2014年高考英语真题试卷（上海卷）
一、完形填空
1．（2014·上海）完形填空
Research has shown that two-thirds of human conversation is taken up not with discussion of the cultural or political problems of the day, not heated debates about films we've just watched or books we've just finished reading, but plain and simple （1） .
Language is our greatest treasure as a species, and what do we （2） do with it We gossip. About others' behaviour and private lives, such as who's doing what with whom, who's in and who's out-and why; how to deal with difficult （3） situations involving children, lovers, and colleagues.
So why are we keen on gossiping Are we just natural （4） , of both time and words Or do we talk a lot about nothing in particular simply to avoid facing up to the really important issues of life It's not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar. In fact, in his latest book, Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language, the psychologist says gossip is one of these really （5） issues.
Dunbar （6） the traditional view that language was developed by the men at the early stage of social development in order to organize their manly hunting activities more effectively, or even to promote the exchange of poetic stories about their origins and the supernatural. Instead he suggests that language evolved among women. We don't spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just because we can talk, argues Dunbar— （7） , he goes on to say, language evolved specifically to allow us to gossip.
Dunbar arrived at his cheery theory by studying the （8） of the higher primates（灵长类动物）like monkeys. By means of grooming--cleaning the fur by brushing it, monkeys form groups with other individuals on whom they can rely for support in the event of some kind of conflict within the group or （9） from outside it.
As we human beings evolve from a particular branch of the primate family, Dunbar （10） that at one time in our history we did much the same. Grouping together made sense because the bigger the group, the greater the （11） it provided; on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others. Grooming helped to （12） the pressure and calm everybody down.
But as the groups got bigger and bigger, the amount of time spent in grooming activities also had to be （13） to maintain its effectiveness. Clearly, a more （14） kind of grooming was needed, and thus language evolved as a kind of vocal（有声的）grooming which allowed humans to develop relationship with ever-larger groups by exchanging information over a wider network of individuals than would be possible by one-to-one （15） contact.
（1）A．claim B．description C．gossip D．language
（2）A．occasionally B．habitually C．independently D．originally
（3）A．social B．political C．historical D．cultural
（4）A．admirers B．masters C．users D．wasters
（5）A．vital B．sensitive C．ideal D．difficult
（6）A．confirms B．rejects C．outlines D．broadens
（7）A．for instance B．in addition
C．on the contrary D．as a result
（8）A．motivation B．appearance C．emotion D．behaviour
（9）A．attack B．contact C．inspection D．assistance
（10）A．recalls B．denies C．concludes D．confesses
（11）A．prospect B．responsibility C．leadership D．protection
（12）A．measure B．show C．maintain D．ease
（13）A．saved B．extended C．consumed D．gained
（14）A．common B．efficient C．scientific D．Thoughtful
（15）A．indirect B．daily C．physical D．secret
【答案】（1）C；（2）B；（3）A；（4）D；（5）A；（6）B；（7）C；（8）D；（9）A；（10）C；（11）D；（12）D；（13）B；（14）B；（15）C
【知识点】学习教育类；议论文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文，研究表明人们的语言大多数不是重大的话题讨论和研究，而很多是闲言碎语，这些闲言碎语是不是浪费时间呢，Robin Dunbar教授不是这样认为的，他认为闲言碎语是非常重要的，是人类发展过程中非常重要的交流形式。
（1）考查名词。四个选项的含义分别是：A.宣称,B.描述，C.闲话，D.语言，根据上文的句子：可知我们人类的大多数对话不是文化的，政治的问题，也不是关于电影和树的讨论，而就是简单的闲言碎语，“Research has shown that two-thirds of human conversation is taken up not with discussion of the cultural or political problems of the day, not heated debates about films we've just watched or books we've just finished reading”下文多次出现gossip这个词，所以选C。
（2）考查副词。四个选项的含义分别是：A.偶然地，B.习惯地，C.独立地，D.最初地，根据文“Language is our greatest treasure as a species”,语言是我们做为一个物种的最伟大的财宝，我们习惯怎么使用它？所以选B。
（3）考查形容词。四个选项的含义分别是：A.社交的，B.政治的，C.历史的，D.文化的，根据下文“involving children, lovers, and colleagues.”包括孩子，爱人和同事这些都是社会形势，所以选A。
（4）考查名词。四个选项的含义分别是：A.仰慕者，B.主人，C.使用者，D.浪费者，根据上文“So why are we keen on gossiping ”我们为什么喜欢说些闲言碎语，因为我们是时间和语言的浪费者吗？所以选D。
（5）考查形容词。四个选项的含义分别是：A.至关重要的，B.敏感的，C.理想的，D.困难的，根据上文“It's not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar.”可知Robin Dunbar教授不认为我们是浪费时间，而认为闲言碎语是最重要的事情，所以选A。
（6）考查动词。四个选项的含义分别是：A.证实，B.反对，C. 概述，略述，画轮廓，打草图D.拓宽，根据上下文可知Robin Dunbar教授是反对传统的关于语言是在人类社会发展初期在组织打猎的时候发展起来的这个观点，所以选B。
（7）考查词组。四个选项的含义分别是：A.例如，B.此外，C.相反的，D.因此，根据上文“Instead he suggests that language evolved among women. We don't spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just because we can talk,”可知：正相反的是，语言进化是是让我们说些闲言碎语的，所以选C。
（8）考查名词。四个选项的含义分别是：A.动机，B.外表，出现，C. 情感，D.行为，根据下文的描述“By means of grooming”可知教授是通过研究灵长类动物的行为得出这个令人高兴的理论的，所以选D。
（9）考查名词。四个选项的含义分别是：A.进攻，B.联系，C.视察，D.帮助，根据上文的conflict可知猴子和其他的个体形成群体来获得在内部冲突事件中或来自外界的进攻时的支持，所以选A。
（10）考查动词。四个选项的含义分别是：A.回想，B.否认，C.下结论，结束，D. .承认，聆听（某人的）忏悔，这句话的意思是：教授下结论说，我们在历史上做过相似的事情，所以选C。
（11）考查名词。四个选项的含义分别是：A. .前景，期望，眺望处，景象，B.责任，C.领导，D.保护，根据下文“on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others”.可知因为群体越大，获得的保护就越大，所以选D。
（12）考查动词。四个选项的含义分别是：A.衡量，B.展示，C.保持，D.缓解，根据上文“on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others.”群体越大，生活在一起的压力就越大，梳理毛发可以缓解压力，让每个人都冷静下来，所以选D。
（13）考查动词。四个选项的含义分别是：A.拯救，B.延伸，延长，C.消费，消耗，D.获得，随着群体越来越大，花在打扮上的时间就要延长来维持它的效果，所以选B。
（14）考查形容词。四个选项的含义分别是：A.常见的，普遍的，B.有效的，C.科学的，D.考虑周到的，根据上文的effectiveness可知这里是需要一个更加有效的梳理毛发。所以选B。
（15）考查形容词。四个选项的含义分别是：A.间接的，B.日常的，C.物理的，身体的，D.秘密的，语言演变成了有声的梳理毛发，它可以让人们通过比一对一的日常交流更多的人群中交换信息，这样可以和更大的群体发展关系，所以选C。
【点评】本题考点涉及名词、副词、形容词、动词以及固定短语的考查，综合性强，要求考生在理解细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析推理，从而选出正确答案。
二、阅读理解
2．（2014·上海）阅读理解
Most people agree that honesty is a good thing. But does Mother Nature agree Animals can't talk, but can they lie in other ways Can they lie with their bodies and behavior Animal experts may not call it lying, but they do agree that many animals, from birds to chimpanzees, behave dishonestly to fool other animals. Why Dishonesty often helps them survive.
Many kinds of birds are very successful at fooling other animals. For example, a bird called the plover sometimes pretends to be hurt in order to protect its young. When a predator（猎食动物）gets close to its nest, the plover leads the predator away from the nest. How It pretends to have a broken wing. The predator follows the "hurt" adult, leaving the baby birds safe in the nest.
Another kind of bird, the scrub jay, buries its food so it always has something to eat. Scrub jays are also thieves. They watch where others bury their food and steal it. But clever scrub jays seem to know when a thief is watching them. So they go back later, unbury the food, and bury it again somewhere else.
Birds called cuckoos have found a way to have babies without doing much work. How They don't make nests. Instead, they get into other birds' nests secretly. Then they lay their eggs and fly away. When the baby birds come out, their adoptive parents feed them.
Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky. After a fight, the losing chimp will give its hand to the other. When the winning chimp puts out its hand, too, the chimps are friendly again. But an animal expert once saw a losing chimp take the winner's hand and start fighting again.
Chimps are sneaky in other ways, too. When chimps find food that they love, such as bananas, it is natural for them to cry out. Then other chimps come running. But some clever chimps learn to cry very softly when they find food. That way, other chimps don't hear them, and they don't need to share their food.
