中考满分——第2讲 阅读理解
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第2讲 阅读理解
解题策略
阅读理解题是中考英语的测试重点，也是中考英语试题中卷面分值最高的一种题型，在各地中考试卷中约占30％的比例。一般设三至四篇短文，试题基本上分“选择型”和“任务型”两种。纵观近年来全国各地中考阅读题，其体裁多样，有记叙文、议论文、说明文、应用文(信函、请柬、通知、便条、表格、图表、广告、图示和标志等)；所选材料内容广泛，涉及文化、环境、科普、社会、政治、经济、历史等众多领域。文章的体裁富于变化，可谓题材宽泛，形式多种多样。其特点是：时代气息浓，可读性强，理解难度较高。
要想做好中考的阅读理解，首先要知道中考对阅读理解的要求。根据教育部制定的英语课程标准，初中毕业生应达到五级综合语言运用能力。阅读理解五级的目标部分描述如下：
(1)能根据上下文和构词法推断、理解生词的含义；
(2)能理解段落中各句子之间的逻辑关系；
(3)能找出文章中的主题，理解故事的情节，预测故事情节的发展和可能的结局；
(4)能读懂常见体裁的阅读材料；
(5)能根据不同的阅读目的运用简单的阅读策略获取信息；
(6)能利用字典等工具进行学习；
(7)除教材外，课外阅读量应累计达到15万词以上。
阅读理解题主要是考查学生通过阅读获取信息、分析信息和处理信息的能力，既要抓住文章的主旨，又要抓住细节；既要理解具体事实，又要理解抽象概念；既要理解文章字面意思，又要挖掘作者意图．揣摩隐藏在字里行间的内涵；既要理解全篇的逻辑关系又要理解某些细节的意思，并且在读懂句子和文章的基础上，将所读文章进行判断、分析和推理。概括地说就是这类题注重考查阅读技能，包括理解短文大意、了解具体细节、通过上下文猜测词义、归纳篇章大意，以及推断或理解作者的态度和意图等。考生不仅要具有准确获得信息的能力，还要具有透过文章表层意思理解文章隐含意义的能力。这样才能抓住中心思想，做出正确的判断。试题涉及掌握语篇主旨、事实细节、深层含义、推理判断、猜测词义等多方面的阅读能力考查。设题通常考虑以下四个方面：
(1)直观性问题：直接引用原文中的语句或根据短文中原语句稍加改动而编成。
(2)常识性问题：考查学生依据短文信息，并根据自己所具备的一般常识做出判断的题型．
(3)理解性问题：考查学生对文章的中心思想、某段的段落大意、某一事实的细节及作者意图等的理解程度。
(4)推理性问题：这类题需在深刻理解短文后，再经过推理判断才能选出正确答案。
阅读是一个复杂的心理过程，语言学家古德曼(Groodman)认为，阅读就是读者通过其心理和语言活动理解来接受作者的思想和观点。如果学生能读懂一篇文章，则表明作者写作时的思维过程与学生在阅读时的思维活动趋于吻合，这就是说学生的阅读理解必须忠实于原文，不可脱离文章凭空想象。
对学生进行阅读技巧训练还应该从文体角度来训练，因为一篇文章的设题是受其文体限制的。下面我们分析几个不同体裁文章的特点，供大家参考。
1．故事类
初中生接触到的阅读材料大多是故事类。阅读故事类的材料，应该抓住人物线索、地点线索、时间线索和情节发展线索。特别注意的是，以上线索往往是并存的。因为情节的发展总是涉及到人物的变化、时间的推移、场景的变换等。而阅读材料后的阅读理解题往往会围绕这些内容设计一些事实类的理解题。凡事实类的理解题都可以从阅读材料的表层文字中找到答案。在阅读故事类短文时，应指导学生理解文章的深层含义，也就是它的主题。在此需要注意的是，现在的阅读理解题在测试事实类的理解题的同时，往往有一道推理类理解测试题。
2．科普类
这里所指的科普类是广义的。它包含有介绍科学知识、社会知识的短文。阅读这类短文时，要以事实为中心进行思考，抓住事物的特征、用途、相互关系等。如果是介绍社会现象的文章，要掌握所谈现象的内涵。
3．图表类
这类短文是通过看图或表格等来了解某方面的情况。指导学生阅读这类材料时，主要从两方面人手：一是了解图表的主题，确定图表的主要内容；二是推敲图画语言或数字，找出它们之间的关联或试图表达的含义。
4．新闻类
报刊阅读应逐步成为中学生阅读的一个重要内容。由于新闻报道强调遵循5个w和1个H，所以，我们在阅读时也要抓住这一点去理解。
那么，如何解决阅读理解题呢?做阅读理解题，根据实际情况，可用不同的方法。对于一些直接信息类题目，先读问题后读短文，带着问题去读文章，目的明确，容易抓住文中与问题相关的信息点。对于主观判断题，则应该从文章整体着手，认真阅读综合分析判断，做出正确选择。一般情况具体步骤如下：
(1)略读全文，掌握主旨大意略读时要特别注意短文的首段、首句或末句。一般文章的主旨大意就在这里。抓住每段中的关键词语，便可以迅速把握短文的主旨以及主要信息的分布，在答题时就心中有数了。
(2)推测词义，注意要点内容
阅读中不要过分推敲语言点，要捕捉每段乃至整篇文章的纲目，对于文章中出现的生词或看不懂的句子，可以根据上下文意思猜测理解。
(3)寻读
掌握短文的主旨大意之后，应认真阅读题目，准确理解题意及其范围，带着问题到短文中寻找相关答案。一般的事实题可直接从文中找出答案。但也要认真斟酌，透过表层结构，领会其深层涵义。而较为深层次的逻辑推理判断题，则需要建立在对全文理解的基础上进行。因此，做这类题切忌掺杂主观因素。
(4)复读审核
初次答完题后，要对照短文内容对所做答案通盘审核，反复斟酌，做出修正，以减少错误疏漏。此外学生做阅读理解题时，还应注意以下四点：
(1)注意文章的首段和每段的首句或最后一句。一般说来阅读题没有标题，就会给学生了解文章的中心意思造成一定的困难，而文章的首段或每段的首句往往可能是文章或每段的中心，是作者要说明的对象或作者要阐述的观点，尾句是文章的
结论或表达作者意图、态度、目的。注意到这一点，才能抓住中心，为理解文章奠定良好的基础。
(2)阅读文章体裁不同，阅读的侧重点也不同，记叙文中要注意who(人物)，where(地点)，when(时间)，what(事件)，why(原因)；说明文要注意说明的对象、特征、细节及数字等；议论文要注意作者的观点、论点和论据。
(3)要通过文章线索来分析判断作者的意图。文章的结论、中心思想，及深层次的推理判断，这一点是最难把握的，考生做题时要特别注意作者的态度和命题人的意图，不可从个人的经验出发。
(4)要了解英语国家的风俗习惯、风土人情，了解地道英语语言表达习惯，不能以中国人的习惯来理解文章，阐述问题。
