2013年高考英语真题试卷（江苏卷）

2013年高考英语真题试卷（江苏卷）
一、单项选择
1．（2013·江苏）Generally, students' inner motivation with high expectations from others ______ essential to their development.
A．is B．are C．was D．were
【答案】A
【知识点】一般现在时；主谓一致
【解析】【分析】句意：一般认为，其他人对学生高的期望是他们发展的必要的内部动机。本句主语是“motivation”，所以谓语动词用单数，而且是一般情况，所以用一般现在时，选A。
【点评】考查主谓一致和动词时态。本题涉及一般现在时中第三人称单数作主语。
2．（2013·江苏）—The T-shirt I received is not the same as is shown online.
—______ But I promise you we'll look into it right away.
A．Who says B．How come C．What for D．Why worry
【答案】B
【知识点】情景交际及习惯表达
【解析】【分析】句意：——我收到的T恤衫跟网上展示的不一样。——怎么会呢？我承诺立刻调查这件事。Who says？”谁说的？“；How come？”怎么会呢？”；What for？”为了什么？“；、Why worry？”为何忧伤；因何烦恼”。根据句意，选b。
【点评】考查情景交际。区分Who says？；How come？；What for？；Why worry？的含义以及使用环境。
3．（2013·江苏）—The town is so beautiful! I just love it.
—Me too. The character of the town is well ______.
A．qualified B．preserved C．decorated D．simplified
【答案】B
【知识点】动词的词义辨析
【解析】【分析】句意：——这个城镇如此的漂亮！我很喜欢它。——我也是，这个城镇的特征保存很好。qualified”有资格的”；preserved”受保护的“；decorated”装饰的”；simplified”简化的“。故选B。
【点评】考查动词辨析。区分qualify、preserve、decorate、simplify的含义和用法。
4．（2013·江苏）Lionel Messi, ______ the record for the most goals in a calendar year, is considered the most talented football player in Europe.
A．set B．setting C．to set D．having set
【答案】D
【知识点】分词
【解析】【分析】句意：Lionel Messi在一年里创了几个记录，被认为是欧洲最具潜力的足球运动员。创纪录已经是过去，现在被认为是欧洲最具潜力的足球运动员，所以分词动作发生在谓语动词之前，所以用完成时，选D。
【点评】考查现在分词的完成式。现在分词的完成式的结构：having done，所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。
5．（2013·江苏）—Could I use your car tomorrow morning
—Sure. I ______ a report at home.
A．will be writing B．will have written
C．have written D．have been writing
【答案】A
【知识点】将来进行时
【解析】【分析】句意：——明天上午我能用用你的车吗？——当然可以。我将在家写报告。根据时间状语tomorrow morning，再结合句意，可知用将来进行时。选A。
【点评】考查动词时态。本题涉及将来进行时用法的考查，将来进行时的结构：will be doing。
6．（2013·江苏）I am always delighted when I receive an e-mail from you. ______ the party on July 1st, I shall be pleased to attend.
A．On account of B．In response to
C．In view of D．With regard to
【答案】D
【知识点】介词和介词短语
【解析】【分析】句意：收到你的邮件我总是很高兴。至于七月一日的晚会我会很高兴参加。on account of”因为“；in response to”对......的回应”；in view of”鉴于，考虑到“；with regard to”关于，至于”。根据句意，选D。
【点评】考查介词短语，区分on account of、in response to、in view of、with regard to的含义和用法。
7．（2013·江苏）“Never for a second,” the boy says, “______ that my father would come to my rescue.”
A．I doubted B．do I doubt
C．I have doubted D．did I doubt
【答案】D
【知识点】一般过去时；倒装句
【解析】【分析】句意：男孩说他一刻也没怀疑过他父亲会来救他。本句是否定词提前倒装，从“would”可判断是用过去时，故选D。
【点评】考查倒装句和动词时态。否定意义的词放在句首，句子采用部分倒装语序；同时涉及一般过去时的考查。
8．（2013·江苏）In the global economy, a new drug for cancer, ______ it is discovered, will create many economic possibilities around the world.
A．whatever B．whoever C．wherever D．whichever
【答案】C
【知识点】引导让步状语从句的连词
【解析】【分析】句意：在全球经济中，一种新的治癌药物，无论在哪儿发现，都将在全球产生巨大的经济利益。根据 ______ it is discovered的结构来看，句子缺少状语，故选关系副词，所以选C。
【点评】考查让步状语从句，区分whatever、whoever、wherever、whichever的含义以及引导让步状语从句时，在从句中所做的句子成分。
9．（2013·江苏）Team leaders must ensure that all members ______ their natural desire to avoid the embarrassment associated with making mistakes.
A．get over B．look over C．take over D．come over
【答案】A
【知识点】动词短语的辨析
【解析】【分析】句意：团队领导必须保证所有的成员都能克服天生的欲望去避免因错误而产生尴尬。get over” 克服，恢复，熬过，原谅“；look over”忽略，俯视”；take over”接管“；come over” 过来；顺便来访；抓住”。根据句意，选A。
【点评】考查动词短语辨析，准确区分get over、look over、take over、come over四个动词短语的含义和用法。
10．（2013·江苏）I should not have laughed if I ______ you were serious.
A．thought B．would think C．had thought D．have thought
【答案】C
【知识点】虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的运用
【解析】【分析】句意：如果我知道你是认真的话我就不笑了。本句意思是当时不知道所以笑了，表示与过去事实相反，用“had thought”表示对过去情况的虚拟 。故答案选“C”。
【点评】考查虚拟语气，表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句，从句谓语动词用“过去完成时”，主句谓语动词用“情态动词的过去式+have done”。
11．（2013·江苏）Shortly after suffering from a massive earthquake and ______ to ruins, the city took on a new look.
A．reducing B．reduced C．being reduced D．having reduced
【答案】C
【知识点】动名词
【解析】【分析】句意：就在遭遇一场大地震被夷为平地之后不久，这个城市又呈现了新的面貌。此句中的“after”是介词，后面需要动名词，而且城市是被夷为平地，所以用被动语态，所以选C。
【点评】考查动名词的被动语态。掌握动名词的被动结构：being done,此题中作介词after 的宾语。
12．（2013·江苏）The president of the World Bank says he has a passion for China, ______ he remembers starting as early as his childhood.
A．where B．which C．what D．when
【答案】B
【知识点】关系代词引导定语从句的用法
【解析】【分析】句意：世界银行行长说他对中国有一种热情，他记得从他童年时代就开始有了这种热情。______ he remembers starting as early as his childhood。是一个非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词 a passion，在从句中作starting的宾语，故选B。
【点评】考查定语从句，本题考查关系代词which引导的非限制性定语从句。
13．（2013·江苏）With inspiration from other food cultures, American food culture can take a ______ for the better.
A．share B．chance C．turn D．lead
【答案】C
【知识点】短语动词
【解析】【分析】句意：受到其它饮食文化的鼓舞，美国的饮食文化正在向更好的方向转变。“take a share” 分担；参加；(为…)出力；“take a chance” 冒险；“take a turn” 轮流 ；绕住转一圈变动 ；变动；“take a lead” 带头。根据句意选C。
【点评】考查take构成的动词短语，区分take a share、take a chance、take a turn、take a lead四个短语动词的含义和用法。
14．（2013·江苏）—What about your self-drive trip yesterday
—Tiring! The road is being widened, and we ______ a rough ride.
A．had B．have C．would have D．have had
【答案】A
【知识点】一般过去时
【解析】【分析】句意：——昨天的自驾游怎么样？——烦人！道路正在被加宽，所以我们走的很艰难。根据问句中的时间状语yesterday，可知此处谓语动词用一般过去时，选A。
【点评】考查动词的时态，本题涉及对一般过去时的考查。
15．（2013·江苏）—Thank you for the flowers.
—______. I thought they might cheer you up.
A．That's right B．All right
C．I'm all right D．It's all right
【答案】D
【知识点】情景交际及习惯表达
【解析】【分析】句意：——感谢你的鲜花。——不客气。我认为能让你精神振奋。A.That's right “那是对的”；B.All right”好吧“；C. I'm all right “我很好”D. It's all right “别客气，没什么”。根据句意，选D。
【点评】考查日常交际。本题涉及日常生活中，表示感谢的答语。
二、完形填空
16．（2013·江苏）完形填空
I used to believe in the American Dream, which meant a job, a mortgage (按揭), credit cards, success. I wanted it and worked toward it like everyone else, all of us （1） chasing the same thing.
One year, through a series of unhappy events, it all fell （2） . I found myself homeless and alone. I had my truck and $ 56. I （3） the countryside for some place I could rent for the （4） possible amount. I came upon a shabby house four miles up a winding mountain road （5） the Potomac River in West Virginia. It was （6） , full of broken glass and rubbish. I found the owner, rented it, and （7） a corner to camp in.
The locals knew nothing about me, （8） slowly, they started teaching me the （9） of being a neighbor. They dropped off blankets, candles, and tools, and began （10） around to chat. They started to teach me a belief in a （11） American Dream—not the one of individual achievement but of （12） .
What I had believed in, all those things I thought were （13） for a civilized life, were nonexistent in this place. （14） on the mountain, my most valuable possessions were my （15） with my neighbors.
Four years later, I moved back into （16） . I saw many people were having a really hard time, （17） their jobs and homes. I managed to rent a big enough house to （18） a handful of people. There are four of us now in the house, but over time I've had nine people come in and move on to other places. We'd all be in （19） if we hadn't banded together.
The American Dream I believe in now is a shared one. It's not so much about what I can get for myself; it's about （20） we can all get by together.
