2012年高考英语真题试卷（上海卷）

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2012年高考英语真题试卷（上海卷）
一、单项选择
1．（2012·上海） passion, people won't have the motivation or the joy necessary for creative thinking.
A．For B．Without C．Beneath D．By
【答案】B
【解析】【分析】句意：没有激情，人们就不会有创新思维所必须的动机和快乐。without”没有“，选B。
【点评】考查介词辨析，区分for，without，beneath，by的含义和用法。
2．（2012·上海）Is honesty the best policy We _ that it is when we are little.
A．will teach B．teach C．are taught D．will be taught
【答案】C
【知识点】动词的语态；一般现在时
【解析】【分析】句意：诚信为本吗？我们在很小的时候就被教会了这个道理。由teach 的用法teach sb,sth.，可以看出teach 后面跟双宾，所以只能用被动语态，又因为时态一致所以只能选择C。
【点评】考查动词的时态和语态，本题涉及一般现在时的被动语态。
3．（2012·上海）As Jack left his membership card at home, he wasn't allowed into the sports club.
A．going B．to go C．go D．gone
【答案】B
【知识点】非谓语动词
【解析】【分析】句意：因为杰克把会员卡落在家里了，所以不允许他进体育俱乐部。此处是allow sb to do sth的被动语态形式，即sb is allowed to do sth。选B。
【点评】考查非谓语动词，以及allow sb to do sth的含义和用法。
4．（2012·上海）The new law states that people _______drive after drinking alcohol.
A．wouldn't B．needn't C．won't D．mustn't
【答案】D
【知识点】情态动词的辨析
【解析】【分析】句意：新的法律规定：人们不准酒后驾车。此处mustn't意为：禁止，故选D。
【点评】考查情态动词辨析，区分wouldn't，needn't，won't，mustn't的含义和用法。
5．（2012·上海）Only with the greatest of luck to escape from the rising flood waters.
A．managed she B．she managed C．did she manage D．she did manage
【答案】C
【知识点】倒装句
【解析】【分析】句意：只是因为极大的幸运，她才从上涨的洪水中逃生。此处only强调状语成分with he greatest of luck置于句首，主句倒装。选C。
【点评】考查倒装句，”only+状语“位于句首，主句用部分倒装语序。
6．（2012·上海）—I hear that Jason is planning to buy a car.
—I know. By next month, he enough for a used one.
A．will have saved B．will be saving
C．has saved D．saves
【答案】A
【知识点】将来完成时
【解析】【分析】句意：——我听说Jason计划买一辆车。——我知道。到下个月，他就攒够了足够的钱买一辆二手车。此处解题关键是：by next month是将来的时间状语，所以用将来完成时。选A。
【点评】考查动词的时态，本题涉及将来完成时，其结构：will/shall have done。
7．（2012·上海）When he took his gloves off, I noticed that one had his name written inside.
A．each B．every C．other D．another
【答案】A
【知识点】代词
【解析】【分析】句意：当他摘下手套，我注意到每个人的手上都写着他的名字。此处each”每一个“，强调个体。选A。
【点评】考查代词辨析，区分each，every，other，another的含义和用法。
8．（2012·上海）I have a tight budget for the trip, so I'm not going to fly the airlines lower ticket prices.
A．once B．if C．after D．unless
【答案】D
【知识点】引导条件状语从句的连词
【解析】【分析】句意：我旅行的预算很吃紧，所以不打算坐飞机，除非航空公司降低票价。unless相当于if...not，根据句意，选D。
【点评】考查状语从句，本题涉及unless引导的条件状语从句。
9．（2012·上海）When Peter speaks in public, he always has trouble the right things to say.
A．thinking of B．to think of C．thought of D．think of
【答案】A
【知识点】非谓语动词
【解析】【分析】句意：当Peter在公众场合说话的时候，他总是很难想到合适的说话的内容。have trouble doing sth “做某事有困难“。故选A。
【点评】考查非谓语动词，以及句型have trouble doing sth 。
10．（2012·上海）There is much truth in the idea kindness is usually served by frankness.
A．why B．which C．that D．whether
【答案】C
【知识点】同位语从句
【解析】【分析】句意：这是很有道理的想法,仁慈通常装的坦率。前面有一个名词作为先行词Idea,后面句子成分完整，所以不可能为定语从句，又因为从句的内容就是先行词 idea，所以判断该句为同位语从句，选择C。
【点评】考查名词性从句，本题涉及that引导的同位语从句。
11．（2012·上海）Have you sent thank-you notes to the relatives from you received gifts
A．which B．them C．that D．whom
【答案】D
【知识点】关系代词引导定语从句的用法
【解析】【分析】句意：你给送礼物的亲戚发过感谢信了吗？首先从前后两个句子的谓语判断该空为关系代词，所以排除B，前面有介词from，排除C，又根据receive sth. from sb.，看出后面从句成分不完整，所以该句为定语从句，介词后面用whom指人，而which 指物，所以答案为D。
【点评】考查定语从句，本题涉及关系代词whom引导的限制性定语从句。
12．（2012·上海）The club, 25 years ago, is holding a party for past and present members.
A．founded B．founding C．being founded D．to be founded
【答案】A
【知识点】非谓语动词
【解析】【分析】句意：那个建于二十五年前的俱乐部正在为新老会员举行晚会。club与found是动宾关系，即俱乐部被修建，应该用过去分词表被动和完成，排除B；C项表示正在被建，D项表示将要被建，根据句意可知，俱乐部建于25年前，排除C、D，故选A。
【点评】考查非谓语动词，本题涉及过去分词作定语的应用。
13．（2012·上海）—Was it by cutting down staff she saved the firm
—No, it was by improving work efficiency.
A．when B．what C．how D．that
【答案】D
【知识点】强调句
【解析】【分析】句意：——通过减员她挽救了这家公司吗？——不，通过提高工作效率。此处是强调句型的一般疑问句形式，by cutting down staff是被强调的部分。选D。
【点评】考查强调句型，其结构：It is/was +被强调部分+句子的其它部分。
14．（2012·上海）—We've only got this small bookcase. Will that do
—No, I am looking for is something much bigger and stronger.
A．who B．that C．what D．which
【答案】C
【知识点】引导名词性从句的连词
【解析】【分析】句意：——我们仅有这个小书箱。那个合适吗？——我正在找的是比这更大、更结实的书柜。此处what I am looking for是主语从句，what在主语从句中作for的宾语。故答案选C。
【点评】考查名词性从句，本题涉及关系代词what引导的主语从句。
15．（2012·上海）"Genius" is a complicated concept, _ _ many different factors.
A．involved B．involving C．to involve D．being involved
【答案】B
【知识点】非谓语动词
【解析】【分析】句意：天才是一个很复杂的概念，它和许多不同的因素相关。此处是现在分词作定语，相当于一个定语从句，which involves many different factors.选B。
【点评】考查非谓语动词，本题涉及现在分词作定语的应用。
16．（2012·上海）The map is one of the best tools a man has _ _ he goes to a new place.
A．whenever B．whatever C．wherever D．however
【答案】A
【知识点】引导时间状语从句的连词
【解析】【分析】句意：地图是每当一个人去一个新地方时所必带的工具。此处tools是先行词，a man has whenever he goes to a new place.是定语从句，whenever he goes to a new place.是定语从句中的状语从句。故答案选A。
【点评】考查状语从句，区分whenever，whatever，wherever，however的含义以及引导的各种从句，本题涉及whenever引导的时间状语从句。
二、完形填空
17．（2012·上海）完形填空
People on a college campus were more likely to give money to the March of Dimes if they were asked for a donation by a disabled woman in a wheelchair than if asked by a nondisabled woman. In another （1） , subway riders in New York saw a man carrying a stick stumble（绊脚） and fall to the floor. Sometimes the victim had a large red birthmark on his （2） ; sometimes he did not. In this situation, the victim was more likely to （3） aid if his face was spotless than if he had an unattractive birthmark. In （4） these and other research findings, two themes are （5） : we are more willing to help people we like for some reason and people we think （6） assistance.
In some situations, those who are physically attractive are more likely to receive aid. （7） , in a field study researchers placed a completed application to graduate school in a telephone box at the airport. The application was ready to be （8） , but had apparently been "lost". The photo attached to the application was sometimes that of a very （9） person and sometimes that of a less attractive person. The measure of helping was whether the individual who found the envelope actually mailed it or not. Results showed that people were more likely to （10） the application if the person in the photo was physically attractive.
The degree of （11） between the potential helper and the person in need is also important. For example, people are more likely to help a stranger who is from the same country rather than a foreigner. In one study, shoppers on a busy street in Scotland were more likely to help a person wearing a(n) （12） T-shirt than a person wearing a T-shirt printed with offensive words.