A
阅读下面短文，从所给A～F六个选项中选出五个正确的选项填空，使短文通顺，内容完整。
Thirty years ago，few Chineseknew about American TV series。though during the l980s and l990s，Chinese people got the chance to watchsome USA．TV series like Growing Pains．
Now，(1) ，Chinese people have more chances to enjoy foreign TV series．Some American TV series such as(2) have become very popular among young Chinese English learners．In their opinion。watching American TV series is a good way to learn English and American culture．They have other reasons to support that point of view．
First。it’s easy and convenient for learners to manage their learning time．They don’t have to worry about the place and time to learn．(3) ，they can start watching and learning．All they need to do is to turn on their computers and put on their earphones．
The stories in the TV series also play an important role in attracting more learners．Different cultures between China and the western countries and exciting story lines get young people interested in watching and learning．(4) ．
Besides，watching American TV series can help learners improve their listening and speaking skills．English learners may find it hard to find a native speaker to talk with，(5) ，they can listen to native speakers and follow their conversations as much as they can．
B
Have you heard about“Survival(生存)Holidays”?“Survival Holidays”is for children to go into the lonely place for exciting activities．Now about 1,100 companies are allowed to take children into the great outdoors without their parents．
The reason why people like“Survival Holidays”is that they think being close to nature is good for children．Many children in big cities spend all time watching TV and playing Computer games．“Survival Holidays”gives them an important change．
Is“Survival Holidays”a wonderful idea?Maybe it is．Children need more free time to play．They need to be left on their own，without adults disturbing(打扰)thern．Parents care too much about their children．They like to see the children being busy with activities that are controlled by adults，but children don’t know what to do when they are in danger．
Even something like crossing a small river seems to be a hard challenge．Children are not comfortable with danger．Even small danger like getting their feet wet or falling down seems very terrible to them．
Many people think the survival activities are good for children．Even years later，they will still remember what they have learned．Some have learned to stay calm in different times．Some have learned how to keep safe-others have learned how to work in a team．All these skills will help them a lot in their lives．
Answer the following questions according to the passage．
1．Is“Survival Holidays’’for children or parents?
