2012年中考英语一轮复习9B Unit1讲解

Unit 1 Life on Mars, 9B
一.【精挑细选短语】
1. care for…⑴照顾＝take care of…＝look after… ⑵喜欢＝like，e.g. We’ll be cared for by robots.
2. ⑴at the moment＝at present＝right now现在；此刻；目前 ⑵first of all首先 (p8)
3. be difficult to imagine →imagine vt.想像→imaginative富有想像力的→imagination n.想像力
【知识链接】常用：imagine＋that/wh-从句，imagine doing sth，imagine sb doing sth e.g.
①The house was just as she had imagined it.
②Close your eyes and imagine that you are in a forest.
③Can you imagine what it must be like to lose your job after 20 years
④She imagined walking into the office and handed in her recommendation letter.
⑤I can just imagine him saying that!我确实能想到他那么说！
4. by the year 2100到2100年为止→by…到…为止，by the end of…到…末为止
5. become more and more crowded and polluted变得越来越拥挤、污染越来越严重
【知识链接】“越来越…”有两种表达方式：
⑴more and more＋多音节形容词/副词的比较级
⑵比较级and比较级，worse and worse, colder and colder, more and more useful
【用法拓展】more and more＋名词复数或不可数名词，越来越多…，more and more pollution
6. too slow to carry large numbers of people to Mars太慢了无法运送大批的人去火星
【知识链接】⑴too…to…太…而不能…，即too＋形容词或副词原级＋to do sth。
⑵a large/great number of＋名词复数＝large numbers of＋名词复数，大量的…，相似于a lot of＝lots of，注意：a lot of…＝lots of＋名词复数或不可数名词
【用法拓展】⑴the largest number of…最多的…，e.g. Chinese is spoken by the largest number of people in the world.世界上说汉语的人最多。⑵①a number of＋名词复数，许多…②the number of＋名词复数，…的数量 ⑶a great deal of＋不可数名词，大量的
7. develop plants that can grow on Mars培育可在火星上生长的植物develop＝grow and improve
【知识链接】develop vt.开发；发展→development n.发展→developed发达的→developing发展中的→more developed较发达的，less developed欠发达的e.g. The child is developing normally.这孩子发育正常。
①China and India are (发展中的) countries while Japan and Korea are (develop) countries. ②The USA is a more (develop) country.
8. float away into space飘移到太空里→float v.飘移；漂浮
【知识链接】⑴float down the river顺水漂浮 ⑵Wood floats on water. ⑶Clouds float in the sky.
9. wear special boots to make themselves heavier →注意反身代词和形容词的使用。
10. a computer connected to an interplanetary network与星际网络相连的电脑 (p9)
11. take exams(学生)参加考试→give exams(老师给学生的)考试, online schools网上学校;网校
12. be in the form of pills以片剂的形式→be in the form of…以…形式
【知识链接】The article was written in the form of a diary.这篇文章是以日记的形式写成的。
13. make people feel ill让人感到难受→feel ill/sick感到难受，fall ill病倒
14. a force that keeps us from floating in the air一种防止我们飘浮在空中的力量 (p10)
【知识链接】“阻止/防止某人做某事”有以下三种表达：
⑴keep sb from doing sth
⑵stop sb (from) doing sth
⑶prevent sb (from) doing sth
15. take high-quality images拍摄高质量的图像，memory space内存空间，fix…to…把…固定在…上→fix the space sleeping bag to the wall to prevent floating，walk on the surface of the planet在行星表面上行走，can be stored for many months能储藏数月
16. the most important最重要的→the least important最不重要的 (p12)
【知识链接】the most＋多音节形容词或副词原级→the least＋多音节形容词或副词原级，more＋多音节形容词或副词原级→less＋多音节形容词或副词原级
17. in the solar system在太阳系里→There’re eight planets in the solar system. (p14)
18. make this dream come true使该梦想成为现实→come true(希望、梦想等)实现，成为现实
【知识链接】After years of hard work, at last he won Nobel Physics Prize. His dream came true.
19. move away from Earth离开地球，far away from Earth远离地球→be far (away) from…远离某地，advantages/disadvantages of living on Mars生活在火星上的优点/缺点
20. begin/start with…以…开始→end with…以…结束 (p17)
【知识链接】The party began with the wonderful dance and ended with the beautiful music.
