通用版2022届高考英语二轮复习第二部分语法知识贯通专题七定语从句课件（47张）

(共47张PPT)
专题七
定语从句
【第二部分
语法知识贯通】
考点帮·必备知识通关
考点1
关系代词引导的定语从句
考点2
关系副词引导的定语从句
考点3
"介词+关系代词"引导的定语从句
考点4
限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
难点1
先行词相同,关系词不同的情况
难点2
定语从句与其他从句(句型)的区
考法1
考查限制性定语从句
考法2
考查非限制性定语从句
考法帮·解题能力提升
考情解读
课标要求
1.了解定语从句的基本用法;区分限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句;熟知关系代词和关系副词的用法并能正确判断使用哪种关系词。
2.掌握"介词+关系代词"引导的定语从句及as和which引导的定语从句的区别。
卷别
限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句
2020新高考Ⅰ(山东)
·39.that/which
全
国
卷
2020
Ⅰ·63.where
Ⅲ·61.whose
2019
Ⅲ·64.that/who
Ⅱ·62.which
2018
Ⅰ·66.that/which
Ⅱ·69.that/which
5年考频
5年5考
5年5考
五年考情回顾
卷别
限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句
浙
江
卷
2021.1
·57.that/which
2020.7
2020.1
2019.6
·58.that/which
2018.11
2018.6
·57.who/that
2017.11
·57.which
2017.6
·64.where
5年考频
5年3考
5年2考
命题分析预测
1.定语从句仍会是高考考查的重点之一,是高考常考点,一般语法填空会设置0—1道题。
2.高考对该考点的考查集中在关系代词(that,which,who等)及关系副词(when,where等)的选用上。
考点1
关系代词引导的定语从句
考点2
关系副词引导的定语从句
考点3
"介词+关系代词"引导的定语从句
考点4
限制性定语从句与非限制性
定语从句
难点1
先行词相同,关系词不同的情况
难点2
定语从句与其他从句(句型)的区
考点帮·必备知识通关
考点1
关系代词引导的定语从句
知识1　关系代词的用法
引导定语从句的关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as。其用法如下:
关系代词
先行词
关系代词在从句中充当的成分
that(只引导限制性定语从句)
人或物
主语、宾语、表语
which
物
主语、宾语
who
人
主语、宾语
whom
宾语
whose
人或物
定语
as
人或物
主语、宾语、表语
?The
coat
that/which
I
put
on
the
desk
is
blue.?
先行词是物　
关系词在从句中作宾语,可用that/which,也可省略
?The
old
man
whom/that/who
my
grandpa
is
playing
chess
with
is?
先行词是人　　　
关系词在从句中作宾语,可用whom/that/who,也可省略
an
old
friend
of
his.
?People
that/who
take
physical
exercise
live
longer.
先行词是人
关系词在从句中作主语,可用that/who,不可省略
?The
man
chose
to
live
in
a
room
whose
window
faces
the
sea.
　　　　　　　　　
先行词是物　
关系词在从句中作定语,用whose,不可省略
巧学妙记　　　关系代词的记忆口诀:
前看先行人或物,后看从句缺宾主。
物作先行that/which,人作先行that/who(m)。
whose
通常作定语,人、物两者都兼顾。
1
[2021湖北四地七校联考,65]During
those
dark
moments,
the
space
station
maintains
its
power
supply
by
using
juice
　　　is
saved
in
its
batteries.?
解析
句意:在那些黑暗的时刻,空间站通过用电池中保存的电来维持供电。先行词juice在此处意为"电",是物,关系词在定语从句中作主语,故空处应填关系代词which/that。
知识2　易混关系代词that与which辨析
1.限制性定语从句中,关系代词一般用that而不用which的情况[(1)-(4)常见;(5)-(7)了解]
(1)当先行词是
everything,
anything,
nothing,
something,
all,
none,
few,
little等不定代词时。
?Is
there
anything
that
I
can
do
for
you?我可以帮你做些什么吗?