As children, many of us learn the saying "You can't fool Mother Nature." But maybe you can't trust her, either.
（1）A plover protects its young from a predator by______.
A．getting closer to its young B．driving away the adult predator
C．leaving its young in another nest D．pretending to be injured
（2）By "Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky" (paragraph 5), the author means______.
A．chimps are ready to attack others B．chimps are sometimes dishonest
C．chimps are jealous of the winners D．chimps can be selfish too
（3）Which of the following is true according to the passage
A．Some chimps lower their cry to keep food away from others.
B．The losing chimp won the fight by taking the winner's hand.
C．Cuckoos fool their adoptive parents by making no nests.
D．Some clever scrub jays often steal their food back.
（4）Which of the following might be the best title of the passage
A．Do animals lie
B．Does Mother Nature fool animals
C．How do animals learn to lie
D．How does honesty help animals survive
【答案】（1）D
（2）B
（3）A
（4）A
【知识点】细节理解题；科普环保类；说明文；标题选择
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，通过举了一些鸟类和大猩猩的例子，说明动物有时会撒谎，这也是它们生存的需要。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的”a bird called the plover sometimes pretends to be hurt in order to protect its young.“可知啄木鸟保护孩子不受猎食动物侵害是通过假装受伤，所以选D。
（2）靠词句义猜测。根据第五段中的”But an animal expert once saw a losing chimp take the winner's hand and start fighting again.“一个输了的大猩猩抓住获胜的大猩猩的手又开始打斗了，可知这句话的意思是大猩猩也可能不诚实，所以选B。
（3）考查细节理解。根据第六段中的”But some clever chimps learn to cry very softly when they find food. That way, other chimps don't hear them, and they don't need to share their food。“可知一些大猩猩放低它们的叫声，这样让别的大猩猩得不到食物，所以选A。
（4）考查主旨大意。纵观全文，和第一段中的”，Can they lie with their bodies and behavior “可知这篇文章讲的是动物也会撒谎，选A。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解、句义猜测和主旨大意三个题型的考查，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析、推理、概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
3．（2014·上海）阅读理解
Let's say you want to hit the gym more regularly this year. How do you make that happen Consider putting the habit loop to use.
Here's how it works:
A habit is a 3-step process. First, there's a cue, something that tells your brain to operate automatically. Then there's a routine. And finally, a reward, which helps your brain learn to desire the behavior. It's what you can use to create-or break-habits of your own.
Here's how to apply it:
Choose a cue, like leaving your running shoes by the door, then pick. a reward-say, a piece of chocolate when you get home from the gym. That way, the cue and the reward become interconnected. Finally, when you see the shoes, your brain will start longing for the reward, which will make it easier to work out day after day. The best part In a couple of weeks, you won't need the chocolate at all. Your brain will come to see the workout itself as the reward. Which is the whole point, right
（1）Which of the following best fits in the box with a “ ” in THE HABIT LOOP
A．Pick a new cue. B．Form a new habit.
C．Choose a new reward. D．Design a new resolution.
（2）According to THE HABIT LOOP, you can stick to your plan most effectively by______.
A．changing the routine B．trying it for a week
C．adjusting your goal D．writing it down
（3）What's the purpose of putting the habit loop to use
A．To test out different kinds of cues.
B．To do something as a habit even without rewards.
C．To work out the best New Year's resolution.
D．To motivate yourself with satisfactory rewards.
（4）“This year when I see the Harry Potter poster, I will read 30 pages of an English novel or an English newspaper in order to watch TV for half an hour." What is the cue in this resolution
A．The Harry Potter poster.
B．Reading 30 pages of an English novel.
C．An English newspaper.
D．Watching TV for half an hour.
【答案】（1）C
（2）D
（3）B
（4）A
【知识点】推理判断题；细节理解题；日常生活类
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇应用文，用图文并茂的形式教读者怎样在新的一年制定一个新的决心，从线索到实施到奖励，最终要做到没有奖励也能将它变成习惯。
（1）考查推理判断。根据图表里面内容的句子：可知如果对这个奖励不满意，可以选择一个新的奖励，Choose a new reward最适合The Habit Loop里面的有问号的方框，所以选C。
（2）考查细节理解。根据文章图表的下方左边的方框：可知根据The Habit Loop所说，你可以通过将计划写下来从而更有效的坚持这个计划，所以选D。
（3）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的”In a couple of weeks, you won't need the chocolate at all. Your brain will come to see the workout itself as the reward.“可知使用The Habit Loop的目的是甚至没有回报都可以将一些事情当成习惯做，所以选B。
（4）考查推理判断。根据”A habit is a 3-step process. First, there's a cue, something that tells your brain to operate automatically. Then there's a routine. And finally, a reward,“可知在新年里面下新的决心，先要有线索，然后是常规做法，最后是奖励，这里看见哈利波特的海报属于线索，所以选A
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析、推理，从而选出正确答案。
4．（2014·上海）阅读理解
If you could be anybody in the world, who would it be Your neighbour or a super star A few people have experienced what it might be like to step into the skin of another person, thanks to an unusual virtual reality（虚拟现实）device. Rikke Wahl, an actress, model and artist, was one of the participants in a body swapping experiment at the Be Another lab, a project developed by a group of artists based in Barcelona. She swapped with her partner, an actor, using a machine called The Machine to Be Another and temporarily became a man. "As I looked down, I saw my whole body as a man, dressed in my partner's pants," she said. "That's the picture I remember best."
The set-up is relatively simple. Both users wear a virtual reality headset with a camera on the top. The video from each camera is sent to the other person, so what you see is the exact view of your partner. If she moves her arm, you see it. If you move your arm, she sees it.
To get used to seeing another person's body without actually having control of it, participants start by raising their arms and legs very slowly, so that the other can follow along. Eventually, this kind of slow synchronised（同步的）movement becomes comfortable, and participants really start to feel as though they are living in another person's body.
Using such technology promises to alter people's behaviour afterwards-potentially for the better. Studies have shown that virtual reality can be effective in fighting racism-the bias（偏见）that humans have against those who don't look or sound like them. Researchers at the University of Barcelona gave people a questionnaire called the Implicit Association Test, which measures the strength of people's associations between, for instance, black people and adjectives such as good, bad, athletic or awkward. Then they asked them to control the body of a dark skinned digital character using virtual reality glasses, before taking the test again. This time, the participants' bias scores were lower. The idea is that once you've "put yourself in another's shoes" you're less likely to think ill of them, because your brain has internalised the feeling of being that person.
The creators of The Machine to Be Another hope to achieve a similar result. "At the end of body swapping, people feel like holding each other in their arms," says Arthur Pointeau, a programmer with the project. "It's a really nice way to have this kind of experience. I would really, really recommend it to everyone."
（1）The word "swapping" (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to______.
A．building B．exchanging C．controlling D．transplanting
（2）We can infer from the experiment at the Be Another lab that______.
A．our feelings are related to our bodily experience
B．we can learn to take control of other people's bodies
C．participants will live more passionately after the experiment
D．The Machine to Be Another can help people change their sexes
（3）In the Implicit Association Test, before the participants used virtual reality glasses to control a dark skinned digital character, ______.
A．they fought strongly against racism
B．they scored lower on the test for racism
C．they changed their behaviour dramatically
D．they were more biased against those unlike them
（4）It can be concluded from the passage that______.
A．technology helps people realize their dreams
B．our biases could be eliminated through experiments
C．virtual reality helps promote understanding among people
D．our points of view about others need changing constantly
【答案】（1）B
（2）A
（3）D
（4）C
【知识点】推理判断题；细节理解题；说明文；学习教育类
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一种Be another lab的体验，可以让人们互换角色，这样可以一定程度上消除人们的偏见，也可以促进人与人的相互理解。
（1）考查词义猜测。根据第一段中的“She swapped with her partner, an actor, using a machine called The Machine to Be Another and temporarily became a man. ‘As I looked down, I saw my whole body as a man, dressed in my partner's pants,' she said. ‘That's the picture I remember best.'"可知女演员和男演员互换角色，所以swapping的意思是“交换”，所以选B。
（2）考查推理判断。根据第三段中的”Eventually, this kind of slow synchronised（同步的）movement becomes comfortable, and participants really start to feel as though they are living in another person's body.“可知从Be another lab的体验可以推断出我们的感觉和身体的经验有关，所以选A。
（3）考查细节理解。根据第四段中的”Studies have shown that virtual reality can be effective in fighting racism-the bias（偏见）that humans have against those who don't look or sound like them.“可知在the Implicit Association test中，在参与者使用虚拟现实的眼镜控制一个深色皮肤的人物之前，他们对不像他们的人物更有偏见，选D。
（4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的"At the end of body swapping, people feel like holding each other in their arms," says Arthur Pointeau, a programmer with the project可知虚拟现实帮助促进人们之间的理解，所以选C。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析、推理，从而选出正确答案。
三、任务型阅读
5．（2014·上海）任务型阅读
My Stay in New York
After graduation from university, I had been unable to secure a permanent job in my small town. So I decided to leave home for New York, I might have a better chance to find a good job. (earn) some money to pay the daily expenses, I started work in a local café as a waiter. I believe that30． I was offered a good position, I would resign at once.
