湘教版八年级下期末复习提要
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湘教版八年级下期末复习提要
Unit 5 Feeling Happy Topic1:
一．词语辨析：
1.in the end=at last=finally最后 ；at the end of…在…的结尾 。
2. be on:强调状态 e.g. The film was on for ten minutes.
put on:强调动作 e.g. A new film will put on this evening.
3. lonely—“孤单、寂寞”，强调精神上的孤单、寂寞，但未必一个人
alone—“单独”，强调一个人独处，但精神上未必寂寞。
e.g. The old man lives alone, but he doesn’t feel lonely.
4. because of + n./短语：I can’t go to the party because of the weather.
because + 句子：I can’t go to the party because it rains heavily.
二．重点词组：
1.invite sb to do sth 邀请某人做某事invite sb to some place邀请某人去某地
2.say thanks to向…道谢 3.one of my favorite songs我最喜欢的歌之一
4.What a shame真遗憾,真可惜 5.be popular with在….中受欢迎
6.get a ticket to…得到一张…的票 7.be proud of对…感到骄傲
8.be pleased with对…感到满意 9.turn green/red变绿/红
10.smell good/terrible闻起来香/难闻 11.set the table摆放餐具
12.be able to do sth能够做某事 13.have a temperture/fever发烧,发热
14.Everything goes well一切顺利 15.ring sb up给某人打电话
16.be surprised to do sth惊奇地做某事 17.because of因为,由于
18.cheer sb up使某人振作/高兴起来 19.at first起初,最先
20.on the night of在…的夜晚 21.be afraid of doing害怕做某事
22.fall into落入,掉入 23.in the end=at last最后,终于
24.so…that如此…以致于 e into being形成,产生
26.be full of充满 27.be/become interested in对…感兴趣
28.make peace with sb与某人和解29.end with以….结束
30.be thankful/grateful to.感激 31.feel sorry for 为。。感到遗憾
三、重点句型：
1. How are you doing =How are you 你好吗？
for sth准备某事（准备时间较长思想上的准备）：prepare for the exam
2. prepare sth for sb.为某人准备…：prepare food for Lily
to do sh准备做…：I prepare to go hiking
① be (am/is/are/was/were)
② 感官v.(feel, look, sound, taste品尝，smell闻、嗅)
3.系动词+adj. 系表结构
③ 四变化(turn/become/go/ get) *turn侧指颜色变化
④ keep, make
4. one of +the +adj最高级+N复+V单:“其中最…之一”
e.g. It is one of the most interesting books.
5.What…for=Why为什么
e.g. What did he go to Beijing for =Why did he go to Beijing
Topic2
一．词语辨析：：
1. do well in=be good at 在某方面做得好。前者强调动作；后者强调状态。
2. have a talk with sb.=talk to/with sb.与某人交谈。前者延续；后者非延续。
3. worry about， be worried about，担心…。前者强调动作；后者强调状态。
4. make friends with，be friends with. 前者延续；后者非延续。
5. at one’s age在某人几岁时 ;at the age of在…岁时;in one’s teens在某人十几岁时.
6. too much + 不可数n. ; much too+adj. ;too many+可数n..
7. get/be used to sth/doing习惯做某事;used to do过去常常做… .
8. get/be used to sth/doing习惯做某事 ;used to do过去常常做…..
二．重点词组：1. be strict with sb对…要求严格2. have a talk with sb与某人交谈
3. be worried about对…担忧/着急4. feel lonely/upset/sad感到孤独/烦恼/难过
5 fall down跌落,摔倒6. take it easy别紧张,别着急7. pass/fail the exam考试及格/不及格
8.s at one's age在某人…的年龄9. seem to do sth似乎/好像做某事
10. happen to sb发生在某人身上11.. call sb at…打某人某个号的电话12. How time flies! 光阴似箭
13. what's more而且,甚至14. fall asleep入睡,睡着15. as…as和….一样
16. not as/so…as和….不一样17. It seemed that似乎/好像 ….18.be/get used to doing习惯于做某事19. be afraid to do sth不敢做某事20 be ready to do sth乐意/准备做某事21. deal with处理,对付
22.refuse to do sth拒绝做某事23. even though/if即使,尽管24. not…any longer=no longer不再
25. follow one's advice采纳某人的建议26. take a walk散步
三.重点句型：
从句：It seems/ed that he is/was ill.
1. seem的用法 + to do：He seems/ed to be ill.
Adj.：He seems/ed ill.
2. She has no friends to talk with.她没有可以交谈的朋友。
3. How I wish to stay with you!我多希望和你呆在一起！
4. What does Jeff do with his sadness =How does Jeff deal with his sadness
四、语法学习：
1.形容词、副词原级
⑴．意义：A=B ⑶.运用方法:
⑵. 结构： ①.比较部分：分析句子结构→确定基
﹙倍数词﹚as ﹙副词﹚ … as… 本句型→考虑语态或时态→对号入座。
↓ 从属连词 ②. 被比较部分：性质一致。
形容词﹙原级﹚ ﹢ ⑷.举例说明：
↓ 陈述句． 例1. 我和你有一样多的铅笔。
单 形 并 ‖ 析：比较部分→“主—谓—宾”句型
个 容 列 比较状语从句 被比较部分→主语
形 词 ↓ 译：I have as many pencils as you.
容 词 结 ↓ ↓ 例2.老师要求我跟他一样严格。
词 组 构 非比较 比较对 析：比较部分→“主—系—表”句型。
↓ 部分可 象性质 被比较部分→宾语。
表语 定语 宾补 省略 一致 译:The teacher is as strict with me as him.
﹙上述否定式：not as\so…as…则表示A﹤B﹚
2．掌握并懂得正确应用It is+adj. + to do sth..句型
It is+adj. + to do sth.句型中it是形式主语，真正的主语是动词不定式。通常若主语太长，为避免头重脚轻，可用it 作形式主语，将动词不定式后置。如：
It is necessary to study English hard.
It’s polite to smoke during a meal in France.
Topic3.
一、词语辨析：
1. hate to do与hate doing：讨厌做某事 。前者指具体某次活动，后者指习惯。
2. study/learn (sth) by oneself=teach oneself (sth) 自学（某事）。
3. .try out试验 try on试穿
4. be important to sb.对某人来说是重要的
be important for sb. to do sth对某人来说做某事是重要的
5. remember to do记得去做某事；remember doing记得曾做过某事。
6. get sth for sb.=get sb. sth给某人买/拿某物；get sth from sb.从某人那收到….
get sb. to do使某人做某事。
二．重点词组：1. calm down平静,镇静2. be sorry about对…感到抱歉3. Don't be afraid 别害怕
5. feel nervous/bored感到紧张/乏味6. take turns to do sth轮流做某事
7. That's/It's very kind of you! 你真是太好了8. give the speech做演讲
9. get along well with与…相处融洽10. in a good/bad mood好/坏心情
11. smile at life笑对生活12. give sb a surprise给某人一个惊喜
13. put on表演,上映,穿上14. prepare for为…作准备
15. on the way home在回家的路上16. get together with与…团聚
17. fill with填满,装满18. make sb active使某人充满活力19. in the sky在天空中
20. in good spirits好心境,好心情21. learn to do sth学会做某事22. think over仔细考虑
23. get back to继续某事,回到某事上24. a sense of….的感觉
三、重点句型：
1. too+adj./adv. + to…= so +adj./adv.+that+句子“太…而无法…”
e.g. It’s too noisy for me to fall asleep.=It’s so noisy that I can’t fall asleep.
2. let sb. (not) do让某人（别）做某事 = make sb. (not) do
3. It’s +adj.+ for sb. + to do: It’s important for me to study well.
It’s +adj. + of sb. + to do: It’s nice of you to help me.
注：若adj.用来修饰人的性格、品质，则用of，若adj.用来修饰to do,则用for。
4. How long have you felt like this =How long have you been like this
你觉得这样有多久吗 =你这样有多久了
四．语法学习：
⑴．不定式
①意义：动词的非谓语形式，常发生在谓语或前位非谓语的即时时间之后，作主语、宾语﹙动词宾语﹚、宾语补足语、表语、定语﹙常表示功能﹚、状语。
②．构成：不定式= to﹢动词原形
③．否定结构= not to do sth
④．复合结构= for sb.﹙not﹚ to do sth
⑤．与疑问词连用：如what to do
⑥．在下列动词后的不定式省略“to”：三看﹙look see watch﹚两听﹙listen hear﹚一感觉﹙feel﹚，注意﹙notice﹚使﹙make﹚让﹙let have﹚帮﹙help﹚→可不省。
⑦．形式主语：当不定式、否定结构、复合结构、与疑问词连用等形式作句子主语时，用it来代替它，而将真正的主语置于谓语之后，“it”叫形式主语。
⑵．动名词
①．意义：动词的非谓语形式，常常发生或预定在谓语或前位非谓语的即时时间之前，表示事实、爱好、功能、习惯等，起名词作用。作主语、宾语﹙包括介词宾语和动词宾语﹚、表语、定语﹙常表示功能﹚等。
②．构成：动名词=V+ing
③. 否定结构= not doing sth
④. 复合结构=one’﹙ not﹚doing sth
⑶．现在分词
①．意义：动词的非谓语形式，常指相对谓语或前位非谓语的即时时间正在发生的动作，表示主动。
②．用法：常作定语﹙单个词前置，短语后置﹚、宾语补足语和状语﹙如时间状语、方式状语、伴随状语等﹚。
⑷．过去分词
①．意义：动词的非谓语形式，常指相对谓语或前位非谓语的即时时间已发生的动作。表示被动。
②．用法：常作定语﹙单个词前置，短语后置﹚、宾语补足语和状语﹙如时间状语、方式状语、伴随状语等﹚。
举例说明：
⑴.I want① to give up② studying ③at school to look after ④ my sick mother at home.
点拨：①作谓语→主动语态→一般现在时。②非谓语→发生在谓语之后→不定式。③非谓语→发生在前位非谓语之前→动名词。④非谓语→发生在前位非谓语之后→不定式。
⑵．The teacher told ①us not to forget ②to turn off ③the lights when we left④ the room
点拨：①作谓语→主动语态→一般过去时。②非谓语→发生在谓语之后→不定式。③非谓语→发生在前位非谓语之后→不定式。④作谓语→主动语态→一般过去时。
﹙3﹚Look, There is① a boy taking down② a picture put up③on the wall.
点拨：①作谓语→一般现在时。②非谓语→相对谓语即时时间正在发生,主动→现在分词.③非谓语→发生在前位非谓语之前→表示被动→过去分词.
Unit6 Fun Cycling
Topic1
一 .词形转换:
1.discuss__名词___discussion 2.queen 对应词 king
3.comfortable 名词 comfort 4.safely 形容词 safe 名词 safety
二 .词的辨析1. find out / look for / find 2.cost / pay for / spend on
3. other /else 4. raise /rise 5.each /every 6.exciting / excited
三.重点词组: 1.go on a visit to 去……旅行 2. make the decision 做决定
3.bring back 带回 4.go on a field trip 去野外旅行 5.decide on (upon) sth 对某事做出决定
6 see the sunrise 看日出 7. make a reservation 预订 8. come up with 想出（主意）
9. look forward to (doing) sth 期望 10. pay for 支付；赔偿 11. raise money 筹钱
12. book a ticket 订票 13. make a room for sb 为……订房间 14. have a wonderful time 玩得愉快
15. in the daytime 在白天 16. a two-day visit 为期两天的旅行 17.find out 查出
18. some places of interest 名胜 19. rooms with bathtub 带浴室的房间
20．a hard (soft) sleeper 硬（软）卧 21.my pleasure 不客气
四．重点句型及要点注释
1. I have some exciting news to tell you. 我有一些激动人心的消息要告诉你们。
释：动词不定式作定语后置
2. Sounds great!= It sounds great! 听起来不错。（sound是连系动词）
3. We will go on a two-day visit to Mount Tai. 我们将要去泰山玩两天。
释：go on a visit to 去参观/旅游 ,类似有：go on a trip / go on a picnic .
a two-day visit 为期两天的旅行 a two-month holiday 两个月的假期。
4.It’s hard to say. 这很难说。释：To say 是动词不定式作主语，It 是形式主语。
5. I’ll ask the airline on the phone. 我将打电话问问航空公司。释：同义句I’ll phone and ask the airline.
6. Bring back your information to class tomorrow and we’ll decide on the best way to go on our field trip. 明天把你们查到的信息带到班上来，然后我们来决定最好的郊游方式。
释：bring back 带回； decide on/upon sth 决定，选定。
7.It’s too far for cycling. 骑自行车去路太远了。释：同义句是：It’ too far to cycle there.