【用法拓展】⑴A journey always starts with the first step.千里之行，始于足下。
⑵Knowledge starts with practice.知识来自于实践。
21. do harm to sb＝do sb harm伤害某人→be harmful to sb对…有害
【知识链接】⑴This year’s snowstorm did serious harm to China. ⑵Smoking is harmful to your health
22. have robots do all the homework for us →have sb do sth让某人做某事 (p17)
23. appear red看上去红色→appear＋形容词＝seem＋形容词，显得；看来；似乎
【用法拓展】⑴appear (not) to do sth＝seem (not) to do sth，好像…；似乎…e.g.
①They appeared not to know what was happening. ②She appeared to be in her late thirties.
⑵It appears that…好像…；似乎…，e.g. It appears that there has been a mistake.
24. air pollution caused by traffic交通引起的空气污染，keep them away with laser light用激光灯把它们赶走→keep…away把…赶走，keep …away from…让…远离… (p19)
25. a guide to living on Mars火星生活指南，the public transport system公共交通系统 (p20)
26. take off ⑴(飞机等)起飞 ⑵脱下(衣服等) (p21)
【知识链接】①The plane took off three hours late because of the bad weather.
②It’s too hot. You’d better take off your overcoat.
二．【百里挑一词汇】
1. ⑴space①太空，不与冠词连用，in space在太空中, into space进入太空→float away into space飘到太空里, China Space中国航天②空间，地方＝room，e.g. It’s so crowded that there is not enough space in the bus.③空格
⑵universe宇宙，须与定冠词the连用，常用作the universe。
2. spacecraft n.宇宙飞船→复数：spacecraft，单复数同形。space shuttle航天飞机→space shuttles.
3. taste ⑴n.味道⑵vi.尝起来→tasty可口的；美味的，e.g. The food tastes delicious. It is tasty.
4. normal adj.正常的；正规的；标准的→normally正常地，e.g. ①the normal temperature of the human body人体的正常体温②normal school正规学校③act normally表现正常
5. air tank氧气瓶，digital camera数码相机，dried food压缩食品，space helmet太空头盔，notebook computer笔记本电脑，power pack能源包，space sleeping bag太空睡袋
三.【五星必背句型】
1. Can I ask you a question 我可以问你一个问题吗？→Can I… 向别人提出请求 (p6)
2. How do you like… ＝What do you think of… 你认为…怎么样？用来发表对某事的看法？
【知识链接】How do you like the book about life on Mars (同义句转换，每空一词)
＝ do you the book about life on Mars
3. I thought you liked Mars.我原以为你喜欢火星。→①I thought…我原以为…。②I think…我认为…
【用法拓展】类似的用法的动词有：believe, suppose, imagine，后面的从句如果有否定意义，通常把否定词由从句前移至主句，常用I don’t/didn’t think…。
4. Daniel is thinking about what life will be like in the future. (p6)
【知识链接】⑴think about考略；思考，think of想到；想起，think…over仔细考略 ⑵该句的结构为“主句＋宾语从句”，即“主语＋动词＋连接词＋陈述句语序”。既是主句的宾语，又是宾语从句的连接词，必须是连接词what/who/which。①Can you imagine what our city used to be years ago ②I’m sorry, I didn’t catch what you said just now. Can you say it again ⑶in the future未来，in future=from now on从今以后
5. Hopefully, we can start again and build a better world on Mars. (p8)
我们有望能够在火星上重新开始，建设一个更好的世界。(hopeful →hopeless →hopefully)
【知识链接】hopefully表示“可以指望”，置于句首，类似的副词有luckily, unluckily, sadly等。
Hopefully, they can finish the project before this weekend.他们有望在本周末前完成此项目。
6. However, by the year 2100, the journey might take only a very short time in space shuttles that travel at half the speed of light. →might＝could可能；或许，把握不大时用语。
【知识链接】at half the speed of light以二分之一光速，at a speed of…以…的速度，e.g.
Sound travels at a speed of 340 metres per second.声音的传播速度是340米/秒。
7. However, nobody is sure if these plants can produce enough water.
【知识链接】sure⑴当然可以，单独使用作为对某一建议或询问的答语，表示非常确切的肯定回答。e.g. —Will you help me with my English —Sure.
⑵Sb be sure to do sth.表示说话人对某事的一种判断。e.g. He is sure to come.
⑶祈使句中Be sure to do sth.表示说话人的一种要求。e.g. Be sure to call me when you get there.