Whether a person receives help depends in part on the "worth" of the case. For example, shoppers in a supermarket were more likely to give someone. （13） to buy milk rather than to buy cookies, probably because milk is thought more essential for （14） than cookies. Passengers on a New York subway were more likely to help a man who fell to the ground if he appeared to be （15） rather than drunk.
（1）A．study B．way C．word D．college
（2）A．hand B．arm C．face D．back
（3）A．refuse B．beg C．lose D．receive
（4）A．challenging B．recording C．understanding D．publishing
（5）A．important B．possible C．amusing D．missing
（6）A．seek B．deserve C．obtain D．accept
（7）A．At first B．Above all C．In addition D．For example
（8）A．printed B．mailed C．rewritten D．signed
（9）A．talented B．good-looking C．helpful D．hard-working
（10）A．send in B．throw away C．fill out D．turn down
（11）A．similarity B．friendship C．cooperation D．contact
（12）A．expensive B．plain C．cheap D．strange
（13）A．time B．instructions C．money D．chances
（14）A．shoppers B．research C．children D．health
（15）A．talkative B．handsome C．calm D．sick
【答案】（1）A；（2）C；（3）D；（4）C；（5）A；（6）B；（7）D；（8）B；（9）B；（10）A；（11）A；（12）B；（13）C；（14）D；（15）D
【知识点】学习教育类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，研究表明，出于某种原因，我们更愿意帮助我们喜欢的人和我们认为值得帮助的人。
（1）考查名词。根据下文“these and other research findings和in a field study”可知，在另一份研究中，所以选A。
（2）考查名词。根据下文“if his face was spotless”可知。受害者脸上有一个巨大的红色胎记。C合语境。
（3）考查动词。根据下文“are more likely to receive aid”可知选receive。如果受害者的脸无污点的比有不引人注意的胎记更有可能获得援助。选D。
（4）考查动词。challenge“挑战”； record“记录”；understand“理解，了解”；publish“出版”。在了解这些和其他研究结果过程中， 发现两个重要的主题。C合语境。
（5）考查形容词。important“重要的”； possible“可能的”； amusing “娱乐的”； missing“失去的”。在了解这些和其他研究结果过程中， 发现两个重要的主题。故选A。
（6）考查动词。deserve“值得”。因为某种原因我们更愿意帮助我们喜欢的人和我们认为值得帮助的人。选B。
（7）考查固定短语。下文举列说明观点：In some situations, those who are physically attractive are more likely to receive aid，所以选D。
（8）考查动词。根据下文“actually mailed it or not”可知选mailed，“申请被邮寄”，选B。
（9）考查形容词。talented“有才能的”； good-looking“好看的”；helpful “有帮助的”；hard-working“勤奋的”。附在申请上的照片一张是相貌好看的、一张不太有吸引力的人。选B。
（10）考查动词短语。结果表明，如果照片上人外表上有吸引力，人们更可能递送这个申请。send in“递送”，选A。
（11）考查名词。在潜在的助手和有需要的人之间的相似程度也很重要。A合语境。
（12）考查形容词。expensive“昂贵的”； plain“ 普通的”； cheap“便宜的”； strange“奇怪的”。穿着T恤上印上挑衅的话和穿着朴素的T恤的人相对比，人们更愿意帮助穿着朴素T恤的人。选B。
（13）考查名词。time“时间”； instructions“ 说明”；money “钱”； chances“机会”。根据常识应该给钱买牛奶，选C。
（14）考查名词。对健康来说，牛奶被认为比饼干更不可缺少。选D。
（15）考查形容词。talkative“ 健谈的”；handsome“英俊的”； calm“平静的”； sick“有病的”。生病的似乎比喝醉的更容易得到到帮助。选D。
【点评】本题考点涉及名词 、动词、形容词、固定短语等多个知识点的考查，综合性强，要求考生在理解细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析推理，选出正确答案。
三、阅读理解
18．（2012·上海）阅读理解
Phil White has just returned from an 18,000 mile, around the world bicycle trip. White had two reasons for making this epic journey. First of all, he wanted to use the trip to raise money for charity, which he did. He raised ￡70,000 for the British charity, Oxfam. White's second reason for making the trip was to break the world record and become the fastest person to cycle around the world. He is still waiting to find out if he has broken the record or not.
White set off from Trafalgar Square, in London, on 19th June 2004 and was back 299 days later. He spent more than 1,300 hours in the saddle (车座) and destroyed four sets of tyres and three bike chains. He had the adventure of his life crossing Europe, the Middle East, India, Asia, Australia, New Zealand and the Americas. Amazingly, he did all of this with absolutely no support team. No jeep carrying food, water and medicine. No doctor. Nothing! Just a bike and a very, very long road.
The journey was lonely and desperate at times. He also had to fight his way across deserts, through jungles and over mountains. He cycled through heavy rains and temperatures of up to 45 degrees, all to help people in need. There were other dangers along the road. In Iran, he was chased by armed robbers and was lucky to escape with his life and the little money he had. The worst thing that happened to him was having to cycle into a headwind on a road that crosses the south of Australia. For 1,000 kilometres he battled against the wind that was constantly pushing him. This part of the trip was slow, hard work and depressing, but he made it in the end. Now Mr. White is back and intends to write a book about his adventures.
（1）When Phil White returned from his trip, he ________.
A．broke the world record B．collected money for Oxfam
C．destroyed several bikes D．travelled about 1,300 hours
（2）What does the word “epic” in Paragraph 1 most probably mean
A．Very slow but exciting. B．Very long and difficult.
C．Very smooth but tiring. D．Very lonely and depressing.
（3）During his journey around the world, Phil White ________.
A．fought heroically against robbers in Iran
B．experienced the extremes of heat and cold
C．managed to ride against the wind in Australia
D．had a team of people who travelled with him
（4）Which of the following words can best describe Phil White
A．Imaginative. B．Patriotic. C．Modest. D．Determined.
【答案】（1）B
（2）B
（3）C
（4）D
【知识点】词义猜测题；细节理解题；人物故事类；记叙文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了Phil单人骑自行车环游全球的故事，他这样做有两个原因：慈善和打破世界纪录。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“First of all, he wanted to use the trip to raise money for charity, which he did. He raised ￡70,000 for the British charity, Oxfam.”可知为了Oxfam他的确筹集到了钱。故B正确。
（2）考查词义猜测。根据第一段中的“Phil White has just returned from an 18,000-mile, around-the-world bicycle trip.”Phil骑自行车环游全世界，根据第三段内容可知这次骑行是非常艰难辛苦的。故B项正确。
（3）考查细节理解。根据第三段倒数中的“The worst thing that happened to him was having to cycle into a headwind on a road that crosses the south of Australia. For l,000 kilometers he battled against the wind that was constantly pushing him.”可知在骑行途中他要和大风斗争。故C项正确。
（4）考查总结归纳。Phil单人骑自行车环游全球，骑坏轮胎和链条。这是非常艰难的行程，而他做到了。说明他非常有决心和毅力。故D项正确。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解、词义猜测、总结归纳和主旨大意四个题型的考查，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析、推理、概括和归纳，从而选择正确答案。
19．（2012·上海）阅读理解
The value-packed, all-inclusive sight-seeing package that combines the best of Sydney's harbor, city, bay and beach highlights.
A SydneyPass gives you unlimited and flexible travel on the Explorer Buses: the ‘red' Sydney Explorer shows you around our exciting city sights while the ‘blue' Bondi Explorer visits Sydney Harbour bays and famous beaches. Take to the water on one of three magnificent daily harbor cruises (游船). You can also travel free on regular Sydney Buses, Sydney Ferries or CityRail services (limited area), so you can go to every corner of this beautiful city.
Imagine browsing at Darling Harbour, tasting the famous seafood at Watsons Bay or enjoying the city lights on an evening ferry cruise. The possibilities and plans are endless with a SydneyPass. Wherever you decide to go, remember that bookings are not required on any of our services so tickets are treated on a first in, first seated basis.
SydneyPasses are available for 3, 5 or 7 days for use over a 7-calendar-day period. With a 3 or 5-day pass you choose on which days out of the 7 you want to use it. All SydneyPasses include a free Airport Express inward trip before starting your 3, 5 or 7 days, and the return trip is valid for 2 months from the first day your ticket was used.
SydneyPass Fares
Adult Child* Family**
3-day ticket $90 $45 $225
5-day ticket $120 $60 $300
7-day ticket $140 $70 $350
*A child is defined as anyone from the ages of 4 years to under 16 years. Children under 4 years travel free.
**A family is defined as 2 adults and any number of children from 4 to under 16 years of age from the same family.
（1）A SydneyPass doesn't offer unlimited rides on ________.