2
All
　　　　happens
during
early
years
can
influence
children
for
the
rest
of
their
lives.?
解析
句意:所有早年发生的事情都可能影响孩子的余生。定语从句缺少主语,且先行词为不定代词All(指物),故只能用关系代词that。
(2)当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。
?As
a
student,
the
first
thing
that
you
should
do
every
morning
is
to
make
a
proper
plan.作为学生,每天早晨你应当做的第一件事是制订适当的计划。
3
This
was
the
most
valuable
opinion
　　　
was
given
by
a
foreigner
two
centuries
ago.?
解析
空处在此引导定语从句,先行词opinion是物,关系词在从句中充当主语,且先行词前有形容词最高级修饰,故只能用关系代词that。
(3)当先行词被the
only,the
very,all,any,much,little(少),few,no等词修饰时。[2020全国Ⅲ短文改错]
?This
is
the
only
thing
that
I
am
after.这是我唯一追求的东西。
(4)当先行词既有人又有物时。
?Whenever
I
recall
my
classmates
and
those
funny
things
that
still
seem
to
be
fresh
in
my
mind,
I
can't
help
smiling.对于我的同班同学和那些好玩儿的事情,我似乎仍记忆犹新,每当想起我都会情不自禁地笑起来。
4
Peter
and
his
car
　　　　disappeared
mysteriously
in
London
in
1987
appeared
mysteriously
in
New
York
in
1993.?
解析
分析句子结构可知,　　　
disappeared…in
1987"为定语从句,修饰先行词"Peter
and
his
car",先行词既有人又有物,定语从句用that来引导。?
(5)当先行词是who,
which,
whom,
what时(为避免wh-语音的重复)。
?Who
that
had
seen
the
sight
could
ever
forget?见到这种景象,谁会忘记呢?
(6)如果有两个定语从句,其中一个已经用了关系代词which,另一个就要用that以避免重复。
?The
city
has
brought
in
some
clothing
enterprises
which
produce
clothes
that
are
mainly
sold
abroad.该市引进了一些服装企业,这些企业生产的服装主要向国外出售。
(7)当先行词在主句中作表语,且关系代词在从句中也作表语时。
?The
town
is
not
the
tourist
attraction
that
it
once
was.这座城镇不再是从前那样的旅游胜地了。
2.当先行词是物时,关系代词只用which不用that的情况
特殊情况
例句
在非限制性定语从句中
This
computer
stores
a
large
amount
of
information,
which
is
of
great
use
to
your
research.这台电脑储存了大量信息,这对你的研究非常有用。
关系代词前面有介词时
This
is
the
room
in
which
he
lives.
这是他居住的房间。
先行词为that时
What's
that
which
is
under
the
desk?
书桌底下的那个东西是什么?
5
[2020江苏南京开学考,3]The
land
is
known
for
a
historical
site
with
beautifully
colored
walls,
on　　　
are
painted
the
events
of
the
past.?
解析
句意:这个地区以拥有美丽的彩色墙壁的历史遗迹而闻名,墙上画着过去发生的事情。逗号后为非限制性定语从句,先行词为walls,是物,且关系词位于介词后,故此处只能用关系代词which。
【注意】此处为使句子结构平衡,定语从句使用了完全倒装。
知识3　易混关系代词which与as辨析
1.位置不同。as引导的非限制性定语从句的位置比较灵活,可以放在句首、句中和句末;而which引导的非限制性定语从句一般放在主句后。
?As
we
know,China
is
famous
for
its
Four
Great
Inventions.
=China,as
we
know,is
famous
for
its
Four
Great
Inventions.
=China
is
famous
for
its
Four
Great
Inventions,as
we
know.