⑷be sure of/about…确信；有把握，e.g. Don’t be nervous. I’m sure of your success.
⑸I’m sure＋that从句，即I’m sure that sb will do sth.＝Sb is sure to do sth. 表示对某事的一种判断。e.g.
I’m sure that you will bet what you want.＝You are sure to get what you want.
⑹be not sure＋if/wh-从句，表示主语对某事的把握程度，We’re still not sure whether they will come or not.
8. Humans need food, water and air to survive.人活着就需要食物、水和空气。
【知识链接】human ⑴adj.人的，e.g. human body/brain人体/人脑，human activity/behaviour/experience人的活动/行为/经历，human geography人文地理，Firemen formed a human chain to carry the children to safety.消防队员组成人链把孩子们救到了安全的地方。⑵n. human(s)＝human being(s)人，e.g. Dogs can hear much better than humans.
9. Gravity may be a problem for the early settlers on Mars. The gravity on Mars is only about three-eighths of that on Earth. →settle v.定居→settlers移民
对早期的火星移民来说，重力可能是个问题。火星上的重力大约只有地球上重力的3/8。
【知识链接】⑴three-eighths八分之三，英语中分数的表达法为：
①分子用基数词，分母用序数词；当分子大于1时，分母用序数词的复数。
②四分之几的表达为：one-fourth/one quarter1/4，two-fourths/two quarters2/4，three-fourths/three quarters。二分之一的表达为one half.
③分数作主语时，谓语动词不是根据分数词的数来确定，而是以of后面的名词的数而定。e.g.
Nearly three-fourths of the world is covered with water.
⑵that代指前面的名词单数或不可数名词，e.g. Life on Mars may not be better than that on Earth. those代指前面的名词复数，e.g. In China the changes in 21st century are much greater than those in 20th century. ⑶settler移民；定居者；开拓者，settle down定居
10. These boots will probably become very fashionable, and there will be various designs for settlers to choose from.这些靴子可能会很流行，而且会有各种款式供移民挑选。
【知识链接】⑴fashion n.时尚→fashionable adj.时髦的；流行的，become fashionable
⑵to choose from是动词不定式短语作定语，修饰前面的designs。⑶various各种各样的
11. Compared with life on Earth, life on Mars will be better in many ways. (p9)
【知识链接】Compared with life on Earth是过去分词短语作状语。compare比较，常用短语compare A with B，比较A和B，e.g. We carefully compared the result of the first experiment with that of the second one.我们仔细地将第一次实验的结果与第二次的做了比较。
11. Many people believe that robots will do most of our work and that we will have more time for our hobbies.许多人相信机器人将做我们的大部分工作，我们就有更多的时间做自己喜欢的事。
12. The space shuttles travel fast, but the journey to Mars may be very uncomfortable.
【知识链接】journey意为从一地到另一地的旅行。e.g. ①go on a 6,000-mile journey作行程6000英里的旅行 ②How long is your journey to work 你上班的路有多远？
【用法拓展】⑴trip意为往返某地，尤指短途旅行。e.g. go on a trip to Disneyland去迪士尼乐园游玩 ⑵travel意为旅行、游历。e.g. ①space travel太空旅行 ②She likes travel.她喜欢旅行。
⑶tour意为观光旅游。e.g. a sightseeing tour观光旅行
13. The population on Earth is still increasing quickly. Move to Mars. (p10)
【知识链接】⑴increase quickly增长迅速
⑵population n.人口，通常无复数形式，“人口”的“多”用big/large，“少”用small。常用短语、句型为①the population of… …的人口 ②What’s the population of… 某地的人口是多少 ③The population of A is bigger/larger/smaller than that of B. A地的人口比B地多/少。 e.g.
①What was the population of China ten years ago
②The population of China is larger than that of any other country.中国的人口比其他任何一个国家多。
14. I am wondering if/whether there will be many people willing to move to Mars. (p15)
15. It take Mars about two Earth years to complete a circle around the sun. One year on Mars is 687 Earth days.火星绕太阳运行一圈相当于地球两年的时间。火星上的一年相当于地球上687天。
16. Things from Earth are hard to find.＝It’s hard to find things from Earth. (p19)
【知识链接】Sth be＋形容词＋to do.＝It be＋形容词＋to do sth.两句都用主动语态。
e.g. English is easy to learn.＝It is easy to learn English.