2．Why do people like“Survival Holidays”?
3．What do the children in big cities usually do?
4．How do children feel when they are in danger?
5．What can children learn in the survival activities?
二、阅读理解
Many people think sports are just for winning and honor，but there is a lot more you can gain from (get out of)them．I have learned over the past years that sometimes when I lose，I get a lot more out of it than winning．Also，I find a lot of times in sports，people are getting too caught up in the game instead of just having fun．The real purpose of sports is to have fun and learn life lessons along the way．
I greatly encourage you to be a part of the school sports．Even if you are not the best，you can still have fun．Sports give people a great and healthy way of spending an afternoon，instead of lying around playing video games or even getting into bad things．Sports also give us a sense of achievement．There isn’t a better feeling than to have done something fun and productive for my day．
I think that we all need sports to give us courage．If we try hard in sports，we usually do well．If we did the same in study，we would all be champions．Another reason why I encourage you to play sports is that it’s just fun．Without sports，our lives would just be boring．So as you may be able to tell，sports are amazing!
Our coaches not only teach us to play sports，but show class and good sportsmanship while playing them．It’s never fun when you lose to have the cornpetitor rub it in your face．That’s why our coaches teach us to show class when we lose；also．when coaches get onto you，don’t get down．They only want to see you improve and learn from what they say．When you do badly and they don’t shout loudly is when you should start worrying because they are giving up on you．
Overall，sports are great!They bring out the best and worst of a lot of us．However，we can’t let sports get too serious to where it brings sown all the furl so to have the most fun in sports，you just need try your best and not worry so much about the winning or losing．
( )1．The underlined phrase“get onto you”in Paragraph 4 probably Means
“ ”．
A．point out your mistakes B．take up your time
C．worry about your future D．look into your privacy
( )2．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?
A．Sports bring US great fun only if we have．the talent．
B．Sports give US the best way of spending free time．
C．We can get more out of winning than losing．
D．We should take pleasure in doing sports·
( )3．What is the best title of this passage?
A．Are we too caught up? B．To win or to gain?
C．Are．sports really great? D．For honor or for health?
同步训练32阅读理解
一、阅读理解
A
Briana，a student at John Fenwick School in Salem County，us，has a lot of free time．The l3-year-old girl used to hang out(闲逛)on the streets after school．“I know it wasn’t good，but I really had nothing else to do，”Briana said．
Briana was not alone．Many kids in her city had too much free time and nothing to do．To solve this problem，four school districts in Salem began a program called Big Brothers／Big Sisters．The program helps students make good use of their after-school time．Big Brothers／Big Sisters invites mentors(导师)to help students in grades 6 to 8 build healthy relationships(关系)and take part in productive activities．
The“IAttles”and the“Bigs”are nicknames(昵称)for students and mentors．Most mentors are teachers．The“Bigs’’and“Littles”usually meet once a week．They play games，share stories and go on trips．
The program has already helped many Salem students．
Briana’s mentor is the school principal(校长)，Syeda Woods．Woods took Briana ice—skating，to pizza parties and for a visit to Longwood Gardens in Pennsylvania．“When I got out，I saw that Salem is a very small place。”Briana said．“The program helps me experience the outside world and see many new things．’’
Kathy Jennings，13，saifl she was very shy before，but now is much more open．
“In the program．I see my mentor as a big sister，not a teacher．I can tell her anything，”Jennings said．“And she has taught me a lot about making good decisions(决定)．I think it will make a big difference in my life．’’
( )1．The program is to help students ．
A．make good use of after-school time B．improve their grades
C．build strong bodies D．take part in competitions
( )2．How often do the mentors and students meet?
A．Six to eight times a week． B．Usually once a week．
C．Once a month． D．Every day after school．
( )3．What does Briana think of the program?