A．the Explorer Buses B．the harbor cruises
C．regular Sydney Buses D．CityRail services
（2）With a SydneyPass, a traveller can ________.
A．save fares from and to the airport
B．take the Sydney Explorer to beaches
C．enjoy the famous seafood for free
D．reserve seats easily in a restaurant
（3）If 5-day tickets were to be recommended to a mother who travelled with her colleague and her children, aged 3, 6 and 10, what would the lowest cost be
A．$225. B．$300. C．$360. D．$420.
【答案】（1）D
（2）A
（3）C
【知识点】推理判断题；细节理解题；日常生活类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了如何使用悉尼公交的一种乘车证。SydneyPass提供3，5，7天不等的悉尼的海港城市，海湾和海滩等地旅游路线。（1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“CityRail services (limited area), so you can go to every corner of this beautiful city”可判断，故选D。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第四段中的“All SydneyPasses include a free Airport Express inward trip”可知有乘车卡可以节省来往机场的费用，故选A。
（3）考查推理判断。根据图表和下面的说明可知：Children under 4 years travel free，说明三岁的孩子免费，所以两个成年人是240元加上两个小孩120元，共360元。故选C.
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析、推理，从而选择正确答案。
20．（2012·上海）阅读理解
Researchers in the psychology department at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) have discovered a major difference in the way men and women respond to stress.This difference may explain why men are more likely to suffer from stress related disorders.
Until now，psychological research has maintained that both men and women have the same “fightorflight” reaction to stress.In other words，individuals either react with aggressive behavior，such as verbal or physical conflict (“fight”)，or they react by withdrawing from the stressful situation (“flight”)．However，the UCLA research team found that men and women have quite different biological and behavioral responses to stress.While men often react to stress in the fightorflight response，women often have another kind of reaction which could be called “tend and befriend.” That is，they often react to stressful conditions by protecting and nurturing their young (“tend”)，and by looking for social contact and support from others—especially other females (“befriend”)．
Scientists have long known that in the fightorflight reaction to stress，an important role is played by certain hormones(激素) released by the body.The UCLA research team suggests that the female tendorbefriend response is also based on a hormone.This hormone，called oxytocin，has been studied in the context of childbirth，but now it is being studied for its role in the response of both men and women to stress.The principal investigator，Dr.Shelley E．Taylor，explained that “animals and people with high levels of oxytocin are calmer，more relaxed，more social，and less anxious.” While men also secrete(分泌) oxytocin，its effects are reduced by male hormones.
In terms of everyday behavior，the UCLA study found that women are far more likely than men to seek social contact when they are feeling stressed.They may phone relatives or friends，or ask directions if they are lost.
The study also showed how fathers and mothers responded differently when they came home to their family after a stressful day at work.The typical father wanted to be left alone to enjoy some peace and quiet.For a typical mother，coping with a bad day at work meant focusing her attention on her children and their needs.
The differences in responding to stress may explain the fact that women have lower frequency of stressrelated disorders such as high blood pressure or aggressive behavior.The tendandbefriend regulatory(调节的) system may protect women against stress，and this may explain why women on average live longer than men.
（1）The UCLA study shows that in response to stress，men are more likely than women to ______.
A．turn to friends for help B．solve a conflict calmly
C．find an escape from reality D．seek comfort from children
（2）Which of the following is true about oxytocin according to the passage
A．Men have the same level of oxytocin as women do.
B．Oxytocin used to be studied in both men and women.
C．Both animals and people have high levels of oxytocin.
D．Oxytocin has more of an effect on women than on men.
（3）What can be learned from the passage
A．Male hormones help build up the body's resistance to stress.
B．In a family a mother cares more about children than a father does.
C．Biological differences lead to different behavioral responses to stress.
D．The UCLA study was designed to confirm previous research findings.
（4）Which of the following might be the best title of the passage
A．How men and women get over stress
B．How men and women suffer from stress
C．How researchers overcome stress problems
D．How researchers handle stress related disorders
【答案】（1）C
（2）D
（3）C
（4）A
【知识点】推理判断题；细节理解题；医疗保健类；标题选择题
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇调查报告，介绍男女对压力反应的区别和原因以及如何克服压力。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“men often react to stress in the fight-or-flight response”和“they react by withdrawing from the stressful situation 'flight‘”可判断男人更可能从现实中逃脱出来。故选C。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“While men also secrete（分泌）oxytocin, its effects are reduced by male hormones.”可知Oxytocin对女性的作用更大。故选D。
（3）考查推理判断。本篇主要讨论的是男女对待压力的不同反应，并解释了其中的生理原因。故选C。
（4）考查主旨大意。根据文章主旨判断，最佳标题应与男女对压力的反应，即如何克服压力有关，故选A。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解、推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析、推理、概括和归纳，从而选择正确答案。
四、其他
21．（2012·上海）Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. maintained B. serious C. indications D. figures E. anxious F. concern G crisis H. decided I. available J. reversed
Filmgoers should be told how many calories there are in the popcorn, ice cream and soft drinks that they buy in cinemas, according to the Food Standard Agency.
Smaller popcorn buckets and drink cups should also be made　 　 , the nutrition inspector said.
Tim Smith, chief executive of the agency, told The Times that cinemas should help to deal with the country's overweight 　 　.
"There is a misbelief that popcorn is calorie-free, but that is not the case. It is a 　 　to us," he said. "Portion sizes are also a big issue, and there seems to be increasingly big packs on sale."
He spoke as a number of food chains such as Pret A Manger, Wimpey and The Real Greek　 　to put calorie counts on all their menus.
A trial scheme（试行方案） with 21 food companies took place last summer, and 　 　are that consumers altered their buying habits when they realised the number of calories in a product.
A consultation(征询意见) on the trial ends next month but Mr Smith is already planning the second drive for American-style calorie counts and is 　 　 to win support from cinemas and other entertainment places, from football grounds to concert halls.
Government　 　suggest that two thirds of adults and a third of children are overweight. If trends are not 　 　, this could rise to almost nine in ten adults and two thirds of children by 2050, putting them at 　 　 risk of heart disease, cancer and other diseases.
【答案】I；G；F；H；C；E；D；J；B
【知识点】选词填空
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了美国社会的肥胖问题，以及应对策略。
（1）available意为“可得到的,可买到的”。还应该提供较小的爆米花桶和饮料杯。
（2）crisis意为：危机。电影院应帮助处理国家“超重人”过多的危机。
（3）concern意为：关心的事,重要的事。"There is a misbelief that popcorn is calorie-free, but that is not the case. It is a concern to us：有一个错误的观念，爆米花不含热量，但事实并非如此，这对我们来说是一件值得关心的事。
（4）他谈到许多如Pret A Manger, Wimpey and The Real Greek食品连锁店决定在所有菜单上标明卡路里数量。
（5）indication意为：迹象。有迹象表明，当他们意识到产品上面的卡路里数量时，消费者改变他们的购买习惯。
（6）anxious意为“渴望的”。 渴望赢得电影院的支持。
（7）figure意为“数字”。政府数字表明2/3的青年和1/3的儿童超重。
（8）reverse意为“彻底改变”。如果这种趋势不彻底改变，那么到2050年9/10的青年和2/3的儿童超重。
（9）此处形容词修饰名词risk。使他们处于严重的心脏病，癌症和其他疾病风险当中。
【点评】本题要求考生准确掌握所给单词的含义以及词性，在理解文章细节的基础上，根据上下文语境，选出正确答案。
五、信息匹配
22．（2012·上海）Directions: Read the following text and choose the most suitable heading from A-F for each paragraph. There is one extra heading which you do not need.
A. When a child should learn to read B. Why it is fun to teach a child reading C. What if a child has reading problems D. How you prepare a young child for reading E. What is the best way to teach a child reading F. Whether reading early promises later achievements
⑴ 　 　
Learning to read early has become one of those indicators — in parents' minds at least – that their child is smart. In fact, reading early has very little to do with whether a child is successful academically. Research has shown that difficulty with reading is often due not to inferior intelligence but to differences in the developmental wiring of each individual child. In some cases, there are neurological problems and developmental lags that can be overcome with proper training.
⑵　 　
Traditionally, American schools teach children at age six, but many schools begin teaching informally in kindergarten and pre-kindergarten. If parents start too early to encourage reading, and a child does not immediately succeed, the parent has a hard time relaxing and letting the child go at his or her own pace.
⑶　 　
Over the years, research has proved that the use of both the “whole language" method and the "phonic" method works best for a child to master reading. While the whole language approach, which includes reading to children and getting them interested in both the activity of reading and the story they are reading, is helpful, phonics must be taught. Children must be taught that one of the squiggles they see is a "p" and another a "b". Getting the print off the page requires a different ability than being able to understand the meaning of what is written.