（1）A．separately B．equally C．violently D．naturally
（2）A．off B．apart C．over D．out
（3）A．crossed B．left C．toured D．searched
（4）A．fullest B．largest C．fairest D．cheapest
（5）A．at B．through C．over D．round
（6）A．occupied B．abandoned C．emptied D．robbed
（7）A．turned B．approached C．cleared D．cut
（8）A．but B．although C．otherwise D．for
（9）A．benefit B．lesson C．nature D．art
（10）A．sticking B．looking C．swinging D．turning
（11）A．wild B．real C．different D．remote
（12）A．neighborliness B．happiness C．friendliness D．kindness
（13）A．unique B．expensive C．rare D．necessary
（14）A．Up B．Down C．Deep D．Along
（15）A．cooperation B．relationships C．satisfaction D．appointments
（16）A．reality B．society C．town D．life
（17）A．creating B．losing C．quitting D．offering
（18）A．put in B．turn in C．take in D．get in
（19）A．yards B．shelters C．camps D．cottages
（20）A．when B．what C．whether D．how
【答案】（1）A；（2）B；（3）D；（4）D；（5）C；（6）B；（7）C；（8）A；（9）D；（10）A；（11）C；（12）A；（13）D；（14）A；（15）B；（16）C；（17）B；（18）C；（19）B；（20）D
【知识点】人生百味类；夹叙夹议
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文，作者讲述了对于美国梦的认识。起初作者曾经以为美国梦就是追求个人的成功；后来，在遭遇一系列不幸后，作者在乡村生活四年的经历和感受，使得作者对美国梦的有了新的认识和深刻感悟，也就是如何实现大家共同的成功。
（1）考查副词。separately“ 分别地；分离地；个别地”；equally”平等地“；“、violently” 猛烈地，激烈地，极端地”；naturally” 自然地“。根据“I wanted it and worked toward it like everyone else.”作者过去曾经坚信的美国梦就是大家都在共同的追求中实现个人的成功。故选A。
（2）考查动词短语。句意：经过了一系列的不幸事件，一切（梦想和追求）都破灭了。fall off” 减少，跌落，下降，离开，衰退“；fall apart” 崩溃，土崩瓦解，破碎”；fall over” 跌倒，摔倒，绊了一跤“；fall out” 发生，脱落，争吵，离队，结果是”。根据句意，选B。
（3）考查动词。句意：我在农村寻找最便宜的出租地方。search some place for something”为寻找...而搜...的地方“。故D合语境。
（4）考查形容词。根据上一句，作者提到自己无家可归和独自一人可知，是在寻找最便宜的房子。D合语境。
（5）考查介词。此处是指在河的上方，所以用“over”，选C。
（6）考查动词。从描述的房子现状——到处都是碎玻璃和垃圾—和作者找到房主可知这房子是废弃不用的。occupy” 占据，占领，居住，使忙碌“；abandon” 遗弃，放弃；empty” 使失去，使...…成为空的”；rob” 抢劫，使......丧失，非法剥夺“。B合语境。
（7）考查动词。句意：打扫了屋子的一角住了下来。故选C.clear” 通过，清除，使干净，跳过“。
（8）考查连词。句意：开始的时候当地人并不认识他，后来慢慢的变成了朋友。上下文是转折关系，故选A。
（9）考查名词。句意：当地人教给我与做邻居的方法艺术。benefit” 利益，好处，救济金”;lesson” 教训，课“;nature” 自然，性质，本性，种类”;art” 艺术，美术，艺术品“。选D。
（10）考查动词。句意：他们聚在一起聊天。stick around”逗留，停留“；look around”骋目四顾，四顾“；swing around”使转过“；turn around”使......转身，（使）好转，改变意见“。故选A。
（11）考查形容词。句意：当地人教会作者相信一个与以前自己所追求的不同的“美国梦”，即：美国梦不是指个人所取得的成就，而是邻居们一起取得的成就。故选 D.remote” 遥远的，偏僻的，疏远的”。
（12）考查名词。句意：“美国梦”不是指个人所取得的成就，而是与邻居们友好和睦。neighborliness” 睦邻友好，和睦“；happiness”幸福“；friendliness” 友谊，亲切，亲密”；kindness” 仁慈，好意，友好的行为“。故选A。
（13）考查形容词。句意：我曾经所相信的对文明是必要的那些东西（第一段中提到的工作、按揭、信用卡和成功等东西）在这里是不存在的。unique” 独特的，稀罕的，唯一的，独一无二的”；expensive” 昂贵的，花钱的“；rare” 稀有的，半熟的，稀薄的"；necessary” 必要的，必需的，必然的”。选D。
（14）考查副词。根据第二段中的“I came upon a shabby house four miles up a winding mountain road”一句可知是在山上，故选A。
（15）考查名词。句意：我最宝贵的财产是邻里之间的关系。cooperation” 合作，协作，协力“；relationship” 关系，关联”；satisfaction” 满意，满足，赔偿，乐事“；appointment” 任命，约定，任命的职位”。B合语境。
（16）考查名词。句意：四年以后作者回到了城市。故选C。
（17）考查动词。根据后面一句作者租了个大房子来帮助人，可知这儿是指失去工作和家的人。故选B。
（18）考查动词短语。此处指收容一些无家可归的人。put in” 提出，提交，放入，种植，使就职“；turn in” 交上，归还，拐入，告发，上床睡觉”；take in” 吸收，领会，欺骗，接待;接受，理解，拘留，欺骗，让......进入，改短“；get in” 进入，到达，陷入，收获”。C合语境。
（19）考查名词。句意：如果我们不团结在一起那么我们都得住在避难所里，即无家可归。yard” 院子，码，庭院“；shelter” 庇护，避难所，遮盖物”；camp” 露营“；cottage” 小屋，村舍，（农舍式的）小别墅”。B合语境。
（20）考查连词。句意：“美国梦” 更多不是意味着我自己能得到什么，而是意味着我们怎样团结起来共同度过。此句中的“get by”意思是“通过，过得去，过活，获得认可”。根据句意，可知选D。
【点评】本题考点涉及副词、动词短语、动词、形容词、介词、连词、形容词、名词等多个知识点的考查，综合性强，要求在理解细节的基础上，根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析推理，选出正确答案。
三、阅读理解
17．（2013·江苏）阅读理解
Guest Services Front Gate Guest Services can help you with anything from finding out what time your favourite show starts to purchasing tickets. The Guest Services location inside Front Gate also serves as a message centre, lost children's area and lost and found. Canada's Wonderland does not offer personalized public paging (传呼). Food & Drink Options Shops are located throughout Canada's Wonderland. Picnic baskets and coolers are welcome at the shelter located outside Wonderland on the north side of our Front Gate. Outside food and drinks are not allowed in the park. Bottled water may be brought into the Park.
ATMs ATMs are located just inside the Park beside Stroller, Locker and Wheelchair Rentals at the Front Gate, as well as KidZville (beside Guest Services), Splash Works (two locations), and outside Thunder Run. Pet Care A pet care facility is located outside our Front Gate on the south side for a daily fee. Water and air-conditioned shelters are provided. Guests are asked to provide food and exercise.
First Aid If you need medical assistance, tell any park employee who will call First Aid and have them come to your location. Stroller, Locker and Wheelchair Rentals Stroller, locker and wheelchair rentals are available inside the Park at the Front Gate, beside Thrills Are Wonderland.
HIQ Smoking Policy Smoking is not permitted while riding or standing in line for rides or in any of the children's areas or the Water Park. Smoking is permitted in designated (指定的) areas only. Failure to observe all Park rules could result in being driven out of the Park without refund.
（1）The leaflet is to inform visitors of the Park's ______.
A．advanced management B．thrill performances
C．entertainment facilities D．thoughtful services
（2）A visitor to the Park can ______.
A．rent a stroller outside Front Gate B．ask for first aid by Thunder Run
C．smoke in the Water Park D．leave his pet at KidZville
【答案】（1）D
（2）B
【知识点】细节理解题；时文广告类
【解析】【分析】本文是广告，本文介绍了加拿大的wonderland。
（1）考查细节理解。根据广告中的几个小标题，“Guest Services”、“ATMs”、“First Aids”等可知广告是关于公园所提供的各种服务。答案选D。
（2）考查细节理解。根据文中“If you need medical assistance, tell any park employee...”可知B项答案正确。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解题型的考查，要求考生准确捕捉细节信息，根据题干，选出正确答案。
18．（2013·江苏）阅读理解
We've considered several ways of paying to cut in line: hiring line standers, buying tickets from scalpers (票贩子), or purchasing line-cutting privileges directly from, say, an airline or an amusement park. Each of these deals replaces the morals of the queue (waiting your turn) with the morals of the market (paying a price for faster service).
Markets and queues—paying and waiting—are two different ways of allocating things, and each is appropriate to different activities. The morals of the queue, “First come, first served, have an egalitarian (平等主义的) appeal. They tell us to ignore privilege, power, and deep pockets.
The principle seems right on playgrounds and at bus stops. But the morals of the queue do not govern all occasions. If I put my house up for sale, I have no duty to accept the first offer that comes along, simply because it's the first. Selling my house and waiting for a bus are different activities, properly governed by different standards.
Sometimes standards change, and it is unclear which principle should apply. Think of the recorded message you hear, played over and over, as you wait on hold when calling your bank: “Your call will be answered in the order in which it was received.” This is essential for the morals of the queue. It's as if the company is trying to ease our impatience with fairness.
But don't take the recorded message too seriously. Today, some people's calls are answered faster than others. Call center technology enables companies to “score” incoming calls and to give faster service to those that come from rich places. You might call this telephonic queue jumping.
