中枢被激活时，人们就会采取冒险行为。
①考查上下文串联。前一句提到了“weigh the riskand the reward”，F项“然而，并不是所有人都是用同样的参考标准来权衡风险和回报”符合语境，故选F。
②考查上下文串联。Hunting，fighting，orexploring狩猎、战斗和探索等活动是生存的必要条件，C项中的these是对这些活动的指代，故选C。
③考查上下文串联。根据“human developeda range of character types……”可知，人们形成的不同类型的性格如今仍然存在，正是不同的性格类型才导致了我我们对冒险行为采取不同的态度，故选A。
④考查上下文串联。E项中的when与“yourwillingness to take risks increases during your teenage years”中的teenageyears对应，故选E。
⑤考查上下文串联。根据“a part of thebrain…white for the rest of us…”可知，本段讲的是冒险行为与大脑的关系，故选G。
【点评】①先看选项。跟完形填空不一样，七选五的答案选项较少，并且给出的都是句子，因此，我们可以通过句子的完整性或者句子后面的标点符号来判断该句在文章中的位置。另外，通过阅读选项，有可能找出跟其他选项表达完全不同意思的句子，这样的话我们就可以直接将该选项排除。
②再看空前空后。由于七选五空出的是整个句子，而这些句子与句子之间，必然有一种联系，因此我们可以通过选项中某个名词或动词跟空前或空后的一致性或者相关性来确定这两个句子之间有一种关联性，从而选择正确的答案。
③注意代词或定冠词。在做这类题目的时候，一定要注意句子中出现的人称代词或者指示代词，因为我们知道，代词是指代一个名词或者一个句子的，然后通过代词在句子中所做的成分我们可以推断出它指代的句子的类型，我们要做的就是从选项中找这类句型就可以了。
④注意一些特殊疑问词。如果选项中或空前出现特殊疑问词，一定要把这句话仔细读几遍，因为对于不同特殊疑问词的回答方式是不一样的，比如对why的回答，后面要有because等表原因的词，对when的回答，后面要有表时间的状语，对where的回答，后面要有表地点的名词，对how的回答，后面要有方式状语等。
⑤注意一些连词。如一些表示转折的连词，but，However，yet，though，nevertheless等，另外还有一些表示并列关系的连词如and，also，aswellas，neithernor，eitheror，notonly...butalso，ononehand....ontheotherhand等。因为这些连词可以表现句子与句子之间的关系，通过不同的连词我们可以推知句子与句子之间不同的关系。
22．【答案】Dear Jim, It's great to hear from you. I feel proud knowing your interest in Chinese history. As for my favourite figure in Chinese history, it must be Wei Yuan, a great thinker in the late Qing Dynasty. He, in his book, Haiguo Tuzhi (Mps and Records of the World), introduced modern technologies and ideas to China. That opened our eyes to the world. In fact, he inspires me to major in English in college to be a bridge between China and the world. Interested in knowing more I can find you some books! Just let me know. Cheers! Yours, Li Hua
【知识点】提纲作文；半开放性作文
【解析】【分析】题材新颖，要求介绍中国历史人物，内容包括喜欢的历史人物、他的贡献和对你的影响。不少于50词，使用一般现在时和一般过去时以及第一人称和第三人称进行写作。
亮点说明：范文使用了词组hear from, Asfor, In fact和搭配inspire sb to do sth等，丰富了作文内容；范文注意上下文的语意连贯。
【点评】题材偏向于信息介绍类的开放式写作，对于应用文格式的要求并不高，但对于语言组织和词汇积累的要求极高。本次应用文并没有限定考生必须写某一位历史人物，但是谈及人物的贡献和对自己的影响时，考生有可能会遇到大量的词汇障碍，故难度较去年明显提升。
23．【答案】例文Actions for a Greener Earth A week before Earth Day, posters were put up around our school, calling upon us to join in the actions for a greener earth. Our class came up with the idea to make better use of used materials. We brought toour classroom worn-out clothes, pieces of cardboard and empty plastic bottles and turned those into dolls, handbags, tissue boxes and small vases. That weekend, we went to a nearby neighborhood and gave them away to the people there. All were very happy with those unexpected gifts, especially little kids and elderly people. We did so well that we were invited to share our idea and experience with all the students of our school. We are very proud of ourselves and believe we can do more for a better world.
【知识点】看图写话；图画式记叙文
【解析】【分析】题目要求按照四幅画的先后顺序，以“Actionsfor a Greener Earth”为题，给校刊“英语角”写一篇英文稿件，介绍活动的全过程。词数不少于60词，参考词汇必须使用。是用一般过去时和第一人称进行写作。
亮点说明：范文使用了非谓语动词calling upon us to join in the actions和so...that句型与宾语从句we can do more for abetter world等，句式多样；还使用了固定词组call sb to do sth, join in, come up with. Make useof, turn...into, give away, be proud of等，使作文内容变得丰富。
【点评】话题比较常规，整体难度适中。“地球日”系列活动属于保护环境的体裁内容，考生并不陌生。内容主要包括：公告栏了解活动、分工制作、变废为宝的宣传活动、主题讲座等。一定要按照四幅图的顺序来写，不可打乱顺序；注意行文的连贯性，多使用一些连接词。
1 / 12016年高考英语真题试卷（北京卷）
一、单项填空。
1．（2016·北京）Jack in the lab when the power cut occurred.
A．works B．has worked C．was working D．would work
【答案】C
【知识点】过去进行时
【解析】【分析】题目考查时态。句意：突然断电时，杰克正在实验室里工作。根据occurred可知，这里指过去发生的事情，断电时，杰克正在工作，综合用过去进行时，故选C。
【点评】过去进行时的构成：was/were+动词的现在分词(--ing)
过去进行时的用法：①表示在过去某时刻正在进行或发生的动作，通常与表过去的时间壮语连用。例如：Atthis moment yesterday, I was packing for camp.昨天这个时候，我正在收拾东西去露营。
②表移动的动词，如come,go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等词的过去进行时，可以表示过去将要发生的动作。例如：Shetold me that she was going to Hainan for her holiday. 她告诉我她将去海南度假。
③在含有时间状语从句的复合句中，表示一个过去的动作发生时或发生之后，另一个动作正在进行。
例如：It was rainingwhen they left the station. 他们离开车站时，正下着雨。
WhenI got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.我到达山顶时，阳光灿烂。
④在叙述或描写过去的事情时，过去进行时经常与其它过去时态，特别时是一般过去时连用。但是过去进行时往往是表示背景。例如：Onenight, he was typing in his study. Suddenly, a man broke into hishouse and cut off the electricity.一天晚上，他正在书房里打字。突然，一个人闯进屋来，切断了电源。
2．（2016·北京）I live next door to a couple children often make a lot of noise.