8.How long does it take to reach Mount Tai by…？乘……去泰山要花多长时间？
9．How much does it cost to go there 去那里要花多少钱？
10.We have tickets at 120 yuan for the hard sleeper and 180 yuan for the soft sleeper.
我们的票价是硬卧120元，软卧是180元。
释：at 意为“以……”，一般用于表示价格，年龄，速度等词的前面，for 表示目的。
11.Please pay for the tickets before 5:30 p.m. 请在下午5：30之前付款。
释：Pay for 支付 pay for sb to do sth 付钱给某人做某事
12. We have rooms with a bathtub… 我们有带浴缸……的房间。
释：with 有或带着 a house with a swimming pool
13.It’s very common to raise money in Canadian and American schools. 在加拿大和美国的学校里筹钱是很正常的。释：raise money 筹钱 We can raise the money ourselves.
14.It costs each student one dollar to buy a ticket for the draw.每一个学生花一美元便可买到一张抽奖的票。 释：(1)each 作主语，谓语用单数 Each of the students spends one dollar buying a ticket.. （2）用于单数名词前，作定语，谓语用单数。Each student has their own e-mail address.
(3)用于复数主语后，作主语同位语，谓语用复数。They each have their own e-mail address.
15. I am looking forward to hearing from you . 我盼望收到你的来信。
释：Look forward to 盼望，期待 They are looking forward to solving the problem.
五.重点语法：不定式
①．意义：动词的非谓语形式，常发生在谓语或前位非谓语的即时时间之后，作主语、宾语﹙动词宾语﹚、宾语补足语、表语、定语﹙常表示功能﹚、状语。
②．构成：不定式= to﹢动词原形
③．否定结构= not to do sth
④．复合结构= for sb.﹙not﹚ to do sth
⑤．与疑问词连用：如what to do
⑥．在下列动词后的不定式省略“to”：三看﹙look see watch﹚两听﹙listen hear﹚一感觉﹙feel﹚，注意﹙notice﹚使﹙make﹚让﹙let have﹚帮﹙help﹚→可不省。
⑦．形式主语：当不定式、否定结构、复合结构、与疑问词连用等形式作句子主语时，用it来代替它，而将真正的主语置于谓语之后，“it”叫形式主语。
Topic2
一.词形转换：
1.explore 名词 explore 2. east 形容词 eastern
3.north 形容词 northern 4. push 反义词 pull
5.sadly 形容词 sad 名词 sadness 6. crowd 形容词 crowded
二.重点词组:
1.make a plan 拟定计划 2. make sure 确信，确保 3. come along with 和……一起来
4. at the foot of 在……的脚下 5. be surprised at 对……感到惊奇
6. be satisfied with 对……感到满意 7. out of sight 看不见
8. step on one’s toes 踩着某人的脚 9. can’t help doing sth 忍不住做某事
10. spread over 分布于 11.rush out 冲出去 12.raise one’s head 抬头
13.ask sb for help 向某人求助 14.thank goodness 谢天谢地
三. 重点句型及要点注释
1. While you were enjoying your trip, I was busy preparing for my exams.当你在旅行时， 我正忙于准备考试。
释：(1)be busy doing sth,/ be busy with sth 忙于做某事
(2).while 当……时候，引导时间状语从句。当一个动作在正在进行时，另一个动作也同时进行。While my mother was cooking , I was watching TV.
2.Would you help me plan a trip 请你帮我定个旅行计划好吗？
释：Would you 比will you 语气更加客气，委婉, 类似还有could you
3. They surveyed the area to make sure their tombs faced south and had mountains at the back. 他们仔细勘测了整个区域，确保这些陵墓是坐北朝南，而且在背后有群山环绕。
释：make sure 确信，确保
4.It’s about two and a half hours by bike. 骑自行车大约要2个半小时。
释：Two and a half hours = two hours and a half
5.It’s to the east of Yongling. 它在永陵的东面。
释：to the +方位词+of (表示互不接壤) Japan is to the east of China.
on the +方位词+of (表示相互接壤)Fujian is on the south of Zhejang .
in the +方位词+of 表示在某一范围内的地区 Beijing is in the north of China.
6.They walked into Dingling and were surprised at the wonders. 他们走进定陵，对那里的奇观感到很惊奇。
释：be surprised at 对……感到很惊奇 He is surprised at dragons.
be surprised to do sth 惊奇地做某事 She was surprised to find she was lost.
7. While the crowd was pushing him in different directions, someone stepped on his toes.
当人群从四面八方挤来时，有人踩了他的脚。
释：in one’s direction 朝着某人的方向 step on one’s toes踩了某人的脚
step on sth 踩某物 Don’t step on the flowers and grass.
8.When he finally rushed out of the crowd, he noticed his friends were both out of sight.
当他最后冲出人群时，他注意到他的两个朋友都不见了。
释：notice sb do sth 注意某人做了某事 notice sb doing sth注意某人正在做某事
9. As soon as the three boys saw each other, they all jumped up happily.
三个男孩一见面，就高兴得跳了起来。
释：as soon as 引导时间状语从句 意为“一……就”
10.He didn’t raise his head until someone called his name. 直到有人喊他的名字才抬起头。释：not …until 直到……才
11.They were so lovely that we couldn’t help playing with them.
它们太可爱了，我们禁不住和它们一起玩。
释：can’t help doing sth 忍不住做某事
12. I am satisfied with everything in China. 我对在中国的一切感到满意。]
释：be satisfied with 对……感到满意 He is satisfied with my work.
13.We even asked the guard for help. 我们甚至向保安寻求帮助。
释：ask sb for help 向某人求助 The lost boy asked the police for help.
四.重点语法 时间状语从句
1.引导词：
（1） when, while , as 当……时候. when 后可跟短暂性动词也可跟延续性动词；while 后跟延续性动词；as 多用于口语，强调同一时间，或一前一后。
The students were talking in the classroom when the teacher came in.
= While the students were talking in the classroom , the teacher came in. 学生在教室里谈话时，老师进来了。
Mother always sings as she cooks dinner for us. 妈妈总是边给我们做饭边唱歌。
（2）not … until 直到……才，主句谓语动词常用短暂性动词。
I won’t leave here until the rain stops.
He didn’t sleep until his mother came back home.
(3) after 在……之后，before 在……之前，as soon as 一……就
I went to sleep after I finished my homework..= I finished my homework before I went to sleep.
As soon as the bell rings , the students will go into the classroom.
2. 时态
（1）当主句为一般过去时时，从句常用过去的某种时态。
While I was doing my homework , the telephone rang.
(2) 当主句的时态为一般将来时， 从句用一般现在时。
I will call you as soon as I get to Beijing.
Topic3
一.词形转换： 1. death 动词 die 形容词 dead 2 slow 副词 slowly
3.crossing 动词 cross 介词 across 4. success 动词succeed 形容词successful
5.Pain 形容词 painful 6. lead 名词 leader 7.final 副词 finally 8impossible 反义词possible 9 courage 动词 encourage
二.重点词组: 1．Slow down 减速 2. run into 撞到 3.avoid doing sth 避免 防止做某事
4. warn sb to do sth 警告/提醒某人做某事 5. ride into 进入 跻身于
6 get used to (doing) 习惯于做某事 7. a sharp turn 急转弯
8. be popular with 受……的欢迎 9. get a fine 处以罚金
10. go on doing sth 继续做某事 11. the way to success 成功之路
12. obey the traffic rules 遵守交通规则 13.break the traffic rules 违反交通规则
14. be afraid of doing sth 害怕做某事 15.be famous for 因……闻名
16. be in danger 处于危险中 17.after a while 一会儿
三. 重点句型及要点注释
1．I think traffic in Beijing is crazy. 我认为北京的交通很拥堵。释：traffic 是不可数名词
2. If people obey the traffic rules , there will be fewer accidents. 如果人们都遵守交通规则，交通事故将会减少。释：这是if 引导条件状语从句，主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时。
3．I feel a little more confident. 我感到自信多了。释：more confident 是比较级
4. It can help us save energy and avoid pollution. 这样可以节约能源以及避免空气污染。释：avoid sth / doing sth 避免做某事
5.Bicycles are popular with people. 自行车深受人们欢迎。 释：Be popular with 受……欢迎
6 It warns us to be more careful. 释：Warn sb (not)to do sth 警告/提醒某人做某事
7.However, his way to success didn’t go well. 然而，他的成功之路并非一帆风顺。
释：The way to success 成功之路 success in doing sth 在……成功
8.It seems impossible to beat him. 打败他似乎是不可能的。
释：beat sb 打败某人 win a game /match/ a gold medal It seems +adj+to do sth 做某事似乎……
四．重点语法 条件状语从句
1.条件状语从句由if（如果），unless(除非)等 引导的，谓语动词常用一般现在时表示将来，主句用一般将来时。如：I won’t go if he doesn’t go . We will pass the exam if we study hard.
We won’t pass the exam unless we study hard..
2. 祈使句+and/or 引导的结果句，祈使句在意义上相当于条件状语从句。
如：Hurry up, or you’ll be late.= If you don’t hurry up, you’ll be late.=You’ll be late unless you hurry up.
Study hard, and you will pass the exam.= If you study hard, you will pass the exam.
Unit 7 Food Festival
Topic 1.
一.词形转换：
1.success(形容词)successful 2.invitation(动词)invite 3.tooth(复数)teeth
4.friendly(比较级)more friendly 5.Russia(形容词)Russian 6.Africa(形容词)African
7.India(形容词)Indian 8.sandwich(复数)sandwiches
9.supply(复数)supplies 10.post(名词)poster
二.重点词组：
hear of 听说 2.make money 挣钱 3.be pleased to do 很高兴做某事
4.think about 思考，思索5.think over 仔细考虑6.make a poster 做海报
7.Organize a Food Festival 举办美食节8.turn to sb./sth. 求助于，求教于
9.chat with sb. 和某人交谈/聊天10.what’s more 而且11.never mind 没关系
12.work hard at 在┅┅方面努力学习
三. 重点句型及要点注释
1.Do you know about Daniel Igali 你知道丹尼尔·艾格雷吗？
释：know about“了解”，know a lot about…“对某事了解很深”，know a little about…“对某事或某人了解一些”，而know是“知道”，“认识”之意，如：
I know her.我认识她。I know about her.我了解她。二者意思不同。
2.I have heard of him.我从未听说过他。
释：hear of sb./sth“听说过某人或某事”;hear + that从句“听说，得知”
hear from sb.“收到某人的来信”;hear“听见” listen“注意听”
3.I’ll think over how we should organize the food festival.我将仔细考虑我们应该怎样组织这次美食节活动。
释：think over“仔细考虑”;think of/about“考虑，思考”;think of 还有“想起”之意
4.Let’s try our best to make it successful.让我们尽力成功举办这次美食节活动。
释：①try one’s best=do one’s best尽力，努力
②make sb./sth. successful 使……获得成功
5.What’s more, I’m sure that selling rice and dumpling dishes can make a lot of money.
而且，我相信出售米饭和饺子会赚很多钱。
释：①What’s more (口语)而且，更有甚者
She is a beautiful girl .What’s more ,she is friendly to us.她是一个漂亮的女孩，而且对人也友好
②selling rice and dumpling dishes是v-ing分词短语做主语。
6.It’s a pleasure.释：用于感谢的答语还有：That’s Ok./That’s all right./You’re welcome./My pleasure.