Over time, the high cost of living became a little burden on my already (exhaust) shoulder. On the other hand, my search for a respectable job had not met with much success. As I had studied literature at university, I found it quite difficult to secure a suitable job in big companies. Mother had just said that I want to have a better career advancement, I had to find work in the city. Perhaps my mother had told me was deeply rooted in my mind. I just did as she had expected.
Soon I had lived in the city for over six months but I still did not like it. Apparently, I had difficulty (adapt) myself to life in the city, let alone finding a job to my delight. After nine months of frustration, I eventually decided to go back to my small town. Not until I returned I realize that a quiet town life was the best for me.
【答案】where；To earn；as soon as/ as long as；exhausted；if；what；adapting；did
【知识点】语法填空
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，介绍作者大学毕业后为了有机会找到更好的工作。到了纽约，临时在一个咖啡店做服务员，但是一直都没有再找到适合的工作，生活的压力使他疲惫，最终回到原来的小镇，发现这才是最适合自己的。
（1）考查定语从句。句意：我决定到纽约，在那里我可能会有机会找到更好的工作。这里使用定语从句，先行词是New York,定语从句中缺少地点状语，用where 引导定语从句。
（2）考查非谓语动词。为了挣钱付日常开销，我开始在当地咖啡店做服务员。这里用不定式做目的状语，填To earn。
（3）考查连词。句意：我相信只要我被提供一个好的职位，我就立刻辞职。“as soon as/ as long as”“只要，一旦”。
（4）考查形容词。句意：过了一段时间，高生活成本在我已经疲惫的肩膀成了一个负担。exhausted形容词，“疲惫的”作定语，故填exhausted。
（5）考查连词。句意：妈妈说过，如果我想有个更好的事业的进步，我就得到城市里面找工作。if ”如果“，引导条件状语从句。
（6）考查主语从句。句意：妈妈说的话深深的扎根到我的思想中了。what引导的是主语从句。 故填what。
（7）考查动名词。句：很显然我适应城市的生活有困难。have difficulty in doing sth，固定句型，”做......有困难“，所以填动名词adapting。
（8）考查倒装句。句意：直到我回来我才发现安静的小镇生活对我才是最好的。Not until放在句首，后面的主句要倒装。用助动词did提到主语前面。
【点评】本题考点涉及定语从句，非谓语动词，连词，形容词，主语从句等知识点的考查，要求考生在理解细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析推理，写出正确的单词形式。
6．（2014·上海）任务型阅读
The giant vending machine (自动售货机) is a new village shop
Villagers have long been used to facing a drive when they run out of basic supplies. However, help is now nearer at hand in form of the country's first automatic push-button shop. Now residents in the Derbyshire Village of Clifton can buy groceries around the clock after the huge vending was installed outside a pub in the village this week.
Peter Fox, who is electrical engineer, spent two and a half years working on the project. The machine (equip) with securing cameras and alarms and looks like a mini shop with a brick front, a grey roof and a display window.
Mr. Fox said he hoped his invention, is set to be installed in other villages in the area over the coming months, will mark a return to convenience shopping for rural communities.
He said:“ I had this idea a few years ago but I couldn't find a manufacture who could deliver what I wanted, so I did it by The result is what amounts to huge outdoor vending machine. Yet I think the term “automatic shop” is far (appropriate)
In recent years, the commercial pressure from supermarket chains force village shops across the country to close. In 2010, it was estimated that about 400 village shops closed, (urge) the local government to give financial support to struggling shops or set-up new communities stores.
Hundreds of communities have since stepped in and opened up their won volunteer-run shops, but Mr. Fox hopes his new invention will offer a solution these villages without a local shop.
【答案】an；is equipped；which；myself；more appropriate；has forced；urging；to
【知识点】语法填空
【解析】【分析】一个电力工程师花了两年半的时间从事的项目，在没有商店的村子安装自动售货机，想给没有商店的村子提供一个解决的方法。
（1）考查冠词。句意：一个电力工程师花了两年半的时间从事这个项目。泛指“一个电力工程师，用不定冠词，electrical是元音开头的单词，所以用an。
（2）考查语态和时态。句意：这个机器配备有安全摄像机和警报。be equipped with ,固定短语“配备有…”因为主语是单数，所以用 is equipped。
（3）考查定语从句。这句话是非限制性定语从句，先行词是invention，定语从句中缺少主语用which引导定语从句，故填which。
（4）考查代词。根据上文的句子：可知没有生产商愿意将他的想法生产出来，所以他就自己做了。by oneself固定短语“独自”，填myself 。
（5）考查形容词。句意：我想用“自动商店”这个名字更合适。Far后面接形容词的比较级：more appropriate。
（6）考查时态。句意：近几年，来自超市连锁店的压力已经迫使乡村商店关门，实际上recent years，和现在完成时连用，因为主语是pressure所以谓语是单数：has forced。
（7）考查非谓语动词。句意：估计有400家乡村商店关闭了，强烈要求政府提供经济支持给这些濒临倒闭的商店或是建立新的社区商店。这里用现在分词做状语，故填urging。
（8）考查不定式。句意：Fox先生希望这个新的发明给没有商店的村子提供一个解决的方法。offer sth to sb.固定短语“提供给某人某物，”所以填to。
【点评】本题考点涉及冠词，语态和时态，定语从句，代词，形容词，非谓语动词等多个知识点的考查，综合性强，要求考生在理解细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析推理，从而写出正确答案。
四、短文填空
7．（2014·上海）短文填空
A. alert B. classify C. commit D. delicately E. gentle F. impose G. labels H. moderation I. relieve J. signals K. simply
Let's say you've decided you want to eat more healthfully. However, you don't have time to carefully plan menus for meals or read food at the supermarket. Since you really yourself to a healthier lifestyle, a little help would come in handy, wouldn't it This is where a "choice architect" can help _some of the burden of doing it all yourself. Choice architects are people who organize the contexts in which customers make decisions. For example, the person who decides the layout of your local supermarket-including which shelf the peanut butter goes on, and how the oranges are piled up—is a choice architect.
Governments don't have to healthier lifestyles through laws for example, smoking bans. Rather, if given an environment created by a choice architect-one that encourages us to choose what is best-we will do the right things. In other words, there will be designs that gently push customers toward making healthier choices, without removing freedom of choice. This idea combines freedom to choose with hints from choice architects, who aim to help people live longer, healthier, and happier lives.
The British and Swedish governments have introduced a so-called "traffic light system" to foods as healthy or unhealthy. This means that customers can see at a glance how much fat, sugar, and salt each product contains by looking at the lights on the package. A green light _that the amounts of the three nutrients are healthy; yellow indicates that the customer should be ; and red means that the food is high in at least one of the three nutrients and should be eaten in . The customer is given important health information, but is still free to decide what to choose.
【答案】G；C；I；F；E；B；K；J；A；H
【知识点】选词填空
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍人们都希望有健康的生活方式和饮食，但是没有时间计划，这里介绍了两种方法，一种是“choice architect”，还有一种是“交通灯系统”。
（1）考查名词。句意：你没有时间仔细计划菜单和阅读超市的食品标签。这里需要名词“标签”labels，所以选G。
（2）考查动词。句意：既然你真正的想致力于健康的生活方式，一点点小的帮助都是很方便的。commit oneself to sth.固定短语“致力于”，所以选C。
（3）考查动词。这里有一个“choice architect”可以帮助你缓解自己做这件事的负担。这里需要动词“减轻”relieve。所以选I。
（4）考查动词。句意：政府不会通过法律强加健康的生活方式，这里需要动词“强加”，impose，所以选F。
（5）考查形容词。根据上文的gently可知这个想法是将自由的选择和choice architect 的温柔的gentle暗示结合起来，选E。
（6）考查动词。英国和瑞典政府已经介绍了所谓的“交通灯系统”来将食物分类为健康或不健康。这里使用动词“分类”classify，所以选B。
（7）考查副词。消费者通过简单的看看包装上的灯就可以看见产品包含的脂肪糖和盐，这里需要副词simply简单地，所以选K。
（8）考查动词。绿色的灯表示这三种营养的含量是健康的。这里需要动词“发信号，表示”signal，所以选J。
（9）考查形容词。黄灯表示消费者应该警觉了。这里使用形容词“警觉的“alert”，所以选A。
（10）考查名词。红灯表示这些食物至少有一种营养是含量很高的，所以应该被适当的食用。“适度”moderation，所以选H。
【点评】本题考点涉及名词，动词，形容词，副词等多个知识点的考查，要求考生在理解细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，结合方框内提供的单词，进行推理分析，从而选出正确答案。
五、阅读表达
8．（2014·上海）任务型阅读
More and more corporations are taking an interest in corporate social responsibility (CSR). CSR is made up of three broad layers. The most basic is traditional corporate charity panies typically spend about 1% of pre-tax profits on worthy projects. But many feel that simply writing cheques to charities is no longer enough. In some companies, shareholders want to know that their money is being put to good use, and employees want to be actively involved in good works.