17. A very popular form of entertainment is online games.网上游戏是一种非常流行的娱乐形式。
18. They make us feel like we are really inside the games.它们使我们感觉真的置身于游戏中。
【知识链接】⑴feel like…＝feel as if…＝feel as though…(主语是事物)给…感觉；感受到，e.g. It felt like/It felt as though/It felt as he had run a marathon.他感到好像跑了一个马拉松似的。
⑵feel like sth＝want sth＝would like sth想要某物，feel like doing sth＝want to do sth＝would like to sth想做某事，e.g. ①We’ll go for a walk if you feel like it. ②We all feel like celebrating.
四.【中考无敌语法】can, could, may, might表示请求许可、宾语从句
㈠can, could, may, might表示请求许可，意为“可以”。
疑问句 常用肯定回答 常用否定回答
Can I… 非正式用法 ①Yes, you can. ②Yes, please. ①No, you can’t. ②I’m afraid not.③You’d better not.
Could I… 正式用法 ①Yes, you can. ②Yes, please. ①No, you can’t. ②I’m afraid not.③You’d better not.
May I… 正式用法且有礼貌 ①Yes, you may/can. ②Yes, please. ①No, you may not. ② No, you can’t /mustn’t.③I’m afraid not. ④You’d better not.
Might I… 非常正规，很少使用。 ①Yes, you may. ②Yes, please. ①No, you may not. ② No, you can’t /mustn’t.③I’m afraid not. ④You’d better not.
㈡宾语从句
宾语从句在复合句中作主句的宾语。整个复合结构以主句开始，主句有主语和及物动词，需要宾语来完成句子的意思；宾语从句本身有主语、谓语动词和其他成份。含宾语从句的复合句的基本结构为：主句＋宾语从句，即“主语＋及物动词＋连接词＋陈述句语序”。
⒈宾语从句的连接词：that, if/whether, wh-疑问词
⑴that引导的宾语从句
在以that引导的宾语从句中，that只起连接作用，在从句中不作任何成份，无实意，在口语或非正式文体中常省略。以下动词之后可接that引导的宾语从句：say, think, believe, hope, learn, know, hear, mean, remember, be sure/be certain, never doubt, confirm, agree, prove。
①I hope (that) it’ll be a fine day tomorrow.
②We all know (that) Earth is more and more crowded.
⑵if/whether引导的宾语从句
if/whether都可用来引导宾语从句，意为“是否”，一般情况下可互换。以下动词之后可接if/whether引导的宾语从句：want to know, wonder, be not sure, be not certain, doubt。以下五种情况下只能用whether，不用if。
①主句的谓语动词discuss之后必须用whether引导宾语从句。e.g.
We discussed whether we would invite him to attend the meeting.
②宾语从句含有or, or not，只能用whether…or, whether…or not。e.g.
The police are not sure whether he is involved in the kidnapping or not.
③主句的谓语动词短语含有介词，只能用whether。e.g.
We are still talking about whether we will buy a new car.
④宾语从句提到主句前时，只能用whether。e.g.
Whether he will come is not important now.
⑤动词不定式之前只能用whether。e.g.
We haven’t decided whether to watch a film at the cinema tonight.
⑶疑问词引导的宾语从句
引导宾语从句的疑问词分为疑问代词和疑问副词两种，在宾语从句中通常称之为连接代词、连接副词。这些连接词在宾语从句中充当一定的成份。连接代词有：what, which, who, whom, whose。连接副词有：when, where, why, how。
⒉宾语从句的语序：
无论主句是肯定句、否定句还是一般疑问句，宾语从句使用陈述句语序。
注意：下列疑问句中疑问词之后既是疑问句语序又是陈述句语序，在宾语从句中不要再改变语序。
⑴who作主语时，e.g. I wonder who has won the game.
⑵what happened (to…), what is happening (to…), what has happened (to…)，e.g.
Who knows what happened to him last night
⑶what is wrong (with…), what was wrong (with…)，e.g.
Please tell us what is wrong with you.
⒊宾语从句的时态：
宾语从句的时态取决于主句的时态，通常有以下三种情况。
⑴如果主句是现在的时态，宾语从句根据具体情况使用适当的时态。
⑵如果主句是一般过去时，宾语从句需使用过去的时态，即一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时或过去将来时。
⑶如果主句是一般过去时，而宾语从句是客观事实、公理、定理等，则宾语从句的时态不变。