7.May I invite you to our food festival
释：Invite sb. to some place邀请某人去某处;Invite sb. to do sth.邀请某人做谋事 如：
May I invite you to go shopping with me
8.Extension six zero zero six, please. 请接分机号6006。
释：相当于Can I have extension six zero zero six ,please
9.Keep trying.继续努力吧。释：Keep(on)doing sth.继续/重复做某事
Keep sb./sth.doing sth. 让某人持续做某事；让某事持续进行
10.It has very few school supplies.学校设施简陋。
释：句中supplies是作名词用。如：very few school supplies,这里supplies是名词复数，
译为“学校设施简陋”，supply作为动词用，意为“提供”、“供应”。如：The school supplies books for/to the children.=The school supplies the children with books.
-学校提供孩子们书籍。即：supply sth.to/for sb.或supply sb. with sth.
11.Our students will sell many delicious international foods in order to raise money for a village school in Nigeria.
为了给尼日利亚一所乡村学校筹钱，我们学生将出售许多美味的国际食品。
释：①in order to…意为“为了……”，它引导的动词不定式短语作目的状语。否定结构 用in order not to ,比so as to正式，也可以用so that代替。-
如：He’ll try his best to work hard in order to/so as to catch up with his classmates.=
He’ll try his best to work hard so that he can catch up with his classmates.
他将尽全力努力学习为了能赶上他的同学。
②raise money集资，筹款
四.语法学习
㈠．宾语从句
陈述句（语序）→（引导词不作宾语从句的主语）
1．结构框架：宾语从句＝引导词﹢｛
↓ 谓语 ………… →（引导词作宾语从句的主语）
↓ ↓ ↓
that（无意义可略）if/whether（是否）W（统称关系代词/副词，有意义）
He told me what he had done.（引导词不作宾语从句的主语）
Do you knon who is coming （引导词作宾语从句的主语）
2.重点剖析：
⑴陈述句：上述“陈述句”不仅可以是具有一套主谓结构的简单句，也可以是具有几套主谓结构的并列句或复合句。（所谓“一套主谓结构”，情形有四：单个主语对应单个谓语﹑单个主语对应并列谓语﹑并列主语对应单个谓语﹑并列主语对应并列谓语。）
例1．He said he would come here for lunch with us if he had time. （此宾语从句是复合句）
例2．I know what happened here and who dealed with it. （此宾语从句是并列句）
例3．I want to know how often you go back to your hometown. （此宾语从句是简单句）
在初中英语教材中宾语从句是简单句的情形远远多于其他两种情形，因此，教师给学生指点到位是必要的，有利于他们拓宽知识面，增强自主学习的能力。
（2）谓语：在英语中，谓语是语态和时态的具体体现，随时间的变化而变化，这一点与汉语截然不同，最容易出现错误，所以，学生除了应该掌握它们的构成和用法之外，还应该知道它们可以是单一式，也可以是并列式﹙通常要求性质一致﹚。只有对谓语有了深刻的认识之后，才能在运用时避免犯错误。例:Tom is a good student and studies the best in our class. （此句谓语是并列式，要求性质一致）。
3．注意时态呼应
在实际教学工作中，我发现大多数学生在使用宾语从句时，主从句时态搭配上前后自相矛盾，这是普遍现象，成为一大问题。为此，我对带有宾语从句的复合句的主从句时态搭配进行了归纳和总结：主句是一般现在时、一般将来时、现在进行时或现在完成时，从句具体问题具体分析；主句是过去的某种时态，从句用过去的某种时态﹙客观真理用一般现在时﹚。这样，学生在运用时就会得到提醒，同时缩小了选择正确时态的思考范围。
.征求对方意见或提建议的句型。
(1) Shall I (we) …… 常用在提供帮助，提出建议，要求给以指示和征求意见，常译为我（们）……，好吗？ 如：Shall I (we) open the window 我（们）把窗户打开，好吗？
(2) May I…… 常用在征求对方意见的句子中，常译为“我可以……吗？” 如：May I invite you to organize the Food Festival with me 我可以邀请你和我一起组织这次美食节吗？
(3) Will you …… 常用于请求对方完成某一动作，同时征求对方意见，常译为“请你……好吗？”如：Will you please call me this evening 请你今晚打电话给我好吗？
(4) Would you like to… Would like to do sth. 想要做某事。如：
Would you like to eat another mooncake 你想再来一块月饼吗？
Topic2
一.词形转换：
1.cook(名词)cook/cooker 2.fine(副词)finely 3.gentle(副词)gently
4.noise(形容词)noisy 5.noisy(副词)noisily 6.hot（名词）heat
7.polite(反义词)impolite 8.proud(名词)pride
二.重点词组：
1.be ready to do sb./sth. 乐意/准备做某事2.be kind to sb./sth . 对某人/某物友好
3.slice…finely 精细地把……切小4.for a few minutes 过了一会儿5.fill…with… 用……装满
6.drink to somebody 为……干杯（或祝酒）7.finish doing 做完某事
8.sit down at the table 坐在桌子旁边9.at table 吃饭，就餐10.start with 以……开始
11..raise glass 举杯12.take a sip 喝一小口
13.around the world=all over the world=in the world 世界各地
三.重点句型：
1.You often teach me to be kind to the poor and the old.
你经常教我要善待穷人和老人。
释：①teach sb. to do sth.教某人（如何）做某事
②be kind to do sth. kind是形容词，译为“善待某人”
2.Would you like me to help you 你需要我的帮忙吗？
释：该句表示“客气的请求”，相当于Would you like + to do… 或Will you please + do…
另外like sb. to do sth.,这里like是动词，相当于want,译为“要某人做某事”。
3.It’s very kind of you. 你真是太好了。
释：该句等同于You are very kind.
4.After that, fill bowels 70%—80% full with bone soup slowly.
释：fill …with“用……装满”,fill用作动词，构成be filled with等同于be full of译为“充满，装满”。
如：Fill the glass with water.往杯子里注满水（强调动作）
The glass is filled of water.= The glass is full of water.
杯子里装满了水（强调状态）
5.It’s not impolite to smoke during a meal in France. 在法国，吃饭时吸烟不是不礼貌的。
释：During是介词，后常跟名词或短语，而while是连词，后常跟从句。
如：What did you do during the summer holiday 这里不能用while代替。
6.what does the dinner start with 晚餐先吃什么？
释：begin/start with 以……开始，如：Let’s start our class with Unit 1.
7.Never drink too much during a dinner. 就餐时千万别喝太多。
释：too much 是用来修饰不可数名词，too many是修饰可数名词，而much too是修饰形容词和副词。如：too much water太多的水，too many trees太多的树木，much too tired太累了
8.In parts of India, they use their fingers and bread to pick up the food .在印度地区，他们用手指和面包来抓食物。
释：这里pick up译为“抓起，拾起”，另外还有“（用车）接（人或物）之意。如：
I’ll come to pick you up.我会开车去接你。
四．语法学习：
1.if详解
if引导状语从句，译为“如果”；引导宾语从句，译为“是否”，等同于whether。当宾语从句后面有or not时，一般用whether,不用if。
2．掌握并懂得正确应用It is+adj. + to do sth..句型
It is+adj. + to do sth.句型中it是形式主语，真正的主语是动词不定式。通常若主语太长，为避免头重脚轻，可用it 作形式主语，将动词不定式后置。
如：It is necessary to study English hard.
It’s polite to smoke during a meal in France.
五、日常交际用语：有关就餐前的日常交际用语
1.What’s the most popular in your restaurant 2.What’s your favorite Chinese dish
3.Would you like me to help you Of course. It’s very kind of you.
4.How do you to make it 5.It sounds difficult. 6.Well done!
Topic3.
一.词型转换：
1.sell (名词)sale 2.buy (反义词) sell 3. neatly (最高级)most neatly
4.regular (副词)regularly 5. else (同义词)other 6.noisily (比较级)more noisily
二.重点词组：
1.shine brightly 阳光灿烂 3.on sale 上市，出售 4.kind―hearted 心地善良
5.a table for two 一张双人桌 6.have the bill=get/pay the bill 结帐，付帐
7.go Dutch 各付各的帐/AA制 8.main course 主食，主菜 9.go well 进展顺利
10.sell well 卖得很好 11.be worth doing… 值得做……12.send to… 把……寄给
13.send for… 派人去请14.keep a balanced diet 保持饮食均衡
15.not only…but also… 不但……而且16.not all 并非所有的
三、重点句型：
1.enjoy yourselves! 祝你们玩得开心！
释：enjoy oneself 相当于have a good /nice/great/wonderful time
2.Anything else 还要别的吗？
释：else译为“别的”“其他的”常修饰疑问词，不定代词并放在所修饰词的后面。
如：what else, who else, nobody else, something else等。other也表示“别的”“其他的”，但它修饰名词。如：some other people其他的一些人，other修饰名词people,不能用else代替。
3.The Beijing roast duck smells nice and tastes nice, too. 北京烤鸭闻起来很香尝起来也香。
释：① 这里smell和taste都是系动词，后面加上形容词nice表语，构成系表结构，“系动词+adj.”构成系表结构，这类动词还有look, feel, sound, seem, get, turn, become, grow, make, keep等。
②too, also, as well和either 都可以表示“也”，但用法不同：
also较正式，位置通常接近动词，不用于句末：too多用于口语，位置通常在句末，前面常有逗号隔开，as well也多用于口语，只用于句末，以上3个词都不用于否定句，而either却用于否定句。
如：He also plays the piano.他也弹钢琴。
He is a worker, too. 他也是个工人。
He plays the guitars as well.他也弹吉他。
He was not there ,either.他也不在那里。
4.We must remember that we eat not only our favorite food but also other healthy food.
我们必须记住我们不仅要吃我们喜欢吃的食物，而且还要吃其他有益健康的食物
释：not only…but also…不但……而且，这种结构属于“对称”的句型，要求only和also
尽量用同样的词语。
如：She not only reads English ,but also speaks French. 她不仅能看懂英语，而且还能说法语。
5.The more regularly we eat, the healthier we are.我们的饮食越有规律，我们身体就越健康。释：The+比较级……，the+比较级……表越……就越。
如：The more trees we plant, the more beautiful our city is.
我们种越多的树，我们的城市就越漂亮。
6.Not all students have a regular breakfast.并非所有的学生早餐饮食有规律。
释：Not all译成“并非所有的”，是部分否定。
如：Not all students like swimming. 并不是所有的学生喜欢游泳。
四.语法学习：
1.否定转移
若宾语从句跟在动词think, believe, suppose, except等后面，表示“要”，“认为”，句子的否定在主句上，称“否定前移”。
如：I don't think you are right.我认为你是不对的。
You don't think he is right, do you 你认为他是不对的，是吗？
2.副词的比较级和最高级的构成
（1）规则副词的比较级和最高级的构成规则。如下表：
单音节词或少数双音节词 构成规则 一般在词尾加–er或–est 以e结尾的词加–r或–st 以辅音字母+y结尾的词，改y为i,在加–er或–est
例词 fastfasterfastest latelaterlatest earlyearlierearliest
多音节词和部分双音节词 构成规则 在词前加more或most
例词 slowlymore slowlymost slowly carefullymore carefullymost carefully
少数不规则副词的比较级和最高级的变化形式如下表：
原级 well badly little much far
比较级 better worse less more farther/further
最高级 best worst least most farthest/furthest
(2) 副词比较等级的用法
a. 同级比较：表示两者在某一方面程度相同时，用“as+副词原形+as”的句式；但表示前者不如后者时，用“not so(as)+副词原形+as”的句式。如；
The boys are listening as carefully as the girls. 男生们跟女生们在一样认真地听。
He didn’t dance so(as) well as Jim. 他跳舞没有吉姆跳得好
b.比较级：表示一方程度比另一方更高时，用“副词比较级+than”的句式。在这一句式中，当than前后的动词相同时，通常用助动词代替后面的动词。该动词或助动词可以省略。副词比较级前常用much., a little, still, even表示“更……”，这也可以作为判断比较级的依据。如：
I sing better than she (does). 我唱歌比她唱得好。
My brother did much better in his lessons than I.我哥哥功课学得比我好多了。
c.最高级：表示三个或三个以上的人或物的比较时，用副词最高级。结构为“the+副词最高级+比较范围。”其中的the常省去，比较范围常用of或in…短语。如：
Maria speaks English (the) best in our class. 在我们班上，玛丽亚英语讲得最好。
He studies (the) hardest of the three boys. 这三个男孩中，他学习最用功。
五．日常交际用语：有关就餐时日常交际用语
1.Here is the menu for you. 2.May I take your order
3.Would you like to try… /start with… 4.I’d like…,please.