Of course, markets and queues are not the only ways of allocating things. Some goods we distribute by merit, others by need, still others by chance. However, the tendency of markets to replace queues, and other non-market ways of allocating goods is so common in modern life that we scarcely notice it anymore. It is striking that most of the paid queue-jumping schemes we've considered—at airports and amusement parks, in call centers, doctors' offices, and national parks—are recent developments, scarcely imaginable three decades ago. The disappearance of the queues in these places may seem an unusual concern, but these are not the only places that markets have entered.
（1）According to the author, which of the following seems governed by the principle “First come, first served”
A．Taking buses. B．Buying houses.
C．Flying with an airline. D．Visiting amusement parks.
（2）The example of the recorded message in Paragraphs 4 and 5 illustrates ______.
A．the necessity of patience in queuing
B．the advantage of modern technology
C．the uncertainty of allocation principle
D．the fairness of telephonic services
（3）The passage is meant to ______.
A．justify paying for faster services
B．discuss the morals of allocating things
C．analyze the reason for standing in line
D．criticize the behavior of queue jumping
【答案】（1）A
（2）C
（3）B
【知识点】主旨大意；细节理解题；政治经济类；议论文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文，作者通过举例、道理分析来解读道德和市场的平衡问题。要想得到快速的服务，就要额外付更多的费用，并由此对在道德和市场竞争之间产生的矛盾进行了探讨。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“The principle seems right on playgrounds and at bus stops.”以及“Selling my house and waiting for a bus are different activities，properly governed by different standards.”卖房和等公交车是不同的活动，受不同标准的制约。可知，等公交车是受“先到先得”这一标准制约的，而卖房不在此列。由上面的分析排除B项房屋买卖的问题；再根据第一段中的“We've considered several ways of paying to cut in line: hiring line standers, buying tickets from scalpers (票贩子), or purchasing line-cutting privileges directly from, say, an airline or an amusement park. ”可知，直接从航空公司和游乐园买票的特权可以避免排队等候的问题，故排除C、D两项。答案选A。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第四段中的“Sometimes standards change，and it is unclear which principle should apply.”说明了适用规则的不确定性，以及第五段中的“But don't take the recorded message too seriously.”又说不要太把这个事例当回事，也说明了这一点。A项“排队耐心等待的必要性”与这两段的描述内容不符，可排除；B项“现代科技的优势”不是作者叙述的重点，只是一个举例论证的方法；D项“电话服务业的公平性”也不对，应该说是其时效性和优质的服务性等。答案选C。
（3）考查主旨大意。根据第二段中的“ Markets and queues—paying and waiting—are two different ways of allocating things, and each is appropriate to different activities. ”和第六段“ Of course, markets and queues are not the only ways of allocating things. ”都表明了这篇文章的核心话题就是对分配性事务的道德问题的探讨，找出文中的复现句，其反复讨论的话题大多就是文章的主旨。A项“快速支付服务的证明”，这样的总结过于片面；C项“分析排队的理由”，是对第一段内容的误解；D项“批评插队行为”也是过于狭隘，这三项均不能从整体上把握全篇的主旨。答案选B。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和主旨大意两个题型的考查，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步通过上下文的逻辑关系，进行概括和归纳。
19．（2013·江苏）阅读理解
If a diver surfaces too quickly, he may suffer the bends. Nitrogen (氮) dissolved (溶解) in his blood is suddenly liberated by the reduction of pressure. The consequence, if the bubbles (气泡) accumulate in a joint, is sharp pain and a bent body—thus the name. If the bubbles form in his lungs or his brain, the consequence can be death.
Other air-breathing animals also suffer this decompression (减压) sickness if they surface too fast: whales, for example. And so, long ago, did ichthyosaurs. That these ancient sea animals got the bends can be seen from their bones. If bubbles of nitrogen form inside the bone they can cut off its blood supply. This kills the cells in the bone, and consequently weakens it, sometimes to the point of collapse. Fossil (化石) bones that have caved in on themselves are thus a sign that the animal once had the bends.
Bruce Rothschild of the University of Kansas knew all this when he began a study of ichthyosaur bones to find out how widespread the problem was in the past. What he particularly wanted to investigate was how ichthyosaurs adapted to the problem of decompression over the 150 million years. To this end, he and his colleagues traveled the world's natural-history museums, looking at hundreds of ichthyosaurs from the Triassic period and from the later Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.
When he started, he assumed that signs of the bends would be rarer in younger fossils, reflecting their gradual evolution of measures to deal with decompression. Instead, he was astonished to discover the opposite. More than 15% of Jurassic and Cretaceous ichthyosaurs had suffered the bends before they died, but not a single Triassic specimen (标本) showed evidence of that sort of injury.
If ichthyosaurs did evolve an anti-decompression means, they clearly did so quickly—and, most strangely, they lost it afterwards. But that is not what Dr Rothschild thinks happened. He suspects it was evolution in other animals that caused the change.
Whales that suffer the bends often do so because they have surfaced to escape a predator (捕食动物) such as a large shark. One of the features of Jurassic oceans was an abundance of large sharks and crocodiles, both of which were fond of ichthyosaur lunches. Triassic oceans, by contrast, were mercifully shark- and crocodile-free. In the Triassic, then, ichthyosaurs were top of the food chain. In the Jurassic and Cretaceous, they were prey (猎物) as well as predator—and often had to make a speedy exit as a result.
（1）Which of the following is a typical symptom of the bends
A．A twisted body.
B．A gradual decrease in blood supply.
C．A sudden release of nitrogen in blood.
D．A drop in blood pressure.
（2）The purpose of Rothschild's study is to see ______.
A．how often ichthyosaurs caught the bends
B．how ichthyosaurs adapted to decompression
C．why ichthyosaurs bent their bodies
D．when ichthyosaurs broke their bones
（3）Rothschild's finding stated in Paragraph 4 ______.
A．confirmed his assumption B．speeded up his research process
C．disagreed with his assumption D．changed his research objectives
（4）Rothschild might have concluded that ichthyosaurs ______.
A．failed to evolve an anti-decompression means
B．gradually developed measures against the bends
C．died out because of large sharks and crocodiles
D．evolved an anti-decompression means but soon lost it
【答案】（1）A
（2）B
（3）C
（4）A
【知识点】推理判断题；细节理解题；观点态度题；科普环保类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了对鱼龙等海洋生物变弯曲的原因的研究。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“ The consequence, if the bubbles (气泡) accumulate in a joint, is sharp pain and a bent body—thus the name.”可知是身体的疼痛和弯曲，故选A。
（2）考查写作意图。根据第三段中的“What he particularly wanted to investigate was how ichthyosaurs adapted to the problem of decompression over the 150 million years. ”可知研究是想发现在1亿5千万年前鱼龙是怎样适应减压问题的。
（3）考查细节理解。根据第四段第一句中的的“assume”和“Instead，he was astonished to discovered the opposite.”可知答案为C。
（4）考查推理判断。根据第五段可知Rothschild认为鱼龙并没有形成抗减压的方式，他认为是其他动物的进化引起的变化。故答案选A。
【点评】本题考点涉及推理判断、细节理解和写作意图三个题型的考查，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步通过上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析、推理、概括和归纳。
20．（2013·江苏）阅读理解
Mark Twain has been called the inventor of the American novel. And he surely deserves additional praise: the man who popularized the clever literary attack on racism.
I say clever because anti-slavery fiction had been the important part of the literature in the years before the Civil War. H. B. Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin is only the most famous example. These early stories dealt directly with slavery. With minor exceptions, Twain planted his attacks on slavery and prejudice into tales that were on the surface about something else entirely. He drew his readers into the argument by drawing them into the story.
Again and again, in the postwar years, Twain seemed forced to deal with the challenge of race. Consider the most controversial, at least today, of Twain's novels, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Only a few books have been kicked off the shelves as often as Huckleberry Finn, Twain's most widely read tale. Once upon a time, people hated the book because it struck them as rude. Twain himself wrote that those who banned the book considered the novel “trash and suitable only for the slums (贫民窟).” More recently the book has been attacked because of the character Jim, the escaped slave, and many occurences of the word nigger. (The term Nigger Jim, for which the novel is often severely criticized, never appears in it.)
But the attacks were and are silly—and miss the point. The novel is strongly anti-slavery. Jim's search through the slave states for the family from whom he has been forcibly parted is heroic. As J. Chadwick has pointed out, the character of Jim was a first in American fiction—a recognition that the slave had two personalities, “the voice of survival within a white slave culture and the voice of the individual: Jim, the father and the man.”
There is much more. Twain's mystery novel Pudd'nhead Wilson stood as a challenge to the racial beliefs of even many of the liberals of his day. Written at a time when the accepted wisdom held Negroes to be inferior (低等的) to whites, especially in intelligence, Twain's tale centered in part around two babies switched at birth. A slave gave birth to her master's baby and, for fear that the child should be sold South, switched him for the master's baby by his wife. The slave's lightskinned child was taken to be white and grew up with both the attitudes and the education of the slave-holding class. The master's wife's baby was taken for black and grew up with the attitudes and intonations of the slave.
The point was difficult to miss: nurture (养育), not nature, was the key to social status. The features of the black man that provided the stuff of prejudice—manner of speech, for example— were, to Twain, indicative of nothing other than the conditioning that slavery forced on its victims.
Twain's racial tone was not perfect. One is left uneasy, for example, by the lengthy passage in his autobiography (自传) about how much he loved what were called “nigger shows” in his youth—mostly with white men performing in black-face—and his delight in getting his mother to laugh at them. Yet there is no reason to think Twain saw the shows as representing reality. His frequent attacks on slavery and prejudice suggest his keen awareness thattheydid not.