⑷　 　
You can start developing the skills needed in reading at a very young age without putting any pressure on children. Besides reading to them, parents can start "ear training" their child by playing thyme games. This develops the child's ability to recognize different sounds. In reading to children, parents also can point to words as they go, teaching the child that the funny lines on the page are the words you are saying. All this should be a fun activity.
⑸　 　
Once a child is in school, the learning of reading is inevitably more serious. For children who have some kind of reading difficulty, you must get a professional diagnosis. While the teacher might say the child is merely disinterested but will get over it, disinterest or poor performance in reading can stem from a number of things, some being very specific learning disabilities that can be identified and worked on. But it is very tricky for parents to deal with their own child's learning disabilities.
【答案】F；A；E；D；C
【知识点】七选五
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文，讨论了孩子的早期阅读等问题。
（1）考查上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据”In fact, reading early has very little to do with whether a child is successful academically“可知和”Whether reading early promises later achievements“相对应。故选F。
（2）考查上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据”at age six和 in kindergarten and pre-kindergarten“可推断和When a child should learn to read相对应。选A。
（3）考查上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据”the use of both the ‘whole language' method and the ‘phonic'method works best for a child to master reading “可推断和What is the best way to teach a child reading相对应。故选E。
（4） 考查上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据”Besides reading to them, parents can start ‘ear training'their child by playing thyme games“可推断和How you prepare a young child for reading相对应。故选D。
（5）考查上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据”For children who have some kind of reading difficulty, you must get a professional diagnosis “可推断和What if a child has reading problems相对应。选C。
【点评】本题考查细节理解的基础上，进一步考查考生对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。
六、阅读表达
23．（2012·上海）Directions: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.
While contact between adolescents (between the ages of fifteen and nineteen) and their peers (同龄人) is a universal characteristic of all cultures, the nature and the degree of such contact vary a great deal. In American contemporary society, adolescents spend much more time with their peers than with younger children or adults.
This pattern of age segregation(隔离) in American society did not become usual until the beginning of the industrialized society. Changes in the workplace separated children from adults, with adults working and children attending school. The dramatic increase of mothers in the workplace has further contributed to the reduction in the amount of time adolescents spend with adults. School reform efforts during the nineteenth century, which resulted in age-segregated schools and grades, have reduced the amount of time adolescents spend with younger children. Finally, the changes in population are considered a factor that may have contributed to the emergence of adolescent peer culture. From 1955 t0 1975, the adolescent population increased dramatically, from 11 percent t0 20.9 percent. This increase in the number of adolescents might be a contributing factor to the increase in adolescent peer culture in terms of growth in size.
Research supports the view that adolescents spend a great deal of time with their peers. Reed Larson and his colleagues examined adolescents' daily activities and found that they spend more time talking to their friends than engaging in any other activity. In a typical week, high school students will spend twice as much time with their peers as with adults. This gradual withdrawal from adults begins in early adolescence. In sixth grade, adults (excluding parents) account for only 25 percent of adolescent social networks. Another important characteristic of adolescent peer culture is its increasingly autonomous (白治的) function. While childhood peer groups are conducted under the close supervision of parents, adolescent peer groups typically make an effort to escape adult supervision and usually succeed in doing so.
(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN EIGHT WORDS.)
（1）"This pattern of age segregation" refers to the phenomenon that adolescents segregate themselves from　 　
（2）Besides changes in the workplace,　 　are the other two factors contributing to adolescent peer culture.
（3）When do adolescents start to spend less time with adults
（4）How do adolescent peer groups differ from childhood peer groups
【答案】（1）younger children and adults
（2）school reform efforts and the changes in population
（3）In early adolescence
（4）They have less close supervision of parents. /They manage to escape adult supervision./They are increasingly autonomous
【知识点】阅读表达
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文，介绍了美国青少年与同龄人的交往。
（1）考查细节归纳。根据”Changes in the workplace separated children from adults“ 和”which resulted in age-segregated schools and grades, have reduced the amount of time adolescents spend with younger children “可推断应填younger children and adults。
（2）考查细节归纳。根据”School reform efforts during the nineteenth century“ 和”the changes in population are considered a factor“可推断应填 school reform efforts and the changes in population。
（3）考查细节归纳。根据”This gradual withdrawal from adults begins in early adolescence “可推断应填In early adolescence。
（4）考查细节归纳。根据”adolescent peer groups typically make an effort to escape adult supervision “可推断应填They have less close supervision of parents. /They manage to escape adult supervision./They are increasingly autonomous。
【点评】本题考查阅读理解能力及书面表达能力，要求考生在理解细节信息的基础上，根据上下文的逻辑关系，进一步进行分析推理，写出正确的答案。
七、翻译
24．（2012·上海）Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
（1）她五年前开始拉小提琴。(play)
（2）由于天气恶劣，航班延误了好几个小时。(owing)
（3）每位设计师都希望自己的作品能经受时间的考验。(stand)
（4）能否抵御网络游戏的诱惑是摆在中学生面前的一道难题。(It)
（5）在展览会上，公司销售经理展示了孩子们翘首以盼的新型电子玩具。(demonstrate)
【答案】（1）She began to play the violin five years ago.
（2）Owing to bad weather, the flight was delayed for a couple of hours.
（3）Every designer hopes that his work can stand the test of time
（4）It is a difficult problem for high school students whether they can resist the temptation of online games.
（5）At the exhibition, the company's sales manager demonstrated the new type of electronic toys (which/that) children were looking forward to.
【知识点】汉译英
【解析】【分析】根据句子的汉语以及所给单词，完成句子。
（1）根据“五年前”可知用一般过去时，注意短语play the violin。
（2）根据提示词可知，owing to ”因为，由于“，此处to是介词。注意用被动语态，因为航班被推迟。
（3）此句希望（hope）是谓语动词，后接宾语从句。时态用一般现在时。
（4）此句it是形式主语，whether引导主语从句，时态一般现在时。短语：抵御诱惑resist the temptation。
（5）注意句子结构的安排，“孩子们翘首以盼的”应译为定语从句。时态用一般过去时。
【点评】本题中的五个小题考点涉及一般过去时，过去式的被动语态，一般现在时以及定语从句，要求考生掌握这些知识点的同时，准确掌握所提供的词汇的词性和用法。
八、书面表达
25．（2012·上海）Directions: Write an English composition in 120 - 150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
上周一，你在一所小学观摩了小女孩Amy所在班级的两堂绘画课（如图所示），回家后你用英语写了一篇日记，内容包括：
●对两堂绘画课的具体描述；
●你从中获得的启发。
【答案】Date: June 8, 2012 Last week, I sat in on two painting classes at a primary school. In one class a student dipped her feet in ink and made a painting out of footprints. By contrast, the same student used a brush to make a breath-taking landscape painting—so vivid that one could almost smell the refreshing rivers and hear the chirping birds. Though standing in stark contrast, the two paintings both intrigued me. In fact, they reminded me of what Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg said, “Keep your eyes on the stars and your feet on the ground.” It's this maxim on success that lends insight into the two paintings. The first painting represents that we should remain grounded and be cautious of being carried away with temporary success. A kite stays afloat because it's attached to a reel; otherwise it will instantly lose its balance before eventually crashing into the ground. So it is with us. However, success requires more than being simply down-to-earth, with a lofty ideal being another crucial factor. So grand was the scenery portrayed in the second painting that it embodied the reach of our dreams. Instead of ignoring the gleam of light, the spark of wisdom that flashes across our mind and worshipping the luster of the sky of geniuses, we'd be better off trusting that the gleam and the spark will one day shine as brightly as a search light if we have faith in ourselves. The paintings taught me to dream big and act small. And I believe, by doing so, the warm light of success will cascade into my life.
【知识点】看图写话；开放性作文
【解析】【分析】这是一篇看图写话，体裁是日记的形式。内含两个要点：介绍对两堂绘画课的具体描述和你从中获得的启发。文章要紧紧围绕这两个要点展开。各个要点表达要清晰，要点要根据图的内容进行具体描述。然后谈谈自己的启发。层次要分明，衔接要自然。需要考生自己做合理的联想，启发要有新意，内容要符合图的逻辑。
【点评】本篇条理清楚，要点全面，结构连贯。其句式上的变化既使得文章生动而流畅，也体现了作者驾驭句式的能力。例如：文章运用了宾语从句In fact, they reminded me of what Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg said, “Keep your eyes on the stars and your feet on the ground.”；强调句：It's this maxim on success that lends insight into the two paintings. ；原因状语从句：A kite stays afloat because it's attached to a reel；和倒装句So grand was the scenery portrayed in the second painting that it embodied the reach of our dreams. 等等。
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2012年高考英语真题试卷（上海卷）
一、单项选择
1．（2012·上海） passion, people won't have the motivation or the joy necessary for creative thinking.