5.Which kind of drink would you like, beer, wine or tea 6.Anything else 7.No, that’s all.
8.May I have the bill 9.Let’s go Dutch.
Unit 8 Beautiful Clothes
Topic 1
一．重点短语：
1.on the first floor 在一楼2.get…from… 从……中得到……3.shopping center 购物中心
4.catch one’s eye 吸引某人的注意5.go with… 与……相配
6.on special days在特殊的日子7.in fact 事实上，实际上8.thanksgiving Day 感恩节
9.depend on依靠，依赖,相信10.It’s said that 据说
11.Santa Claus 圣诞老人12.the same…as…与……一样13.as well as 也，还
14.be made of/from由……制成
二.重点句型：
1.what’s it made of 它是由什么做成的？
释：be made of意为“由……制成”（看出原料），类似结构的短语还有
be made from“由……制成”（看不出原料）be made in “某物生产于某地”
be made up of“由……组成” be made into“把……作成某产品”
2.The weather is getting warmer and warmer.天气变得越来越暖和了。
释：“比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越……”如：
The little tree is getting taller and taller.那棵小树越来越高了。
对于多音节的形容词或副词则这样表达more and more+adj/adv.
如：The girl becomes more and more beautiful.那个女孩变得越来越漂亮了
3.We can get cotton from plants and get wool,silk and leather from animals.
我们可以从植物中获得棉花，从动物中获得羊毛、丝绸和皮革。
释：get sth .from/sth./sb.从某事或某人处获得某物。
4. catch one’s eye 释：意为“吸引某人的注意”
如：Can you catch the teacher’s eye 你能引起老师的注意吗？
5.What the people there wear depends on their likes and dislikes.
人们的衣着取决于他们的喜好。释：depend on 意为“依靠、依赖”
如：We depend on our hard work.我们依靠我们的努力工作。
6.Some people prefer to dress formally…一些人宁可打扮得正式些
释：prefer 宁肯，更喜欢……， prefer A to B = like A better than B
I like prefer singing =I like singing better.我更喜欢唱歌。
I prefer swimming to skating.比起滑冰我更喜欢游泳。
7.While many South American people have the same way of dressing as Australia
然而许多南美的人们和澳大利亚有相同的衣着方式。
释：While用于对比两件事物，意为“而……，然而……”
Michael is interested in music, while his brother prefers P.E.
迈克对音乐感兴趣，而他的兄弟却更喜欢体育。
the same… as 和……一样/相同，反义词：be different from…
如：My idea is the same as yours, but it’s different from his我的主意和你的一样，但和他的不一样。
8.People first started wearing clothes to protect themselves from the sun ,wind, rain and cold.人们最早穿衣服是为了保护他们不受日晒、风吹、雨打以及寒冷。
释：protect …from sth/doing sth 阻止……做……
如：The trees can protect the sand from moving.树可以防止沙子向前移。
Try to protect your skin from the sun.尽量保护你的皮肤不受太阳暴晒。
三.语法学习：感叹句
（1）感叹句用于表示说话时的一种较为强烈的感情。如：喜悦、赞叹、惊异、愤怒、厌恶等。感叹句的构成为“感叹部分+陈述部分+（主语+谓语）”，感叹部分由感叹词引导，陈述部分为整个感叹句的主语和谓语，句尾要用叹号“！”，读时要用降调。如：
What a nice day it is ! 多好的天气！What a good boy he is ! 多好的男孩！
How silly you are ! 你真傻！How beautiful it is ! 它多美啊！
（2）感叹句的四种形式：
What +a(an)+名词单数+主语+谓语
What +形容词+可数名词复数/不可数名词+主语+谓语
How +形容词+主语+be How +副词+主语+动词
（3）口语中，what或how引导的感叹句可省略主语+谓语。如：
What an interesting book! /How interesting!
( 4) what 与how引导的感叹句之间的转换。
What a beautiful girl she is!=How beautiful the girl is!
How delicious the food is!=What delicious food it is!
Topic2
一．重点短语：
1.school uniform校服2.allow sb.to do sth允许某人做某事3.make a survey 做调查
4.be in need 在需要时5.take off 脱下，脱掉；起飞6.on every occasion在每一个场合
7.have a business meeting开商务会议8.dress for为……穿衣服/打扮
9.in fashion 流行，时尚10.out of fashion 不流行，过时
11.advise sb.(not) to do sth. 建议/劝告某人（不要）做某事
12.at other times在其余的时候；有的时候
重点句型：
1.I don’t like uniform because they will so ugly on us.
释：look so ugly on us意为“穿在我们身上看起来很丑”
2.I think our school should allow us to design our own uniform.
我认为我们的学校应该允许我们设计自己的校服。
释：allow“允许、许可”，allow sb .to do sth.“允许某人做某事”
如：Mr.Wang allows us to play football.王老师允许我们踢足球。
3.They are good for patients. 他们对病人有好处。
释：be good for 对……有益，be bad for 对……有坏处，be good at 擅长于
4.Second,patients can find easily when they are in need.
第二，当病人需要我们时，会很容易地找到我们。
释：be in need “需要”，与 need同义。
如：When you are in need, you can call me.当你在需要的时候，你可以打电话给我。
5.You should take off your shoes when you enter someone’s home in Japan.
当你进入日本人家的时候，必须先脱掉鞋子。
释：take off意为“脱下，脱掉”，反义词组是put on. take off还可表示“起飞”
The plane will take off in an hour.飞机将在一小时内起飞。
6.But now ,most of us can dress for ourselves.
但是现在我们大多数人都可以自己打扮。
释：dress for“为……穿衣服”put on“穿（戴）上”的动作，反义词take off
wear, have …on, be on…“穿（戴）着”的状态。dress sb./oneself“给别人/自己穿衣服，dress up“穿上盛穿、乔装打扮”dress后不能接“衣服”类的词作宾语。
7.It’s well-known that uniforms are not popular but useful.众所周知，制服不流行但有用。
释：①It’s well- known…意为“众所周知”
如：It’s well- known that this song is very popular. 众所周知，这首歌很流行。
②not…but… 不是……而是……He isn’t a teacher but a doctor.他不是一个老师而是一个医生。
三.语法学习： 实义动词
在英语中动词的使用形式变化多样，这与汉语截然不同，故其用法成为学生学习中的一大难点。英语中动词分四类，即：实义动词、连系动词、情态动词、助动词。其中实义动词用法难度较为突出，就此略抒浅见。
确定思维导向：目的在于使学生一旦遇到实义动词，在头脑当中就会马上浮现出
使用之的具体思路，避免脑海中一片茫然、无从下手、束手无策的思维现象发生。这种思维导向是： 谓语→语态或时态。
实义动词 →｛
非谓语→不定式/动名词/现在分词/过去分词。
注意：
变否定：通常如果句中有系动词﹙be﹚﹑情态动词﹙个别除外，如have to
﹚﹑助动词直接在其后加“not”；否则在谓语前加don’t/doesn’t 或didn’t，同时谓语动词改原形。
⑵.变疑问：通常如果陈述句句中有系动词﹙be﹚﹑情态动词﹙个别除外，如
have to﹚﹑助动词直接提到句首；否则，在句首加do /doe 或did，同时谓语动词改原形。
2．非谓语的区别：
⑴．不定式 →常发生在谓语或前位非谓语的即时时间之后。主动→﹙to do﹚；被动→﹙to be done﹚。有复合结构﹙for sb. to do sth﹚，否定结构﹙not to do sth﹚与疑问词连用﹙如what to do﹚等形式。注意在下列动词后的不定式省略“to”：三看﹙look see watch﹚两听﹙listen hear﹚一感觉﹙feel﹚，注意﹙notice﹚使﹙make﹚让﹙let have﹚帮﹙help﹚→可不省。
②．现在分词→常指相对谓语或前位非谓语的即时时间正在发生的动作，表示主动。常作定语﹙单个词前置，短语后置﹚、宾语补足语和状语﹙如时间状语、方式状语、伴随状语等﹚。
③．过去分词→常指相对谓语或前位非谓语的即时时间已发生的动作。表示被动。常作定语﹙单个词前置，短语后置﹚、宾语补足语和状语﹙如时间状语、方式状语、伴随状语等﹚。
④．动名词→常发生在谓语或前位非谓语的即时时间之前。表示主动，起名词作用。作主语、宾语﹙包括介词宾语和动词宾语﹚、表语、定语﹙常表示功能﹚等。
以上是实义动词使用时的总体思路，也适合于动词词组或短语。举例说明如下：
例⑴.I want to give up studying at school to look after my sick mother at home.
① ② ③ ④
点拨：①作谓语→主动语态→一般现在时。②非谓语→发生在谓语之后→不定式。③非谓语→发生在前位非谓语之前→动名词。④非谓语→发生在前位非谓语之后→不定式。
例⑵The teacher told us not to forget to turn off the lights when we left the room
① ② ③ ④
点拨：①作谓语→主动语态→一般过去时。②非谓语→发生在谓语之后→不定式。③非谓语→发生在前位非谓语之后→不定式。④作谓语→主动语态→一般过去时。
例﹙3﹚Look, There is a boy taking down a picture put up on the wall.
① ② ③
点拨：①作谓语→一般现在时。②非谓语→相对谓语即时时间正在发生,主动→现在分词.
③非谓语→发生在前位非谓语之前→表示被动→过去分词.
二．把握求同亦要寻异
凡事都具有共性，又具有个性。不能千篇一律地用某个规则或原理去解决所有问题。因此，在把握实义动词基本用法的大前提下，教师还要引导、启发、教育学生善于观察、比较、体味个别动词的特殊用法，做到共性与个性的统一。在初中教学范围内，我认为应该围绕下列几个方面来归纳、总结、积累相关知识。
1．语法：如少数动词﹙come go leave fly等﹚的进行时可表示将来时。
2．句式：如Sth. costs sb.…,Sth. fits sb. ﹙只能物作主语﹚。
3．及物与不及物：如正：Sth.happens to sb.错：Sb. happens sth. ﹙happen不及物﹚。
4．延续与非延续：如错：I have come here for a day﹙come非延续,不与时间段连用﹚。
正：I have beenhere for a day﹙系表结构延续,能与时间段连用﹚。
5．动作与状态：如“put on”强调动作→非延续→不与时间段连用。“wear”强调状态→延续→能与时间段连用。
6．同义与反义：如deed doing ＝ need to be done,borrow与lend词义相反。
7．区别与联系：如“cost”和“spend”词义相同，前者人作主语，后者物作主语。
8．词组与短语：如can’t help doing, pay attention to等。
Topic3
重点短语：1. fashion show 时装表演/时装秀2. T-shaped stag T型台
3. in the center of 在……的中心4. high fashion 高级时尚5. in the world of 在……领域
6. wedding dress 婚纱7.stand for 代表8.get one’s name 得名9.be known to 为……所知
10.be designed as 以……来设计11.except for 除……之外
二.重点句型：
1.There is going to be a fashion show in fashion show in Xidan Shopping center.
在西单购物中心将会有一场时装秀。
释： There is going to be…是There be结构的将来时,表示某地将举行某项运动，或将有某物。
如：There is going to be a football match in our school next week.=There will be a football match in our school next week.我们学校下周将有一场足球比赛。
there is/are going to be=there will be
2.Here come the models. 模特走过来了。
释：（1）英语中以here或there开头的句子要倒装，除主语是代词外，动词要放在主语之前。如：Here come Mary! 玛丽来了！Here come the bus! 车来了！
(2)主语若是人称代词时，主语和谓语的语序不变。
如：Here she comes.她来了。Here it is.它在这儿。
三．语法学习：跟doing的动词或短语
What/how about doing , be good at/do well in doing, make a contribution to doing
stop/prevent/keep sb .from doing, give up doing, practice doing
have problems doing, prefer doing sth./to doing sth, mind doing
suggest doing, spend doing, be busy doing,
finish doing keep sb.doing sth., can’t help doing ,
have confidence in doing keep/keep on doing, look forward to doing,
feel like doing） be amazed/surprised at doing, be worth doing
be pleased/satisfied with doing, be excited about doing enjoy doing
have fun doing
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Unit 5 Feeling Happy Topic1:
一．词语辨析：
1.in the end=at last=finally最后 ；at the end of…在…的结尾 。
2. be on:强调状态 e.g. The film was on for ten minutes.
put on:强调动作 e.g. A new film will put on this evening.