A．It is too small and too few people are in it．
B．It is good to help her understand the world．
C．It brings many new problems．
D．It takes a lot of time．
( )4．What is Kathy like now?
A．She likes making decisions． B．She is like a big sister．
C．She is shy． D．She is more open．
( )5．Which of the following is true?
A．The“Littles”and“Bigs”usually meet twice a week．
B．Most of the mentors are head teachers．
C．The program has already helped many students in Salem．
D．Syeda Woods is Kathy Jennings’Big sister．
B(2011·阜康)
China began its sixth population census(人口普查)on November l，2010．The result was released this April．The population of China is l339724852．
WHEN MIDNIGHT CAME When it came to midnight on that day，the census was begun．28-year-old Wang Yi in Ji’nan，began knocking on a door in an apartment building．A young man with adrowsy look opened the door．The man named Ji Wei，who had missed the poll because of business elsewhere，quickly fill out the questionnaire which had questions about name，age，job and housing condition．
DIFFERENCE THIS TIME Different from the last census，the floating population this year was registered at where they actually live．Also，for the first time people from Hong Kong，Macao and Taiwan，as well as foreigners in the Chinese mainland，are included in the census．But those on short-term business or sight-seeing trips will not be covered．
HARD BUT HELPFUL As Chinese people’s privacy(隐私)grows，census takers have difficulties in getting the information they need．“In front of our compound there was a lady in her 40s selling pickles．During the preliminary poll，she refused to tell us her phone number．”said Wang Xin，a census taker in Shenyang．(Xinhua reporter Wang Ying from Liaoning，Xiao Sisi from Guangdong，Yin Lijuan from Beijing，Ren Liying from Hebei and Liu Baosen from Shandong contributed
to the report)．
( )1．How many times did China have census?
A．Four． B．Five． C．Six． D．Seven．
( )2．Ji Wei missed the poll before because he
A．was busy with business B．live far away
C．lost the questionnaire D．kept his privacy
( )3．The underlined word“drowsy”means“ ”
A．upset B．lucky C．tired D．surprised
( )4． are not included in the census．
A．Migrant workers in other places
B．People from Hong Kon9，Macao and TaiWan
C．Foreigners in the Chinese mainland for long
D．Foreigners for short-term business
( )5．The passage mainly tells us ．
A．what’s the population of China
B．foreigners in China
C．something about Chinese population census
D．a hard but helpful population census
二、任务型阅读
A(2011·岳阳)
阅读下篇材料，从所给的A～F六个选项中，选出五个正确的选项填空，使短文通顺、内容完整。
Anger is a kind of feeling．(1) ．When your teacher gives you too much homework，when your team loses an important game，when a friend borrows your favorite thing and then breaks it，you may get angry．
(2) ．For example，you breathe faster，your face turns red，and you may want to break some-thing or hit someone，but sometimes you hide your anger．For example，you may hide it in your heart．The problem is that if you do this，you may get a headache or your stomach may hurt．
In fact，it’s not good to hide your anger，and it’s normal for you to get angry sometimes．(3)
When you get angry，you can talk about it with adults，such as parents，teachers，etc．(4) ．Here are some other things you can do when you start to feel angry：count from l to 100；give someone a hug；go for a bike ride；think about good things，etc．
Remember that when you are angry，how you act
can make everything better or worse．(5) ．
A．But anger must be let out in the right way，without hurting others or yourself．
B．Don’t let your anger control you．
C．As soon as you find your problems，you may cry to relax．
D．Usually，your body will tell you when you are angry．
E．After doing that，you’11 find those bad feelings can start to go away．
F．Many things can make you angry．
B(20ll·兰州)
仔细阅读下面的短文并按要求完成后面的小题。
It is said that about half of the people in China smoke．Many young boys and girls have the habit of smoking，though they are middle school students．
More and more people have come to realize how serious this problem is．But they are never bored with it．①Some people think it is a kind of fashion，some think it is of great fun and others think that smoking can refresh themselves．