众所周知,中国因其四大发明而闻名。
?It
was
raining
heavily,which
kept
us
indoors.雨下得很大,把我们困在了室内。
2.含义不同。as引导非限制性定语从句时通常意为"正如",而which通常表示"这一点"。as引导的定语从句常用于以下结构:
?She
is
absent
again,as
is
expected.正如所预料的那样,她又缺席了。
?Tom
has
made
great
progress,which
makes
me
very
happy.汤姆取得了很大进步,这使我很高兴。
3.在限制性定语从句中,当先行词被the
same,
such修饰时,其后的定语从句常用as来引导而不用which。
?I
never
heard
such
stories
as
he
told.我从未听过他讲的这类故事。(as在从句中作宾语)
特别提醒　当先行词被the
same修饰时,如果表示的是同类事物,其后的定语从句用as引导;如果表示的是同一事物,则用that引导。
?This
is
the
same
book
as
I
read
last
week.这和我上周读的那本书是一样的。(表示同类)
?This
is
the
same
(=the
very)
book
that
I
read
last
week.这就是我上周读的那本书。(表示同一)
6
I
have
never
performed
such
a
task
　
　
you've
asked
me
to
do.?
解析
句意:我从来没做过你要我做的这种工作。空处引导定语从句,并在从句中作do的宾语。先行词task是物,且其前有such修饰,故此处填关系代词as。
知识4　whose的用法及其转换形式
1.whose表示所属关系,既可指人也可指物,在从句中作定语。
?That's
the
child
whose
father
is
a
teacher.那就是父亲是老师的那个孩子。
?This
is
a
book
whose
cover
is
green.这是一本绿色封面的书。
2."whose+名词"="the+名词+of
which/whom";当whose指物时,
"whose+名词"还可以转换为"of+which+the+名词"。
?This
is
the
scientist
whose
name
is
known
all
over
the
country.=This
is
the
scientist
the
name
of
whom
is
known
all
over
the
country.
这就是那位全国知名的科学家。
?He
lives
in
the
room
whose
window
faces
south.=He
lives
in
the
room
the
window
of
which
faces
south.=He
lives
in
the
room
of
which
the
window
faces
south.他住在窗户朝南的那个房间里。
考点2
关系副词引导的定语从句
知识1　关系副词的基本用法
引导定语从句的关系副词有when,where,why。其用法如下表所示:
关系副词
先行词
关系副词在从句中所作的成分
when(=at/on/in/during
which)
表时间
时间状语
where(=at/in/on
which)
表地点
地点状语
why(=for
which)
只引导限制性定语从句
表原因
原因状语
?He
was
born
on
the
day
when(=on
which)
the
PRC
was
founded.他出生在中华人民共和国成立的那一天。
?This
is
the
house
where(=in
which)I
lived
two
years
ago.
这是我两年前住过的房子。
?I
don't
know
the
reason
why(=for
which)
he
was
absent
today.
我不知道他今天没来的原因。
7
[2021天津河西区段考,17]Between
the
two
parts
of
the
concert
is
an
interval,
　　　
the
audience
can
buy
ice
creams.?
解析
句意:音乐会的两段之间有休息时间,观众可在这段休息时间买冰激凌。先行词是interval"幕间休息,休息时间",关系词在从句中作时间状语,故空处应填关系副词when。
知识2　关系副词where的特殊用法
　　where引导定语从句时,先行词除了可以是表示具体地点的名词(如place,home,school,village等)外,还可以是表示抽象地点的名词(如job,life,situation,point,case,stage,activity等)。
?He
has
got
into
a
situation
where
it
is
hard
to
decide
what
is
right
and
wrong.
他已经陷入一种难以分辨是非的局面。
8
New
lawyers
often
come
across
various
cases
　　　they
really
don't
know
how
to
deal
with
tough
situations
in
the
beginning.?
解析
句意:新手律师一开始常常会遇到各种案件,在这些案件中他们真的不知道如何应对棘手的局面。先行词是cases,关系词在从句中作状语,因此空处填where。?