3. lonely—“孤单、寂寞”，强调精神上的孤单、寂寞，但未必一个人
alone—“单独”，强调一个人独处，但精神上未必寂寞。
e.g. The old man lives alone, but he doesn’t feel lonely.
4. because of + n./短语：I can’t go to the party because of the weather.
because + 句子：I can’t go to the party because it rains heavily.
二．重点词组：
1.invite sb to do sth 邀请某人做某事invite sb to some place邀请某人去某地
2.say thanks to向…道谢 3.one of my favorite songs我最喜欢的歌之一
4.What a shame真遗憾,真可惜 5.be popular with在….中受欢迎
6.get a ticket to…得到一张…的票 7.be proud of对…感到骄傲
8.be pleased with对…感到满意 9.turn green/red变绿/红
10.smell good/terrible闻起来香/难闻 11.set the table摆放餐具
12.be able to do sth能够做某事 13.have a temperture/fever发烧,发热
14.Everything goes well一切顺利 15.ring sb up给某人打电话
16.be surprised to do sth惊奇地做某事 17.because of因为,由于
18.cheer sb up使某人振作/高兴起来 19.at first起初,最先
20.on the night of在…的夜晚 21.be afraid of doing害怕做某事
22.fall into落入,掉入 23.in the end=at last最后,终于
24.so…that如此…以致于 e into being形成,产生
26.be full of充满 27.be/become interested in对…感兴趣
28.make peace with sb与某人和解29.end with以….结束
30.be thankful/grateful to.感激 31.feel sorry for 为。。感到遗憾
三、重点句型：
1. How are you doing =How are you 你好吗？
for sth准备某事（准备时间较长思想上的准备）：prepare for the exam
2. prepare sth for sb.为某人准备…：prepare food for Lily
to do sh准备做…：I prepare to go hiking
① be (am/is/are/was/were)
② 感官v.(feel, look, sound, taste品尝，smell闻、嗅)
3.系动词+adj. 系表结构
③ 四变化(turn/become/go/ get) *turn侧指颜色变化
④ keep, make
4. one of +the +adj最高级+N复+V单:“其中最…之一”
e.g. It is one of the most interesting books.
5.What…for=Why为什么
e.g. What did he go to Beijing for =Why did he go to Beijing
Topic2
一．词语辨析：：
1. do well in=be good at 在某方面做得好。前者强调动作；后者强调状态。
2. have a talk with sb.=talk to/with sb.与某人交谈。前者延续；后者非延续。
3. worry about， be worried about，担心…。前者强调动作；后者强调状态。
4. make friends with，be friends with. 前者延续；后者非延续。
5. at one’s age在某人几岁时 ;at the age of在…岁时;in one’s teens在某人十几岁时.
6. too much + 不可数n. ; much too+adj. ;too many+可数n..
7. get/be used to sth/doing习惯做某事;used to do过去常常做… .
8. get/be used to sth/doing习惯做某事 ;used to do过去常常做…..
二．重点词组：1. be strict with sb对…要求严格2. have a talk with sb与某人交谈
3. be worried about对…担忧/着急4. feel lonely/upset/sad感到孤独/烦恼/难过
5 fall down跌落,摔倒6. take it easy别紧张,别着急7. pass/fail the exam考试及格/不及格
8.s at one's age在某人…的年龄9. seem to do sth似乎/好像做某事
10. happen to sb发生在某人身上11.. call sb at…打某人某个号的电话12. How time flies! 光阴似箭
13. what's more而且,甚至14. fall asleep入睡,睡着15. as…as和….一样
16. not as/so…as和….不一样17. It seemed that似乎/好像 ….18.be/get used to doing习惯于做某事19. be afraid to do sth不敢做某事20 be ready to do sth乐意/准备做某事21. deal with处理,对付
22.refuse to do sth拒绝做某事23. even though/if即使,尽管24. not…any longer=no longer不再
25. follow one's advice采纳某人的建议26. take a walk散步
三.重点句型：
从句：It seems/ed that he is/was ill.
1. seem的用法 + to do：He seems/ed to be ill.
Adj.：He seems/ed ill.
2. She has no friends to talk with.她没有可以交谈的朋友。
3. How I wish to stay with you!我多希望和你呆在一起！
4. What does Jeff do with his sadness =How does Jeff deal with his sadness
四、语法学习：
1.形容词、副词原级
⑴．意义：A=B ⑶.运用方法:
⑵. 结构： ①.比较部分：分析句子结构→确定基
﹙倍数词﹚as ﹙副词﹚ … as… 本句型→考虑语态或时态→对号入座。
↓ 从属连词 ②. 被比较部分：性质一致。
形容词﹙原级﹚ ﹢ ⑷.举例说明：
↓ 陈述句． 例1. 我和你有一样多的铅笔。
单 形 并 ‖ 析：比较部分→“主—谓—宾”句型
个 容 列 比较状语从句 被比较部分→主语
形 词 ↓ 译：I have as many pencils as you.
容 词 结 ↓ ↓ 例2.老师要求我跟他一样严格。
词 组 构 非比较 比较对 析：比较部分→“主—系—表”句型。
↓ 部分可 象性质 被比较部分→宾语。
表语 定语 宾补 省略 一致 译:The teacher is as strict with me as him.
﹙上述否定式：not as\so…as…则表示A﹤B﹚
2．掌握并懂得正确应用It is+adj. + to do sth..句型
It is+adj. + to do sth.句型中it是形式主语，真正的主语是动词不定式。通常若主语太长，为避免头重脚轻，可用it 作形式主语，将动词不定式后置。如：
It is necessary to study English hard.
It’s polite to smoke during a meal in France.
Topic3.
一、词语辨析：
1. hate to do与hate doing：讨厌做某事 。前者指具体某次活动，后者指习惯。
2. study/learn (sth) by oneself=teach oneself (sth) 自学（某事）。
3. .try out试验 try on试穿
4. be important to sb.对某人来说是重要的
be important for sb. to do sth对某人来说做某事是重要的
5. remember to do记得去做某事；remember doing记得曾做过某事。
6. get sth for sb.=get sb. sth给某人买/拿某物；get sth from sb.从某人那收到….
get sb. to do使某人做某事。
二．重点词组：1. calm down平静,镇静2. be sorry about对…感到抱歉3. Don't be afraid 别害怕
5. feel nervous/bored感到紧张/乏味6. take turns to do sth轮流做某事
7. That's/It's very kind of you! 你真是太好了8. give the speech做演讲
9. get along well with与…相处融洽10. in a good/bad mood好/坏心情
11. smile at life笑对生活12. give sb a surprise给某人一个惊喜
13. put on表演,上映,穿上14. prepare for为…作准备
15. on the way home在回家的路上16. get together with与…团聚
17. fill with填满,装满18. make sb active使某人充满活力19. in the sky在天空中
20. in good spirits好心境,好心情21. learn to do sth学会做某事22. think over仔细考虑
23. get back to继续某事,回到某事上24. a sense of….的感觉
三、重点句型：
1. too+adj./adv. + to…= so +adj./adv.+that+句子“太…而无法…”
e.g. It’s too noisy for me to fall asleep.=It’s so noisy that I can’t fall asleep.
2. let sb. (not) do让某人（别）做某事 = make sb. (not) do
3. It’s +adj.+ for sb. + to do: It’s important for me to study well.
It’s +adj. + of sb. + to do: It’s nice of you to help me.
注：若adj.用来修饰人的性格、品质，则用of，若adj.用来修饰to do,则用for。
4. How long have you felt like this =How long have you been like this
你觉得这样有多久吗 =你这样有多久了
四．语法学习：
⑴．不定式
①意义：动词的非谓语形式，常发生在谓语或前位非谓语的即时时间之后，作主语、宾语﹙动词宾语﹚、宾语补足语、表语、定语﹙常表示功能﹚、状语。
②．构成：不定式= to﹢动词原形
③．否定结构= not to do sth
④．复合结构= for sb.﹙not﹚ to do sth
⑤．与疑问词连用：如what to do
⑥．在下列动词后的不定式省略“to”：三看﹙look see watch﹚两听﹙listen hear﹚一感觉﹙feel﹚，注意﹙notice﹚使﹙make﹚让﹙let have﹚帮﹙help﹚→可不省。
⑦．形式主语：当不定式、否定结构、复合结构、与疑问词连用等形式作句子主语时，用it来代替它，而将真正的主语置于谓语之后，“it”叫形式主语。
⑵．动名词
①．意义：动词的非谓语形式，常常发生或预定在谓语或前位非谓语的即时时间之前，表示事实、爱好、功能、习惯等，起名词作用。作主语、宾语﹙包括介词宾语和动词宾语﹚、表语、定语﹙常表示功能﹚等。
②．构成：动名词=V+ing
③. 否定结构= not doing sth
④. 复合结构=one’﹙ not﹚doing sth
⑶．现在分词
①．意义：动词的非谓语形式，常指相对谓语或前位非谓语的即时时间正在发生的动作，表示主动。
②．用法：常作定语﹙单个词前置，短语后置﹚、宾语补足语和状语﹙如时间状语、方式状语、伴随状语等﹚。
⑷．过去分词
①．意义：动词的非谓语形式，常指相对谓语或前位非谓语的即时时间已发生的动作。表示被动。
②．用法：常作定语﹙单个词前置，短语后置﹚、宾语补足语和状语﹙如时间状语、方式状语、伴随状语等﹚。
举例说明：
⑴.I want① to give up② studying ③at school to look after ④ my sick mother at home.
点拨：①作谓语→主动语态→一般现在时。②非谓语→发生在谓语之后→不定式。③非谓语→发生在前位非谓语之前→动名词。④非谓语→发生在前位非谓语之后→不定式。
⑵．The teacher told ①us not to forget ②to turn off ③the lights when we left④ the room
点拨：①作谓语→主动语态→一般过去时。②非谓语→发生在谓语之后→不定式。③非谓语→发生在前位非谓语之后→不定式。④作谓语→主动语态→一般过去时。
﹙3﹚Look, There is① a boy taking down② a picture put up③on the wall.
点拨：①作谓语→一般现在时。②非谓语→相对谓语即时时间正在发生,主动→现在分词.③非谓语→发生在前位非谓语之前→表示被动→过去分词.
Unit6 Fun Cycling
Topic1
一 .词形转换:
1.discuss__名词___discussion 2.queen 对应词 king
3.comfortable 名词 comfort 4.safely 形容词 safe 名词 safety
二 .词的辨析1. find out / look for / find 2.cost / pay for / spend on
3. other /else 4. raise /rise 5.each /every 6.exciting / excited
三.重点词组: 1.go on a visit to 去……旅行 2. make the decision 做决定
3.bring back 带回 4.go on a field trip 去野外旅行 5.decide on (upon) sth 对某事做出决定
6 see the sunrise 看日出 7. make a reservation 预订 8. come up with 想出（主意）
9. look forward to (doing) sth 期望 10. pay for 支付；赔偿 11. raise money 筹钱
12. book a ticket 订票 13. make a room for sb 为……订房间 14. have a wonderful time 玩得愉快
15. in the daytime 在白天 16. a two-day visit 为期两天的旅行 17.find out 查出
18. some places of interest 名胜 19. rooms with bathtub 带浴室的房间
20．a hard (soft) sleeper 硬（软）卧 21.my pleasure 不客气
四．重点句型及要点注释
1. I have some exciting news to tell you. 我有一些激动人心的消息要告诉你们。
释：动词不定式作定语后置
2. Sounds great!= It sounds great! 听起来不错。（sound是连系动词）
3. We will go on a two-day visit to Mount Tai. 我们将要去泰山玩两天。
释：go on a visit to 去参观/旅游 ,类似有：go on a trip / go on a picnic .
a two-day visit 为期两天的旅行 a two-month holiday 两个月的假期。
4.It’s hard to say. 这很难说。释：To say 是动词不定式作主语，It 是形式主语。
5. I’ll ask the airline on the phone. 我将打电话问问航空公司。释：同义句I’ll phone and ask the airline.
6. Bring back your information to class tomorrow and we’ll decide on the best way to go on our field trip. 明天把你们查到的信息带到班上来，然后我们来决定最好的郊游方式。
释：bring back 带回； decide on/upon sth 决定，选定。
7.It’s too far for cycling. 骑自行车去路太远了。释：同义句是：It’ too far to cycle there.