A．For B．Without C．Beneath D．By
2．（2012·上海）Is honesty the best policy We _ that it is when we are little.
A．will teach B．teach C．are taught D．will be taught
3．（2012·上海）As Jack left his membership card at home, he wasn't allowed into the sports club.
A．going B．to go C．go D．gone
4．（2012·上海）The new law states that people _______drive after drinking alcohol.
A．wouldn't B．needn't C．won't D．mustn't
5．（2012·上海）Only with the greatest of luck to escape from the rising flood waters.
A．managed she B．she managed C．did she manage D．she did manage
6．（2012·上海）—I hear that Jason is planning to buy a car.
—I know. By next month, he enough for a used one.
A．will have saved B．will be saving
C．has saved D．saves
7．（2012·上海）When he took his gloves off, I noticed that one had his name written inside.
A．each B．every C．other D．another
8．（2012·上海）I have a tight budget for the trip, so I'm not going to fly the airlines lower ticket prices.
A．once B．if C．after D．unless
9．（2012·上海）When Peter speaks in public, he always has trouble the right things to say.
A．thinking of B．to think of C．thought of D．think of
10．（2012·上海）There is much truth in the idea kindness is usually served by frankness.
A．why B．which C．that D．whether
11．（2012·上海）Have you sent thank-you notes to the relatives from you received gifts
A．which B．them C．that D．whom
12．（2012·上海）The club, 25 years ago, is holding a party for past and present members.
A．founded B．founding C．being founded D．to be founded
13．（2012·上海）—Was it by cutting down staff she saved the firm
—No, it was by improving work efficiency.
A．when B．what C．how D．that
14．（2012·上海）—We've only got this small bookcase. Will that do
—No, I am looking for is something much bigger and stronger.
A．who B．that C．what D．which
15．（2012·上海）"Genius" is a complicated concept, _ _ many different factors.
A．involved B．involving C．to involve D．being involved
16．（2012·上海）The map is one of the best tools a man has _ _ he goes to a new place.
A．whenever B．whatever C．wherever D．however
二、完形填空
17．（2012·上海）完形填空
People on a college campus were more likely to give money to the March of Dimes if they were asked for a donation by a disabled woman in a wheelchair than if asked by a nondisabled woman. In another （1） , subway riders in New York saw a man carrying a stick stumble（绊脚） and fall to the floor. Sometimes the victim had a large red birthmark on his （2） ; sometimes he did not. In this situation, the victim was more likely to （3） aid if his face was spotless than if he had an unattractive birthmark. In （4） these and other research findings, two themes are （5） : we are more willing to help people we like for some reason and people we think （6） assistance.
In some situations, those who are physically attractive are more likely to receive aid. （7） , in a field study researchers placed a completed application to graduate school in a telephone box at the airport. The application was ready to be （8） , but had apparently been "lost". The photo attached to the application was sometimes that of a very （9） person and sometimes that of a less attractive person. The measure of helping was whether the individual who found the envelope actually mailed it or not. Results showed that people were more likely to （10） the application if the person in the photo was physically attractive.
The degree of （11） between the potential helper and the person in need is also important. For example, people are more likely to help a stranger who is from the same country rather than a foreigner. In one study, shoppers on a busy street in Scotland were more likely to help a person wearing a(n) （12） T-shirt than a person wearing a T-shirt printed with offensive words.
Whether a person receives help depends in part on the "worth" of the case. For example, shoppers in a supermarket were more likely to give someone. （13） to buy milk rather than to buy cookies, probably because milk is thought more essential for （14） than cookies. Passengers on a New York subway were more likely to help a man who fell to the ground if he appeared to be （15） rather than drunk.
（1）A．study B．way C．word D．college
（2）A．hand B．arm C．face D．back
（3）A．refuse B．beg C．lose D．receive
（4）A．challenging B．recording C．understanding D．publishing
（5）A．important B．possible C．amusing D．missing
（6）A．seek B．deserve C．obtain D．accept
（7）A．At first B．Above all C．In addition D．For example
（8）A．printed B．mailed C．rewritten D．signed
（9）A．talented B．good-looking C．helpful D．hard-working
（10）A．send in B．throw away C．fill out D．turn down
（11）A．similarity B．friendship C．cooperation D．contact
（12）A．expensive B．plain C．cheap D．strange
（13）A．time B．instructions C．money D．chances
（14）A．shoppers B．research C．children D．health
（15）A．talkative B．handsome C．calm D．sick
三、阅读理解
18．（2012·上海）阅读理解
Phil White has just returned from an 18,000 mile, around the world bicycle trip. White had two reasons for making this epic journey. First of all, he wanted to use the trip to raise money for charity, which he did. He raised ￡70,000 for the British charity, Oxfam. White's second reason for making the trip was to break the world record and become the fastest person to cycle around the world. He is still waiting to find out if he has broken the record or not.
White set off from Trafalgar Square, in London, on 19th June 2004 and was back 299 days later. He spent more than 1,300 hours in the saddle (车座) and destroyed four sets of tyres and three bike chains. He had the adventure of his life crossing Europe, the Middle East, India, Asia, Australia, New Zealand and the Americas. Amazingly, he did all of this with absolutely no support team. No jeep carrying food, water and medicine. No doctor. Nothing! Just a bike and a very, very long road.
The journey was lonely and desperate at times. He also had to fight his way across deserts, through jungles and over mountains. He cycled through heavy rains and temperatures of up to 45 degrees, all to help people in need. There were other dangers along the road. In Iran, he was chased by armed robbers and was lucky to escape with his life and the little money he had. The worst thing that happened to him was having to cycle into a headwind on a road that crosses the south of Australia. For 1,000 kilometres he battled against the wind that was constantly pushing him. This part of the trip was slow, hard work and depressing, but he made it in the end. Now Mr. White is back and intends to write a book about his adventures.
（1）When Phil White returned from his trip, he ________.
A．broke the world record B．collected money for Oxfam
C．destroyed several bikes D．travelled about 1,300 hours
（2）What does the word “epic” in Paragraph 1 most probably mean
A．Very slow but exciting. B．Very long and difficult.
C．Very smooth but tiring. D．Very lonely and depressing.
（3）During his journey around the world, Phil White ________.
A．fought heroically against robbers in Iran
B．experienced the extremes of heat and cold
C．managed to ride against the wind in Australia
D．had a team of people who travelled with him
（4）Which of the following words can best describe Phil White
A．Imaginative. B．Patriotic. C．Modest. D．Determined.
19．（2012·上海）阅读理解
The value-packed, all-inclusive sight-seeing package that combines the best of Sydney's harbor, city, bay and beach highlights.
A SydneyPass gives you unlimited and flexible travel on the Explorer Buses: the ‘red' Sydney Explorer shows you around our exciting city sights while the ‘blue' Bondi Explorer visits Sydney Harbour bays and famous beaches. Take to the water on one of three magnificent daily harbor cruises (游船). You can also travel free on regular Sydney Buses, Sydney Ferries or CityRail services (limited area), so you can go to every corner of this beautiful city.
Imagine browsing at Darling Harbour, tasting the famous seafood at Watsons Bay or enjoying the city lights on an evening ferry cruise. The possibilities and plans are endless with a SydneyPass. Wherever you decide to go, remember that bookings are not required on any of our services so tickets are treated on a first in, first seated basis.
SydneyPasses are available for 3, 5 or 7 days for use over a 7-calendar-day period. With a 3 or 5-day pass you choose on which days out of the 7 you want to use it. All SydneyPasses include a free Airport Express inward trip before starting your 3, 5 or 7 days, and the return trip is valid for 2 months from the first day your ticket was used.
SydneyPass Fares
Adult Child* Family**
3-day ticket $90 $45 $225
5-day ticket $120 $60 $300
7-day ticket $140 $70 $350
*A child is defined as anyone from the ages of 4 years to under 16 years. Children under 4 years travel free.
**A family is defined as 2 adults and any number of children from 4 to under 16 years of age from the same family.
（1）A SydneyPass doesn't offer unlimited rides on ________.
A．the Explorer Buses B．the harbor cruises
C．regular Sydney Buses D．CityRail services
（2）With a SydneyPass, a traveller can ________.
A．save fares from and to the airport
B．take the Sydney Explorer to beaches
C．enjoy the famous seafood for free
D．reserve seats easily in a restaurant
（3）If 5-day tickets were to be recommended to a mother who travelled with her colleague and her children, aged 3, 6 and 10, what would the lowest cost be
A．$225. B．$300. C．$360. D．$420.
20．（2012·上海）阅读理解
Researchers in the psychology department at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) have discovered a major difference in the way men and women respond to stress.This difference may explain why men are more likely to suffer from stress related disorders.