A．whose B．why C．where D．which
【答案】A
【知识点】关系代词引导定语从句的用法
【解析】【分析】题目考查定语从句的关系词。a couple是先行词，这对夫妻的孩子很吵，children和couple是所属关系，故用whose作定语，相当于the children of whom，故选A。
【点评】定语从句的关系词分为关系代词（who,whom, whose, that, which, as 等）和关系副词
（when, where, why等）
①关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在从句中充当主语、宾语，定语等成分。关系副词可代替的先行词是表示时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
②关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时，关系代词可省略（非限定性定语从句中不可省略）。
③ 非限定性定语从句中，关系词均不可省略。注意关系代词that, 关系副词why, 不可用于非限定性定语从句。
④作介词宾语的关系代词：在限制和非限制性定语从句中，关系代词作介词宾语，即介词+关系代词，whom用于指人，which用于指物，不能用that。
3．（2016·北京）—Excuse me, which movie are you waiting for
—The new Star Wars. We here for more than two hours.
A．waited B．wait
C．would be waiting D．have been waiting
【答案】D
【知识点】现在完成进行时
【解析】【分析】句意：…打扰了，你在等哪一部电影？…在等着看《星球大战》，我们已经等了两个多小时了。for+时间段，与完成时连用，根据语境可知。说话的时候仍然在等，因此用现在完成进行时。故选D。
【点评】现在完成进行时由“助动词have/has been+ -ing形式”构成。用法如下：
①现在完成进行时表示过去的动作持续到现在并有可能延续下去的动作。常和for，since引导的时间状语连用。
②表示一个动作从过去某时开始，一直延续到说话时候刚结束。
③表示重复（只断断续续，而非一直不停）
4．（2016·北京）Your support is important to our work. you can do helps.
A．However B．Whoever C．Whatever D．Wherever
【答案】C
【知识点】主语从句
【解析】【分析】题目考查主语从句。helps是谓语，“you can do”是主语成分，即主语从句，在主语从句中，do后缺少宾语，因此用whatever引导，故选C。
【点评】主语从句Subject Clauses (在主语的位置上)
①从句的连接词可以是that, 也可以是特殊疑问词wh-。
Thathe is a famous singer is known to us.= It is known to us that…
Whetherwe shall attend the meeting hasn't been decided yet.
Whowill go makes no difference.
It isknown to us that he is a famous singer.
It isnot yet fixed when he will go to America.
本题中，whatever引导主语从句，同时作do的宾语。
②wh和ever 连用的词引导的名词性从句和状语从句的区别
区分使用wh-和wh-ever:wh 有疑问的意思；wh-ever有肯定强调的意思
*Who will be invited hasn't been decided.
*Whoever comes here is welcomed.
*A reward of $1,000 willbe given to whoever can provide any clues to the case.
*The gift will be given to whomever I like.
wh-ever 在引导名词性从句时不能用nomatter wh-来替换，但在引导状语从句时可以替换
Whateverhappened, he would not mind.
= No matterwhat happened, he……
5．（2016·北京）I half of the English novel, and I'll try to finish it at the weekend.
A．read B．have read C．am reading D．will read
【答案】B
【知识点】现在完成时
【解析】【分析】题目考查时态。句意：我已经看完了这本英文小说的一半，周末把另一半看完。“看小说”这一动作发生在过去，到目前为止看了一半，故用完成时，故选B。
【点评】现在完成时基本用法：
①表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，常与already,yet, ever, never, just，before 等词连用。
②表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。往往和表示一段时间的时间状语连用，常用的有：for＋一段时间；since+过去时间点或从句。（Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度），提问用Howlong.
6．（2016·北京） it easier to get in touch with us, you'd better keep this card at hand.
A．Made B．Make C．Making D．To make
【答案】D
【知识点】非谓语动词
【解析】【分析】题目考查不定式作目的状语。句意：为了更方便地联系到我们，你最好随身带着这张卡片。根据句意可知，这里是目的状语，表目的用动词不定式，故选D。
【点评】不定式作状语表示目的、结果、原因等，有时还有一些固定搭配的不定式短语，如inorder to , so as to, so…as to, such …as to, ….enough to, too…to等。
①做目的状语，just to, only to （仅仅为了）, inorder to, so as to, so(such)….as to…（如此···以便···）
如：He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
He came to the school to see his son.
②作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。
如：He hurried to the post office only to findit was closed.
He searched the room only to find nothing.
③做原因状语。如：
We were very excited to hear the news.
I'm glad to see you.
④做条件状语。如：To turn to theleft, you could find a post office.
7．（2016·北京）My grandfather still plays tennis now and then, he's in his nineties.
A．as long as B．as if C．even though D．in case
【答案】C
【知识点】引导让步状语从句的连词；让步状语从句
【解析】【分析】句意：即使是九十多岁了，我的爷爷仍然可以时不时地打打网球。as long as 只要，引导条件状语从句；as if似乎，引导方式状语从句；even though即使，引导让步状语从句；in case以防，引导目的状语从句。这里是转折关系，故选C。
【点评】
8．（2016·北京）______ over a week ago, the books are expected to arrive any time now.
A．Ordering B．To order C．Having ordered D．Ordered
【答案】D
【知识点】分词；非谓语动词
【解析】【分析】句意：（因为）那些书是一周多之前订的，现在随时有可能送到。books和order是动宾关系，即order books/books are ordered，故用过去分词表示被动和完成，在此相当于原因状语从句because they wereordered……，故选D。
【点评】考查过去分词作状语。
9．（2016·北京）The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is _____ one can be entirely free from dust.
A．what B．that C．whether D．why
【答案】B
【知识点】表语从句
【解析】【分析】题目考查表语从句。句意：雨季最令人愉悦的就是人们可以完全不再受到沙尘暴的困扰。is后跟从句作表语，即表语从句，表语从句不缺少主语、谓语和宾语，因此用that，只起引导作用，故选B。
【点评】表语从句Predictive Clauses (在be动词 后)
①从句的连接词可以是that, 也可以是wh-的特殊疑问词。
The fact is that she never liked him.
The question is whether the movie is worthseeing.
The question is who can complete thedifficult task.
This/That/It is because …
I think it is because you are doing toomuch.
The reason why…is that…
The reason why the playis successful is that it appeals to many different people.
②只能用whether的情况
在表语从句、主语从句、同位语从句中
在介词后的宾语从句中
It all depends on whether they will supportus.
在不定式之前
He doesn't know whether to stay or not.
从句中有or not时
He doesn't know whether he should stayor not.
10．（2016·北京）The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts ______ success in the end.
A．rewarded B．were rewarded
C．will reward D．will be rewarded
【答案】D
【知识点】动词的语态；一般将来时
【解析】【分析】题目考查时态和语态。句意：学生们一直在刻苦学习功课，他们的努力（将来）一定会得到回报。句意可知，回报是将来要发生的事情，应该用将来时；efforts和reward是被动关系，应该使用被动语态，故选D。
【点评】一般将来时
①表示未来的动作或状态常用will /shall + 动词（常与表示将来的时间状语边用如tomorrow、next week等）。
②表示一种趋向或习惯动作。We'lldie without air or water.
③表示趋向行为的动词如come、go、start、begin、leave等词常用进行时的形式表示将来时。
④begoing to与will / shall, be to do, be about to do用法及区别：
A shall / will do表示未事先考虑过，即说话时临时作出的决定。
B be going to 表示现在打算在最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，甚至已做了某种准备；begoing to 表将来，不能用在条件状语从句的主句中；而will则能，表意愿。
C be to do sth.表按计划、安排即将发生的动作，还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止，可能性等。
A meeting is to be held at 3:00 o'clockthis afternoon.