Money alone is not the answer when companies come under attack for their behavior. Hence the second layer of CSR, which is a branch of risk management. Starting in the 1980s, with environmental disasters such as the explosion at Bhopal and the Exxon Valdez oil spill, industry after industry has suffered blows to its reputation.
So, companies often responded by trying to manage the risks. They talk to non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and to governments, create codes of conduct（行为准则) and devote themselves to more transparency（透明）in their operations. Increasingly, too. they, along with their competitors, set common rules to spread risks.
All this is largely defensive, but there are also opportunities for those that get ahead of the game. The emphasis on opportunity is the third layer of CSR: the idea that it can help to create value. If approached in a strategic way, CSR could become part of a company's competitive advantage. That is just the sort of thing chief executives like to hear. The idea of "doing well by doing good" has become popular.
Nevertheless, the business of trying to be good is bringing difficult questions to executives. Can you measure CSR performance Should you be cooperating with NGOs and you're your competitors Is there any really competitive advantage to be had from a green strategy
Corporate social responsibility is now seen as a mainstream. Big companies want to tell the world about their good citizenship with their devotion to social responsibilities. Done badly, CSR is often just window-dressing and can be positively harmful. Done well, though, it is not some separate activity that companies do on the side, a corner of corporate life reserved for virtue（美德）：it is just good business.
(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS)
（1）Both in some companies find it no longer enough to simply donate money to charities.
（2）Give one example of the defensive measures of risk management according to the passage.
（3）With the emphasis on opportunity, the third layer of CSR is meant to .
（4）According to the passage, "good business" (paragraph 6) means that corporations while making profits.
【答案】（1）Shareholders and employees
（2）Companies talk to non-government organizations(NGOs) and to governments./Companies create codes of conduct. /Companies devote themselves to more transparency in their operations./Companies set common rules with their competitors to spread risks.
（3）Create value
（4）take social responsibilities
【知识点】阅读表达
【解析】【分析】文章介绍现在很多公司管理的CSR的三层管理，旨在创办一个既能盈利又有社会责任的公司。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“But many feel that simply writing cheques to charities is no longer enough. In some companies, shareholders want to know that their money is being put to good use, and employees want to be actively involved in good works.”可知股份持有者和职员发现只是简单的将钱捐给慈善机关是不够的，所以填Shareholders and employees。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第三段的内容：可知公司会采取下列防御措施应对危机：和非政府组织和政府谈话：Companies talk to non-government organizations(NGOs) and to governments./公司创造行为准则：Companies create codes of conduct. /公司在经营的时候更加透明：Companies devote themselves to more transparency in their operations./公司和竞争者一起设置共同的规定。Companies set common rules with their competitors to spread risks.
（3）考查细节理解。根据第四段中的“The emphasis on opportunity is the third layer of CSR: the idea that it can help to create value.”可知第三层的管理CSR是强调机遇，旨在创造价值，所以填Create value。
（4）考查推理判断。根据第六段中的“Corporate social responsibility is now seen as a mainstream. Big companies want to tell the world about their good citizenship with their devotion to social responsibilities.”可知好的公司既要能盈利也要有社会责任。填 take social responsibilities
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析推理，结合题目要求，写出正确答案。
六、翻译
9．（2014·上海）翻译
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
（1）我习惯睡前听点轻音乐。(accustomed)
（2）将来过怎样的生活取决于你自己。(be up to)
（3）没有什么比获准参加太空旅行项目更令人兴奋的了。(than)
（4）家长嘱咐孩子别在河边嬉戏，以免遭遇不测。(for fear)
（5）虽然现代社会物资丰富，给予消费者更多的选择，但也使不少人变成购物狂。(turn)
【答案】（1）I'm accustomed to listening to some light music before sleep.
（2）It's up to you what kind of life will lead in the future.
（3）There is nothing more exciting than being allowed to take part in the space travel programme.
（4）Parents ask their kids not to play by the river for fear that something terrible might happen.
（5）While modern society, rich in material resources,has given consumers more choice, it turns many of them into crazy shoppers.
【知识点】汉译英
【解析】【分析】
（1）翻译这句话的时候，注意词组：be accustomed to doing“习惯于做……”。答案为：I'm accustomed to listening to some light music before sleep.
（2）这句话使用了句型：It's up to you +从句，“做….由某人决定”。这里what kind of life will lead in the future.是主语从句，it是形式主语。答案为：It's up to you what kind of life will lead in the future.
（3）这句话使用了There be句型， nothing 后面是形容词做定语，因为是比较的含义用形容词的比较级more exciting，还有词组“被允许做”be allowed to ，以及词组“参加”：take part in 。答案为：There is nothing more exciting than being allowed to take part in the space travel programme.
（4）这句话使用了for fear that 引导目的状语从句，和词组“让某人不要做……”ask sb. not to do.答案为：Parents ask their kids not to play by the river for fear that something terrible might happen.
（5）这句话使用了连词While 表示“尽管，虽然”。词组“富含”be rich in ，主句中使用了词组turn…. into …..“将…变成…”。答案为：While modern society, rich in material resources,has given consumers more choice, it turns many of them into crazy shoppers.
【点评】根据句子的汉语，以及括号内所给所给单词，结合固定短语或搭配，以及确定句子时态，从而写出完整的句子。
七、书面表达
10．（2014·上海）学校英语报正在酝酿改版，拟从现有的三个栏目（健康、娱乐、文化）中去除一个，并从三个备选栏目（时尚、职业规划、读者反馈）中挑选一个纳入该报。假设你是该校学生程飞，给校报编辑写一封电子邮件，表达你的观点。邮件须包括以下内容：
1）你建议去除的栏目及去除的理由；
2）你建议增加的栏目及增加的理由。
【答案】Dear Editor, I've learned that our English Post is being reformed and one of the three columns is to be replaced by a new one. I'm writing this e-mail to share with you my opinions. Needless to say, the columns will definitely be designed according to students' interest and have positive effects on their study and pared to the entertainment , I hold the view that the value of the columns concerning health and culture is more important . The main factor is that it is of great significance to keep healthy while loss of health means kissing goodbye to life. Consequently, more knowledge of how to keep fit can improve the quality of life. In addition, the progress in acquiring cultures contributes to broadening one's horizons, which in turn is beneficial to one's study and the establishment of philosophy of life. Furthermore, the career planning should be taken into account in the school English Post . On the one hand, it covers one's career development a great deal .On the other hand, it makes a great difference to one's career success in the future. What has been mentioned above is my personal ideas. Here I am in the hope that my advice will add a brilliant touch to the improved version of our school English Post. Yours sincerely, Cheng Fei
【知识点】提纲作文；文字式应用文；半开放性作文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇英文信件，要求考生以程飞的身份给校报编辑写一封电子邮件，写作要点已经给出，属于提纲类范畴，邮件须包括以下内容： 1.你建议去除的栏目及去除的理由；2.你建议增加的栏目及增加的理由，根据自己的建议选定栏目的设置并以邮件方式表达自己的观点。考生在写作过程中要确定切题且符合英语写作逻辑的篇章结构。确立邮件文体之后，要弄清要点，围绕要点展开，条理要清晰，理由要充分，关键的是在写作的过程中，要注意人称，时态语态和常见的语法问题，文章尽量简洁，在文章中尽可能多地使用高大上的词汇，遵循短语优先原则在配以特殊句型和复合句的应用，让文章更上档次。
【点评】本文提出的理由充分，语气中肯礼貌。段落层次清晰，行文连贯，要点齐全，言简意赅，目的明确，较具有说服力。还使用一些连词，让文章条理清楚。使用了一些复杂句和复合句，使文章更加生动而流畅，这些都体现了驾驭语言的能力。具体如下： I've learned that our English Post is being reformed and one of the three columns is to be replaced by a new one. 运用了宾语从句； Compared to the entertainment , I hold the view that the value of the columns concerning health and culture is more important . 运用了同位语从句； The main factor is that it is of great significance to keep healthy while loss of health means kissing goodbye to life.运用了表语从句； the progress in acquiring cultures contributes to broadening one's horizons, which in turn is beneficial to one's study and the establishment of philosophy of life.运用了定语从句；What has been mentioned above is my personal ideas. 运用了主语从句。
1 / 12014年高考英语真题试卷（上海卷）
一、完形填空
1．（2014·上海）完形填空
Research has shown that two-thirds of human conversation is taken up not with discussion of the cultural or political problems of the day, not heated debates about films we've just watched or books we've just finished reading, but plain and simple （1） .