8.How long does it take to reach Mount Tai by…？乘……去泰山要花多长时间？
9．How much does it cost to go there 去那里要花多少钱？
10.We have tickets at 120 yuan for the hard sleeper and 180 yuan for the soft sleeper.
我们的票价是硬卧120元，软卧是180元。
释：at 意为“以……”，一般用于表示价格，年龄，速度等词的前面，for 表示目的。
11.Please pay for the tickets before 5:30 p.m. 请在下午5：30之前付款。
释：Pay for 支付 pay for sb to do sth 付钱给某人做某事
12. We have rooms with a bathtub… 我们有带浴缸……的房间。
释：with 有或带着 a house with a swimming pool
13.It’s very common to raise money in Canadian and American schools. 在加拿大和美国的学校里筹钱是很正常的。释：raise money 筹钱 We can raise the money ourselves.
14.It costs each student one dollar to buy a ticket for the draw.每一个学生花一美元便可买到一张抽奖的票。 释：(1)each 作主语，谓语用单数 Each of the students spends one dollar buying a ticket.. （2）用于单数名词前，作定语，谓语用单数。Each student has their own e-mail address.
(3)用于复数主语后，作主语同位语，谓语用复数。They each have their own e-mail address.
15. I am looking forward to hearing from you . 我盼望收到你的来信。
释：Look forward to 盼望，期待 They are looking forward to solving the problem.
五.重点语法：不定式
①．意义：动词的非谓语形式，常发生在谓语或前位非谓语的即时时间之后，作主语、宾语﹙动词宾语﹚、宾语补足语、表语、定语﹙常表示功能﹚、状语。
②．构成：不定式= to﹢动词原形
③．否定结构= not to do sth
④．复合结构= for sb.﹙not﹚ to do sth
⑤．与疑问词连用：如what to do
⑥．在下列动词后的不定式省略“to”：三看﹙look see watch﹚两听﹙listen hear﹚一感觉﹙feel﹚，注意﹙notice﹚使﹙make﹚让﹙let have﹚帮﹙help﹚→可不省。
⑦．形式主语：当不定式、否定结构、复合结构、与疑问词连用等形式作句子主语时，用it来代替它，而将真正的主语置于谓语之后，“it”叫形式主语。
Topic2
一.词形转换：
1.explore 名词 explore 2. east 形容词 eastern
3.north 形容词 northern 4. push 反义词 pull
5.sadly 形容词 sad 名词 sadness 6. crowd 形容词 crowded
二.重点词组:
1.make a plan 拟定计划 2. make sure 确信，确保 3. come along with 和……一起来
4. at the foot of 在……的脚下 5. be surprised at 对……感到惊奇
6. be satisfied with 对……感到满意 7. out of sight 看不见
8. step on one’s toes 踩着某人的脚 9. can’t help doing sth 忍不住做某事
10. spread over 分布于 11.rush out 冲出去 12.raise one’s head 抬头
13.ask sb for help 向某人求助 14.thank goodness 谢天谢地
三. 重点句型及要点注释
1. While you were enjoying your trip, I was busy preparing for my exams.当你在旅行时， 我正忙于准备考试。
释：(1)be busy doing sth,/ be busy with sth 忙于做某事
(2).while 当……时候，引导时间状语从句。当一个动作在正在进行时，另一个动作也同时进行。While my mother was cooking , I was watching TV.
2.Would you help me plan a trip 请你帮我定个旅行计划好吗？
释：Would you 比will you 语气更加客气，委婉, 类似还有could you
3. They surveyed the area to make sure their tombs faced south and had mountains at the back. 他们仔细勘测了整个区域，确保这些陵墓是坐北朝南，而且在背后有群山环绕。
释：make sure 确信，确保
4.It’s about two and a half hours by bike. 骑自行车大约要2个半小时。
释：Two and a half hours = two hours and a half
5.It’s to the east of Yongling. 它在永陵的东面。
释：to the +方位词+of (表示互不接壤) Japan is to the east of China.
on the +方位词+of (表示相互接壤)Fujian is on the south of Zhejang .
in the +方位词+of 表示在某一范围内的地区 Beijing is in the north of China.
6.They walked into Dingling and were surprised at the wonders. 他们走进定陵，对那里的奇观感到很惊奇。
释：be surprised at 对……感到很惊奇 He is surprised at dragons.
be surprised to do sth 惊奇地做某事 She was surprised to find she was lost.
7. While the crowd was pushing him in different directions, someone stepped on his toes.
当人群从四面八方挤来时，有人踩了他的脚。
释：in one’s direction 朝着某人的方向 step on one’s toes踩了某人的脚
step on sth 踩某物 Don’t step on the flowers and grass.
8.When he finally rushed out of the crowd, he noticed his friends were both out of sight.
当他最后冲出人群时，他注意到他的两个朋友都不见了。
释：notice sb do sth 注意某人做了某事 notice sb doing sth注意某人正在做某事
9. As soon as the three boys saw each other, they all jumped up happily.
三个男孩一见面，就高兴得跳了起来。
释：as soon as 引导时间状语从句 意为“一……就”
10.He didn’t raise his head until someone called his name. 直到有人喊他的名字才抬起头。释：not …until 直到……才
11.They were so lovely that we couldn’t help playing with them.
它们太可爱了，我们禁不住和它们一起玩。
释：can’t help doing sth 忍不住做某事
12. I am satisfied with everything in China. 我对在中国的一切感到满意。]
释：be satisfied with 对……感到满意 He is satisfied with my work.
13.We even asked the guard for help. 我们甚至向保安寻求帮助。
释：ask sb for help 向某人求助 The lost boy asked the police for help.
四.重点语法 时间状语从句
1.引导词：
（1） when, while , as 当……时候. when 后可跟短暂性动词也可跟延续性动词；while 后跟延续性动词；as 多用于口语，强调同一时间，或一前一后。
The students were talking in the classroom when the teacher came in.
= While the students were talking in the classroom , the teacher came in. 学生在教室里谈话时，老师进来了。
Mother always sings as she cooks dinner for us. 妈妈总是边给我们做饭边唱歌。
（2）not … until 直到……才，主句谓语动词常用短暂性动词。
I won’t leave here until the rain stops.
He didn’t sleep until his mother came back home.
(3) after 在……之后，before 在……之前，as soon as 一……就
I went to sleep after I finished my homework..= I finished my homework before I went to sleep.
As soon as the bell rings , the students will go into the classroom.
2. 时态
（1）当主句为一般过去时时，从句常用过去的某种时态。
While I was doing my homework , the telephone rang.
(2) 当主句的时态为一般将来时， 从句用一般现在时。
I will call you as soon as I get to Beijing.
Topic3
一.词形转换： 1. death 动词 die 形容词 dead 2 slow 副词 slowly
3.crossing 动词 cross 介词 across 4. success 动词succeed 形容词successful
5.Pain 形容词 painful 6. lead 名词 leader 7.final 副词 finally 8impossible 反义词possible 9 courage 动词 encourage
二.重点词组: 1．Slow down 减速 2. run into 撞到 3.avoid doing sth 避免 防止做某事
4. warn sb to do sth 警告/提醒某人做某事 5. ride into 进入 跻身于
6 get used to (doing) 习惯于做某事 7. a sharp turn 急转弯
8. be popular with 受……的欢迎 9. get a fine 处以罚金
10. go on doing sth 继续做某事 11. the way to success 成功之路
12. obey the traffic rules 遵守交通规则 13.break the traffic rules 违反交通规则
14. be afraid of doing sth 害怕做某事 15.be famous for 因……闻名
16. be in danger 处于危险中 17.after a while 一会儿
三. 重点句型及要点注释
1．I think traffic in Beijing is crazy. 我认为北京的交通很拥堵。释：traffic 是不可数名词
2. If people obey the traffic rules , there will be fewer accidents. 如果人们都遵守交通规则，交通事故将会减少。释：这是if 引导条件状语从句，主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时。
3．I feel a little more confident. 我感到自信多了。释：more confident 是比较级
4. It can help us save energy and avoid pollution. 这样可以节约能源以及避免空气污染。释：avoid sth / doing sth 避免做某事
5.Bicycles are popular with people. 自行车深受人们欢迎。 释：Be popular with 受……欢迎
6 It warns us to be more careful. 释：Warn sb (not)to do sth 警告/提醒某人做某事
7.However, his way to success didn’t go well. 然而，他的成功之路并非一帆风顺。
释：The way to success 成功之路 success in doing sth 在……成功
8.It seems impossible to beat him. 打败他似乎是不可能的。
释：beat sb 打败某人 win a game /match/ a gold medal It seems +adj+to do sth 做某事似乎……
四．重点语法 条件状语从句
1.条件状语从句由if（如果），unless(除非)等 引导的，谓语动词常用一般现在时表示将来，主句用一般将来时。如：I won’t go if he doesn’t go . We will pass the exam if we study hard.
We won’t pass the exam unless we study hard..
2. 祈使句+and/or 引导的结果句，祈使句在意义上相当于条件状语从句。
如：Hurry up, or you’ll be late.= If you don’t hurry up, you’ll be late.=You’ll be late unless you hurry up.
Study hard, and you will pass the exam.= If you study hard, you will pass the exam.
Unit 7 Food Festival
Topic 1.
一.词形转换：
1.success(形容词)successful 2.invitation(动词)invite 3.tooth(复数)teeth
4.friendly(比较级)more friendly 5.Russia(形容词)Russian 6.Africa(形容词)African
7.India(形容词)Indian 8.sandwich(复数)sandwiches
9.supply(复数)supplies 10.post(名词)poster
二.重点词组：
hear of 听说 2.make money 挣钱 3.be pleased to do 很高兴做某事
4.think about 思考，思索5.think over 仔细考虑6.make a poster 做海报
7.Organize a Food Festival 举办美食节8.turn to sb./sth. 求助于，求教于
9.chat with sb. 和某人交谈/聊天10.what’s more 而且11.never mind 没关系
12.work hard at 在┅┅方面努力学习
三. 重点句型及要点注释
1.Do you know about Daniel Igali 你知道丹尼尔·艾格雷吗？
释：know about“了解”，know a lot about…“对某事了解很深”，know a little about…“对某事或某人了解一些”，而know是“知道”，“认识”之意，如：
I know her.我认识她。I know about her.我了解她。二者意思不同。
2.I have heard of him.我从未听说过他。
释：hear of sb./sth“听说过某人或某事”;hear + that从句“听说，得知”
hear from sb.“收到某人的来信”;hear“听见” listen“注意听”
3.I’ll think over how we should organize the food festival.我将仔细考虑我们应该怎样组织这次美食节活动。
释：think over“仔细考虑”;think of/about“考虑，思考”;think of 还有“想起”之意
4.Let’s try our best to make it successful.让我们尽力成功举办这次美食节活动。
释：①try one’s best=do one’s best尽力，努力
②make sb./sth. successful 使……获得成功
5.What’s more, I’m sure that selling rice and dumpling dishes can make a lot of money.
而且，我相信出售米饭和饺子会赚很多钱。
释：①What’s more (口语)而且，更有甚者
She is a beautiful girl .What’s more ,she is friendly to us.她是一个漂亮的女孩，而且对人也友好
②selling rice and dumpling dishes是v-ing分词短语做主语。
6.It’s a pleasure.释：用于感谢的答语还有：That’s Ok./That’s all right./You’re welcome./My pleasure.
7.May I invite you to our food festival
释：Invite sb. to some place邀请某人去某处;Invite sb. to do sth.邀请某人做谋事 如：
May I invite you to go shopping with me
8.Extension six zero zero six, please. 请接分机号6006。
释：相当于Can I have extension six zero zero six ,please
9.Keep trying.继续努力吧。释：Keep(on)doing sth.继续/重复做某事
Keep sb./sth.doing sth. 让某人持续做某事；让某事持续进行
10.It has very few school supplies.学校设施简陋。
释：句中supplies是作名词用。如：very few school supplies,这里supplies是名词复数，
译为“学校设施简陋”，supply作为动词用，意为“提供”、“供应”。如：The school supplies books for/to the children.=The school supplies the children with books.