特别提醒　
关系代词和关系副词的区别
　　引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词有"替代、连接、作成分"三个作用,即替代先行词、引导定语从句、在从句中充当成分。因此,选择关系词的关键是分析定语从句所缺的成分。若从句缺少主语、宾语、表语或定语,就用关系代词;若从句缺少某种状语,就用关系副词或"介词+关系代词"。
?This
is
the
mountain
village
that/which
I
visited
last
year.这就是我去年参观的山村。(关系代词在从句中作宾语)
?I
will
never
forget
the
days
when
I
worked
on
the
farm.我永远不会忘记我在农场劳动的那些日子。(关系副词在从句中作状语)
考点3
"介词+关系代词"引导的定语从句
"介词+关系代词"引导定语从句时,关系代词通常用which(指物)或whom(指人),且不能省略。
知识1　关系代词前介词的选择
"介词+关系代词"引导的定语从句中,介词的选择可依据以下几点:
依据
例句
与从句中的谓语动词、形容词构成习惯搭配
The
girl,
with
whom
you
just
shook
hands,
is
his
daughter.(=The
girl,
whom
you
just
shook
hands
with,
is
his
daughter.)刚才跟你握手的那个女孩是他女儿。He
showed
me
some
old
coins
with
which
I
was
not
very
familiar.(=He
showed
me
some
old
coins
which
I
was
not
very
familiar
with.)他给我看了一些我不是很熟悉的旧硬币。
依据
例句
与前面的先行词构成习惯搭配
We'll
never
forget
the
day
on
which
we
climbed
up
the
Great
Wall.我们永远不会忘记登上长城的那天。(搭配:on
the
day)
根据句子所要表达的意思
We
had
supper
at
six
o'clock,
after
which
I
went
to
see
my
uncle.六点钟我们吃了晚饭,之后我去看了我的叔叔。(表示"在……之后"用after)
He
wrote
about
20
novels,of
which
this
is
the
most
successful.他写了大概20部小说,其中这部是最成功的。(表示"整体的一部分"常用of)
特别提醒
一些"动词+介词"是固定词组,不宜拆分,所以不能将介词置于关系代词之前。这类常见的动词词组有:look
after,
take
care
of,
listen
to,
look
at,
look
into,
run
across,
look
forward
to,
break
into等。
?他正在听的是我最喜欢的歌曲。
(√)
This
is
my
favourite
song
which
he
is
listening
to.?
(×)
This
is
my
favourite
song
to
which
he
is
listening.
9
There
are
many
occasions　　　
which
you
are
left
in
a
helpless
situation,
　　　which
you
can
depend
on
no
one
other
than
yourself.?
解析
句意:很多时候你处于无助的境地,在这种情况下,除了自己,你谁也依靠不了。第一空处,用on
which引导的定语从句修饰occasions,on
many
occasions表示"很多时候";第二空处,用in
which引导的定语从句修饰situation,situation表示抽象的地点,其前常用介词in。因此第一空填on,第二空填in。
知识2　"介词+关系代词"的常见结构
　"介词+关系代词"除了"单个介词+关系代词"外,还有以下几种形式:
1.介词短语+关系代词(which,whom,whose)
常用介词短语:as
a
result
of,
at
the
back
of,
because
of,
in
front
of,
in
the
middle
of,
at
the
bottom
of,
at
the
foot
of。
?They
arrived
at
a
farmhouse,
in
front
of
which
sat
an
old
man.他们到达一座农舍,农舍前坐着一位老人。
2.单个介词+关系代词(which,whose)+名词
介词依据介词与关系代词后的名词的搭配习惯而定,which/whose在此作定语。
?He
lived
in
London
for
three
months,
during
which
time
he
learned
some
English.
他在伦敦住了三个月,在此期间他学了一些英语。
注意
在"介词短语+关系代词"引导的定语从句中,当从句中的谓语是不及物动词时,从句常用完全倒装语序。
?Our
English
teacher,
with
whose
help
we
have
made
great
progress
in
English,
has
completed
thirty
years
of
teaching.我们的英语老师已经有30年教龄了,在他的帮助下我们的英语取得了巨大进步。
3.the+名词+of+关系代词(which,whom)
该结构中的名词和后面的关系代词有所属关系。
?This
is
the
book
the
cover
of
which
is
designed
by
Mr.