Was Twain a racist Asking the question in the 21st century is as wise as asking the same of Lincoln. If we read the words and attitudes of the past through the “wisdom” of the considered moral judgments of the present, we will find nothing but error. Lincoln, who believed the black man the inferior of the white, fought and won a war to free him. And Twain, raised in a slave state, briefly a soldier, and inventor of Jim, may have done more to anger the nation over racial injustice and awaken its collective conscience than any other novelist in the past century.
（1）How do Twain's novels on slavery differ from Stowe's
A．Twain was more willing to deal with racism.
B．Twain's attack on racism was much less open.
C．Twain's themes seemed to agree with plots.
D．Twain was openly concerned with racism.
（2）Recent criticism of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn arose partly from its ______.
A．target readers at the bottom B．anti-slavery attitude
C．rather impolite language D．frequent use of “nigger”
（3）What best proves Twain's anti-slavery stand according to the author
A．Jim's search for his family was described in detail.
B．The slave's voice was first heard in American novels.
C．Jim grew up into a man and a father in the white culture.
D．Twain suspected that the slaves were less intelligent.
（4）The story of two babies switched mainly indicates that ______.
A．slaves were forced to give up their babies to their masters
B．slaves' babies could pick up slave-holders' way of speaking
C．blacks' social position was shaped by how they were brought up
D．blacks were born with certain features of prejudice
（5）What does the underlined word “they” in Paragraph 7 refer to
A．The attacks. B．Slavery and prejudice.
C．White men. D．The shows.
（6）What does the author mainly argue for
A．Twain had done more than his contemporary writers to attack racism.
B．Twain was an admirable figure comparable to Abraham Lincoln.
C．Twain's works had been banned on unreasonable grounds.
D．Twain's works should be read from a historical point of view.
【答案】（1）B
（2）D
（3）C
（4）C
（5）D
（6）A
【知识点】主旨大意；推理判断题；细节理解题；故事阅读类；议论文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文，作者列举了大量事实，说明了马克·吐温是名反对种族主义的斗士，反驳了别人那些错误的观点。
（1）考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“With minor exceptions，Twain planted his attacks on slavery and prejudice into tales that were on the surface about something else directly”可推知答案为B。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“More recently the book has been attacked because of the character Jim，the escaped slave，and many occurences of the word nigger.(The term Nigger Jim，for which the novel is often severely criticized，never appears in it.)”可知答案为D。（3）考查推理判断。根据第五段中的“A slave gave birth to her master's baby and, for fear that the child should be sold South, switched him for the master's baby by his wife. The slave's lightskinned child was taken to be white and grew up with both the attitudes and the education of the slave-holding class. The master's wife's baby was taken for black and grew up with the attitudes and intonations of the slave.”可推出答案为C。
（4）考查推理判断。根据第六段中的“The point was difficult to miss：nurture(养育)，not nature，was the key to social status，”可推知答案为C。
（5）考查代词指代。根据第七段中的“Yet there is no reason to think Twain saw the shows as representing reality.His frequent attacks on slavery and prejudice suggest his keen awareness thar they did not.”可知they指代“ the shows”答案为D。
（6） 考查主旨大意。该篇从马克·吐温的人生经历，他的作品及其它作者的作品进行比对后，作者得出了：马克·吐温比与他同时代的作家更反对种族主义。
【点评】本题考点涉及推理判断、细节理解、代词指代和主旨大意四个题型的考查，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步通过上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析、推理、概括和归纳。
四、任务型阅读
21．（2013·江苏）任务型阅读
Quiet Virtue: The Conscientious
The everyday signs of conscientiousness (认真尽责)—being punctual, careful in doing work, self-disciplined, and scrupulous (一丝不苟的) in attending to responsibilities—are typical characteristics of the model organizational citizen, the people who keep things running as they should. They follow the rules, help out, and are concerned about the people they work with. It's the conscientious worker who helps newcomers or updates people who return after an absence, who gets to work on time and never abuses sick leaves, who always gets things done on deadline.
Conscientiousness is a key to success in any field. In studies of job performance, outstanding effectiveness for almost all jobs, from semi-skilled labor to sales and management, depends on conscientiousness. It is particularly important for outstanding performance in jobs at the lower levels of an organization: the secretary whose message taking is perfect, the delivery truck driver who is always on time.
Among sales representatives for a large American car manufacturer, those who were most conscientious had the largest volume of sales. Conscientiousness also offers a buffer (缓冲) against the threat of job loss in today's constantly changing market, because employees with this quality are among the most valued. For the sales representatives, their level of conscientiousness mattered almost as much as their sales in determining who stayed on.
There is an air around highly conscientious people that makes them seem even better than they actually are. Their reputation for dependability influences managers' evaluations of their work, giving them higher evaluations than objective measures of their performance would predict.
But conscientiousness in the absence of social skills can lead to problems. Since conscientious people demand so much of themselves, they can hold other people to their own standards, and so be overly judgmental when others don't show the same high levels of model behavior. Factory workers in Great Britain and the United States who were extremely conscientious, for example, tended to criticize co-workers even about failures that seemed unimportant to those they criticized, which damaged their relationships.
When conscientiousness takes the form of living up to expectations, it can discourage creativity. In creative professions like art or advertising, openness to wild ideas and spontaneity (自发性) are scarce and in demand. Success in such occupations calls for a balance, however; without enough conscientiousness to follow through, people become mere dreamers, with nothing to show for their imaginativeness.
【答案】①strict；②helpful/ good；③Functions/ Roles/ Importance/ Significance ；④running/ working/ going/ operating/ functioning；⑤performance(s)；⑥fired/dismissed/ jobless； ⑦problems/ troubles；⑧higher/ subjective/ unfair/ unjust/ prejudiced；⑨tense/ damaged/ poor/ bad；⑩discourage/ affect/ damage
【知识点】任务型阅读
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文，论述了“认真尽责”这种美德的特征、在人们的生活和工作等方面发挥的重大作用和可能由这种美德所引起的问题。
①根据第一段中的“The everyday signs of conscientiousness (认真尽责)—being punctual, careful in doing work, self-disciplined, and scrupulous (一丝不苟的) in attending to responsibilities—are typical characteristics of the model organizational citizen, the people who keep things running as they should. ”可知认真尽责的人准时、工作认真、自律性强、处理问题一丝不苟，所以说他们对自己要求严格。
②根据第一段中的“ They follow the rules, help out, and are concerned about the people they work with. ”可知认真尽责的人乐于助人。
③根据第二段中的“Conscientiousness is a key to success in any field.”可知认真尽责有很大的作用和意义。
④第二段表明工作的各个环节的顺利进行都离不开认真尽责的态度。
⑤原文可以找到“outstanding performance”。
⑥原文用“against the threat of job loss”
⑦第三段“ Among sales representatives for a large American car manufacturer, those who were most conscientious had the largest volume of sales.” 给出答案“...-lead to problems”。
⑧第四段，原文用“giving them higher evaluations than objective measures...”.
⑨第五段中的 “Factory workers in Great Britain and the United States who were extremely conscientious, for example, tended to criticize co-workers even about failures that seemed unimportant to those they criticized, which damaged their relationships.”用“which damaged their relationships” 。
⑩最后一段中的“When conscientiousness takes the form of living up to expectations, it can discourage creativity. ”用“it can discourage creativity”.
【点评】本题考点涉及形容词、名词、现在分词、过去分词以及动词等多个知识点的考查，覆盖面广，难度较大，要求准确理解所给材料的基础上，进一步分析推敲，填出适合语境的单词。
五、书面表达
22．（2013·江苏）请根据你对以下两幅图的理解，以“Actions Speak Louder than Words”为题，用英语写一篇作文。
参考词：
banner (横幅)
stump (树粧)
你的作文应包括以下内容:
1). 简要描述两幅图的内容；
2). 概述你对两幅图中不同做法的理解；
3). 举例说明两幅图对你的启示。
注意：
1). 可参照图片适当发挥；
2). 作文词数150左右；
3). 作文中不得提及有关考生个人身份的任何信息，如校名、人名等。
Actions Speak Louder than Words
【答案】Actions Speak Louder than Words People celebrate Earth Day differently. In Picture 1, a man is trying to put up a banner on a lonely tree surrounded by stumps, but in vain, while Picture 2 shows a couple happily planting trees. The message conveyed here is clear: “Actions speak louder than words.” Our earth is suffering severe damage. Should we just pay lip service or take practical measures to protect it The answer is definitely the latter. Immediate actions should be taken, like stopping cutting down trees, to better the environment. Actions are important in other fields, too. Instead of shouting empty slogans, it is more meaningful to donate books and sports goods to children in need. We should strictly and voluntarily follow traffic rules, stopping at the red light rather than complaining about traffic jams. Only when we match our words with actions can we make a difference in whatever we hope to accomplish.
【知识点】命题作文；看图写话；图画式议论文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇看图作文，给出题目、图画和内容要求，要求写一篇观点类的议论文，写作要点包括：1.图画描述：第一幅图里有一颗树，周围都是树桩，一个人想在这颗树上挂上标语，但没法挂；第二幅图里一对夫妇正在植树。2.对文中两种做法的理解：我们的地球遭到破坏，我们应该行动起来保护地球，而不是在那儿空喊口号。3.两幅图的启示：多做实事少说空话，并举例说明。主要是向人们说明：要少说空话多做实事，行动比口号更实际。内容贴近学生生活，学生有话可写，而且学生对这类文体的作文比较熟悉，所以篇章结构对他们来说并不是问题。
【点评】本文内容齐全，结构严谨，层次分明，布局合理，语言精练，同时运用高级句子。it作形式主语，不定式做真正的主语使用： it is more meaningful to donate books and sports goods to children in need.；倒装句的使用：Only when we match our words with actions can we make a difference in whatever we hope to accomplish.连接词的使用也是亮点：while , like, instead of 。
1 / 12013年高考英语真题试卷（江苏卷）
一、单项选择
1．（2013·江苏）Generally, students' inner motivation with high expectations from others ______ essential to their development.