Language is our greatest treasure as a species, and what do we （2） do with it We gossip. About others' behaviour and private lives, such as who's doing what with whom, who's in and who's out-and why; how to deal with difficult （3） situations involving children, lovers, and colleagues.
So why are we keen on gossiping Are we just natural （4） , of both time and words Or do we talk a lot about nothing in particular simply to avoid facing up to the really important issues of life It's not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar. In fact, in his latest book, Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language, the psychologist says gossip is one of these really （5） issues.
Dunbar （6） the traditional view that language was developed by the men at the early stage of social development in order to organize their manly hunting activities more effectively, or even to promote the exchange of poetic stories about their origins and the supernatural. Instead he suggests that language evolved among women. We don't spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just because we can talk, argues Dunbar— （7） , he goes on to say, language evolved specifically to allow us to gossip.
Dunbar arrived at his cheery theory by studying the （8） of the higher primates（灵长类动物）like monkeys. By means of grooming--cleaning the fur by brushing it, monkeys form groups with other individuals on whom they can rely for support in the event of some kind of conflict within the group or （9） from outside it.
As we human beings evolve from a particular branch of the primate family, Dunbar （10） that at one time in our history we did much the same. Grouping together made sense because the bigger the group, the greater the （11） it provided; on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others. Grooming helped to （12） the pressure and calm everybody down.
But as the groups got bigger and bigger, the amount of time spent in grooming activities also had to be （13） to maintain its effectiveness. Clearly, a more （14） kind of grooming was needed, and thus language evolved as a kind of vocal（有声的）grooming which allowed humans to develop relationship with ever-larger groups by exchanging information over a wider network of individuals than would be possible by one-to-one （15） contact.
（1）A．claim B．description C．gossip D．language
（2）A．occasionally B．habitually C．independently D．originally
（3）A．social B．political C．historical D．cultural
（4）A．admirers B．masters C．users D．wasters
（5）A．vital B．sensitive C．ideal D．difficult
（6）A．confirms B．rejects C．outlines D．broadens
（7）A．for instance B．in addition
C．on the contrary D．as a result
（8）A．motivation B．appearance C．emotion D．behaviour
（9）A．attack B．contact C．inspection D．assistance
（10）A．recalls B．denies C．concludes D．confesses
（11）A．prospect B．responsibility C．leadership D．protection
（12）A．measure B．show C．maintain D．ease
（13）A．saved B．extended C．consumed D．gained
（14）A．common B．efficient C．scientific D．Thoughtful
（15）A．indirect B．daily C．physical D．secret
二、阅读理解
2．（2014·上海）阅读理解
Most people agree that honesty is a good thing. But does Mother Nature agree Animals can't talk, but can they lie in other ways Can they lie with their bodies and behavior Animal experts may not call it lying, but they do agree that many animals, from birds to chimpanzees, behave dishonestly to fool other animals. Why Dishonesty often helps them survive.
Many kinds of birds are very successful at fooling other animals. For example, a bird called the plover sometimes pretends to be hurt in order to protect its young. When a predator（猎食动物）gets close to its nest, the plover leads the predator away from the nest. How It pretends to have a broken wing. The predator follows the "hurt" adult, leaving the baby birds safe in the nest.
Another kind of bird, the scrub jay, buries its food so it always has something to eat. Scrub jays are also thieves. They watch where others bury their food and steal it. But clever scrub jays seem to know when a thief is watching them. So they go back later, unbury the food, and bury it again somewhere else.
Birds called cuckoos have found a way to have babies without doing much work. How They don't make nests. Instead, they get into other birds' nests secretly. Then they lay their eggs and fly away. When the baby birds come out, their adoptive parents feed them.
Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky. After a fight, the losing chimp will give its hand to the other. When the winning chimp puts out its hand, too, the chimps are friendly again. But an animal expert once saw a losing chimp take the winner's hand and start fighting again.
Chimps are sneaky in other ways, too. When chimps find food that they love, such as bananas, it is natural for them to cry out. Then other chimps come running. But some clever chimps learn to cry very softly when they find food. That way, other chimps don't hear them, and they don't need to share their food.
As children, many of us learn the saying "You can't fool Mother Nature." But maybe you can't trust her, either.
（1）A plover protects its young from a predator by______.
A．getting closer to its young B．driving away the adult predator
C．leaving its young in another nest D．pretending to be injured
（2）By "Chimpanzees, or chimps, can also be sneaky" (paragraph 5), the author means______.
A．chimps are ready to attack others B．chimps are sometimes dishonest
C．chimps are jealous of the winners D．chimps can be selfish too
（3）Which of the following is true according to the passage
A．Some chimps lower their cry to keep food away from others.
B．The losing chimp won the fight by taking the winner's hand.
C．Cuckoos fool their adoptive parents by making no nests.
D．Some clever scrub jays often steal their food back.
（4）Which of the following might be the best title of the passage
A．Do animals lie
B．Does Mother Nature fool animals
C．How do animals learn to lie
D．How does honesty help animals survive
3．（2014·上海）阅读理解
Let's say you want to hit the gym more regularly this year. How do you make that happen Consider putting the habit loop to use.
Here's how it works:
A habit is a 3-step process. First, there's a cue, something that tells your brain to operate automatically. Then there's a routine. And finally, a reward, which helps your brain learn to desire the behavior. It's what you can use to create-or break-habits of your own.
Here's how to apply it:
Choose a cue, like leaving your running shoes by the door, then pick. a reward-say, a piece of chocolate when you get home from the gym. That way, the cue and the reward become interconnected. Finally, when you see the shoes, your brain will start longing for the reward, which will make it easier to work out day after day. The best part In a couple of weeks, you won't need the chocolate at all. Your brain will come to see the workout itself as the reward. Which is the whole point, right
（1）Which of the following best fits in the box with a “ ” in THE HABIT LOOP
A．Pick a new cue. B．Form a new habit.
C．Choose a new reward. D．Design a new resolution.
（2）According to THE HABIT LOOP, you can stick to your plan most effectively by______.
A．changing the routine B．trying it for a week
C．adjusting your goal D．writing it down
（3）What's the purpose of putting the habit loop to use
A．To test out different kinds of cues.
B．To do something as a habit even without rewards.
C．To work out the best New Year's resolution.
D．To motivate yourself with satisfactory rewards.
（4）“This year when I see the Harry Potter poster, I will read 30 pages of an English novel or an English newspaper in order to watch TV for half an hour." What is the cue in this resolution
A．The Harry Potter poster.
B．Reading 30 pages of an English novel.
C．An English newspaper.
D．Watching TV for half an hour.
4．（2014·上海）阅读理解
If you could be anybody in the world, who would it be Your neighbour or a super star A few people have experienced what it might be like to step into the skin of another person, thanks to an unusual virtual reality（虚拟现实）device. Rikke Wahl, an actress, model and artist, was one of the participants in a body swapping experiment at the Be Another lab, a project developed by a group of artists based in Barcelona. She swapped with her partner, an actor, using a machine called The Machine to Be Another and temporarily became a man. "As I looked down, I saw my whole body as a man, dressed in my partner's pants," she said. "That's the picture I remember best."
The set-up is relatively simple. Both users wear a virtual reality headset with a camera on the top. The video from each camera is sent to the other person, so what you see is the exact view of your partner. If she moves her arm, you see it. If you move your arm, she sees it.
To get used to seeing another person's body without actually having control of it, participants start by raising their arms and legs very slowly, so that the other can follow along. Eventually, this kind of slow synchronised（同步的）movement becomes comfortable, and participants really start to feel as though they are living in another person's body.
Using such technology promises to alter people's behaviour afterwards-potentially for the better. Studies have shown that virtual reality can be effective in fighting racism-the bias（偏见）that humans have against those who don't look or sound like them. Researchers at the University of Barcelona gave people a questionnaire called the Implicit Association Test, which measures the strength of people's associations between, for instance, black people and adjectives such as good, bad, athletic or awkward. Then they asked them to control the body of a dark skinned digital character using virtual reality glasses, before taking the test again. This time, the participants' bias scores were lower. The idea is that once you've "put yourself in another's shoes" you're less likely to think ill of them, because your brain has internalised the feeling of being that person.
The creators of The Machine to Be Another hope to achieve a similar result. "At the end of body swapping, people feel like holding each other in their arms," says Arthur Pointeau, a programmer with the project. "It's a really nice way to have this kind of experience. I would really, really recommend it to everyone."
（1）The word "swapping" (paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to______.
A．building B．exchanging C．controlling D．transplanting
（2）We can infer from the experiment at the Be Another lab that______.
A．our feelings are related to our bodily experience
B．we can learn to take control of other people's bodies
C．participants will live more passionately after the experiment
D．The Machine to Be Another can help people change their sexes
（3）In the Implicit Association Test, before the participants used virtual reality glasses to control a dark skinned digital character, ______.