D be about to do sth.表示“即将或者正要去做某事”，通常不与时间状语连用,但可与when引导的从句连用，构成常考句型：sb wasabout to do when sb did sth。
注意：
含有情态动词的谓语变化为被动语态：由“情态动词（can, may must, have to等）+be +动词的-ed形式构成。
含有“be going to , be to, used to,be about to”等结构的复合谓语变为被动语态：其构成为“be going to （be to, used to, be about to）+ be +动词的-ed形式”。
11．（2016·北京）I love the weekend, because I _____ get up early on Saturdays and Sundays.
A．needn't B．mustn't C．wouldn't D．shouldn't
【答案】A
【知识点】情态动词的基本用法；情态动词的辨析
【解析】【分析】题目考查情态动词。句意：我喜欢周末，因为周六和周日我不需要早起。needn't不需要； mustn't禁止；wouldn't 不愿；shouldn't不应该。根据句意选A。
【点评】常用的情态动词有can，may，must，need,should, had better.
can 的用法：
① 表示能力 “能，会” eg: Hecan speak a little Japanese.他会说一点日语。
② 表示请求或许可 “可以” eg: Can Ihelp you 要我帮忙吗
③ 表示猜测 “可能” eg: Where can she go now 她可能到哪里去了呢
may 的用法：
①表示请求或允许 “可以”“准许” eg: May I go home，please 请问我可以回家吗
② 表示可能性 “ 可能”、也许” eg: I thinkit may rain this afternoon. 我想今天下午可能下雨。
注：might为may的过去式，但也可以代替may，语气较为婉转客气或更加不肯定。
must的用法：
①表示义务、必要或命令 “必须、应该” eg: Youmust come early tomorrow．你明天得早来。
② 表示推测时“肯定，一定” eg: They mustbe at home.The light is on 他们肯定在家,灯亮着呢.
③ must not 禁止，不许 eg: Youmust not tell lies. 你不许撒谎。
注意：①must开头的疑问句，其否定回答通常用 don't have to 或needn't 。而不用mustn't
②can 和 must在 表推测时，can一般否定句中，而must 常用于肯定句中。
need 的用法：
① 情态动词 “需要, 有必要”一般用于否定句或疑问句中。
② 行为动词 “需要, 有必要” 可以用于各种句式中。
need的用法的助记口诀：
实义动词表“需要”，后接名、代、不定式。 need后接动名词，主动形式表被动。
情态动词表“需要”，没有人称 数之变。 其后直接加动原，多用疑问与否定。
12．（2016·北京）Newly-built wooden cottages line the street, _______ the old town into a dreamland.
A．turn B．turning C．to turn D．turned
【答案】B
【知识点】分词；非谓语动词
【解析】【分析】题目考查现在分词表伴随状况。句意：新建的木屋林立在街道的两旁，使古镇变成了一个梦幻之地。turn的逻辑主语是cottages，两者是主动关系，故用现在分词，表示主动和伴随，故选B。
【点评】现在分词和过去分词的区别：在语态上，现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词表示被动意义；在时间上，现在分词表示的动作往往正在进行或者与谓语动词同时发生，过去分词表示的动作已经完成或没有一定的时间性。
13．（2016·北京）I really enjoy listening to music ___ it helps me relax and takes my mind away from other cares of the day.
A．because B．before C．unless D．until
【答案】A
【知识点】连词；引导原因状语从句的连词；原因状语从句
【解析】【分析】题目考查原因状语从句。句意：我非常喜欢过听音乐，因为它能让我放松，使我不去想其它的事情。前后是因果关系，故选A。
【点评】引导原因状语从句的从属连词。主要的有because, as, since, seeing (that), now (that),considering (that) 等。如：He distrusted me because I was new.他不信任我，因为我是新来的。
14．（2016·北京）Why didn't you tell me about your trouble last week If you ___ me, I could have helped.
A．told B．had told C．were to tell D．would tell
【答案】B
【知识点】虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的运用；虚拟语气；过去完成时
【解析】【分析】题目考查虚拟语气。句意：你上周为什么没有告诉我你遇到的麻烦？如果你告诉我的话，我就可以帮你了。根据第一句可知，这里是对过去发生的事情进行虚拟，if条件句的时态应该用过去完成时，故选B。
【点评】虚拟语气：不可能发生的事，愿望，建议，与事实相反的假设等.
if从句的谓语动词 主句谓语动词
.与现在事实相反 动词过去式（be一律用were） would/could/might/should+动词原形
与过去事实相反 had done
would/could/might/should+have done
与将来事实可能相反 a.动词过去式（be一律用were） b.should+动词原形（不能用would） c.were to+动词原形 would/could/might/should+动词原形
15．（2016·北京）I am not afraid of tomorrow, ______ I have seen yesterday and I love today.
A．so B．and C．for D．but
【答案】C
【知识点】表因果关系的连词；并列句
【解析】【分析】题目考查并列连词。句意：我不害怕未知的明天，因为我已经经历了昨天并且深爱着今天。so后跟结果；and表并列关系；but表转折；for补充说明原因，故选C。
【点评】并列连词的用法
①表示转折关系的并列连词。这类连词主要有 but, yet 等。如：
Someone borrowed mypen, but I don't remember who.有人借了我的钢笔，但我不记得是谁了。
② 表示因果关系的并列连词。这类连词主要有 for, so 等。如：
The child had a badcough, so his mother took him to the doctor.
这孩子咳得很利害，所以他妈妈带他去看医生。
注意：for表示结果通常不能放句首，也不能单独使用。
③表示并列关系的并列连词。这类连词主要有 and , or ,either…or , neither…nor , not only…but (also) , both…and , as well as 等。如：
He didn't go andshe didn't go either. 他没去，她也没去。
The weather is mildtoday; it is neither hot nor cold. 今天天气很温暖，不冷也不热。
二、完形填空。
16．（2016·北京）阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上讲该项涂黑。
A Race Against Death
It was a cold January in 1925 in North Alaska. The town was cut off from the rest of the world due to heavy snow.
On the 20th of that month, Dr. Welch （1） a Sick boy, Billy, and knew he had diphtheria, a deadly infectious (传染的) disease mainly affecting children. The children of Nome would be （2） if it struck the town. Dr. Welch needed medicine as soon as possible to stop other kids from getting sick. （3） , the closest supply was over 1,000 miles away, in Anchorage.
How could the medicine get to Nome The town's （4） was already full of ice, so it couldn't come by ship. Cars and horses couldn't travel on the （5） roads. Jet airplanes and big trucks didn't exist yet.
（6） January 26, Billy and three other children had died. Twenty more were （7） . Nome's town officials came up with a(n) （8） . They would have the medicine sent by （9） from Anchorage to Nenana. From there, dogsled(狗拉雪橇) drivers—known as “mushers”—would （10） it to Nome in a relay(接力).
The race began on January 27. The first musher, Shannon, picked up the medicine from the train at Nenana and rode all night. （11） he handed the medicine to the next musher, Shannon's face was black from the extreme cold.
On January 31, a musher named Seppala had to （12） a frozen body of water called Norton Sound. It was the most （13） part of the journey. Norton Sound was covered with ice, which could sometimes break up without warning. If that happened, Seppala might fall into the icy water below. He would （14） , and so would the sick children of Nome. But Seppala made it across.