A．is B．are C．was D．were
2．（2013·江苏）—The T-shirt I received is not the same as is shown online.
—______ But I promise you we'll look into it right away.
A．Who says B．How come C．What for D．Why worry
3．（2013·江苏）—The town is so beautiful! I just love it.
—Me too. The character of the town is well ______.
A．qualified B．preserved C．decorated D．simplified
4．（2013·江苏）Lionel Messi, ______ the record for the most goals in a calendar year, is considered the most talented football player in Europe.
A．set B．setting C．to set D．having set
5．（2013·江苏）—Could I use your car tomorrow morning
—Sure. I ______ a report at home.
A．will be writing B．will have written
C．have written D．have been writing
6．（2013·江苏）I am always delighted when I receive an e-mail from you. ______ the party on July 1st, I shall be pleased to attend.
A．On account of B．In response to
C．In view of D．With regard to
7．（2013·江苏）“Never for a second,” the boy says, “______ that my father would come to my rescue.”
A．I doubted B．do I doubt
C．I have doubted D．did I doubt
8．（2013·江苏）In the global economy, a new drug for cancer, ______ it is discovered, will create many economic possibilities around the world.
A．whatever B．whoever C．wherever D．whichever
9．（2013·江苏）Team leaders must ensure that all members ______ their natural desire to avoid the embarrassment associated with making mistakes.
A．get over B．look over C．take over D．come over
10．（2013·江苏）I should not have laughed if I ______ you were serious.
A．thought B．would think C．had thought D．have thought
11．（2013·江苏）Shortly after suffering from a massive earthquake and ______ to ruins, the city took on a new look.
A．reducing B．reduced C．being reduced D．having reduced
12．（2013·江苏）The president of the World Bank says he has a passion for China, ______ he remembers starting as early as his childhood.
A．where B．which C．what D．when
13．（2013·江苏）With inspiration from other food cultures, American food culture can take a ______ for the better.
A．share B．chance C．turn D．lead
14．（2013·江苏）—What about your self-drive trip yesterday
—Tiring! The road is being widened, and we ______ a rough ride.
A．had B．have C．would have D．have had
15．（2013·江苏）—Thank you for the flowers.
—______. I thought they might cheer you up.
A．That's right B．All right
C．I'm all right D．It's all right
二、完形填空
16．（2013·江苏）完形填空
I used to believe in the American Dream, which meant a job, a mortgage (按揭), credit cards, success. I wanted it and worked toward it like everyone else, all of us （1） chasing the same thing.
One year, through a series of unhappy events, it all fell （2） . I found myself homeless and alone. I had my truck and $ 56. I （3） the countryside for some place I could rent for the （4） possible amount. I came upon a shabby house four miles up a winding mountain road （5） the Potomac River in West Virginia. It was （6） , full of broken glass and rubbish. I found the owner, rented it, and （7） a corner to camp in.
The locals knew nothing about me, （8） slowly, they started teaching me the （9） of being a neighbor. They dropped off blankets, candles, and tools, and began （10） around to chat. They started to teach me a belief in a （11） American Dream—not the one of individual achievement but of （12） .
What I had believed in, all those things I thought were （13） for a civilized life, were nonexistent in this place. （14） on the mountain, my most valuable possessions were my （15） with my neighbors.
Four years later, I moved back into （16） . I saw many people were having a really hard time, （17） their jobs and homes. I managed to rent a big enough house to （18） a handful of people. There are four of us now in the house, but over time I've had nine people come in and move on to other places. We'd all be in （19） if we hadn't banded together.
The American Dream I believe in now is a shared one. It's not so much about what I can get for myself; it's about （20） we can all get by together.
（1）A．separately B．equally C．violently D．naturally
（2）A．off B．apart C．over D．out
（3）A．crossed B．left C．toured D．searched
（4）A．fullest B．largest C．fairest D．cheapest
（5）A．at B．through C．over D．round
（6）A．occupied B．abandoned C．emptied D．robbed
（7）A．turned B．approached C．cleared D．cut
（8）A．but B．although C．otherwise D．for
（9）A．benefit B．lesson C．nature D．art
（10）A．sticking B．looking C．swinging D．turning
（11）A．wild B．real C．different D．remote
（12）A．neighborliness B．happiness C．friendliness D．kindness
（13）A．unique B．expensive C．rare D．necessary
（14）A．Up B．Down C．Deep D．Along
（15）A．cooperation B．relationships C．satisfaction D．appointments
（16）A．reality B．society C．town D．life
（17）A．creating B．losing C．quitting D．offering
（18）A．put in B．turn in C．take in D．get in
（19）A．yards B．shelters C．camps D．cottages
（20）A．when B．what C．whether D．how
三、阅读理解
17．（2013·江苏）阅读理解
Guest Services Front Gate Guest Services can help you with anything from finding out what time your favourite show starts to purchasing tickets. The Guest Services location inside Front Gate also serves as a message centre, lost children's area and lost and found. Canada's Wonderland does not offer personalized public paging (传呼). Food & Drink Options Shops are located throughout Canada's Wonderland. Picnic baskets and coolers are welcome at the shelter located outside Wonderland on the north side of our Front Gate. Outside food and drinks are not allowed in the park. Bottled water may be brought into the Park.
ATMs ATMs are located just inside the Park beside Stroller, Locker and Wheelchair Rentals at the Front Gate, as well as KidZville (beside Guest Services), Splash Works (two locations), and outside Thunder Run. Pet Care A pet care facility is located outside our Front Gate on the south side for a daily fee. Water and air-conditioned shelters are provided. Guests are asked to provide food and exercise.
First Aid If you need medical assistance, tell any park employee who will call First Aid and have them come to your location. Stroller, Locker and Wheelchair Rentals Stroller, locker and wheelchair rentals are available inside the Park at the Front Gate, beside Thrills Are Wonderland.
HIQ Smoking Policy Smoking is not permitted while riding or standing in line for rides or in any of the children's areas or the Water Park. Smoking is permitted in designated (指定的) areas only. Failure to observe all Park rules could result in being driven out of the Park without refund.
（1）The leaflet is to inform visitors of the Park's ______.
A．advanced management B．thrill performances
C．entertainment facilities D．thoughtful services
（2）A visitor to the Park can ______.
A．rent a stroller outside Front Gate B．ask for first aid by Thunder Run
C．smoke in the Water Park D．leave his pet at KidZville
18．（2013·江苏）阅读理解
We've considered several ways of paying to cut in line: hiring line standers, buying tickets from scalpers (票贩子), or purchasing line-cutting privileges directly from, say, an airline or an amusement park. Each of these deals replaces the morals of the queue (waiting your turn) with the morals of the market (paying a price for faster service).
Markets and queues—paying and waiting—are two different ways of allocating things, and each is appropriate to different activities. The morals of the queue, “First come, first served, have an egalitarian (平等主义的) appeal. They tell us to ignore privilege, power, and deep pockets.
The principle seems right on playgrounds and at bus stops. But the morals of the queue do not govern all occasions. If I put my house up for sale, I have no duty to accept the first offer that comes along, simply because it's the first. Selling my house and waiting for a bus are different activities, properly governed by different standards.
Sometimes standards change, and it is unclear which principle should apply. Think of the recorded message you hear, played over and over, as you wait on hold when calling your bank: “Your call will be answered in the order in which it was received.” This is essential for the morals of the queue. It's as if the company is trying to ease our impatience with fairness.
But don't take the recorded message too seriously. Today, some people's calls are answered faster than others. Call center technology enables companies to “score” incoming calls and to give faster service to those that come from rich places. You might call this telephonic queue jumping.
Of course, markets and queues are not the only ways of allocating things. Some goods we distribute by merit, others by need, still others by chance. However, the tendency of markets to replace queues, and other non-market ways of allocating goods is so common in modern life that we scarcely notice it anymore. It is striking that most of the paid queue-jumping schemes we've considered—at airports and amusement parks, in call centers, doctors' offices, and national parks—are recent developments, scarcely imaginable three decades ago. The disappearance of the queues in these places may seem an unusual concern, but these are not the only places that markets have entered.
（1）According to the author, which of the following seems governed by the principle “First come, first served”
A．Taking buses. B．Buying houses.
C．Flying with an airline. D．Visiting amusement parks.
（2）The example of the recorded message in Paragraphs 4 and 5 illustrates ______.
A．the necessity of patience in queuing
B．the advantage of modern technology
C．the uncertainty of allocation principle
D．the fairness of telephonic services
（3）The passage is meant to ______.
A．justify paying for faster services
B．discuss the morals of allocating things
C．analyze the reason for standing in line
D．criticize the behavior of queue jumping
19．（2013·江苏）阅读理解
If a diver surfaces too quickly, he may suffer the bends. Nitrogen (氮) dissolved (溶解) in his blood is suddenly liberated by the reduction of pressure. The consequence, if the bubbles (气泡) accumulate in a joint, is sharp pain and a bent body—thus the name. If the bubbles form in his lungs or his brain, the consequence can be death.
Other air-breathing animals also suffer this decompression (减压) sickness if they surface too fast: whales, for example. And so, long ago, did ichthyosaurs. That these ancient sea animals got the bends can be seen from their bones. If bubbles of nitrogen form inside the bone they can cut off its blood supply. This kills the cells in the bone, and consequently weakens it, sometimes to the point of collapse. Fossil (化石) bones that have caved in on themselves are thus a sign that the animal once had the bends.