A．they fought strongly against racism
B．they scored lower on the test for racism
C．they changed their behaviour dramatically
D．they were more biased against those unlike them
（4）It can be concluded from the passage that______.
A．technology helps people realize their dreams
B．our biases could be eliminated through experiments
C．virtual reality helps promote understanding among people
D．our points of view about others need changing constantly
三、任务型阅读
5．（2014·上海）任务型阅读
My Stay in New York
After graduation from university, I had been unable to secure a permanent job in my small town. So I decided to leave home for New York, I might have a better chance to find a good job. (earn) some money to pay the daily expenses, I started work in a local café as a waiter. I believe that30． I was offered a good position, I would resign at once.
Over time, the high cost of living became a little burden on my already (exhaust) shoulder. On the other hand, my search for a respectable job had not met with much success. As I had studied literature at university, I found it quite difficult to secure a suitable job in big companies. Mother had just said that I want to have a better career advancement, I had to find work in the city. Perhaps my mother had told me was deeply rooted in my mind. I just did as she had expected.
Soon I had lived in the city for over six months but I still did not like it. Apparently, I had difficulty (adapt) myself to life in the city, let alone finding a job to my delight. After nine months of frustration, I eventually decided to go back to my small town. Not until I returned I realize that a quiet town life was the best for me.
6．（2014·上海）任务型阅读
The giant vending machine (自动售货机) is a new village shop
Villagers have long been used to facing a drive when they run out of basic supplies. However, help is now nearer at hand in form of the country's first automatic push-button shop. Now residents in the Derbyshire Village of Clifton can buy groceries around the clock after the huge vending was installed outside a pub in the village this week.
Peter Fox, who is electrical engineer, spent two and a half years working on the project. The machine (equip) with securing cameras and alarms and looks like a mini shop with a brick front, a grey roof and a display window.
Mr. Fox said he hoped his invention, is set to be installed in other villages in the area over the coming months, will mark a return to convenience shopping for rural communities.
He said:“ I had this idea a few years ago but I couldn't find a manufacture who could deliver what I wanted, so I did it by The result is what amounts to huge outdoor vending machine. Yet I think the term “automatic shop” is far (appropriate)
In recent years, the commercial pressure from supermarket chains force village shops across the country to close. In 2010, it was estimated that about 400 village shops closed, (urge) the local government to give financial support to struggling shops or set-up new communities stores.
Hundreds of communities have since stepped in and opened up their won volunteer-run shops, but Mr. Fox hopes his new invention will offer a solution these villages without a local shop.
四、短文填空
7．（2014·上海）短文填空
A. alert B. classify C. commit D. delicately E. gentle F. impose G. labels H. moderation I. relieve J. signals K. simply
Let's say you've decided you want to eat more healthfully. However, you don't have time to carefully plan menus for meals or read food at the supermarket. Since you really yourself to a healthier lifestyle, a little help would come in handy, wouldn't it This is where a "choice architect" can help _some of the burden of doing it all yourself. Choice architects are people who organize the contexts in which customers make decisions. For example, the person who decides the layout of your local supermarket-including which shelf the peanut butter goes on, and how the oranges are piled up—is a choice architect.
Governments don't have to healthier lifestyles through laws for example, smoking bans. Rather, if given an environment created by a choice architect-one that encourages us to choose what is best-we will do the right things. In other words, there will be designs that gently push customers toward making healthier choices, without removing freedom of choice. This idea combines freedom to choose with hints from choice architects, who aim to help people live longer, healthier, and happier lives.
The British and Swedish governments have introduced a so-called "traffic light system" to foods as healthy or unhealthy. This means that customers can see at a glance how much fat, sugar, and salt each product contains by looking at the lights on the package. A green light _that the amounts of the three nutrients are healthy; yellow indicates that the customer should be ; and red means that the food is high in at least one of the three nutrients and should be eaten in . The customer is given important health information, but is still free to decide what to choose.
五、阅读表达
8．（2014·上海）任务型阅读
More and more corporations are taking an interest in corporate social responsibility (CSR). CSR is made up of three broad layers. The most basic is traditional corporate charity panies typically spend about 1% of pre-tax profits on worthy projects. But many feel that simply writing cheques to charities is no longer enough. In some companies, shareholders want to know that their money is being put to good use, and employees want to be actively involved in good works.
Money alone is not the answer when companies come under attack for their behavior. Hence the second layer of CSR, which is a branch of risk management. Starting in the 1980s, with environmental disasters such as the explosion at Bhopal and the Exxon Valdez oil spill, industry after industry has suffered blows to its reputation.
So, companies often responded by trying to manage the risks. They talk to non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and to governments, create codes of conduct（行为准则) and devote themselves to more transparency（透明）in their operations. Increasingly, too. they, along with their competitors, set common rules to spread risks.
All this is largely defensive, but there are also opportunities for those that get ahead of the game. The emphasis on opportunity is the third layer of CSR: the idea that it can help to create value. If approached in a strategic way, CSR could become part of a company's competitive advantage. That is just the sort of thing chief executives like to hear. The idea of "doing well by doing good" has become popular.
Nevertheless, the business of trying to be good is bringing difficult questions to executives. Can you measure CSR performance Should you be cooperating with NGOs and you're your competitors Is there any really competitive advantage to be had from a green strategy
Corporate social responsibility is now seen as a mainstream. Big companies want to tell the world about their good citizenship with their devotion to social responsibilities. Done badly, CSR is often just window-dressing and can be positively harmful. Done well, though, it is not some separate activity that companies do on the side, a corner of corporate life reserved for virtue（美德）：it is just good business.