A huge snowstorm hit on February 1. Amusher named Kaasen had to brave this storm. At one point, huge piles of snow blocked his （15） . He had to leave the trail (雪橇痕迹)to get around them. Conditions were so bad that it was impossible for him to （16） the trail again. The only hope was Balto, Kaasen's lead dog, Balto put his nose to the ground, （17） to find the smell of other dogs that had traveled on the trail. If Balto failed, it would mean disaster for Nome. The minutes passed by. Suddenly, Balto began to （18） . He had found the trail.
At 5:30 am on February 2, Kaasen and his dog （19） in Nome. Within minutes, Dr. Welch had the medicine. He quickly gave it to the sick children. All of them recovered.
Nome had been （20） .
（1）A．examined B．warned
C．interviewed D．cured
（2）A．harmless B．helpless
C．fearless D．careless
（3）A．Moreover B．Therefore
C．Otherwise D．However
（4）A．airport B．station
C．harbor D．border
（5）A．narrow B．snowy
C．busy D．dirty
（6）A．From B．On
C．By D．After
（7）A．tired B．upset
C．pale D．sick
（8）A．plan B．excuse
C．message D．topic
（9）A．air B．rail
C．sea D．road
（10）A．carry B．return
C．mail D．give
（11）A．Though B．Since
C．When D．If
（12）A．enter B．move
C．visit D．cross
（13）A．shameful B．boring
C．dangerous D．foolish
（14）A．escape B．bleed
C．swim D．die
（15）A．memory B．exit
C．way D．destination
（16）A．find B．fix
C．pass D．change
（17）A．pretending B．trying
C．asking D．learning
（18）A．run B．leave
C．bite D．play
（19）A．gathered B．stayed
C．camped D．arrived
（20）A．controlled B．saved
C．founded D．developed
【答案】（1）A；（2）B；（3）D；（4）C；（5）B；（6）C；（7）D；（8）A；（9）B；（10）A；（11）C；（12）D；（13）C；（14）D；（15）C；（16）A；（17）B；（18）A；（19）D；（20）B
【知识点】人物故事类；记叙文
【解析】【分析】文章讲述了一个人们接力运送药物来救患病儿童的感人故事。1925年一月的阿拉斯加北部极其寒冷，由于大雪，诺姆小镇与外界隔绝了。雪上加霜的是，那里的孩子患上了一种致命的传染病——白喉。为了拯救孩子们，人们接力运送药品到诺姆。最总，人们通过狗拉雪橇把药物送到了诺姆。
（1）考查动词辨析。examined检查；warned警告；interviewed采访，面试；cured治愈。医生检查了一个生病的孩子，知道他换上了白喉，选A 。
（2）考查形容词辨析。harmless无害的；helpless无望的；fearless不怕的；careless粗心的。如果白喉肆虐诺姆，那里的孩子都将面临死亡，故选B。
（3）考查副词辨析。Moreover而且；Therefore因此；Otherwise否则；However然而。然而，岁进的药品供应站距离诺姆一千多公里，前后是转折关系，故选D。
（4）考查名词辨析。airport机场；station车站；harbor港口；border边境。根据”so it couldn't come by ship”可知，这里指港口结冰，故选C。（5）考查形容词辨析。narrow狭窄的；snowy被雪覆盖的；busy繁忙的；dirty脏的。根据第一段可知，大雪覆盖了道路，汽车和马都不能通行，故选B。
（6）考查介词辨析。From从，自；On在……上面；By通过，在……之前；After在……之后。by+时间，与完成时连用，后跟过去的时间，用过去完成时；跟将来时间，用将来完成时，故选C。
（7）考查形容词辨析。tired劳累的；upset难过的；pale苍白的；sick生病的。四个孩子相继去世，还有20几个患病，故选D。
（8）考查名词辨析。plan计划；excuse借口；message信息；topic话题。当地的官员想到了一个计划，故选A。
（9）考查名词辨析。air空气；rail栏杆，铁轨；sea海洋；road道路。根据下一段”from the train at Nenana”可知，药物被火车运到Nenana，故选B。
（10）考查动词辨析。A.carry运送，携带；B.return返回，归还；C. mail邮寄；D.give给。然后再由乘坐狗拉的雪橇的人把药物接力送到诺姆，故选A。（11）考查时间状语从句。Though虽然；Since因为，自从； When当； If如果。当他把药物交给下一个人时，他的脸已经被冻得乌青，故选C。
（12）考查动词辨析。enter进入； move移动； visit拜访； cross 穿过。根据“NortonSound was covered with ice”可知，Norton Sound是一片冰冻的水域，Seppala必须穿过这片水域，故选D。
（13）考查形容词辨析。shameful惭愧的；boring令人厌烦的；dangerous危险的；foolish愚蠢的。根据“whichcould sometimes break up without warning”可知，这是旅途最难的一部分，故选C。
（14）考查动词辨析。escape逃跑；bleed 流血； swim游泳；die死亡。如果掉进寒冷的水中，Seppala会被冻死，诺姆的病童们也会去世，故选D。（15）考查名词辨析。memory记忆；exit出口；way道路；destination目的地。根据下一句可知，有的地方被大雪挡住了去路，Seppala不得不绕道行驶，故选C。
（16）考查动词辨析。find找到；fix固定，安装；pass通过；change 改变。当时的天气状况极差，Seppala找到雪橇轨道是不可能的，只能靠他的狗，故选A。
（17）考查动词辨析。pretending假装；trying努力；asking问，要求；learning学会。Seppala的雪橇狗努力嗅着其他狗的味道，故选B。
（18）考查动词辨析。run跑；leave离开；bite咬；play玩耍。Seppala的雪橇狗找到了轨道，开始奔跑起来，故选A。
（19）考查动词辨析。gathered聚集；stayed保持；camped露营，借住；arrived到达。arrive in sp到达某地，这里指终于到达诺姆，故选D。
（20）考查动词辨析。Controlled控制；saved拯救；founded建立；developed发展。所有的孩子得到了救治，诺姆活了下来，故选B。
【点评】完形填空题的命题特点及答题方法：
①侧重基础知识，考查学生语言知识的能力
完形填空以文入手，结合文章的内容考查学生的基础知识，主要是词语搭配、固定句型、近义词辨析、辨析句子结构、掌握语法规则的能力，其中考查实词居多。
②上下文对照，考查学生捕捉关键词的能力
解完形填空题时，单独看一句话是找不到正确答案的，需要注意句子间的关系及句子与段落的关系。所谓上下对照，即在上文和下文中找到与正确答案相同的关键词。因此，在做题时要边读边在大脑中储存上下文信息的能力，捕捉关键词。例如第4空：A.airport机场； B.station车站；C. harbor 港口；D.border边境。根据“so it couldn't come by ship”可知，这里指港口结冰，故选C。
③设置语境，考查学生的分析推理能力
旨在考查学生在选项都符合语法及句子结构的情况下能否利用前后语境去推断出正确答案。
④结合生活，考查学生利用常识题的能力
目的考查学生的生活常识，看看学生是否善于观察生活，积累生活常识，能否利用常识去做恰当的选择。
⑤关注连词，考查学生对行文逻辑、句子关联的理解能力
此项用来考查学生在缺少连词的情况想，通过阅读能否理解句子的与句子的关系，是否了解行文逻辑的要求，能否掌握表示因果、转折、并列、条件、让步等的连词的用法。例如第11空：A. Though虽然；B. Since因为，自从；C. When当；D. If如果。当他把药物交给下一个人时，他的脸已经被冻得乌青，故选C。
三、阅读理解。
17．（2016·北京）阅读下列短文：
Dear Alfred,
I want to tell you how important your help is to my life.