Jones.这就是那本封面由琼斯先生设计的书。
4.表示全部/部分的词语+of+关系代词(which,whom)常见的表示全部/部
分的词语有:不定代词all,both,none,either,some,any,
most,few,several
等;数词(基数词,序数词,百分数,分数);数词+名词;the+最高级/比较级。
?He
has
five
children,
all
of
whom
are
Communists.
他有五个孩子,他们全都是共产党员。
?China
has
many
islands,
one
of
which
is
Hainan
Island.中国有很多岛屿,海南岛是其中之一。
?The
football
team
has
15
members,
the
oldest
of
whom
is
25
years
old.
这支足球队有15名队员,其中年龄最大的25岁。
考点4
限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
知识　限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别
类别
限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句
形式
与主句之间不用逗号隔开
与主句之间用逗号隔开
关系词
1.所有的关系代词和关系副词
2.在从句中作宾语时可省略
1.除that以外的关系代词
2.除why以外的关系副词3.即使在从句中作宾语也不可省略
先行词
主句中的某一个名词、名词词组或代词
主句中的某一个名词或名词词组,也可以是整个主句所表达的内容
意义
对先行词进行限制、说明,是先行词不可缺少的定语,不可省去
对修饰的词或句子作进一步说明,省去之后主句意思依然完整
翻译
一般译成"……的",作先行词的定语
常译成并列分句
?Is
he
the
boy
who
got
first
prize
in
the
singing
competition?(从句"who
got…competition"修饰"the
boy",属限制性定语从句)
?He
tore
up
my
photo,which
made
me
very
angry.(从句"which
made
me
very
angry"修饰前面的整个句子"He
tore
up
my
photo",属非限制性定语从句)
?This
is
the
house
where
the
artist
was
born.(限制性定语从句"where
the
artist
was
born"不能省去,因为省去之后主句"This
is
the
house"意思不完整)
?Li
Ping's
father,who
works
in
a
factory,is
an
engineer.(非限制性定语从句"who
works
in
a
factory"即使省去,主句"Li
Ping's
father
is
an
engineer"意思依然完整)
难点1
先行词相同,关系词不同的情况
先行词是表示时间或地点等的名词时,如果先行词一样,但是关系词在从句中所作的成分不同,那么所用关系词也不同。具体分为以下几点:
1.先行词是表示时间或地点的名词
若关系词在从句中作时间状语或地点状语,则用when或where;若作主语、宾语等,则用that或which。
?The
date
(that/which)
I'll
always
remember
is
Oct.28,
1968.
我会一直记得的日子是1968年10月28日。(that/which在从句中作宾语)
?The
date
when
I
was
born
is
Oct.28,
1968.
我出生的日子是1968年10月28日。(when在从句中作时间状语)
?After
about
an
hour's
drive,
we
reached
the
small
town
where
I
was
brought
up
and
which/that
is
located
at
the
foot
of
the
mountain.