Bruce Rothschild of the University of Kansas knew all this when he began a study of ichthyosaur bones to find out how widespread the problem was in the past. What he particularly wanted to investigate was how ichthyosaurs adapted to the problem of decompression over the 150 million years. To this end, he and his colleagues traveled the world's natural-history museums, looking at hundreds of ichthyosaurs from the Triassic period and from the later Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.
When he started, he assumed that signs of the bends would be rarer in younger fossils, reflecting their gradual evolution of measures to deal with decompression. Instead, he was astonished to discover the opposite. More than 15% of Jurassic and Cretaceous ichthyosaurs had suffered the bends before they died, but not a single Triassic specimen (标本) showed evidence of that sort of injury.
If ichthyosaurs did evolve an anti-decompression means, they clearly did so quickly—and, most strangely, they lost it afterwards. But that is not what Dr Rothschild thinks happened. He suspects it was evolution in other animals that caused the change.
Whales that suffer the bends often do so because they have surfaced to escape a predator (捕食动物) such as a large shark. One of the features of Jurassic oceans was an abundance of large sharks and crocodiles, both of which were fond of ichthyosaur lunches. Triassic oceans, by contrast, were mercifully shark- and crocodile-free. In the Triassic, then, ichthyosaurs were top of the food chain. In the Jurassic and Cretaceous, they were prey (猎物) as well as predator—and often had to make a speedy exit as a result.
（1）Which of the following is a typical symptom of the bends
A．A twisted body.
B．A gradual decrease in blood supply.
C．A sudden release of nitrogen in blood.
D．A drop in blood pressure.
（2）The purpose of Rothschild's study is to see ______.
A．how often ichthyosaurs caught the bends
B．how ichthyosaurs adapted to decompression
C．why ichthyosaurs bent their bodies
D．when ichthyosaurs broke their bones
（3）Rothschild's finding stated in Paragraph 4 ______.
A．confirmed his assumption B．speeded up his research process
C．disagreed with his assumption D．changed his research objectives
（4）Rothschild might have concluded that ichthyosaurs ______.
A．failed to evolve an anti-decompression means
B．gradually developed measures against the bends
C．died out because of large sharks and crocodiles
D．evolved an anti-decompression means but soon lost it
20．（2013·江苏）阅读理解
Mark Twain has been called the inventor of the American novel. And he surely deserves additional praise: the man who popularized the clever literary attack on racism.
I say clever because anti-slavery fiction had been the important part of the literature in the years before the Civil War. H. B. Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin is only the most famous example. These early stories dealt directly with slavery. With minor exceptions, Twain planted his attacks on slavery and prejudice into tales that were on the surface about something else entirely. He drew his readers into the argument by drawing them into the story.
Again and again, in the postwar years, Twain seemed forced to deal with the challenge of race. Consider the most controversial, at least today, of Twain's novels, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Only a few books have been kicked off the shelves as often as Huckleberry Finn, Twain's most widely read tale. Once upon a time, people hated the book because it struck them as rude. Twain himself wrote that those who banned the book considered the novel “trash and suitable only for the slums (贫民窟).” More recently the book has been attacked because of the character Jim, the escaped slave, and many occurences of the word nigger. (The term Nigger Jim, for which the novel is often severely criticized, never appears in it.)
But the attacks were and are silly—and miss the point. The novel is strongly anti-slavery. Jim's search through the slave states for the family from whom he has been forcibly parted is heroic. As J. Chadwick has pointed out, the character of Jim was a first in American fiction—a recognition that the slave had two personalities, “the voice of survival within a white slave culture and the voice of the individual: Jim, the father and the man.”
There is much more. Twain's mystery novel Pudd'nhead Wilson stood as a challenge to the racial beliefs of even many of the liberals of his day. Written at a time when the accepted wisdom held Negroes to be inferior (低等的) to whites, especially in intelligence, Twain's tale centered in part around two babies switched at birth. A slave gave birth to her master's baby and, for fear that the child should be sold South, switched him for the master's baby by his wife. The slave's lightskinned child was taken to be white and grew up with both the attitudes and the education of the slave-holding class. The master's wife's baby was taken for black and grew up with the attitudes and intonations of the slave.
The point was difficult to miss: nurture (养育), not nature, was the key to social status. The features of the black man that provided the stuff of prejudice—manner of speech, for example— were, to Twain, indicative of nothing other than the conditioning that slavery forced on its victims.
Twain's racial tone was not perfect. One is left uneasy, for example, by the lengthy passage in his autobiography (自传) about how much he loved what were called “nigger shows” in his youth—mostly with white men performing in black-face—and his delight in getting his mother to laugh at them. Yet there is no reason to think Twain saw the shows as representing reality. His frequent attacks on slavery and prejudice suggest his keen awareness thattheydid not.
Was Twain a racist Asking the question in the 21st century is as wise as asking the same of Lincoln. If we read the words and attitudes of the past through the “wisdom” of the considered moral judgments of the present, we will find nothing but error. Lincoln, who believed the black man the inferior of the white, fought and won a war to free him. And Twain, raised in a slave state, briefly a soldier, and inventor of Jim, may have done more to anger the nation over racial injustice and awaken its collective conscience than any other novelist in the past century.
（1）How do Twain's novels on slavery differ from Stowe's
A．Twain was more willing to deal with racism.
B．Twain's attack on racism was much less open.
C．Twain's themes seemed to agree with plots.
D．Twain was openly concerned with racism.
（2）Recent criticism of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn arose partly from its ______.
A．target readers at the bottom B．anti-slavery attitude
C．rather impolite language D．frequent use of “nigger”
（3）What best proves Twain's anti-slavery stand according to the author
A．Jim's search for his family was described in detail.
B．The slave's voice was first heard in American novels.
C．Jim grew up into a man and a father in the white culture.
D．Twain suspected that the slaves were less intelligent.
（4）The story of two babies switched mainly indicates that ______.
A．slaves were forced to give up their babies to their masters
B．slaves' babies could pick up slave-holders' way of speaking
C．blacks' social position was shaped by how they were brought up
D．blacks were born with certain features of prejudice
（5）What does the underlined word “they” in Paragraph 7 refer to
A．The attacks. B．Slavery and prejudice.
C．White men. D．The shows.
（6）What does the author mainly argue for
A．Twain had done more than his contemporary writers to attack racism.
B．Twain was an admirable figure comparable to Abraham Lincoln.
C．Twain's works had been banned on unreasonable grounds.
D．Twain's works should be read from a historical point of view.
四、任务型阅读
21．（2013·江苏）任务型阅读
Quiet Virtue: The Conscientious
The everyday signs of conscientiousness (认真尽责)—being punctual, careful in doing work, self-disciplined, and scrupulous (一丝不苟的) in attending to responsibilities—are typical characteristics of the model organizational citizen, the people who keep things running as they should. They follow the rules, help out, and are concerned about the people they work with. It's the conscientious worker who helps newcomers or updates people who return after an absence, who gets to work on time and never abuses sick leaves, who always gets things done on deadline.
Conscientiousness is a key to success in any field. In studies of job performance, outstanding effectiveness for almost all jobs, from semi-skilled labor to sales and management, depends on conscientiousness. It is particularly important for outstanding performance in jobs at the lower levels of an organization: the secretary whose message taking is perfect, the delivery truck driver who is always on time.
Among sales representatives for a large American car manufacturer, those who were most conscientious had the largest volume of sales. Conscientiousness also offers a buffer (缓冲) against the threat of job loss in today's constantly changing market, because employees with this quality are among the most valued. For the sales representatives, their level of conscientiousness mattered almost as much as their sales in determining who stayed on.
There is an air around highly conscientious people that makes them seem even better than they actually are. Their reputation for dependability influences managers' evaluations of their work, giving them higher evaluations than objective measures of their performance would predict.
But conscientiousness in the absence of social skills can lead to problems. Since conscientious people demand so much of themselves, they can hold other people to their own standards, and so be overly judgmental when others don't show the same high levels of model behavior. Factory workers in Great Britain and the United States who were extremely conscientious, for example, tended to criticize co-workers even about failures that seemed unimportant to those they criticized, which damaged their relationships.
When conscientiousness takes the form of living up to expectations, it can discourage creativity. In creative professions like art or advertising, openness to wild ideas and spontaneity (自发性) are scarce and in demand. Success in such occupations calls for a balance, however; without enough conscientiousness to follow through, people become mere dreamers, with nothing to show for their imaginativeness.