Smoking causes many illnesses．A lot of people always cough②
smoking．The mostserious illness caused by smoking is lung cancer．At thesame time smoking is a waste of money．Besides，careless smokers may cause dangerous fires．
③众所周知，吸烟有害于人体健康。In order to keep healthy，we should get rid of the bad habit of smoking．Please stop smoking at once．
1．将①句划线部分译成汉语：
2．在②句的空白处填人适当的同使句意完整、上下文通顺：
3．将③句划线部分的汉语译成英语：
4．列出短文中提到的吸烟的至少两点危害：
5．该篇短文的主题是：
C(2011·包头)
阅读下面短文，根据短文内容，补全表格中所缺的信息。
Many kinds of birds live in the United States，but the number of the birds is becoming smaller every year．One of the leading reasons is the growing number of pet cats．By keeping your pet cats in your home，you can help give birds a better possible chance to live．
Of the 90 million pet cats in this country，about two-thirds are allowed to go outside．It is said that these cats kill hundreds of millions of birds each year，as well as billions of small animals such as rabbits and field mice．
They can also bring illness to the animals that live in people’s yard(院子)，further weakening the health of the natural populations．
Allowing pet cats to go outside is not just bad for birds and wildlife，it’s also bad for the cats themselves．Outdoor cats can get sick very easily．They are in danger from traffic and attacks(攻击)from other animals．In fact，outdoor cats usually don’t live past the age of five，while indoor cats often live to be l7 or older．
Keep your pet cat inside!If you raise a young cat，it’s your duty to let it play inside．
Problem
The number of birds is becoming(11) ；at the same time，many pet cats are in(12) from traffic and attacks from other animals．
Reason for the problem
Pet cats are(13) to go outside freely．
What to do
People who(14) a young cat have the(15) to let it play inside．
D
仔细阅读下面的短文并按要求完成后面的小题。
Just as in face-to-face communication，there are some basic rules of behavior(行为)that should be followed on the Internet．The basic rule is simple：treat others in the same way you would want to be treated．①Imagine how you’d feel if you were in the other person’s shoes．
For anything you’re about to send：ask yourself，“Would I say that to the person’s face?”If the answer is no，rewrite and reread．If someone in the chat room is rude to you，you needn’t to fire back．You should either ignore(不理睬)the person，or use your chat software to block their messages．Remember to respect the beliefs and opinions of others in the chat room．
② Offer advice when asked by newcomers，as they may not be sure what to do or how to communicate．When someone makes a mistake，be kind about it．If you do decide to tell someone about the mistake，point it out politely．At the same time，if you,find you are wrong，be sure td correct yourself and apologize to those that you have offended(冒犯)．③询问别人诸如年龄、性别和家庭情况等隐私问题是不礼貌的。Unless you know the person very well，and you are both comfortable with sharing personal irfformation，or don’t ask such
questions．
1．In the chat room we must respect others’ and
2．When you find you make a mistake in the chat room，what should you do?
3．将划线部分①翻译成汉语。
4．选择一个适当句子放在②处：
A．First impressions last longest．
B．Everyone was new to the network once．
C．The Internet has opened up a whole new world for us．
D．Even if you feel strongly about it，think twice before saying anything．
5．将划线部分③翻译成英语。
E(2011·淮安)
Note-taking is a skill that can help you do well in all your school work．It can make you confident when you are studying．But unluckily，most students don’t know how to take notes．
If your teacher writes notes on the blackboard，that’s great．You can copy them or write down the most important facts of all in class．Different teachers do things differently．For example，some teachers may focus on(关注)lots of dates and facts in class，but they only write the important ones on the blackboard．Other teachers may not write anything down，but they may repeat them．
Don’t try to write down every word in class，or you might miss some important points．Some students really learn better with the help of these notes．
Don’t be afraid to ask your teacher to repeat what you’re missed．If your teacher speaks too fast and you can’t follow what he is saying，you can ask him after class．