Growing up, I had people telling me I was too slow, though, with an IQ of 150 at 17, I'm anything but stupid. The fact was that I was found to have ADIID(注意力缺陷多动障碍). Anxious all the time, I was unable to keep focused for more than an hour at a time.
However, when something did interest me, I could become absorbed. In highs chool, I became curious about the computer, and built my first website.Moreover, I completed the senior course of Computer Basics, plus five relevantpre-college courses.
While I was exploring my curiosity, my disease got worse.I wanted to go to college after high school, but couldn't. So, I waskilling my time at home until June 2012 when I discovered the online computercourses of your training center.
Since then, I have takencourses like Data Science and Advanced Mathematics. Currently, I'm learning yourProbability course. I have hundreds of printer paper, covered in self-writtennotes from your video. This has given me a purpose.
Last year, I spent all my timelooking for a job where, without dealing with the public, I could work alone,but still have a team to talk to. Luckily, I discovered the job—DataAnalyst—this month and have been going full steam ahead. I want to prove that Ican teach myself a respectful profession, without going to college, and be justas good as, if not better than, my competitors.
Thank you. You've given me hopethat I can follow my heart. For the first time, I feel good about myself because I'm doing something, notbecause someone told me I was doing well. I feel whole.
This is why you're saving my life.
Yours,
Tanis
（1）why didn't Tanis go to college after high school
A．She had learned enough about computer science
B．She had more difficulty keeping focused
C．She preferred taking online courses
D．She was too slow to learn
（2）AS for the working environment, Tains prefers____.
A．working by herself B．dealing with the public
C．competing against others D．staying with ADHD students
（3）Tanis wrote this letter in order to_____.
A．explain why she was interested in the computer
B．share the ideas she had for her profession
C．show how grateful she was to the center
D．describe the courses she had taken so far
【答案】（1）B
（2）A
（3）C
【知识点】细节理解题；观点态度题；故事阅读类
【解析】【分析】这是一封书信。作者患有多动症，因为注意力不能集中，作者无法上大学。作者在家通过网络自学了计算机知识，并找到了心仪的工作。作者认为自己能够和同龄人做得一样好。
（1）细节理解题。根据第四段”my disease got worse. I want to go to college afterhigh school, but I couldn't”可知，“我”的多动症加重了，无法上大学，故选B。
（2）细节理解题。根据倒数第三段”without dealing with the public”排除B；根据”I could work alone, but still have a team to talkto.”可知，“我”不想处理复杂的人际关系，想单独工作，故选A。
（3）写作意图题。根据倒数第二段”Thank you. You've given me hope that I can followmy heart. For the first time, I feel good about myself”可知，作者写信的目的是表达感谢，故选C。
【点评】细节理解题的类型：
①直接信息题
对此类题型，考生可以首先从问题中找到关键词，然后以此为线索，运用略读及查阅的技巧在文中迅速寻找这一细节，找到后再把这一部分内容仔细阅读一遍，仔细比较所给选项与文中细节的细微区别，在准确理解细节的前提下，最后确定最佳答案。56、57题都可以直接在文中找到有关信息。
②间接信息题
做这类题目时，考生需要对原文信息进行加工处理，然后再进行进一步的推理或鉴别，这是介于事实细节题和推理判断题之间的一种题型，对考生来说有一定难度。
③数字计算题
数字计算题也是近几年高考中常考的内容，此类试题是在文章中直接表现出来细节事实，有的要经过具体的计算才能够得出正确的答案。具体的计算题可以是对年代的计算、月份的计算或比例的计算等。文章中经常会出现许多数字，它们对解题产生一定的影响。解答此类试题的方法是先来理解文章的大意，然后经过对比、分析、计算等就能够得出正确的答案。
④排列顺序题
这种试题要求考生根据事件发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件发生的正确顺序。做这种题时可采用“首尾定位法”，即最先找出第一个事件和最后一个事件，迅速缩小选择范围，从而快速选出正确答案。
⑤图表图画题
在有图表图画的阅读理解中，有的图表图画出现在阅读理解文章中，有的出现在选项中，这些图片的出现增加了试题的直观性，同时也暗含着和文章内容相关的信息。在解答此类试题的时候，一定要把握图表图画中所暗含的信息，特别是有些事实是通过图片来叙述的，我们可以采用按图寻找正确答案的方法。
18．（2016·北京）阅读下列短文：
SurvivingHurricane Sandy(飓风桑迪)
Natalie Doan, 14, hasalways felt lucky to live in Rockaway, New York. Living just a few blocks fromthe beach, Natalie can see the ocean and hear the wave from her house. “It'sthe ocean that makes Rockaway so special,” she says.
On October 29, 2012,that ocean turned fierce. That night, Hurricane Sandy attacked the East Coast,and Rockaway was hit especially hard. Fortunately, Natalie's family escaped toBrooklyn shortly before the city's bridge closed.
When they returned to Rockaway the next day, they found their neighborhood in ruins. Many of Natalie's friends had lost their homes and were living far away. All around her, peoplewere suffering, especially the elderly. Natalie's school was so damaged that she had to temporarily attend a school in Brooklyn.
In the following few days, the men and women helping Rock away recover inspired Natalie. Volunteers came with carloads of donated clothing and toys. Neighbors devoted their spare time to helping othersrebuild. Teenagers climbed dozens of flights of stairs to deliver water and food to elderly people trapped in powerless high-rise buildings.
“ My mom tells me that I can't control what happens to me,” Natalie says. “butI can always choose how I deal with it.”
Natalie's choice was to help.
She created a website page matching survivors in need with donors who wanted to help. Natalie posted introduction about a boy named Patrick, who lost his baseball card collecting when his house burned down. Within days, Patrick's collection was replaced.
In the coming months,her website page helped lots of kids: Christopher, who received a new basketball; Charlie, who got a new keyboard. Natalie also worked with other organizations to bring much-need supplies to Rock away. Herefforts made her a famous person. Last April, she was invited to the WhiteHouse and honored as a Hurricane Sandy Champion of Change.
Today, the scars(创痕)of destruction are still seen in Rockaway, but hope is in the air. The streets are clear, and many homes have been rebuilt. “I can'timagine living anywhere but Rockaway,” Natalie declares. “My neighborhood willbe back, even stronger than before.”
（1）When Natalie returned to Rockaway after the hurricane, she found______.