五、书面表达
22．（2013·江苏）请根据你对以下两幅图的理解，以“Actions Speak Louder than Words”为题，用英语写一篇作文。
参考词：
banner (横幅)
stump (树粧)
你的作文应包括以下内容:
1). 简要描述两幅图的内容；
2). 概述你对两幅图中不同做法的理解；
3). 举例说明两幅图对你的启示。
注意：
1). 可参照图片适当发挥；
2). 作文词数150左右；
3). 作文中不得提及有关考生个人身份的任何信息，如校名、人名等。
Actions Speak Louder than Words
答案解析部分
1．【答案】A
【知识点】一般现在时；主谓一致
【解析】【分析】句意：一般认为，其他人对学生高的期望是他们发展的必要的内部动机。本句主语是“motivation”，所以谓语动词用单数，而且是一般情况，所以用一般现在时，选A。
【点评】考查主谓一致和动词时态。本题涉及一般现在时中第三人称单数作主语。
2．【答案】B
【知识点】情景交际及习惯表达
【解析】【分析】句意：——我收到的T恤衫跟网上展示的不一样。——怎么会呢？我承诺立刻调查这件事。Who says？”谁说的？“；How come？”怎么会呢？”；What for？”为了什么？“；、Why worry？”为何忧伤；因何烦恼”。根据句意，选b。
【点评】考查情景交际。区分Who says？；How come？；What for？；Why worry？的含义以及使用环境。
3．【答案】B
【知识点】动词的词义辨析
【解析】【分析】句意：——这个城镇如此的漂亮！我很喜欢它。——我也是，这个城镇的特征保存很好。qualified”有资格的”；preserved”受保护的“；decorated”装饰的”；simplified”简化的“。故选B。
【点评】考查动词辨析。区分qualify、preserve、decorate、simplify的含义和用法。
4．【答案】D
【知识点】分词
【解析】【分析】句意：Lionel Messi在一年里创了几个记录，被认为是欧洲最具潜力的足球运动员。创纪录已经是过去，现在被认为是欧洲最具潜力的足球运动员，所以分词动作发生在谓语动词之前，所以用完成时，选D。
【点评】考查现在分词的完成式。现在分词的完成式的结构：having done，所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。
5．【答案】A
【知识点】将来进行时
【解析】【分析】句意：——明天上午我能用用你的车吗？——当然可以。我将在家写报告。根据时间状语tomorrow morning，再结合句意，可知用将来进行时。选A。
【点评】考查动词时态。本题涉及将来进行时用法的考查，将来进行时的结构：will be doing。
6．【答案】D
【知识点】介词和介词短语
【解析】【分析】句意：收到你的邮件我总是很高兴。至于七月一日的晚会我会很高兴参加。on account of”因为“；in response to”对......的回应”；in view of”鉴于，考虑到“；with regard to”关于，至于”。根据句意，选D。
【点评】考查介词短语，区分on account of、in response to、in view of、with regard to的含义和用法。
7．【答案】D
【知识点】一般过去时；倒装句
【解析】【分析】句意：男孩说他一刻也没怀疑过他父亲会来救他。本句是否定词提前倒装，从“would”可判断是用过去时，故选D。
【点评】考查倒装句和动词时态。否定意义的词放在句首，句子采用部分倒装语序；同时涉及一般过去时的考查。
8．【答案】C
【知识点】引导让步状语从句的连词
【解析】【分析】句意：在全球经济中，一种新的治癌药物，无论在哪儿发现，都将在全球产生巨大的经济利益。根据 ______ it is discovered的结构来看，句子缺少状语，故选关系副词，所以选C。
【点评】考查让步状语从句，区分whatever、whoever、wherever、whichever的含义以及引导让步状语从句时，在从句中所做的句子成分。
9．【答案】A
【知识点】动词短语的辨析
【解析】【分析】句意：团队领导必须保证所有的成员都能克服天生的欲望去避免因错误而产生尴尬。get over” 克服，恢复，熬过，原谅“；look over”忽略，俯视”；take over”接管“；come over” 过来；顺便来访；抓住”。根据句意，选A。
【点评】考查动词短语辨析，准确区分get over、look over、take over、come over四个动词短语的含义和用法。
10．【答案】C
【知识点】虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的运用
【解析】【分析】句意：如果我知道你是认真的话我就不笑了。本句意思是当时不知道所以笑了，表示与过去事实相反，用“had thought”表示对过去情况的虚拟 。故答案选“C”。
【点评】考查虚拟语气，表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句，从句谓语动词用“过去完成时”，主句谓语动词用“情态动词的过去式+have done”。
11．【答案】C
【知识点】动名词
【解析】【分析】句意：就在遭遇一场大地震被夷为平地之后不久，这个城市又呈现了新的面貌。此句中的“after”是介词，后面需要动名词，而且城市是被夷为平地，所以用被动语态，所以选C。
【点评】考查动名词的被动语态。掌握动名词的被动结构：being done,此题中作介词after 的宾语。
12．【答案】B
【知识点】关系代词引导定语从句的用法
【解析】【分析】句意：世界银行行长说他对中国有一种热情，他记得从他童年时代就开始有了这种热情。______ he remembers starting as early as his childhood。是一个非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词 a passion，在从句中作starting的宾语，故选B。
【点评】考查定语从句，本题考查关系代词which引导的非限制性定语从句。
13．【答案】C
【知识点】短语动词
【解析】【分析】句意：受到其它饮食文化的鼓舞，美国的饮食文化正在向更好的方向转变。“take a share” 分担；参加；(为…)出力；“take a chance” 冒险；“take a turn” 轮流 ；绕住转一圈变动 ；变动；“take a lead” 带头。根据句意选C。
【点评】考查take构成的动词短语，区分take a share、take a chance、take a turn、take a lead四个短语动词的含义和用法。
14．【答案】A
【知识点】一般过去时
【解析】【分析】句意：——昨天的自驾游怎么样？——烦人！道路正在被加宽，所以我们走的很艰难。根据问句中的时间状语yesterday，可知此处谓语动词用一般过去时，选A。
【点评】考查动词的时态，本题涉及对一般过去时的考查。
15．【答案】D
【知识点】情景交际及习惯表达
【解析】【分析】句意：——感谢你的鲜花。——不客气。我认为能让你精神振奋。A.That's right “那是对的”；B.All right”好吧“；C. I'm all right “我很好”D. It's all right “别客气，没什么”。根据句意，选D。
【点评】考查日常交际。本题涉及日常生活中，表示感谢的答语。
16．【答案】（1）A；（2）B；（3）D；（4）D；（5）C；（6）B；（7）C；（8）A；（9）D；（10）A；（11）C；（12）A；（13）D；（14）A；（15）B；（16）C；（17）B；（18）C；（19）B；（20）D
【知识点】人生百味类；夹叙夹议
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文，作者讲述了对于美国梦的认识。起初作者曾经以为美国梦就是追求个人的成功；后来，在遭遇一系列不幸后，作者在乡村生活四年的经历和感受，使得作者对美国梦的有了新的认识和深刻感悟，也就是如何实现大家共同的成功。
（1）考查副词。separately“ 分别地；分离地；个别地”；equally”平等地“；“、violently” 猛烈地，激烈地，极端地”；naturally” 自然地“。根据“I wanted it and worked toward it like everyone else.”作者过去曾经坚信的美国梦就是大家都在共同的追求中实现个人的成功。故选A。
（2）考查动词短语。句意：经过了一系列的不幸事件，一切（梦想和追求）都破灭了。fall off” 减少，跌落，下降，离开，衰退“；fall apart” 崩溃，土崩瓦解，破碎”；fall over” 跌倒，摔倒，绊了一跤“；fall out” 发生，脱落，争吵，离队，结果是”。根据句意，选B。
（3）考查动词。句意：我在农村寻找最便宜的出租地方。search some place for something”为寻找...而搜...的地方“。故D合语境。
（4）考查形容词。根据上一句，作者提到自己无家可归和独自一人可知，是在寻找最便宜的房子。D合语境。
（5）考查介词。此处是指在河的上方，所以用“over”，选C。
（6）考查动词。从描述的房子现状——到处都是碎玻璃和垃圾—和作者找到房主可知这房子是废弃不用的。occupy” 占据，占领，居住，使忙碌“；abandon” 遗弃，放弃；empty” 使失去，使...…成为空的”；rob” 抢劫，使......丧失，非法剥夺“。B合语境。
（7）考查动词。句意：打扫了屋子的一角住了下来。故选C.clear” 通过，清除，使干净，跳过“。
（8）考查连词。句意：开始的时候当地人并不认识他，后来慢慢的变成了朋友。上下文是转折关系，故选A。
（9）考查名词。句意：当地人教给我与做邻居的方法艺术。benefit” 利益，好处，救济金”;lesson” 教训，课“;nature” 自然，性质，本性，种类”;art” 艺术，美术，艺术品“。选D。
（10）考查动词。句意：他们聚在一起聊天。stick around”逗留，停留“；look around”骋目四顾，四顾“；swing around”使转过“；turn around”使......转身，（使）好转，改变意见“。故选A。
（11）考查形容词。句意：当地人教会作者相信一个与以前自己所追求的不同的“美国梦”，即：美国梦不是指个人所取得的成就，而是邻居们一起取得的成就。故选 D.remote” 遥远的，偏僻的，疏远的”。
（12）考查名词。句意：“美国梦”不是指个人所取得的成就，而是与邻居们友好和睦。neighborliness” 睦邻友好，和睦“；happiness”幸福“；friendliness” 友谊，亲切，亲密”；kindness” 仁慈，好意，友好的行为“。故选A。
（13）考查形容词。句意：我曾经所相信的对文明是必要的那些东西（第一段中提到的工作、按揭、信用卡和成功等东西）在这里是不存在的。unique” 独特的，稀罕的，唯一的，独一无二的”；expensive” 昂贵的，花钱的“；rare” 稀有的，半熟的，稀薄的"；necessary” 必要的，必需的，必然的”。选D。
（14）考查副词。根据第二段中的“I came upon a shabby house four miles up a winding mountain road”一句可知是在山上，故选A。
（15）考查名词。句意：我最宝贵的财产是邻里之间的关系。cooperation” 合作，协作，协力“；relationship” 关系，关联”；satisfaction” 满意，满足，赔偿，乐事“；appointment” 任命，约定，任命的职位”。B合语境。
（16）考查名词。句意：四年以后作者回到了城市。故选C。
（17）考查动词。根据后面一句作者租了个大房子来帮助人，可知这儿是指失去工作和家的人。故选B。
（18）考查动词短语。此处指收容一些无家可归的人。put in” 提出，提交，放入，种植，使就职“；turn in” 交上，归还，拐入，告发，上床睡觉”；take in” 吸收，领会，欺骗，接待;接受，理解，拘留，欺骗，让......进入，改短“；get in” 进入，到达，陷入，收获”。C合语境。
（19）考查名词。句意：如果我们不团结在一起那么我们都得住在避难所里，即无家可归。yard” 院子，码，庭院“；shelter” 庇护，避难所，遮盖物”；camp” 露营“；cottage” 小屋，村舍，（农舍式的）小别墅”。B合语境。
（20）考查连词。句意：“美国梦” 更多不是意味着我自己能得到什么，而是意味着我们怎样团结起来共同度过。此句中的“get by”意思是“通过，过得去，过活，获得认可”。根据句意，可知选D。
【点评】本题考点涉及副词、动词短语、动词、形容词、介词、连词、形容词、名词等多个知识点的考查，综合性强，要求在理解细节的基础上，根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析推理，选出正确答案。
17．【答案】（1）D
（2）B
【知识点】细节理解题；时文广告类
【解析】【分析】本文是广告，本文介绍了加拿大的wonderland。
（1）考查细节理解。根据广告中的几个小标题，“Guest Services”、“ATMs”、“First Aids”等可知广告是关于公园所提供的各种服务。答案选D。
（2）考查细节理解。根据文中“If you need medical assistance, tell any park employee...”可知B项答案正确。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解题型的考查，要求考生准确捕捉细节信息，根据题干，选出正确答案。
18．【答案】（1）A
（2）C
（3）B
【知识点】主旨大意；细节理解题；政治经济类；议论文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文，作者通过举例、道理分析来解读道德和市场的平衡问题。要想得到快速的服务，就要额外付更多的费用，并由此对在道德和市场竞争之间产生的矛盾进行了探讨。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“The principle seems right on playgrounds and at bus stops.”以及“Selling my house and waiting for a bus are different activities，properly governed by different standards.”卖房和等公交车是不同的活动，受不同标准的制约。可知，等公交车是受“先到先得”这一标准制约的，而卖房不在此列。由上面的分析排除B项房屋买卖的问题；再根据第一段中的“We've considered several ways of paying to cut in line: hiring line standers, buying tickets from scalpers (票贩子), or purchasing line-cutting privileges directly from, say, an airline or an amusement park. ”可知，直接从航空公司和游乐园买票的特权可以避免排队等候的问题，故排除C、D两项。答案选A。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第四段中的“Sometimes standards change，and it is unclear which principle should apply.”说明了适用规则的不确定性，以及第五段中的“But don't take the recorded message too seriously.”又说不要太把这个事例当回事，也说明了这一点。A项“排队耐心等待的必要性”与这两段的描述内容不符，可排除；B项“现代科技的优势”不是作者叙述的重点，只是一个举例论证的方法；D项“电话服务业的公平性”也不对，应该说是其时效性和优质的服务性等。答案选C。