Until now，psychological research has maintained that both men and women have the same “fightorflight” reaction to stress.In other words，individuals either react with aggressive behavior，such as verbal or physical conflict (“fight”)，or they react by withdrawing from the stressful situation (“flight”)．However，the UCLA research team found that men and women have quite different biological and behavioral responses to stress.While men often react to stress in the fightorflight response，women often have another kind of reaction which could be called “tend and befriend.” That is，they often react to stressful conditions by protecting and nurturing their young (“tend”)，and by looking for social contact and support from others—especially other females (“befriend”)．
Scientists have long known that in the fightorflight reaction to stress，an important role is played by certain hormones(激素) released by the body.The UCLA research team suggests that the female tendorbefriend response is also based on a hormone.This hormone，called oxytocin，has been studied in the context of childbirth，but now it is being studied for its role in the response of both men and women to stress.The principal investigator，Dr.Shelley E．Taylor，explained that “animals and people with high levels of oxytocin are calmer，more relaxed，more social，and less anxious.” While men also secrete(分泌) oxytocin，its effects are reduced by male hormones.
In terms of everyday behavior，the UCLA study found that women are far more likely than men to seek social contact when they are feeling stressed.They may phone relatives or friends，or ask directions if they are lost.
The study also showed how fathers and mothers responded differently when they came home to their family after a stressful day at work.The typical father wanted to be left alone to enjoy some peace and quiet.For a typical mother，coping with a bad day at work meant focusing her attention on her children and their needs.
The differences in responding to stress may explain the fact that women have lower frequency of stressrelated disorders such as high blood pressure or aggressive behavior.The tendandbefriend regulatory(调节的) system may protect women against stress，and this may explain why women on average live longer than men.
（1）The UCLA study shows that in response to stress，men are more likely than women to ______.
A．turn to friends for help B．solve a conflict calmly
C．find an escape from reality D．seek comfort from children
（2）Which of the following is true about oxytocin according to the passage
A．Men have the same level of oxytocin as women do.
B．Oxytocin used to be studied in both men and women.
C．Both animals and people have high levels of oxytocin.
D．Oxytocin has more of an effect on women than on men.
（3）What can be learned from the passage
A．Male hormones help build up the body's resistance to stress.
B．In a family a mother cares more about children than a father does.
C．Biological differences lead to different behavioral responses to stress.
D．The UCLA study was designed to confirm previous research findings.
（4）Which of the following might be the best title of the passage
A．How men and women get over stress
B．How men and women suffer from stress
C．How researchers overcome stress problems
D．How researchers handle stress related disorders
四、其他
21．（2012·上海）Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. maintained B. serious C. indications D. figures E. anxious F. concern G crisis H. decided I. available J. reversed
Filmgoers should be told how many calories there are in the popcorn, ice cream and soft drinks that they buy in cinemas, according to the Food Standard Agency.
Smaller popcorn buckets and drink cups should also be made　 　 , the nutrition inspector said.
Tim Smith, chief executive of the agency, told The Times that cinemas should help to deal with the country's overweight 　 　.
"There is a misbelief that popcorn is calorie-free, but that is not the case. It is a 　 　to us," he said. "Portion sizes are also a big issue, and there seems to be increasingly big packs on sale."
He spoke as a number of food chains such as Pret A Manger, Wimpey and The Real Greek　 　to put calorie counts on all their menus.
A trial scheme（试行方案） with 21 food companies took place last summer, and 　 　are that consumers altered their buying habits when they realised the number of calories in a product.
A consultation(征询意见) on the trial ends next month but Mr Smith is already planning the second drive for American-style calorie counts and is 　 　 to win support from cinemas and other entertainment places, from football grounds to concert halls.
Government　 　suggest that two thirds of adults and a third of children are overweight. If trends are not 　 　, this could rise to almost nine in ten adults and two thirds of children by 2050, putting them at 　 　 risk of heart disease, cancer and other diseases.
五、信息匹配
22．（2012·上海）Directions: Read the following text and choose the most suitable heading from A-F for each paragraph. There is one extra heading which you do not need.
A. When a child should learn to read B. Why it is fun to teach a child reading C. What if a child has reading problems D. How you prepare a young child for reading E. What is the best way to teach a child reading F. Whether reading early promises later achievements
⑴ 　 　
Learning to read early has become one of those indicators — in parents' minds at least – that their child is smart. In fact, reading early has very little to do with whether a child is successful academically. Research has shown that difficulty with reading is often due not to inferior intelligence but to differences in the developmental wiring of each individual child. In some cases, there are neurological problems and developmental lags that can be overcome with proper training.
⑵　 　
Traditionally, American schools teach children at age six, but many schools begin teaching informally in kindergarten and pre-kindergarten. If parents start too early to encourage reading, and a child does not immediately succeed, the parent has a hard time relaxing and letting the child go at his or her own pace.
⑶　 　
Over the years, research has proved that the use of both the “whole language" method and the "phonic" method works best for a child to master reading. While the whole language approach, which includes reading to children and getting them interested in both the activity of reading and the story they are reading, is helpful, phonics must be taught. Children must be taught that one of the squiggles they see is a "p" and another a "b". Getting the print off the page requires a different ability than being able to understand the meaning of what is written.
⑷　 　
You can start developing the skills needed in reading at a very young age without putting any pressure on children. Besides reading to them, parents can start "ear training" their child by playing thyme games. This develops the child's ability to recognize different sounds. In reading to children, parents also can point to words as they go, teaching the child that the funny lines on the page are the words you are saying. All this should be a fun activity.
⑸　 　
Once a child is in school, the learning of reading is inevitably more serious. For children who have some kind of reading difficulty, you must get a professional diagnosis. While the teacher might say the child is merely disinterested but will get over it, disinterest or poor performance in reading can stem from a number of things, some being very specific learning disabilities that can be identified and worked on. But it is very tricky for parents to deal with their own child's learning disabilities.
六、阅读表达
23．（2012·上海）Directions: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.
While contact between adolescents (between the ages of fifteen and nineteen) and their peers (同龄人) is a universal characteristic of all cultures, the nature and the degree of such contact vary a great deal. In American contemporary society, adolescents spend much more time with their peers than with younger children or adults.
This pattern of age segregation(隔离) in American society did not become usual until the beginning of the industrialized society. Changes in the workplace separated children from adults, with adults working and children attending school. The dramatic increase of mothers in the workplace has further contributed to the reduction in the amount of time adolescents spend with adults. School reform efforts during the nineteenth century, which resulted in age-segregated schools and grades, have reduced the amount of time adolescents spend with younger children. Finally, the changes in population are considered a factor that may have contributed to the emergence of adolescent peer culture. From 1955 t0 1975, the adolescent population increased dramatically, from 11 percent t0 20.9 percent. This increase in the number of adolescents might be a contributing factor to the increase in adolescent peer culture in terms of growth in size.
Research supports the view that adolescents spend a great deal of time with their peers. Reed Larson and his colleagues examined adolescents' daily activities and found that they spend more time talking to their friends than engaging in any other activity. In a typical week, high school students will spend twice as much time with their peers as with adults. This gradual withdrawal from adults begins in early adolescence. In sixth grade, adults (excluding parents) account for only 25 percent of adolescent social networks. Another important characteristic of adolescent peer culture is its increasingly autonomous (白治的) function. While childhood peer groups are conducted under the close supervision of parents, adolescent peer groups typically make an effort to escape adult supervision and usually succeed in doing so.
(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN EIGHT WORDS.)
（1）"This pattern of age segregation" refers to the phenomenon that adolescents segregate themselves from　 　
（2）Besides changes in the workplace,　 　are the other two factors contributing to adolescent peer culture.