A．some friends had lost their lives
B．her neighborhood was destroyed
C．her school had moved to Brooklyn
D．the elderly were free from suffering
（2）According to paragraph4, who inspired Natalie most
A．The people helping Rockaway rebuild
B．The people trapped in high rise building
C．The volunteers donating money to survivors
D．Local teenagers bringing clothing to elderly people
（3）How did Natalie help the survivors
A．She gave her toys to the kids
B．She took care of younger children
C．She called on the White House to help
D．She built an information sharing platform
（4）What does the story intend to tell us
A．Little people can make a big difference
B．A friend in need is a friend indeed
C．East or West, home is best
D．Technology is power
【答案】（1）B
（2）A
（3）D
（4）A
【知识点】细节理解题；观点态度题；段落大意；故事阅读类
【解析】【分析】Natalie是一个14岁的孩子，她生活的地方Brooklyn遭到了飓风桑迪的袭击，受灾严重。看到人们在帮助家乡重建，Natalie也加入了进去，Natalie创建网站来分享求助信息，帮助捐赠者找到需要的受助者。Natalie的行为得到了社会的认可和表扬。
（1）段落大意题。A项未提及；根据第三段“Natalie's school was so damaged that she had to temporarily attend a school in Brooklyn.”可知，学校没有搬走，而是暂时去Brooklyn上学，排除C；根据“peoplewere suffering, especially the elderly”排除D；根据“Whenthey returned to Rockaway the next day, they found their neighborhood inruins.”可知，他们的街区被飓风毁了，故选B。
（2）细节理解题。根据第四段“In the following few days, the men and women helping Rockaway recover inspired Natalie.”可知，那些帮助Rockaway恢复重建的人给了Natalie鼓舞，故选A。
（3）细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“Shecreated a website page matching survivors in need with donors who wanted tohelp.”可知，Natalie创建了一个网站来分享和匹配求助信息和捐赠信息，故选D。
（4）写作意图提。根据倒数第二段“Herefforts made her a famous person. Last April, she was invited to the WhiteHouse and honored as a Hurricane Sandy Champion of Change.”可知，Natalie的助人行为得到了社会的认可和赞扬，说明小人物也可以有大作为，故选A。
【点评】故事类文章是高考阅读理解常选材料之一。这类文章常通过叙述突出人物性格特征或讲述个人经历与感悟，以及逸闻趣事。文章的要素有时间、地点、人物、事件等。有些是按事件发展的经过为主线叙述的，在叙述的过程中有详有略；有些是按时间的顺序叙述的，有顺叙、倒叙等。解题技巧：
①高考选用的此类文章常常为幽默类或情感类故事，其目的或阐明某种观点，或抨击某种陋习，或赞扬某种品德，所以要关注作者表达的个人感悟，提出的个人意见，或故事中出其不意的变化，而这些往往体现文章中心或写作意图，属于必考点。如本题中的第62题：通过Natalie帮助他人的行为告诉读者小人物也可以有大作为这一道理。
②该类文章语言流畅、有趣，命题往往从故事的情节、人物或事件之间的关系、作者的意图和态度、故事的前因和后果等方面入手，考查学生对细节的辨认能力以及推理判断能力。这类文章同学们常有文章易懂，题目不易做的感觉。要注意培养自己快速阅读的习惯。切不可在个别难懂的词句上停留太久，耽误时间。
③对整篇短文内容有了一定的了解后，要马上看短文后的问题，带着问题去选择或判断答案。要确定所需查找的信息范围，并注意所查找信息的特点。例如：如果问题或选项涉及到人名、地名，就应该找首字母大写的单词；如果问题或选项涉及时间、日期、数字，就应该寻找具体的数据。
19．（2016·北京）阅读下列短文：
CaliforniaCondor's Shocking Recovery
California condors are North America's largest birds, with wing-length of up to 3 meters. In the 1980s, electrical lines and lead poisoning(铅中毒) nearly drove them to dying out. Now, electric shock training and medical treatment are helping to rescue these big birds.
In the late 1980s, the last few condors were taken from the wild, and there are now more than 150 flying over California and nearby Arizona, Utah and Baja in Mexico.
Electrical lines have been killing them off. “As they go in to rest for the night, they just don't see the power lines,” says Bruce Rideout of San Diego Zoo. Their wings can bridge the gap between lines, resulting in electrocution(电死) if they touch two lines at once.
So scientists have come up with a shocking idea. Tall poles, placed in large training areas, teach the birds to stay clear of electrical lines by giving them a painful but undeadly electric shock. Before the training was introduced, 66% of set-freed condors died of electrocution. This has now dropped to 18%.
Lead poisonous has proved more difficult to deal with. When condors eat dead bodies of other animals containing lead, they absorb large quantities of lead. This affects their nervous systems and ability to produce baby birds, and can lead to kidney(肾) failures and death. So condors with high levels of lead are sent to Los Angeles Zoo, where they are treated with calcium EDTA, a chemical that removes lead from the blood over several days. This work is starting to pay off. The annual death rate for adult condors has dropped from 38% in 2000 to 5.4% in 2011.
Rideout's team thinks that the California condors' average survival time in the wild is now just under eight years. “Although these measures are not effective forever, they are vital for now,” he says. “They are truly good birds that are worth every effort we put into recovering them.”
（1）California condors attract researchers' interest because they .
A．are active at night B．had to be bred in the wild
C．are found on in California D．almost died out in the 1980s
（2）Researchers have found electrical lines are .
A．blocking condors' journey home B．big killers of California condors
C．rest places for condors at night D．used to keep condors away
（3）According to Paragraph 5 ,______ lead poisoning.
A．makes condors too nervous to fly
B．has little effect on condors' kidneys
C．can hardly be gotten rid of from condors' blood
D．makes it different for condors to produce baby birds
（4）The passage shows that ______.
A．the average survival time of condors is satisfactory
B．Rideout's research interest lies in electric engineering
C．the efforts to protect condors have brought good results
D．researchers have found the final answers to the problem
【答案】（1）D
（2）B
（3）D
（4）C
【知识点】推理判断题；细节理解题；段落大意；科普环保类
【解析】【分析】加利福尼亚神鹰是北美最大的鸟类，双翼展开可达3米。由于频繁的触电和铅中毒，加利福尼亚神鹰几乎绝迹。现在，电击和药物治疗正在拯救加利福尼亚神鹰。
（1）推理判断题。根据第三段“As they go in to rest for the night,”排除A；根据第二段“In the late 1980s, the last few condors were taken from the wild”可知，condors一直生活在野外，排除B; 根据第二段“more than 150 flying over California and nearby Arizona,Utah and Baja in Mexico”可知，不止加利福尼亚由condors，排除C,故选D。
（2）细节理解题。根据第三段“Electrical lines have been killingthem off.……Their wings can bridge the gap betweenlines, resulting in electrocution(电死) if they touch two lines at once.”可知，神鹰不知道停在电线上会触电身亡，它们经常停在电线上休息，结果，很多被电死了，故选B。
（3）段落大意题。根据“This affects their nervous systemsand ability to produce baby birds, and can lead to kidney(肾) failuresand death.”可知，金属铅会刺激神鹰神经系统，影响它们的生育能力，导致肾衰竭和死亡，故选D。
（4）推理判断题。根据“justunder eight years”可知，身影的平均寿命太短，排除A；根据“Althoughthese measures are not effective forever”可，目前采用的措施并不能永远有效，排除D;根据第六段“They are truly good birds that areworth every effort we put into recovering them.”可知，Rideout团队的研究兴趣在于怎样挽救这一濒危物种，故选C。
【点评】推理判断题属于主观题，是层次较高的题目。它包括判断题和推理题。这两类题常常相互依存，推理是为了作出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。此类题要求在理解表面文字的基础上，作出判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意思和深层意思，也就是通过文章中的文字信息、上下文的逻辑关系及事物的发展变化等已知的信息，推断出作者没有直接表达的态度和观点。
推理判断题的解题方法 ：推理判断题不仅要求考生读懂文章中的每个句子的意思还要推理它们之间的关系，结合自己的生活常识和经验，再通过逻辑推理和判断，理解文章的言外之意，从而揭示文章的深层涵义。任何一篇文章都有其特定的写作目的，读者需要知道如何去做或按照某种方式思考问题。推理判断题的答案不可能在文章中直接找到，因此推理时我们务必要忠于原文，在文章中寻找并确定可推论的依据，即：已知部分－推论的前提，从中推测出未知部分－推理的结论，切忌妄加评论，把自己的观点当成作者的观点。
20．（2016·北京）阅读下列短文：
Why College Is Not Home
The college years are supposed to be a time for important growth in autonomy(自主性) and the development of adult identity. However, now they are becoming an extended period of adolescence, during which many of today's students and are not shouldered with adult responsibilities.