（3）考查主旨大意。根据第二段中的“ Markets and queues—paying and waiting—are two different ways of allocating things, and each is appropriate to different activities. ”和第六段“ Of course, markets and queues are not the only ways of allocating things. ”都表明了这篇文章的核心话题就是对分配性事务的道德问题的探讨，找出文中的复现句，其反复讨论的话题大多就是文章的主旨。A项“快速支付服务的证明”，这样的总结过于片面；C项“分析排队的理由”，是对第一段内容的误解；D项“批评插队行为”也是过于狭隘，这三项均不能从整体上把握全篇的主旨。答案选B。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和主旨大意两个题型的考查，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步通过上下文的逻辑关系，进行概括和归纳。
19．【答案】（1）A
（2）B
（3）C
（4）A
【知识点】推理判断题；细节理解题；观点态度题；科普环保类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了对鱼龙等海洋生物变弯曲的原因的研究。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“ The consequence, if the bubbles (气泡) accumulate in a joint, is sharp pain and a bent body—thus the name.”可知是身体的疼痛和弯曲，故选A。
（2）考查写作意图。根据第三段中的“What he particularly wanted to investigate was how ichthyosaurs adapted to the problem of decompression over the 150 million years. ”可知研究是想发现在1亿5千万年前鱼龙是怎样适应减压问题的。
（3）考查细节理解。根据第四段第一句中的的“assume”和“Instead，he was astonished to discovered the opposite.”可知答案为C。
（4）考查推理判断。根据第五段可知Rothschild认为鱼龙并没有形成抗减压的方式，他认为是其他动物的进化引起的变化。故答案选A。
【点评】本题考点涉及推理判断、细节理解和写作意图三个题型的考查，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步通过上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析、推理、概括和归纳。
20．【答案】（1）B
（2）D
（3）C
（4）C
（5）D
（6）A
【知识点】主旨大意；推理判断题；细节理解题；故事阅读类；议论文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文，作者列举了大量事实，说明了马克·吐温是名反对种族主义的斗士，反驳了别人那些错误的观点。
（1）考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“With minor exceptions，Twain planted his attacks on slavery and prejudice into tales that were on the surface about something else directly”可推知答案为B。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“More recently the book has been attacked because of the character Jim，the escaped slave，and many occurences of the word nigger.(The term Nigger Jim，for which the novel is often severely criticized，never appears in it.)”可知答案为D。（3）考查推理判断。根据第五段中的“A slave gave birth to her master's baby and, for fear that the child should be sold South, switched him for the master's baby by his wife. The slave's lightskinned child was taken to be white and grew up with both the attitudes and the education of the slave-holding class. The master's wife's baby was taken for black and grew up with the attitudes and intonations of the slave.”可推出答案为C。
（4）考查推理判断。根据第六段中的“The point was difficult to miss：nurture(养育)，not nature，was the key to social status，”可推知答案为C。
（5）考查代词指代。根据第七段中的“Yet there is no reason to think Twain saw the shows as representing reality.His frequent attacks on slavery and prejudice suggest his keen awareness thar they did not.”可知they指代“ the shows”答案为D。
（6） 考查主旨大意。该篇从马克·吐温的人生经历，他的作品及其它作者的作品进行比对后，作者得出了：马克·吐温比与他同时代的作家更反对种族主义。
【点评】本题考点涉及推理判断、细节理解、代词指代和主旨大意四个题型的考查，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步通过上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析、推理、概括和归纳。
21．【答案】①strict；②helpful/ good；③Functions/ Roles/ Importance/ Significance ；④running/ working/ going/ operating/ functioning；⑤performance(s)；⑥fired/dismissed/ jobless； ⑦problems/ troubles；⑧higher/ subjective/ unfair/ unjust/ prejudiced；⑨tense/ damaged/ poor/ bad；⑩discourage/ affect/ damage
【知识点】任务型阅读
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文，论述了“认真尽责”这种美德的特征、在人们的生活和工作等方面发挥的重大作用和可能由这种美德所引起的问题。
①根据第一段中的“The everyday signs of conscientiousness (认真尽责)—being punctual, careful in doing work, self-disciplined, and scrupulous (一丝不苟的) in attending to responsibilities—are typical characteristics of the model organizational citizen, the people who keep things running as they should. ”可知认真尽责的人准时、工作认真、自律性强、处理问题一丝不苟，所以说他们对自己要求严格。
②根据第一段中的“ They follow the rules, help out, and are concerned about the people they work with. ”可知认真尽责的人乐于助人。
③根据第二段中的“Conscientiousness is a key to success in any field.”可知认真尽责有很大的作用和意义。
④第二段表明工作的各个环节的顺利进行都离不开认真尽责的态度。
⑤原文可以找到“outstanding performance”。
⑥原文用“against the threat of job loss”
⑦第三段“ Among sales representatives for a large American car manufacturer, those who were most conscientious had the largest volume of sales.” 给出答案“...-lead to problems”。
⑧第四段，原文用“giving them higher evaluations than objective measures...”.
⑨第五段中的 “Factory workers in Great Britain and the United States who were extremely conscientious, for example, tended to criticize co-workers even about failures that seemed unimportant to those they criticized, which damaged their relationships.”用“which damaged their relationships” 。
⑩最后一段中的“When conscientiousness takes the form of living up to expectations, it can discourage creativity. ”用“it can discourage creativity”.
【点评】本题考点涉及形容词、名词、现在分词、过去分词以及动词等多个知识点的考查，覆盖面广，难度较大，要求准确理解所给材料的基础上，进一步分析推敲，填出适合语境的单词。
22．【答案】Actions Speak Louder than Words People celebrate Earth Day differently. In Picture 1, a man is trying to put up a banner on a lonely tree surrounded by stumps, but in vain, while Picture 2 shows a couple happily planting trees. The message conveyed here is clear: “Actions speak louder than words.” Our earth is suffering severe damage. Should we just pay lip service or take practical measures to protect it The answer is definitely the latter. Immediate actions should be taken, like stopping cutting down trees, to better the environment. Actions are important in other fields, too. Instead of shouting empty slogans, it is more meaningful to donate books and sports goods to children in need. We should strictly and voluntarily follow traffic rules, stopping at the red light rather than complaining about traffic jams. Only when we match our words with actions can we make a difference in whatever we hope to accomplish.
【知识点】命题作文；看图写话；图画式议论文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇看图作文，给出题目、图画和内容要求，要求写一篇观点类的议论文，写作要点包括：1.图画描述：第一幅图里有一颗树，周围都是树桩，一个人想在这颗树上挂上标语，但没法挂；第二幅图里一对夫妇正在植树。2.对文中两种做法的理解：我们的地球遭到破坏，我们应该行动起来保护地球，而不是在那儿空喊口号。3.两幅图的启示：多做实事少说空话，并举例说明。主要是向人们说明：要少说空话多做实事，行动比口号更实际。内容贴近学生生活，学生有话可写，而且学生对这类文体的作文比较熟悉，所以篇章结构对他们来说并不是问题。
【点评】本文内容齐全，结构严谨，层次分明，布局合理，语言精练，同时运用高级句子。it作形式主语，不定式做真正的主语使用： it is more meaningful to donate books and sports goods to children in need.；倒装句的使用：Only when we match our words with actions can we make a difference in whatever we hope to accomplish.连接词的使用也是亮点：while , like, instead of 。
1 / 1