（3）When do adolescents start to spend less time with adults
（4）How do adolescent peer groups differ from childhood peer groups
七、翻译
24．（2012·上海）Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
（1）她五年前开始拉小提琴。(play)
（2）由于天气恶劣，航班延误了好几个小时。(owing)
（3）每位设计师都希望自己的作品能经受时间的考验。(stand)
（4）能否抵御网络游戏的诱惑是摆在中学生面前的一道难题。(It)
（5）在展览会上，公司销售经理展示了孩子们翘首以盼的新型电子玩具。(demonstrate)
八、书面表达
25．（2012·上海）Directions: Write an English composition in 120 - 150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
上周一，你在一所小学观摩了小女孩Amy所在班级的两堂绘画课（如图所示），回家后你用英语写了一篇日记，内容包括：
●对两堂绘画课的具体描述；
●你从中获得的启发。
答案解析部分
1．【答案】B
【解析】【分析】句意：没有激情，人们就不会有创新思维所必须的动机和快乐。without”没有“，选B。
【点评】考查介词辨析，区分for，without，beneath，by的含义和用法。
2．【答案】C
【知识点】动词的语态；一般现在时
【解析】【分析】句意：诚信为本吗？我们在很小的时候就被教会了这个道理。由teach 的用法teach sb,sth.，可以看出teach 后面跟双宾，所以只能用被动语态，又因为时态一致所以只能选择C。
【点评】考查动词的时态和语态，本题涉及一般现在时的被动语态。
3．【答案】B
【知识点】非谓语动词
【解析】【分析】句意：因为杰克把会员卡落在家里了，所以不允许他进体育俱乐部。此处是allow sb to do sth的被动语态形式，即sb is allowed to do sth。选B。
【点评】考查非谓语动词，以及allow sb to do sth的含义和用法。
4．【答案】D
【知识点】情态动词的辨析
【解析】【分析】句意：新的法律规定：人们不准酒后驾车。此处mustn't意为：禁止，故选D。
【点评】考查情态动词辨析，区分wouldn't，needn't，won't，mustn't的含义和用法。
5．【答案】C
【知识点】倒装句
【解析】【分析】句意：只是因为极大的幸运，她才从上涨的洪水中逃生。此处only强调状语成分with he greatest of luck置于句首，主句倒装。选C。
【点评】考查倒装句，”only+状语“位于句首，主句用部分倒装语序。
6．【答案】A
【知识点】将来完成时
【解析】【分析】句意：——我听说Jason计划买一辆车。——我知道。到下个月，他就攒够了足够的钱买一辆二手车。此处解题关键是：by next month是将来的时间状语，所以用将来完成时。选A。
【点评】考查动词的时态，本题涉及将来完成时，其结构：will/shall have done。
7．【答案】A
【知识点】代词
【解析】【分析】句意：当他摘下手套，我注意到每个人的手上都写着他的名字。此处each”每一个“，强调个体。选A。
【点评】考查代词辨析，区分each，every，other，another的含义和用法。
8．【答案】D
【知识点】引导条件状语从句的连词
【解析】【分析】句意：我旅行的预算很吃紧，所以不打算坐飞机，除非航空公司降低票价。unless相当于if...not，根据句意，选D。
【点评】考查状语从句，本题涉及unless引导的条件状语从句。
9．【答案】A
【知识点】非谓语动词
【解析】【分析】句意：当Peter在公众场合说话的时候，他总是很难想到合适的说话的内容。have trouble doing sth “做某事有困难“。故选A。
【点评】考查非谓语动词，以及句型have trouble doing sth 。
10．【答案】C
【知识点】同位语从句
【解析】【分析】句意：这是很有道理的想法,仁慈通常装的坦率。前面有一个名词作为先行词Idea,后面句子成分完整，所以不可能为定语从句，又因为从句的内容就是先行词 idea，所以判断该句为同位语从句，选择C。
【点评】考查名词性从句，本题涉及that引导的同位语从句。
11．【答案】D
【知识点】关系代词引导定语从句的用法
【解析】【分析】句意：你给送礼物的亲戚发过感谢信了吗？首先从前后两个句子的谓语判断该空为关系代词，所以排除B，前面有介词from，排除C，又根据receive sth. from sb.，看出后面从句成分不完整，所以该句为定语从句，介词后面用whom指人，而which 指物，所以答案为D。
【点评】考查定语从句，本题涉及关系代词whom引导的限制性定语从句。
12．【答案】A
【知识点】非谓语动词
【解析】【分析】句意：那个建于二十五年前的俱乐部正在为新老会员举行晚会。club与found是动宾关系，即俱乐部被修建，应该用过去分词表被动和完成，排除B；C项表示正在被建，D项表示将要被建，根据句意可知，俱乐部建于25年前，排除C、D，故选A。
【点评】考查非谓语动词，本题涉及过去分词作定语的应用。
13．【答案】D
【知识点】强调句
【解析】【分析】句意：——通过减员她挽救了这家公司吗？——不，通过提高工作效率。此处是强调句型的一般疑问句形式，by cutting down staff是被强调的部分。选D。
【点评】考查强调句型，其结构：It is/was +被强调部分+句子的其它部分。
14．【答案】C
【知识点】引导名词性从句的连词
【解析】【分析】句意：——我们仅有这个小书箱。那个合适吗？——我正在找的是比这更大、更结实的书柜。此处what I am looking for是主语从句，what在主语从句中作for的宾语。故答案选C。
【点评】考查名词性从句，本题涉及关系代词what引导的主语从句。
15．【答案】B
【知识点】非谓语动词
【解析】【分析】句意：天才是一个很复杂的概念，它和许多不同的因素相关。此处是现在分词作定语，相当于一个定语从句，which involves many different factors.选B。
【点评】考查非谓语动词，本题涉及现在分词作定语的应用。
16．【答案】A
【知识点】引导时间状语从句的连词
【解析】【分析】句意：地图是每当一个人去一个新地方时所必带的工具。此处tools是先行词，a man has whenever he goes to a new place.是定语从句，whenever he goes to a new place.是定语从句中的状语从句。故答案选A。
【点评】考查状语从句，区分whenever，whatever，wherever，however的含义以及引导的各种从句，本题涉及whenever引导的时间状语从句。
17．【答案】（1）A；（2）C；（3）D；（4）C；（5）A；（6）B；（7）D；（8）B；（9）B；（10）A；（11）A；（12）B；（13）C；（14）D；（15）D
【知识点】学习教育类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，研究表明，出于某种原因，我们更愿意帮助我们喜欢的人和我们认为值得帮助的人。
（1）考查名词。根据下文“these and other research findings和in a field study”可知，在另一份研究中，所以选A。
（2）考查名词。根据下文“if his face was spotless”可知。受害者脸上有一个巨大的红色胎记。C合语境。
（3）考查动词。根据下文“are more likely to receive aid”可知选receive。如果受害者的脸无污点的比有不引人注意的胎记更有可能获得援助。选D。
（4）考查动词。challenge“挑战”； record“记录”；understand“理解，了解”；publish“出版”。在了解这些和其他研究结果过程中， 发现两个重要的主题。C合语境。
（5）考查形容词。important“重要的”； possible“可能的”； amusing “娱乐的”； missing“失去的”。在了解这些和其他研究结果过程中， 发现两个重要的主题。故选A。
（6）考查动词。deserve“值得”。因为某种原因我们更愿意帮助我们喜欢的人和我们认为值得帮助的人。选B。
（7）考查固定短语。下文举列说明观点：In some situations, those who are physically attractive are more likely to receive aid，所以选D。
（8）考查动词。根据下文“actually mailed it or not”可知选mailed，“申请被邮寄”，选B。
（9）考查形容词。talented“有才能的”； good-looking“好看的”；helpful “有帮助的”；hard-working“勤奋的”。附在申请上的照片一张是相貌好看的、一张不太有吸引力的人。选B。
（10）考查动词短语。结果表明，如果照片上人外表上有吸引力，人们更可能递送这个申请。send in“递送”，选A。
（11）考查名词。在潜在的助手和有需要的人之间的相似程度也很重要。A合语境。
（12）考查形容词。expensive“昂贵的”； plain“ 普通的”； cheap“便宜的”； strange“奇怪的”。穿着T恤上印上挑衅的话和穿着朴素的T恤的人相对比，人们更愿意帮助穿着朴素T恤的人。选B。
（13）考查名词。time“时间”； instructions“ 说明”；money “钱”； chances“机会”。根据常识应该给钱买牛奶，选C。
（14）考查名词。对健康来说，牛奶被认为比饼干更不可缺少。选D。
（15）考查形容词。talkative“ 健谈的”；handsome“英俊的”； calm“平静的”； sick“有病的”。生病的似乎比喝醉的更容易得到到帮助。选D。
【点评】本题考点涉及名词 、动词、形容词、固定短语等多个知识点的考查，综合性强，要求考生在理解细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析推理，选出正确答案。
18．【答案】（1）B
（2）B
（3）C
（4）D
【知识点】词义猜测题；细节理解题；人物故事类；记叙文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了Phil单人骑自行车环游全球的故事，他这样做有两个原因：慈善和打破世界纪录。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“First of all, he wanted to use the trip to raise money for charity, which he did. He raised ￡70,000 for the British charity, Oxfam.”可知为了Oxfam他的确筹集到了钱。故B正确。
（2）考查词义猜测。根据第一段中的“Phil White has just returned from an 18,000-mile, around-the-world bicycle trip.”Phil骑自行车环游全世界，根据第三段内容可知这次骑行是非常艰难辛苦的。故B项正确。
（3）考查细节理解。根据第三段倒数中的“The worst thing that happened to him was having to cycle into a headwind on a road that crosses the south of Australia. For l,000 kilometers he battled against the wind that was constantly pushing him.”可知在骑行途中他要和大风斗争。故C项正确。
（4）考查总结归纳。Phil单人骑自行车环游全球，骑坏轮胎和链条。这是非常艰难的行程，而他做到了。说明他非常有决心和毅力。故D项正确。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解、词义猜测、总结归纳和主旨大意四个题型的考查，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析、推理、概括和归纳，从而选择正确答案。
19．【答案】（1）D
（2）A
（3）C
【知识点】推理判断题；细节理解题；日常生活类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了如何使用悉尼公交的一种乘车证。SydneyPass提供3，5，7天不等的悉尼的海港城市，海湾和海滩等地旅游路线。（1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“CityRail services (limited area), so you can go to every corner of this beautiful city”可判断，故选D。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第四段中的“All SydneyPasses include a free Airport Express inward trip”可知有乘车卡可以节省来往机场的费用，故选A。
（3）考查推理判断。根据图表和下面的说明可知：Children under 4 years travel free，说明三岁的孩子免费，所以两个成年人是240元加上两个小孩120元，共360元。故选C.