For previous generations, college was decisive break from parental control; guidance and support needed help from people of the same age and from within. In the past two decades, however, continued connection with and dependence on family, thanks to cellphones, email and social media, have increased significantly. Some parents go so far as to help with coursework. Instead of promoting the idea of college as a passage from the shelter of the family to autonomy and adult responsibility, universities have given in to the idea that they should provide the same environment as that of the home.
To prepare for increased autonomy and responsibility, college needs to be a time of exploration and experimentation. This process involves “trying on ” new ways of thinking about oneself both intellectually(在思维方面) and personally. While we should provide “safe spaces” within colleges, we must also make it safe to express opinions and challenge majority views. Intellectual growth and flexibility are fostered on debate and questioning.
Learning to deal with the social world is equally important. Because a college community(群体) differs from the family, many students will struggle to find a sense of belonging. If students rely on administrators to regulate their social behavior and thinking pattern, they are not facing the challenge of finding an identity within a larger and complex community.
Moreover, the tendency for universities to monitor and shape student behavior runs up against another characteristic of young adults: the response to being controlled by their elders. If acceptable social behavior is too strictly defined(规定) and controlled, the insensitive or aggressive behavior that administrators are seeking to minimize may actually be encouraged.
It is not surprising that young people are likely to burst out, particularly when there are reasons to do so. Our generation once joined hands and stood firm at times of national emergency. What is lacking today is the conflict between adolescent's desire for autonomy and their understanding of an unsafe world. Therefore, there is the desire for their dorms to be replacement homes and not places to experience intellectual growth.
Every college discussion about community values, social climate and behavior should include recognition of the developmental importance of student autonomy and self-regulation, of the necessary tension between safety and self-discovery.
（1）What's the author's attitude toward continued parental guidance to college students
A．Sympathetic B．Disapproving C．Supportive D．Neutral
（2）The underlined word “passage” in Paragraph 2 means.
A．change B．choice C．text D．extension
（3）According to the author, what role should college play
A．to develop a shared identity among students
B．to define and regulate students' social behavior
C．To provide a safe world without tension for students
D．To foster students' intellectual and personal development
（4）Which of the following shows the development of ideas in the passage
A． B．
C． D．
【答案】（1）B
（2）A
（3）D
（4）C
【知识点】推理判断题；词义猜测题；观点态度题；文章结构题；社会现象类
【解析】【分析】大学并不是温暖的家庭，也不能成为学生的家庭。大学时期应该是培养自主性和自我同一性的重要时期。大学是孩子脱离父母控制的决定性时期，因此，学校不应该成为像家庭一样让孩子依赖的地方。
（1）细节观点态度题。根据第一段“The college years are supposed to be a time forimportant growth in autonomy(自主性) and the development of adult identity. However……”可知，作者认为，大学不应该成为孩子们依赖的“家庭”，说明作者不赞成父母继续指导上大学的孩子，故选B。
（2）猜测词义题。根据“from the shelter of the family to autonomy and adultresponsibility”可知，从家庭庇护到自主性和成年人的责任，这是一种转变、变化，故选A。
（3）推理判断题。每个人的个性都是不同的，排除A；根据第四段“If students rely on administrators to regulate theirsocial behavior and thinking pattern, they are not facing……”可知，作者不赞成大学管理者约束学生的社会行为，排除B；大学不是一个无忧无虑的场所，排除C；大学应该是学习知识和促进学生成长的地方，故选D。
（4）篇章结构题。根据第四段“ Learning to deal with the social world is equallyimportant.”中的“equally important”和第五段的“moreover”可知，第四段和第五段是第三段的次要论点，故选C。
【点评】三类篇章结构题的出题方式
①结构识辨:此类组织结构题要求考生能够识别文章、段落的组织结构或行文方式。 结构识辨类组织结构题常见的题干表述方式如下：
How isthe text organized
Theauthor develops the passage mainly by________.
Thetext is mainly developed in the order of________.
Whichof the following shows the structure of the passage
②组织结构功能: 此类组织结构题要求考生判断文章或段落组织结构的功能、作用，其常见的题干表述方式如下：
Theauthor quoted …words in...paragraph in order to make the article________.
③结构推测: 此类组织结构题要求考生能够根据文章或段落的组织结构、行文方式或段落内容推测文章前后未呈现的写作内容。其常见的题干表述方式如下：
Whatwould the author probably discuss in the paragraph that follows
Whichof the following do you think has been discussed in the part before thisselection
解题策略
考查组织结构的文章通常行文组织结构都比较清晰、规范，因此，具备文体、写作方式和文章组织结构方面相关知识对于有效解答此类题目具有至关重要的作用。
①记叙文可以采取以时间为序、以地点为序、以故事情节发展为序（开端、发展、高潮、结局）等叙事方式进行写作。以故事情节为序又可以不按照时间的先后顺序叙述，比如，先写结局，再写其他, 最后写高潮，这种叙事手法叫做倒叙。
②议论文总体上可以分为四类：
第一类，“提出论点——分论点一——分论点二——分论点三…——结论”；
第二类，“引入段——导出论点——分点论述——结论”；
第三类，“提出问题——分析问题——解决问题”；
第四类，“提出反面观点——批驳反面观点——提出正面观点”。
③说明文往往采取下定义、举例子、列数字、对比或比较等说明方式进行写作，而这些说明方式都是为了使文章要说明的内容或问题更加清晰明了、真实可信，或者更具说服力。
21．（2016·北京）根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出正确的填入空白处。选项中有两项为多余选项。
The Science of Risk-Seeking
Sometimes we decide that a little unnecessary danger is worth it because when we weigh the risk and the reward, the risk seems worth taking. 　 　 Some of us enjoy activities that would surprise and scare the rest of us. Why Experts say it may have to do with how our brains work.
The reason why any of us take any risks at all might have to do with early humans. Risk-takers were better at hunting, fighting, orexploring. 　 　As the quality of Risk-taking was passed from on ration to the next, humans ended up with a sense of adventure and a tolerance for risk.