(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS)
（1）Both in some companies find it no longer enough to simply donate money to charities.
（2）Give one example of the defensive measures of risk management according to the passage.
（3）With the emphasis on opportunity, the third layer of CSR is meant to .
（4）According to the passage, "good business" (paragraph 6) means that corporations while making profits.
六、翻译
9．（2014·上海）翻译
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
（1）我习惯睡前听点轻音乐。(accustomed)
（2）将来过怎样的生活取决于你自己。(be up to)
（3）没有什么比获准参加太空旅行项目更令人兴奋的了。(than)
（4）家长嘱咐孩子别在河边嬉戏，以免遭遇不测。(for fear)
（5）虽然现代社会物资丰富，给予消费者更多的选择，但也使不少人变成购物狂。(turn)
七、书面表达
10．（2014·上海）学校英语报正在酝酿改版，拟从现有的三个栏目（健康、娱乐、文化）中去除一个，并从三个备选栏目（时尚、职业规划、读者反馈）中挑选一个纳入该报。假设你是该校学生程飞，给校报编辑写一封电子邮件，表达你的观点。邮件须包括以下内容：
1）你建议去除的栏目及去除的理由；
2）你建议增加的栏目及增加的理由。
答案解析部分
1．【答案】（1）C；（2）B；（3）A；（4）D；（5）A；（6）B；（7）C；（8）D；（9）A；（10）C；（11）D；（12）D；（13）B；（14）B；（15）C
【知识点】学习教育类；议论文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文，研究表明人们的语言大多数不是重大的话题讨论和研究，而很多是闲言碎语，这些闲言碎语是不是浪费时间呢，Robin Dunbar教授不是这样认为的，他认为闲言碎语是非常重要的，是人类发展过程中非常重要的交流形式。
（1）考查名词。四个选项的含义分别是：A.宣称,B.描述，C.闲话，D.语言，根据上文的句子：可知我们人类的大多数对话不是文化的，政治的问题，也不是关于电影和树的讨论，而就是简单的闲言碎语，“Research has shown that two-thirds of human conversation is taken up not with discussion of the cultural or political problems of the day, not heated debates about films we've just watched or books we've just finished reading”下文多次出现gossip这个词，所以选C。
（2）考查副词。四个选项的含义分别是：A.偶然地，B.习惯地，C.独立地，D.最初地，根据文“Language is our greatest treasure as a species”,语言是我们做为一个物种的最伟大的财宝，我们习惯怎么使用它？所以选B。
（3）考查形容词。四个选项的含义分别是：A.社交的，B.政治的，C.历史的，D.文化的，根据下文“involving children, lovers, and colleagues.”包括孩子，爱人和同事这些都是社会形势，所以选A。
（4）考查名词。四个选项的含义分别是：A.仰慕者，B.主人，C.使用者，D.浪费者，根据上文“So why are we keen on gossiping ”我们为什么喜欢说些闲言碎语，因为我们是时间和语言的浪费者吗？所以选D。
（5）考查形容词。四个选项的含义分别是：A.至关重要的，B.敏感的，C.理想的，D.困难的，根据上文“It's not the case according to Professor Robin Dunbar.”可知Robin Dunbar教授不认为我们是浪费时间，而认为闲言碎语是最重要的事情，所以选A。
（6）考查动词。四个选项的含义分别是：A.证实，B.反对，C. 概述，略述，画轮廓，打草图D.拓宽，根据上下文可知Robin Dunbar教授是反对传统的关于语言是在人类社会发展初期在组织打猎的时候发展起来的这个观点，所以选B。
（7）考查词组。四个选项的含义分别是：A.例如，B.此外，C.相反的，D.因此，根据上文“Instead he suggests that language evolved among women. We don't spend two-thirds of our time gossiping just because we can talk,”可知：正相反的是，语言进化是是让我们说些闲言碎语的，所以选C。
（8）考查名词。四个选项的含义分别是：A.动机，B.外表，出现，C. 情感，D.行为，根据下文的描述“By means of grooming”可知教授是通过研究灵长类动物的行为得出这个令人高兴的理论的，所以选D。
（9）考查名词。四个选项的含义分别是：A.进攻，B.联系，C.视察，D.帮助，根据上文的conflict可知猴子和其他的个体形成群体来获得在内部冲突事件中或来自外界的进攻时的支持，所以选A。
（10）考查动词。四个选项的含义分别是：A.回想，B.否认，C.下结论，结束，D. .承认，聆听（某人的）忏悔，这句话的意思是：教授下结论说，我们在历史上做过相似的事情，所以选C。
（11）考查名词。四个选项的含义分别是：A. .前景，期望，眺望处，景象，B.责任，C.领导，D.保护，根据下文“on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others”.可知因为群体越大，获得的保护就越大，所以选D。
（12）考查动词。四个选项的含义分别是：A.衡量，B.展示，C.保持，D.缓解，根据上文“on the other hand, the bigger the group, the greater the stresses of living close to others.”群体越大，生活在一起的压力就越大，梳理毛发可以缓解压力，让每个人都冷静下来，所以选D。
（13）考查动词。四个选项的含义分别是：A.拯救，B.延伸，延长，C.消费，消耗，D.获得，随着群体越来越大，花在打扮上的时间就要延长来维持它的效果，所以选B。
（14）考查形容词。四个选项的含义分别是：A.常见的，普遍的，B.有效的，C.科学的，D.考虑周到的，根据上文的effectiveness可知这里是需要一个更加有效的梳理毛发。所以选B。
（15）考查形容词。四个选项的含义分别是：A.间接的，B.日常的，C.物理的，身体的，D.秘密的，语言演变成了有声的梳理毛发，它可以让人们通过比一对一的日常交流更多的人群中交换信息，这样可以和更大的群体发展关系，所以选C。
【点评】本题考点涉及名词、副词、形容词、动词以及固定短语的考查，综合性强，要求考生在理解细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析推理，从而选出正确答案。
2．【答案】（1）D
（2）B
（3）A
（4）A
【知识点】细节理解题；科普环保类；说明文；标题选择
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，通过举了一些鸟类和大猩猩的例子，说明动物有时会撒谎，这也是它们生存的需要。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第二段中的”a bird called the plover sometimes pretends to be hurt in order to protect its young.“可知啄木鸟保护孩子不受猎食动物侵害是通过假装受伤，所以选D。
（2）靠词句义猜测。根据第五段中的”But an animal expert once saw a losing chimp take the winner's hand and start fighting again.“一个输了的大猩猩抓住获胜的大猩猩的手又开始打斗了，可知这句话的意思是大猩猩也可能不诚实，所以选B。
（3）考查细节理解。根据第六段中的”But some clever chimps learn to cry very softly when they find food. That way, other chimps don't hear them, and they don't need to share their food。“可知一些大猩猩放低它们的叫声，这样让别的大猩猩得不到食物，所以选A。
（4）考查主旨大意。纵观全文，和第一段中的”，Can they lie with their bodies and behavior “可知这篇文章讲的是动物也会撒谎，选A。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解、句义猜测和主旨大意三个题型的考查，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析、推理、概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
3．【答案】（1）C
（2）D
（3）B
（4）A
【知识点】推理判断题；细节理解题；日常生活类
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇应用文，用图文并茂的形式教读者怎样在新的一年制定一个新的决心，从线索到实施到奖励，最终要做到没有奖励也能将它变成习惯。
（1）考查推理判断。根据图表里面内容的句子：可知如果对这个奖励不满意，可以选择一个新的奖励，Choose a new reward最适合The Habit Loop里面的有问号的方框，所以选C。
（2）考查细节理解。根据文章图表的下方左边的方框：可知根据The Habit Loop所说，你可以通过将计划写下来从而更有效的坚持这个计划，所以选D。
（3）考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的”In a couple of weeks, you won't need the chocolate at all. Your brain will come to see the workout itself as the reward.“可知使用The Habit Loop的目的是甚至没有回报都可以将一些事情当成习惯做，所以选B。
（4）考查推理判断。根据”A habit is a 3-step process. First, there's a cue, something that tells your brain to operate automatically. Then there's a routine. And finally, a reward,“可知在新年里面下新的决心，先要有线索，然后是常规做法，最后是奖励，这里看见哈利波特的海报属于线索，所以选A
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析、推理，从而选出正确答案。
4．【答案】（1）B
（2）A
（3）D
（4）C
【知识点】推理判断题；细节理解题；说明文；学习教育类
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一种Be another lab的体验，可以让人们互换角色，这样可以一定程度上消除人们的偏见，也可以促进人与人的相互理解。
（1）考查词义猜测。根据第一段中的“She swapped with her partner, an actor, using a machine called The Machine to Be Another and temporarily became a man. ‘As I looked down, I saw my whole body as a man, dressed in my partner's pants,' she said. ‘That's the picture I remember best.'"可知女演员和男演员互换角色，所以swapping的意思是“交换”，所以选B。
（2）考查推理判断。根据第三段中的”Eventually, this kind of slow synchronised（同步的）movement becomes comfortable, and participants really start to feel as though they are living in another person's body.“可知从Be another lab的体验可以推断出我们的感觉和身体的经验有关，所以选A。
（3）考查细节理解。根据第四段中的”Studies have shown that virtual reality can be effective in fighting racism-the bias（偏见）that humans have against those who don't look or sound like them.“可知在the Implicit Association test中，在参与者使用虚拟现实的眼镜控制一个深色皮肤的人物之前，他们对不像他们的人物更有偏见，选D。
（4）考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的"At the end of body swapping, people feel like holding each other in their arms," says Arthur Pointeau, a programmer with the project可知虚拟现实帮助促进人们之间的理解，所以选C。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析、推理，从而选出正确答案。
5．【答案】where；To earn；as soon as/ as long as；exhausted；if；what；adapting；did
【知识点】语法填空
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，介绍作者大学毕业后为了有机会找到更好的工作。到了纽约，临时在一个咖啡店做服务员，但是一直都没有再找到适合的工作，生活的压力使他疲惫，最终回到原来的小镇，发现这才是最适合自己的。
（1）考查定语从句。句意：我决定到纽约，在那里我可能会有机会找到更好的工作。这里使用定语从句，先行词是New York,定语从句中缺少地点状语，用where 引导定语从句。
（2）考查非谓语动词。为了挣钱付日常开销，我开始在当地咖啡店做服务员。这里用不定式做目的状语，填To earn。
（3）考查连词。句意：我相信只要我被提供一个好的职位，我就立刻辞职。“as soon as/ as long as”“只要，一旦”。
（4）考查形容词。句意：过了一段时间，高生活成本在我已经疲惫的肩膀成了一个负担。exhausted形容词，“疲惫的”作定语，故填exhausted。
（5）考查连词。句意：妈妈说过，如果我想有个更好的事业的进步，我就得到城市里面找工作。if ”如果“，引导条件状语从句。
（6）考查主语从句。句意：妈妈说的话深深的扎根到我的思想中了。what引导的是主语从句。 故填what。
（7）考查动名词。句：很显然我适应城市的生活有困难。have difficulty in doing sth，固定句型，”做......有困难“，所以填动名词adapting。
（8）考查倒装句。句意：直到我回来我才发现安静的小镇生活对我才是最好的。Not until放在句首，后面的主句要倒装。用助动词did提到主语前面。