-学校提供孩子们书籍。即：supply sth.to/for sb.或supply sb. with sth.
11.Our students will sell many delicious international foods in order to raise money for a village school in Nigeria.
为了给尼日利亚一所乡村学校筹钱，我们学生将出售许多美味的国际食品。
释：①in order to…意为“为了……”，它引导的动词不定式短语作目的状语。否定结构 用in order not to ,比so as to正式，也可以用so that代替。-
如：He’ll try his best to work hard in order to/so as to catch up with his classmates.=
He’ll try his best to work hard so that he can catch up with his classmates.
他将尽全力努力学习为了能赶上他的同学。
②raise money集资，筹款
四.语法学习
㈠．宾语从句
陈述句（语序）→（引导词不作宾语从句的主语）
1．结构框架：宾语从句＝引导词﹢｛
↓ 谓语 ………… →（引导词作宾语从句的主语）
↓ ↓ ↓
that（无意义可略）if/whether（是否）W（统称关系代词/副词，有意义）
He told me what he had done.（引导词不作宾语从句的主语）
Do you knon who is coming （引导词作宾语从句的主语）
2.重点剖析：
⑴陈述句：上述“陈述句”不仅可以是具有一套主谓结构的简单句，也可以是具有几套主谓结构的并列句或复合句。（所谓“一套主谓结构”，情形有四：单个主语对应单个谓语﹑单个主语对应并列谓语﹑并列主语对应单个谓语﹑并列主语对应并列谓语。）
例1．He said he would come here for lunch with us if he had time. （此宾语从句是复合句）
例2．I know what happened here and who dealed with it. （此宾语从句是并列句）
例3．I want to know how often you go back to your hometown. （此宾语从句是简单句）
在初中英语教材中宾语从句是简单句的情形远远多于其他两种情形，因此，教师给学生指点到位是必要的，有利于他们拓宽知识面，增强自主学习的能力。
（2）谓语：在英语中，谓语是语态和时态的具体体现，随时间的变化而变化，这一点与汉语截然不同，最容易出现错误，所以，学生除了应该掌握它们的构成和用法之外，还应该知道它们可以是单一式，也可以是并列式﹙通常要求性质一致﹚。只有对谓语有了深刻的认识之后，才能在运用时避免犯错误。例:Tom is a good student and studies the best in our class. （此句谓语是并列式，要求性质一致）。
3．注意时态呼应
在实际教学工作中，我发现大多数学生在使用宾语从句时，主从句时态搭配上前后自相矛盾，这是普遍现象，成为一大问题。为此，我对带有宾语从句的复合句的主从句时态搭配进行了归纳和总结：主句是一般现在时、一般将来时、现在进行时或现在完成时，从句具体问题具体分析；主句是过去的某种时态，从句用过去的某种时态﹙客观真理用一般现在时﹚。这样，学生在运用时就会得到提醒，同时缩小了选择正确时态的思考范围。
.征求对方意见或提建议的句型。
(1) Shall I (we) …… 常用在提供帮助，提出建议，要求给以指示和征求意见，常译为我（们）……，好吗？ 如：Shall I (we) open the window 我（们）把窗户打开，好吗？
(2) May I…… 常用在征求对方意见的句子中，常译为“我可以……吗？” 如：May I invite you to organize the Food Festival with me 我可以邀请你和我一起组织这次美食节吗？
(3) Will you …… 常用于请求对方完成某一动作，同时征求对方意见，常译为“请你……好吗？”如：Will you please call me this evening 请你今晚打电话给我好吗？
(4) Would you like to… Would like to do sth. 想要做某事。如：
Would you like to eat another mooncake 你想再来一块月饼吗？
Topic2
一.词形转换：
1.cook(名词)cook/cooker 2.fine(副词)finely 3.gentle(副词)gently
4.noise(形容词)noisy 5.noisy(副词)noisily 6.hot（名词）heat
7.polite(反义词)impolite 8.proud(名词)pride
二.重点词组：
1.be ready to do sb./sth. 乐意/准备做某事2.be kind to sb./sth . 对某人/某物友好
3.slice…finely 精细地把……切小4.for a few minutes 过了一会儿5.fill…with… 用……装满
6.drink to somebody 为……干杯（或祝酒）7.finish doing 做完某事
8.sit down at the table 坐在桌子旁边9.at table 吃饭，就餐10.start with 以……开始
11..raise glass 举杯12.take a sip 喝一小口
13.around the world=all over the world=in the world 世界各地
三.重点句型：
1.You often teach me to be kind to the poor and the old.
你经常教我要善待穷人和老人。
释：①teach sb. to do sth.教某人（如何）做某事
②be kind to do sth. kind是形容词，译为“善待某人”
2.Would you like me to help you 你需要我的帮忙吗？
释：该句表示“客气的请求”，相当于Would you like + to do… 或Will you please + do…
另外like sb. to do sth.,这里like是动词，相当于want,译为“要某人做某事”。
3.It’s very kind of you. 你真是太好了。
释：该句等同于You are very kind.
4.After that, fill bowels 70%—80% full with bone soup slowly.
释：fill …with“用……装满”,fill用作动词，构成be filled with等同于be full of译为“充满，装满”。
如：Fill the glass with water.往杯子里注满水（强调动作）
The glass is filled of water.= The glass is full of water.
杯子里装满了水（强调状态）
5.It’s not impolite to smoke during a meal in France. 在法国，吃饭时吸烟不是不礼貌的。
释：During是介词，后常跟名词或短语，而while是连词，后常跟从句。
如：What did you do during the summer holiday 这里不能用while代替。
6.what does the dinner start with 晚餐先吃什么？
释：begin/start with 以……开始，如：Let’s start our class with Unit 1.
7.Never drink too much during a dinner. 就餐时千万别喝太多。
释：too much 是用来修饰不可数名词，too many是修饰可数名词，而much too是修饰形容词和副词。如：too much water太多的水，too many trees太多的树木，much too tired太累了
8.In parts of India, they use their fingers and bread to pick up the food .在印度地区，他们用手指和面包来抓食物。
释：这里pick up译为“抓起，拾起”，另外还有“（用车）接（人或物）之意。如：
I’ll come to pick you up.我会开车去接你。
四．语法学习：
1.if详解
if引导状语从句，译为“如果”；引导宾语从句，译为“是否”，等同于whether。当宾语从句后面有or not时，一般用whether,不用if。
2．掌握并懂得正确应用It is+adj. + to do sth..句型
It is+adj. + to do sth.句型中it是形式主语，真正的主语是动词不定式。通常若主语太长，为避免头重脚轻，可用it 作形式主语，将动词不定式后置。
如：It is necessary to study English hard.
It’s polite to smoke during a meal in France.
五、日常交际用语：有关就餐前的日常交际用语
1.What’s the most popular in your restaurant 2.What’s your favorite Chinese dish
3.Would you like me to help you Of course. It’s very kind of you.
4.How do you to make it 5.It sounds difficult. 6.Well done!
Topic3.
一.词型转换：
1.sell (名词)sale 2.buy (反义词) sell 3. neatly (最高级)most neatly
4.regular (副词)regularly 5. else (同义词)other 6.noisily (比较级)more noisily
二.重点词组：
1.shine brightly 阳光灿烂 3.on sale 上市，出售 4.kind―hearted 心地善良
5.a table for two 一张双人桌 6.have the bill=get/pay the bill 结帐，付帐
7.go Dutch 各付各的帐/AA制 8.main course 主食，主菜 9.go well 进展顺利
10.sell well 卖得很好 11.be worth doing… 值得做……12.send to… 把……寄给
13.send for… 派人去请14.keep a balanced diet 保持饮食均衡
15.not only…but also… 不但……而且16.not all 并非所有的
三、重点句型：
1.enjoy yourselves! 祝你们玩得开心！
释：enjoy oneself 相当于have a good /nice/great/wonderful time
2.Anything else 还要别的吗？
释：else译为“别的”“其他的”常修饰疑问词，不定代词并放在所修饰词的后面。
如：what else, who else, nobody else, something else等。other也表示“别的”“其他的”，但它修饰名词。如：some other people其他的一些人，other修饰名词people,不能用else代替。
3.The Beijing roast duck smells nice and tastes nice, too. 北京烤鸭闻起来很香尝起来也香。
释：① 这里smell和taste都是系动词，后面加上形容词nice表语，构成系表结构，“系动词+adj.”构成系表结构，这类动词还有look, feel, sound, seem, get, turn, become, grow, make, keep等。
②too, also, as well和either 都可以表示“也”，但用法不同：
also较正式，位置通常接近动词，不用于句末：too多用于口语，位置通常在句末，前面常有逗号隔开，as well也多用于口语，只用于句末，以上3个词都不用于否定句，而either却用于否定句。
如：He also plays the piano.他也弹钢琴。
He is a worker, too. 他也是个工人。
He plays the guitars as well.他也弹吉他。
He was not there ,either.他也不在那里。
4.We must remember that we eat not only our favorite food but also other healthy food.
我们必须记住我们不仅要吃我们喜欢吃的食物，而且还要吃其他有益健康的食物
释：not only…but also…不但……而且，这种结构属于“对称”的句型，要求only和also
尽量用同样的词语。
如：She not only reads English ,but also speaks French. 她不仅能看懂英语，而且还能说法语。
5.The more regularly we eat, the healthier we are.我们的饮食越有规律，我们身体就越健康。释：The+比较级……，the+比较级……表越……就越。
如：The more trees we plant, the more beautiful our city is.
我们种越多的树，我们的城市就越漂亮。
6.Not all students have a regular breakfast.并非所有的学生早餐饮食有规律。
释：Not all译成“并非所有的”，是部分否定。
如：Not all students like swimming. 并不是所有的学生喜欢游泳。
四.语法学习：
1.否定转移
若宾语从句跟在动词think, believe, suppose, except等后面，表示“要”，“认为”，句子的否定在主句上，称“否定前移”。
如：I don't think you are right.我认为你是不对的。
You don't think he is right, do you 你认为他是不对的，是吗？
2.副词的比较级和最高级的构成
（1）规则副词的比较级和最高级的构成规则。如下表：
单音节词或少数双音节词 构成规则 一般在词尾加–er或–est 以e结尾的词加–r或–st 以辅音字母+y结尾的词，改y为i,在加–er或–est
例词 fastfasterfastest latelaterlatest earlyearlierearliest
多音节词和部分双音节词 构成规则 在词前加more或most
例词 slowlymore slowlymost slowly carefullymore carefullymost carefully
少数不规则副词的比较级和最高级的变化形式如下表：
原级 well badly little much far
比较级 better worse less more farther/further
最高级 best worst least most farthest/furthest
(2) 副词比较等级的用法
a. 同级比较：表示两者在某一方面程度相同时，用“as+副词原形+as”的句式；但表示前者不如后者时，用“not so(as)+副词原形+as”的句式。如；
The boys are listening as carefully as the girls. 男生们跟女生们在一样认真地听。
He didn’t dance so(as) well as Jim. 他跳舞没有吉姆跳得好
b.比较级：表示一方程度比另一方更高时，用“副词比较级+than”的句式。在这一句式中，当than前后的动词相同时，通常用助动词代替后面的动词。该动词或助动词可以省略。副词比较级前常用much., a little, still, even表示“更……”，这也可以作为判断比较级的依据。如：
I sing better than she (does). 我唱歌比她唱得好。
My brother did much better in his lessons than I.我哥哥功课学得比我好多了。
c.最高级：表示三个或三个以上的人或物的比较时，用副词最高级。结构为“the+副词最高级+比较范围。”其中的the常省去，比较范围常用of或in…短语。如：
Maria speaks English (the) best in our class. 在我们班上，玛丽亚英语讲得最好。
He studies (the) hardest of the three boys. 这三个男孩中，他学习最用功。
五．日常交际用语：有关就餐时日常交际用语
1.Here is the menu for you. 2.May I take your order
3.Would you like to try… /start with… 4.I’d like…,please.