So why aren't we all jumping out of airplanes then Well, even 200,000 years ago, too much risk-taking could get one Killed. A few daring survived, though,along with a few stay-in-the-cave types. As a result, humans developed a range of character types that still exists today. So maybe youlove car racing, or maybe you hate it. 　 　
No matter where you are on the risk-seeking range,scientists say that your willingness to take risks increases during your teenage years. 　 　 Tohelp you do that, your brain increases your hunger for new experiences.
New experiences often mean taking some risks, so your brain raises your tolerance for risk as well.
Mean taking some risks, so your brain raisers your tolerance for risk as well.
　 　 For the risk-seekers a partof the brain related to pleasure becomes active, while for the rest of us, a part of the brain related to fear becomes active.
As experts continueto study the science of risk-seeking, we'll continue to hit the mountains, the waves or the shallow end of the pool.
A. It all depends on your character.
B. Those are the risks you shouldjump to take.
C. Being better at those thingsmeant a greater chance of survival.
D. Thus, these well-equipped people survived becausethey were the fittest.
E. This is when you start to move away from your family and into thebigger world.
F. However, we are not all using the same reference standard to weighrisks and rewards.
G. New brain research suggests our brains work differently when weface a nervous situation.
【答案】F；C；A；E；G
【知识点】七选五
【解析】【分析】文章从科学上追求冒险和刺激进行了解释。冒险行为与大脑的工作机制有关，当大脑的快乐中枢被激活时，人们就会采取冒险行为。
①考查上下文串联。前一句提到了“weigh the riskand the reward”，F项“然而，并不是所有人都是用同样的参考标准来权衡风险和回报”符合语境，故选F。
②考查上下文串联。Hunting，fighting，orexploring狩猎、战斗和探索等活动是生存的必要条件，C项中的these是对这些活动的指代，故选C。
③考查上下文串联。根据“human developeda range of character types……”可知，人们形成的不同类型的性格如今仍然存在，正是不同的性格类型才导致了我我们对冒险行为采取不同的态度，故选A。
④考查上下文串联。E项中的when与“yourwillingness to take risks increases during your teenage years”中的teenageyears对应，故选E。
⑤考查上下文串联。根据“a part of thebrain…white for the rest of us…”可知，本段讲的是冒险行为与大脑的关系，故选G。
【点评】①先看选项。跟完形填空不一样，七选五的答案选项较少，并且给出的都是句子，因此，我们可以通过句子的完整性或者句子后面的标点符号来判断该句在文章中的位置。另外，通过阅读选项，有可能找出跟其他选项表达完全不同意思的句子，这样的话我们就可以直接将该选项排除。
②再看空前空后。由于七选五空出的是整个句子，而这些句子与句子之间，必然有一种联系，因此我们可以通过选项中某个名词或动词跟空前或空后的一致性或者相关性来确定这两个句子之间有一种关联性，从而选择正确的答案。
③注意代词或定冠词。在做这类题目的时候，一定要注意句子中出现的人称代词或者指示代词，因为我们知道，代词是指代一个名词或者一个句子的，然后通过代词在句子中所做的成分我们可以推断出它指代的句子的类型，我们要做的就是从选项中找这类句型就可以了。
④注意一些特殊疑问词。如果选项中或空前出现特殊疑问词，一定要把这句话仔细读几遍，因为对于不同特殊疑问词的回答方式是不一样的，比如对why的回答，后面要有because等表原因的词，对when的回答，后面要有表时间的状语，对where的回答，后面要有表地点的名词，对how的回答，后面要有方式状语等。
⑤注意一些连词。如一些表示转折的连词，but，However，yet，though，nevertheless等，另外还有一些表示并列关系的连词如and，also，aswellas，neithernor，eitheror，notonly...butalso，ononehand....ontheotherhand等。因为这些连词可以表现句子与句子之间的关系，通过不同的连词我们可以推知句子与句子之间不同的关系。
四、书面表达。
22．（2016·北京）假设你是红星中学高三学生李华。你的英国朋友Jim 在给你的邮件中提到他对中国历史很感兴趣，并请你介绍一位你喜欢的中国历史人物。请你给Jim回信，内容包括：
①该人物是谁；
② 该人物的主要贡献；
③该人物对你的影响。
注意：
①词数不少于50；
②开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear Jim,
Yours,
Li Hua
【答案】Dear Jim, It's great to hear from you. I feel proud knowing your interest in Chinese history. As for my favourite figure in Chinese history, it must be Wei Yuan, a great thinker in the late Qing Dynasty. He, in his book, Haiguo Tuzhi (Mps and Records of the World), introduced modern technologies and ideas to China. That opened our eyes to the world. In fact, he inspires me to major in English in college to be a bridge between China and the world. Interested in knowing more I can find you some books! Just let me know. Cheers! Yours, Li Hua
【知识点】提纲作文；半开放性作文
【解析】【分析】题材新颖，要求介绍中国历史人物，内容包括喜欢的历史人物、他的贡献和对你的影响。不少于50词，使用一般现在时和一般过去时以及第一人称和第三人称进行写作。
亮点说明：范文使用了词组hear from, Asfor, In fact和搭配inspire sb to do sth等，丰富了作文内容；范文注意上下文的语意连贯。
【点评】题材偏向于信息介绍类的开放式写作，对于应用文格式的要求并不高，但对于语言组织和词汇积累的要求极高。本次应用文并没有限定考生必须写某一位历史人物，但是谈及人物的贡献和对自己的影响时，考生有可能会遇到大量的词汇障碍，故难度较去年明显提升。
23．（2016·北京）假设你是红星中学高三一班的学生李华。你班同学参加了学校的“地球日”系列活动。请按照以下四幅图的先后顺序，以“Actions for a Greener Earth”为题，给校刊“英语角”写一篇英文稿件，介绍活动的全过程。
注意：词数不少于60。
提示词：地球日Earth Day
【答案】例文Actions for a Greener Earth A week before Earth Day, posters were put up around our school, calling upon us to join in the actions for a greener earth. Our class came up with the idea to make better use of used materials. We brought toour classroom worn-out clothes, pieces of cardboard and empty plastic bottles and turned those into dolls, handbags, tissue boxes and small vases. That weekend, we went to a nearby neighborhood and gave them away to the people there. All were very happy with those unexpected gifts, especially little kids and elderly people. We did so well that we were invited to share our idea and experience with all the students of our school. We are very proud of ourselves and believe we can do more for a better world.
【知识点】看图写话；图画式记叙文
【解析】【分析】题目要求按照四幅画的先后顺序，以“Actionsfor a Greener Earth”为题，给校刊“英语角”写一篇英文稿件，介绍活动的全过程。词数不少于60词，参考词汇必须使用。是用一般过去时和第一人称进行写作。
亮点说明：范文使用了非谓语动词calling upon us to join in the actions和so...that句型与宾语从句we can do more for abetter world等，句式多样；还使用了固定词组call sb to do sth, join in, come up with. Make useof, turn...into, give away, be proud of等，使作文内容变得丰富。
【点评】话题比较常规，整体难度适中。“地球日”系列活动属于保护环境的体裁内容，考生并不陌生。内容主要包括：公告栏了解活动、分工制作、变废为宝的宣传活动、主题讲座等。一定要按照四幅图的顺序来写，不可打乱顺序；注意行文的连贯性，多使用一些连接词。
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