【点评】本题考点涉及定语从句，非谓语动词，连词，形容词，主语从句等知识点的考查，要求考生在理解细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析推理，写出正确的单词形式。
6．【答案】an；is equipped；which；myself；more appropriate；has forced；urging；to
【知识点】语法填空
【解析】【分析】一个电力工程师花了两年半的时间从事的项目，在没有商店的村子安装自动售货机，想给没有商店的村子提供一个解决的方法。
（1）考查冠词。句意：一个电力工程师花了两年半的时间从事这个项目。泛指“一个电力工程师，用不定冠词，electrical是元音开头的单词，所以用an。
（2）考查语态和时态。句意：这个机器配备有安全摄像机和警报。be equipped with ,固定短语“配备有…”因为主语是单数，所以用 is equipped。
（3）考查定语从句。这句话是非限制性定语从句，先行词是invention，定语从句中缺少主语用which引导定语从句，故填which。
（4）考查代词。根据上文的句子：可知没有生产商愿意将他的想法生产出来，所以他就自己做了。by oneself固定短语“独自”，填myself 。
（5）考查形容词。句意：我想用“自动商店”这个名字更合适。Far后面接形容词的比较级：more appropriate。
（6）考查时态。句意：近几年，来自超市连锁店的压力已经迫使乡村商店关门，实际上recent years，和现在完成时连用，因为主语是pressure所以谓语是单数：has forced。
（7）考查非谓语动词。句意：估计有400家乡村商店关闭了，强烈要求政府提供经济支持给这些濒临倒闭的商店或是建立新的社区商店。这里用现在分词做状语，故填urging。
（8）考查不定式。句意：Fox先生希望这个新的发明给没有商店的村子提供一个解决的方法。offer sth to sb.固定短语“提供给某人某物，”所以填to。
【点评】本题考点涉及冠词，语态和时态，定语从句，代词，形容词，非谓语动词等多个知识点的考查，综合性强，要求考生在理解细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析推理，从而写出正确答案。
7．【答案】G；C；I；F；E；B；K；J；A；H
【知识点】选词填空
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍人们都希望有健康的生活方式和饮食，但是没有时间计划，这里介绍了两种方法，一种是“choice architect”，还有一种是“交通灯系统”。
（1）考查名词。句意：你没有时间仔细计划菜单和阅读超市的食品标签。这里需要名词“标签”labels，所以选G。
（2）考查动词。句意：既然你真正的想致力于健康的生活方式，一点点小的帮助都是很方便的。commit oneself to sth.固定短语“致力于”，所以选C。
（3）考查动词。这里有一个“choice architect”可以帮助你缓解自己做这件事的负担。这里需要动词“减轻”relieve。所以选I。
（4）考查动词。句意：政府不会通过法律强加健康的生活方式，这里需要动词“强加”，impose，所以选F。
（5）考查形容词。根据上文的gently可知这个想法是将自由的选择和choice architect 的温柔的gentle暗示结合起来，选E。
（6）考查动词。英国和瑞典政府已经介绍了所谓的“交通灯系统”来将食物分类为健康或不健康。这里使用动词“分类”classify，所以选B。
（7）考查副词。消费者通过简单的看看包装上的灯就可以看见产品包含的脂肪糖和盐，这里需要副词simply简单地，所以选K。
（8）考查动词。绿色的灯表示这三种营养的含量是健康的。这里需要动词“发信号，表示”signal，所以选J。
（9）考查形容词。黄灯表示消费者应该警觉了。这里使用形容词“警觉的“alert”，所以选A。
（10）考查名词。红灯表示这些食物至少有一种营养是含量很高的，所以应该被适当的食用。“适度”moderation，所以选H。
【点评】本题考点涉及名词，动词，形容词，副词等多个知识点的考查，要求考生在理解细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，结合方框内提供的单词，进行推理分析，从而选出正确答案。
8．【答案】（1）Shareholders and employees
（2）Companies talk to non-government organizations(NGOs) and to governments./Companies create codes of conduct. /Companies devote themselves to more transparency in their operations./Companies set common rules with their competitors to spread risks.
（3）Create value
（4）take social responsibilities
【知识点】阅读表达
【解析】【分析】文章介绍现在很多公司管理的CSR的三层管理，旨在创办一个既能盈利又有社会责任的公司。
（1）考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“But many feel that simply writing cheques to charities is no longer enough. In some companies, shareholders want to know that their money is being put to good use, and employees want to be actively involved in good works.”可知股份持有者和职员发现只是简单的将钱捐给慈善机关是不够的，所以填Shareholders and employees。
（2）考查细节理解。根据第三段的内容：可知公司会采取下列防御措施应对危机：和非政府组织和政府谈话：Companies talk to non-government organizations(NGOs) and to governments./公司创造行为准则：Companies create codes of conduct. /公司在经营的时候更加透明：Companies devote themselves to more transparency in their operations./公司和竞争者一起设置共同的规定。Companies set common rules with their competitors to spread risks.
（3）考查细节理解。根据第四段中的“The emphasis on opportunity is the third layer of CSR: the idea that it can help to create value.”可知第三层的管理CSR是强调机遇，旨在创造价值，所以填Create value。
（4）考查推理判断。根据第六段中的“Corporate social responsibility is now seen as a mainstream. Big companies want to tell the world about their good citizenship with their devotion to social responsibilities.”可知好的公司既要能盈利也要有社会责任。填 take social responsibilities
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析推理，结合题目要求，写出正确答案。
9．【答案】（1）I'm accustomed to listening to some light music before sleep.
（2）It's up to you what kind of life will lead in the future.
（3）There is nothing more exciting than being allowed to take part in the space travel programme.
（4）Parents ask their kids not to play by the river for fear that something terrible might happen.
（5）While modern society, rich in material resources,has given consumers more choice, it turns many of them into crazy shoppers.
【知识点】汉译英
【解析】【分析】
（1）翻译这句话的时候，注意词组：be accustomed to doing“习惯于做……”。答案为：I'm accustomed to listening to some light music before sleep.
（2）这句话使用了句型：It's up to you +从句，“做….由某人决定”。这里what kind of life will lead in the future.是主语从句，it是形式主语。答案为：It's up to you what kind of life will lead in the future.
（3）这句话使用了There be句型， nothing 后面是形容词做定语，因为是比较的含义用形容词的比较级more exciting，还有词组“被允许做”be allowed to ，以及词组“参加”：take part in 。答案为：There is nothing more exciting than being allowed to take part in the space travel programme.
（4）这句话使用了for fear that 引导目的状语从句，和词组“让某人不要做……”ask sb. not to do.答案为：Parents ask their kids not to play by the river for fear that something terrible might happen.
（5）这句话使用了连词While 表示“尽管，虽然”。词组“富含”be rich in ，主句中使用了词组turn…. into …..“将…变成…”。答案为：While modern society, rich in material resources,has given consumers more choice, it turns many of them into crazy shoppers.
【点评】根据句子的汉语，以及括号内所给所给单词，结合固定短语或搭配，以及确定句子时态，从而写出完整的句子。
10．【答案】Dear Editor, I've learned that our English Post is being reformed and one of the three columns is to be replaced by a new one. I'm writing this e-mail to share with you my opinions. Needless to say, the columns will definitely be designed according to students' interest and have positive effects on their study and pared to the entertainment , I hold the view that the value of the columns concerning health and culture is more important . The main factor is that it is of great significance to keep healthy while loss of health means kissing goodbye to life. Consequently, more knowledge of how to keep fit can improve the quality of life. In addition, the progress in acquiring cultures contributes to broadening one's horizons, which in turn is beneficial to one's study and the establishment of philosophy of life. Furthermore, the career planning should be taken into account in the school English Post . On the one hand, it covers one's career development a great deal .On the other hand, it makes a great difference to one's career success in the future. What has been mentioned above is my personal ideas. Here I am in the hope that my advice will add a brilliant touch to the improved version of our school English Post. Yours sincerely, Cheng Fei
【知识点】提纲作文；文字式应用文；半开放性作文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇英文信件，要求考生以程飞的身份给校报编辑写一封电子邮件，写作要点已经给出，属于提纲类范畴，邮件须包括以下内容： 1.你建议去除的栏目及去除的理由；2.你建议增加的栏目及增加的理由，根据自己的建议选定栏目的设置并以邮件方式表达自己的观点。考生在写作过程中要确定切题且符合英语写作逻辑的篇章结构。确立邮件文体之后，要弄清要点，围绕要点展开，条理要清晰，理由要充分，关键的是在写作的过程中，要注意人称，时态语态和常见的语法问题，文章尽量简洁，在文章中尽可能多地使用高大上的词汇，遵循短语优先原则在配以特殊句型和复合句的应用，让文章更上档次。
【点评】本文提出的理由充分，语气中肯礼貌。段落层次清晰，行文连贯，要点齐全，言简意赅，目的明确，较具有说服力。还使用一些连词，让文章条理清楚。使用了一些复杂句和复合句，使文章更加生动而流畅，这些都体现了驾驭语言的能力。具体如下： I've learned that our English Post is being reformed and one of the three columns is to be replaced by a new one. 运用了宾语从句； Compared to the entertainment , I hold the view that the value of the columns concerning health and culture is more important . 运用了同位语从句； The main factor is that it is of great significance to keep healthy while loss of health means kissing goodbye to life.运用了表语从句； the progress in acquiring cultures contributes to broadening one's horizons, which in turn is beneficial to one's study and the establishment of philosophy of life.运用了定语从句；What has been mentioned above is my personal ideas. 运用了主语从句。
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