5.Which kind of drink would you like, beer, wine or tea 6.Anything else 7.No, that’s all.
8.May I have the bill 9.Let’s go Dutch.
Unit 8 Beautiful Clothes
Topic 1
一．重点短语：
1.on the first floor 在一楼2.get…from… 从……中得到……3.shopping center 购物中心
4.catch one’s eye 吸引某人的注意5.go with… 与……相配
6.on special days在特殊的日子7.in fact 事实上，实际上8.thanksgiving Day 感恩节
9.depend on依靠，依赖,相信10.It’s said that 据说
11.Santa Claus 圣诞老人12.the same…as…与……一样13.as well as 也，还
14.be made of/from由……制成
二.重点句型：
1.what’s it made of 它是由什么做成的？
释：be made of意为“由……制成”（看出原料），类似结构的短语还有
be made from“由……制成”（看不出原料）be made in “某物生产于某地”
be made up of“由……组成” be made into“把……作成某产品”
2.The weather is getting warmer and warmer.天气变得越来越暖和了。
释：“比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越……”如：
The little tree is getting taller and taller.那棵小树越来越高了。
对于多音节的形容词或副词则这样表达more and more+adj/adv.
如：The girl becomes more and more beautiful.那个女孩变得越来越漂亮了
3.We can get cotton from plants and get wool,silk and leather from animals.
我们可以从植物中获得棉花，从动物中获得羊毛、丝绸和皮革。
释：get sth .from/sth./sb.从某事或某人处获得某物。
4. catch one’s eye 释：意为“吸引某人的注意”
如：Can you catch the teacher’s eye 你能引起老师的注意吗？
5.What the people there wear depends on their likes and dislikes.
人们的衣着取决于他们的喜好。释：depend on 意为“依靠、依赖”
如：We depend on our hard work.我们依靠我们的努力工作。
6.Some people prefer to dress formally…一些人宁可打扮得正式些
释：prefer 宁肯，更喜欢……， prefer A to B = like A better than B
I like prefer singing =I like singing better.我更喜欢唱歌。
I prefer swimming to skating.比起滑冰我更喜欢游泳。
7.While many South American people have the same way of dressing as Australia
然而许多南美的人们和澳大利亚有相同的衣着方式。
释：While用于对比两件事物，意为“而……，然而……”
Michael is interested in music, while his brother prefers P.E.
迈克对音乐感兴趣，而他的兄弟却更喜欢体育。
the same… as 和……一样/相同，反义词：be different from…
如：My idea is the same as yours, but it’s different from his我的主意和你的一样，但和他的不一样。
8.People first started wearing clothes to protect themselves from the sun ,wind, rain and cold.人们最早穿衣服是为了保护他们不受日晒、风吹、雨打以及寒冷。
释：protect …from sth/doing sth 阻止……做……
如：The trees can protect the sand from moving.树可以防止沙子向前移。
Try to protect your skin from the sun.尽量保护你的皮肤不受太阳暴晒。
三.语法学习：感叹句
（1）感叹句用于表示说话时的一种较为强烈的感情。如：喜悦、赞叹、惊异、愤怒、厌恶等。感叹句的构成为“感叹部分+陈述部分+（主语+谓语）”，感叹部分由感叹词引导，陈述部分为整个感叹句的主语和谓语，句尾要用叹号“！”，读时要用降调。如：
What a nice day it is ! 多好的天气！What a good boy he is ! 多好的男孩！
How silly you are ! 你真傻！How beautiful it is ! 它多美啊！
（2）感叹句的四种形式：
What +a(an)+名词单数+主语+谓语
What +形容词+可数名词复数/不可数名词+主语+谓语
How +形容词+主语+be How +副词+主语+动词
（3）口语中，what或how引导的感叹句可省略主语+谓语。如：
What an interesting book! /How interesting!
( 4) what 与how引导的感叹句之间的转换。
What a beautiful girl she is!=How beautiful the girl is!
How delicious the food is!=What delicious food it is!
Topic2
一．重点短语：
1.school uniform校服2.allow sb.to do sth允许某人做某事3.make a survey 做调查
4.be in need 在需要时5.take off 脱下，脱掉；起飞6.on every occasion在每一个场合
7.have a business meeting开商务会议8.dress for为……穿衣服/打扮
9.in fashion 流行，时尚10.out of fashion 不流行，过时
11.advise sb.(not) to do sth. 建议/劝告某人（不要）做某事
12.at other times在其余的时候；有的时候
重点句型：
1.I don’t like uniform because they will so ugly on us.
释：look so ugly on us意为“穿在我们身上看起来很丑”
2.I think our school should allow us to design our own uniform.
我认为我们的学校应该允许我们设计自己的校服。
释：allow“允许、许可”，allow sb .to do sth.“允许某人做某事”
如：Mr.Wang allows us to play football.王老师允许我们踢足球。
3.They are good for patients. 他们对病人有好处。
释：be good for 对……有益，be bad for 对……有坏处，be good at 擅长于
4.Second,patients can find easily when they are in need.
第二，当病人需要我们时，会很容易地找到我们。
释：be in need “需要”，与 need同义。
如：When you are in need, you can call me.当你在需要的时候，你可以打电话给我。
5.You should take off your shoes when you enter someone’s home in Japan.
当你进入日本人家的时候，必须先脱掉鞋子。
释：take off意为“脱下，脱掉”，反义词组是put on. take off还可表示“起飞”
The plane will take off in an hour.飞机将在一小时内起飞。
6.But now ,most of us can dress for ourselves.
但是现在我们大多数人都可以自己打扮。
释：dress for“为……穿衣服”put on“穿（戴）上”的动作，反义词take off
wear, have …on, be on…“穿（戴）着”的状态。dress sb./oneself“给别人/自己穿衣服，dress up“穿上盛穿、乔装打扮”dress后不能接“衣服”类的词作宾语。
7.It’s well-known that uniforms are not popular but useful.众所周知，制服不流行但有用。
释：①It’s well- known…意为“众所周知”
如：It’s well- known that this song is very popular. 众所周知，这首歌很流行。
②not…but… 不是……而是……He isn’t a teacher but a doctor.他不是一个老师而是一个医生。
三.语法学习： 实义动词
在英语中动词的使用形式变化多样，这与汉语截然不同，故其用法成为学生学习中的一大难点。英语中动词分四类，即：实义动词、连系动词、情态动词、助动词。其中实义动词用法难度较为突出，就此略抒浅见。
确定思维导向：目的在于使学生一旦遇到实义动词，在头脑当中就会马上浮现出
使用之的具体思路，避免脑海中一片茫然、无从下手、束手无策的思维现象发生。这种思维导向是： 谓语→语态或时态。
实义动词 →｛
非谓语→不定式/动名词/现在分词/过去分词。
注意：
变否定：通常如果句中有系动词﹙be﹚﹑情态动词﹙个别除外，如have to
﹚﹑助动词直接在其后加“not”；否则在谓语前加don’t/doesn’t 或didn’t，同时谓语动词改原形。
⑵.变疑问：通常如果陈述句句中有系动词﹙be﹚﹑情态动词﹙个别除外，如
have to﹚﹑助动词直接提到句首；否则，在句首加do /doe 或did，同时谓语动词改原形。
2．非谓语的区别：
⑴．不定式 →常发生在谓语或前位非谓语的即时时间之后。主动→﹙to do﹚；被动→﹙to be done﹚。有复合结构﹙for sb. to do sth﹚，否定结构﹙not to do sth﹚与疑问词连用﹙如what to do﹚等形式。注意在下列动词后的不定式省略“to”：三看﹙look see watch﹚两听﹙listen hear﹚一感觉﹙feel﹚，注意﹙notice﹚使﹙make﹚让﹙let have﹚帮﹙help﹚→可不省。
②．现在分词→常指相对谓语或前位非谓语的即时时间正在发生的动作，表示主动。常作定语﹙单个词前置，短语后置﹚、宾语补足语和状语﹙如时间状语、方式状语、伴随状语等﹚。
③．过去分词→常指相对谓语或前位非谓语的即时时间已发生的动作。表示被动。常作定语﹙单个词前置，短语后置﹚、宾语补足语和状语﹙如时间状语、方式状语、伴随状语等﹚。
④．动名词→常发生在谓语或前位非谓语的即时时间之前。表示主动，起名词作用。作主语、宾语﹙包括介词宾语和动词宾语﹚、表语、定语﹙常表示功能﹚等。
以上是实义动词使用时的总体思路，也适合于动词词组或短语。举例说明如下：
例⑴.I want to give up studying at school to look after my sick mother at home.
① ② ③ ④
点拨：①作谓语→主动语态→一般现在时。②非谓语→发生在谓语之后→不定式。③非谓语→发生在前位非谓语之前→动名词。④非谓语→发生在前位非谓语之后→不定式。
例⑵The teacher told us not to forget to turn off the lights when we left the room
① ② ③ ④
点拨：①作谓语→主动语态→一般过去时。②非谓语→发生在谓语之后→不定式。③非谓语→发生在前位非谓语之后→不定式。④作谓语→主动语态→一般过去时。
例﹙3﹚Look, There is a boy taking down a picture put up on the wall.
① ② ③
点拨：①作谓语→一般现在时。②非谓语→相对谓语即时时间正在发生,主动→现在分词.
③非谓语→发生在前位非谓语之前→表示被动→过去分词.
二．把握求同亦要寻异
凡事都具有共性，又具有个性。不能千篇一律地用某个规则或原理去解决所有问题。因此，在把握实义动词基本用法的大前提下，教师还要引导、启发、教育学生善于观察、比较、体味个别动词的特殊用法，做到共性与个性的统一。在初中教学范围内，我认为应该围绕下列几个方面来归纳、总结、积累相关知识。
1．语法：如少数动词﹙come go leave fly等﹚的进行时可表示将来时。
2．句式：如Sth. costs sb.…,Sth. fits sb. ﹙只能物作主语﹚。
3．及物与不及物：如正：Sth.happens to sb.错：Sb. happens sth. ﹙happen不及物﹚。
4．延续与非延续：如错：I have come here for a day﹙come非延续,不与时间段连用﹚。
正：I have beenhere for a day﹙系表结构延续,能与时间段连用﹚。
5．动作与状态：如“put on”强调动作→非延续→不与时间段连用。“wear”强调状态→延续→能与时间段连用。
6．同义与反义：如deed doing ＝ need to be done,borrow与lend词义相反。
7．区别与联系：如“cost”和“spend”词义相同，前者人作主语，后者物作主语。
8．词组与短语：如can’t help doing, pay attention to等。
Topic3
重点短语：1. fashion show 时装表演/时装秀2. T-shaped stag T型台
3. in the center of 在……的中心4. high fashion 高级时尚5. in the world of 在……领域
6. wedding dress 婚纱7.stand for 代表8.get one’s name 得名9.be known to 为……所知
10.be designed as 以……来设计11.except for 除……之外
二.重点句型：
1.There is going to be a fashion show in fashion show in Xidan Shopping center.
在西单购物中心将会有一场时装秀。
释： There is going to be…是There be结构的将来时,表示某地将举行某项运动，或将有某物。
如：There is going to be a football match in our school next week.=There will be a football match in our school next week.我们学校下周将有一场足球比赛。
there is/are going to be=there will be
2.Here come the models. 模特走过来了。
释：（1）英语中以here或there开头的句子要倒装，除主语是代词外，动词要放在主语之前。如：Here come Mary! 玛丽来了！Here come the bus! 车来了！
(2)主语若是人称代词时，主语和谓语的语序不变。
如：Here she comes.她来了。Here it is.它在这儿。
三．语法学习：跟doing的动词或短语
What/how about doing , be good at/do well in doing, make a contribution to doing
stop/prevent/keep sb .from doing, give up doing, practice doing
have problems doing, prefer doing sth./to doing sth, mind doing
suggest doing, spend doing, be busy doing,
finish doing keep sb.doing sth., can’t help doing ,
have confidence in doing keep/keep on doing, look forward to doing,
feel like doing） be amazed/surprised at doing, be worth doing
be pleased/satisfied with doing, be excited about doing enjoy doing
have fun doing
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