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析、推理，从而选择正确答案。
20．【答案】（1）C
（2）D
（3）C
（4）A
【知识点】推理判断题；细节理解题；医疗保健类；标题选择题
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇调查报告，介绍男女对压力反应的区别和原因以及如何克服压力。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“men often react to stress in the fight-or-flight response”和“they react by withdrawing from the stressful situation 'flight‘”可判断男人更可能从现实中逃脱出来。故选C。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“While men also secrete（分泌）oxytocin, its effects are reduced by male hormones.”可知Oxytocin对女性的作用更大。故选D。
（3）考查推理判断。本篇主要讨论的是男女对待压力的不同反应，并解释了其中的生理原因。故选C。
（4）考查主旨大意。根据文章主旨判断，最佳标题应与男女对压力的反应，即如何克服压力有关，故选A。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解、推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析、推理、概括和归纳，从而选择正确答案。
21．【答案】I；G；F；H；C；E；D；J；B
【知识点】选词填空
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了美国社会的肥胖问题，以及应对策略。
（1）available意为“可得到的,可买到的”。还应该提供较小的爆米花桶和饮料杯。
（2）crisis意为：危机。电影院应帮助处理国家“超重人”过多的危机。
（3）concern意为：关心的事,重要的事。"There is a misbelief that popcorn is calorie-free, but that is not the case. It is a concern to us：有一个错误的观念，爆米花不含热量，但事实并非如此，这对我们来说是一件值得关心的事。
（4）他谈到许多如Pret A Manger, Wimpey and The Real Greek食品连锁店决定在所有菜单上标明卡路里数量。
（5）indication意为：迹象。有迹象表明，当他们意识到产品上面的卡路里数量时，消费者改变他们的购买习惯。
（6）anxious意为“渴望的”。 渴望赢得电影院的支持。
（7）figure意为“数字”。政府数字表明2/3的青年和1/3的儿童超重。
（8）reverse意为“彻底改变”。如果这种趋势不彻底改变，那么到2050年9/10的青年和2/3的儿童超重。
（9）此处形容词修饰名词risk。使他们处于严重的心脏病，癌症和其他疾病风险当中。
【点评】本题要求考生准确掌握所给单词的含义以及词性，在理解文章细节的基础上，根据上下文语境，选出正确答案。
22．【答案】F；A；E；D；C
【知识点】七选五
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文，讨论了孩子的早期阅读等问题。
（1）考查上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据”In fact, reading early has very little to do with whether a child is successful academically“可知和”Whether reading early promises later achievements“相对应。故选F。
（2）考查上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据”at age six和 in kindergarten and pre-kindergarten“可推断和When a child should learn to read相对应。选A。
（3）考查上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据”the use of both the ‘whole language' method and the ‘phonic'method works best for a child to master reading “可推断和What is the best way to teach a child reading相对应。故选E。
（4） 考查上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据”Besides reading to them, parents can start ‘ear training'their child by playing thyme games“可推断和How you prepare a young child for reading相对应。故选D。
（5）考查上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据”For children who have some kind of reading difficulty, you must get a professional diagnosis “可推断和What if a child has reading problems相对应。选C。
【点评】本题考查细节理解的基础上，进一步考查考生对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。
23．【答案】（1）younger children and adults
（2）school reform efforts and the changes in population
（3）In early adolescence
（4）They have less close supervision of parents. /They manage to escape adult supervision./They are increasingly autonomous
【知识点】阅读表达
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文，介绍了美国青少年与同龄人的交往。
（1）考查细节归纳。根据”Changes in the workplace separated children from adults“ 和”which resulted in age-segregated schools and grades, have reduced the amount of time adolescents spend with younger children “可推断应填younger children and adults。
（2）考查细节归纳。根据”School reform efforts during the nineteenth century“ 和”the changes in population are considered a factor“可推断应填 school reform efforts and the changes in population。
（3）考查细节归纳。根据”This gradual withdrawal from adults begins in early adolescence “可推断应填In early adolescence。
（4）考查细节归纳。根据”adolescent peer groups typically make an effort to escape adult supervision “可推断应填They have less close supervision of parents. /They manage to escape adult supervision./They are increasingly autonomous。
【点评】本题考查阅读理解能力及书面表达能力，要求考生在理解细节信息的基础上，根据上下文的逻辑关系，进一步进行分析推理，写出正确的答案。
24．【答案】（1）She began to play the violin five years ago.
（2）Owing to bad weather, the flight was delayed for a couple of hours.
（3）Every designer hopes that his work can stand the test of time
（4）It is a difficult problem for high school students whether they can resist the temptation of online games.
（5）At the exhibition, the company's sales manager demonstrated the new type of electronic toys (which/that) children were looking forward to.
【知识点】汉译英
【解析】【分析】根据句子的汉语以及所给单词，完成句子。
（1）根据“五年前”可知用一般过去时，注意短语play the violin。
（2）根据提示词可知，owing to ”因为，由于“，此处to是介词。注意用被动语态，因为航班被推迟。
（3）此句希望（hope）是谓语动词，后接宾语从句。时态用一般现在时。
（4）此句it是形式主语，whether引导主语从句，时态一般现在时。短语：抵御诱惑resist the temptation。
（5）注意句子结构的安排，“孩子们翘首以盼的”应译为定语从句。时态用一般过去时。
【点评】本题中的五个小题考点涉及一般过去时，过去式的被动语态，一般现在时以及定语从句，要求考生掌握这些知识点的同时，准确掌握所提供的词汇的词性和用法。
25．【答案】Date: June 8, 2012 Last week, I sat in on two painting classes at a primary school. In one class a student dipped her feet in ink and made a painting out of footprints. By contrast, the same student used a brush to make a breath-taking landscape painting—so vivid that one could almost smell the refreshing rivers and hear the chirping birds. Though standing in stark contrast, the two paintings both intrigued me. In fact, they reminded me of what Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg said, “Keep your eyes on the stars and your feet on the ground.” It's this maxim on success that lends insight into the two paintings. The first painting represents that we should remain grounded and be cautious of being carried away with temporary success. A kite stays afloat because it's attached to a reel; otherwise it will instantly lose its balance before eventually crashing into the ground. So it is with us. However, success requires more than being simply down-to-earth, with a lofty ideal being another crucial factor. So grand was the scenery portrayed in the second painting that it embodied the reach of our dreams. Instead of ignoring the gleam of light, the spark of wisdom that flashes across our mind and worshipping the luster of the sky of geniuses, we'd be better off trusting that the gleam and the spark will one day shine as brightly as a search light if we have faith in ourselves. The paintings taught me to dream big and act small. And I believe, by doing so, the warm light of success will cascade into my life.
【知识点】看图写话；开放性作文
【解析】【分析】这是一篇看图写话，体裁是日记的形式。内含两个要点：介绍对两堂绘画课的具体描述和你从中获得的启发。文章要紧紧围绕这两个要点展开。各个要点表达要清晰，要点要根据图的内容进行具体描述。然后谈谈自己的启发。层次要分明，衔接要自然。需要考生自己做合理的联想，启发要有新意，内容要符合图的逻辑。
【点评】本篇条理清楚，要点全面，结构连贯。其句式上的变化既使得文章生动而流畅，也体现了作者驾驭句式的能力。例如：文章运用了宾语从句In fact, they reminded me of what Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg said, “Keep your eyes on the stars and your feet on the ground.”；强调句：It's this maxim on success that lends insight into the two paintings. ；原因状语从句：A kite stays afloat because it's attached to a reel；和倒装句So grand was the scenery portrayed in the second painting that it embodied the reach of our dreams. 等等。
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