大约一个小时的车程之后,我们抵达这个小镇。我就是在这个小镇长大的,它坐落在山脚下。(where在从句中作地点状语;which/that在从句中作主语)
10
The
terrible
accident
happened
on
the
day
　　　　my
father
left
for
America,
a
day
　　　　we'll
never
forget.?　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
句意:那场可怕的事故发生在我父亲前往美国的那天,(那是)我们永远都不会忘记的一天。句中含有两个定语从句,先行词都是day。第一空所填词在从
句中作时间状语,所以用when引导定语从句;第二空所填词在从句中作宾语,所以用that或which引导定语从句。故填when;
that/which。
2.先行词是表示原因的名词reason若关系词在从句中作原因状语,则用why;若作主语、宾语等,则用that或which。
?The
reason
(which/that)
he
told
me
for
his
being
late
is
that
he
got
up
late.他告诉我他迟到的原因是他起床晚了。(which/that在从句中作宾语)
特别提醒　
遇到类似的题目,考生应特别注意从句中动词是及物动词还是不及物动词。及物动词后应接宾语;不及物动词后如有介词,可加宾语,如无介词,则应用关系副词。
?The
reason
why
he
was
late
is
that
he
got
up
late.他迟到的原因是他起床晚了。(why在从句中作原因状语)
3.先行词是way
若关系词在从句中充当"in+which"式的方式状语,可用that代替in
which,或省略that/in
which;若关系词在从句中充当主语或宾语等成分,则用that或which。
?It
must
be
the
way
(that/in
which)
you
write
that
leads
to
your
ugly
handwriting.一定是你写字的方式导致了你难看的字迹。(that/in
which在从句中作方式状语)
?The
way
(that/which)
you
came
up
with
at
the
meeting
yesterday
is
well
worth
trying.昨天你在会议上提出的方法很值得一试(that/which在从句中作宾语)
难点2
定语从句与其他从句(句型)的区别
类别
区别
例句
定语从句与并列句
并列句有and,but,so,or等并列连词或各个分句之间有分号。并列句的各个分句之间不可再用引导定语从句的关系词。
①I
have
three
cars,none
of
　　　　is
in
good
condition.
②I
have
three
cars,but
none
of
　　　　is
in
good
condition.
句①中cars后面是非限制性定语从句,空格中填关系代词which;
句②中有并列连词but,为并列句,空格中填代词them。
定语从句与状语从句
when,
where和why引导定语从句时,通常可以用"相应介词+which"的结构来替换,引导状语从句时则不行。
This
is
the
school
where
(=in
which)
I
once
worked.(where引导定语从句)Put
back
the
book
where
it
was.(where引导状语从句)
考法1
考查限制性定语从句
考法2
考查非限制性定语从句
考法帮·解题能力提升
考法1
考查限制性定语从句
命题透视
1.高考常考查的关系代词有that,which,who,whose;常考查的关系副词有where,when。其中which/that的考查频次最高。
2.语法填空考查定语从句的空不设提示词。
方法点拨
根据从句所缺成分确定关系词
1.限制性定语从句中关系词的选择主要看关系词在从句中充当的成分,即定语从句中缺何成分。
2.要注意限制性定语从句中关系代词that与which的区别。
考点1
3.还要注意定语从句中介词的位置,若介词在关系代词前,则只能从which,
whom和whose中选择,不能用who或that。
11
[2019全国Ⅲ,64]
They
were
well
trained
by
their
masters
　　
had
great
experience
with
caring
for
these
animals.
?
解析
句意:它们受到主人的良好训练,它们的主人在照看这些动物方面有着丰富的经验。空处在此引导定语从句,且在从句中作主语,先行词是their
masters,指人,故应用关系代词who或that。
考法总结　设空处无提示词,且空前为名词,空后为缺少主语的从句,由此可判断设空处填从句引导词;再根据句意判断,设空处引导的从句对their
masters起限定作用,故此处为限制性定语从句。
考法2
考查非限制性定语从句
命题透视
关于非限制性定语从句,高考语法填空中考查较多的是关系代词which或who。
方法点拨
非限制性定语从句关系词的选择不同于限制性定语从句的是:关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。
注意
what和how不能作定语从句的引导词。
12
[2018北京,5]She
and
her
family
bicycle
to
work,
　　　　helps
them
keep
fit.?
解析
句意:她和她的家人骑自行车去上班,这有助于他们保持健康。分析句子结构可知,空处在此引导非限制性定语从句,指代前面的整个句子,且从句中缺少主语,故填which。
考法总结　考生要牢记"定语从句‘有逗号,无that’"。只要分析出来是定语从句,并且其前有逗号与主句隔开,那么就是非限制性定语从句,不能用关系代词that来引导。再根据具体情况选择关系代词或关系副词。