Comparing(对比)your notes with your classmates’can be good for your learning．It can also help you and your classmates correct some mistakes．
Note-taking al so needs organization．Keep notes for each subject in one place，so that you can find everything easily when a test comes．
Good note-taking takes time．If you decide to recopy your notes every evening，you’ll surely,have'less time to watch TV．But you’ll save time in the coming test．
根据上面短文内容填空。
1．Note-taking can help you all your schoolwork and when you are studying．
2．Different teachers do things differently．Some of them like to tell their st l ldents many dates and facts but they only write the important ones on the blackboard；others may repeat them instead of
3．If you miss some important points or can’t follow your teacher in class。don’t to ask him or just compare your notes with ．
4．Surely，you won’t to watch TV if you decide to every evening．
5．This passage mainly tells students
F(2011·达州)
Failure is what often happens．It is everywhere in our life．Students may fail in exams，scientists may fail in their research work，and players may fail in competitions．(A)Although failure happens to everyone，but different people’s attitudes(态度)towards failure are different．
Some people don’t think that their failure is an important thing at all．So they pay no attention to it．As a result，they will have the(B) failure later．Some people think they themselves are fools and lose their hearts in everything after they get a failure．Then they(C) their time and energy on useless things．At last，they may really be fools as they have thought．
(D)Other people are quite different from these two Kinds of people mentined .above Instead of being hopeless and lost，they draw a lesson from every failure and become more experienced．(E)they，after，will，hard，in，work，be，the，successful，end．So we should draw a lesson from every failure and become more experienced．
任务一：
1．(A)处旬中有一处错误，请找出并改正。(可用文字叙述)
任务二：
2．在(B)、(C)处的横线上分别填上一个单词：
(B) (C)
任务三：
3．将(D)处句子译成汉语：
任务四：
4．将(E)处的单词连成句子：
任务五：
5．请从下面的选项中给短文选个标题。 ( )
A．Draw a lesson from every failure B．The attitudes towards failure
C．Failure is everywhere in our life D．Failure is very important
答案
【名师预测】
一、(A) 1—5 ECADF
(B)1．Children．／For children．／It’s for children． 2．Because they think being close to nature is good for children．／Because they think the survival activities are good for children． 3．They usually watch TV and play computer games．4．They don’t know what to do．／They feel uncomfortable(terrible)．／Not comfortable．／Uncomfortable．／They don’t feel comfortable． 5．They can learn some survival skills．／They can learn to stay calm in different times，keep safe and work in team．
二、1—3 ADB
【同步训练32】
一、(A) 1—5 ABBDC (B) 1—5 CACDC
二、(A) 1—5 FDCEB (B) 1．一些人认为是一种时尚，一些人认为是一种乐趣，其他的人认为提精神。2．because of 3．As we all know，smoking does great harm to human beings．4．(1)Smoking causes many illnesses． (2)Smoking is a waste of money．5．Smoking is harmful (C)1．smaller 2．danger 3．allowed 4．raise 5．duty(D)1．beliefs，opinions 2．I should correct myself and apologize to those that I have offended． 3．你要设身处地为别人着想。4．B 5．It is impolite to ask others’personal questions such as their age，sex and families．(E)1．do well in，make you confident 2．writing the important ones／writing something down 3．be afraid，your classmates’4．have much time，recopy your notes 5．how to take notes(F)1．去掉but 2．(B)same (C)spend 3．另一些人与上面提及(谈到)的两种人大不一样(完全不同)。4．After hard work，they will be successful in the end．／They will be successful after hard work in the end．5．B
第2讲 阅读理解
解题策略
阅读理解题是中考英语的测试重点，也是中考英语试题中卷面分值最高的一种题型，在各地中考试卷中约占30％的比例。一般设三至四篇短文，试题基本上分“选择型”和“任务型”两种。纵观近年来全国各地中考阅读题，其体裁多样，有记叙文、议论文、说明文、应用文(信函、请柬、通知、便条、表格、图表、广告、图示和标志等)；所选材料内容广泛，涉及文化、环境、科普、社会、政治、经济、历史等众多领域。文章的体裁富于变化，可谓题材宽泛，形式多种多样。其特点是：时代气息浓，可读性强，理解难度较高。
要想做好中考的阅读理解，首先要知道中考对阅读理解的要求。根据教育部制定的英语课程标准，初中毕业生应达到五级综合语言运用能力。阅读理解五级的目标部分描述如下：
(1)能根据上下文和构词法推断、理解生词的含义；
(2)能理解段落中各句子之间的逻辑关系；
(3)能找出文章中的主题，理解故事的情节，预测故事情节的发展和可能的结局；
(4)能读懂常见体裁的阅读材料；
(5)能根据不同的阅读目的运用简单的阅读策略获取信息；
(6)能利用字典等工具进行学习；
(7)除教材外，课外阅读量应累计达到15万词以上。
阅读理解题主要是考查学生通过阅读获取信息、分析信息和处理信息的能力，既要抓住文章的主旨，又要抓住细节；既要理解具体事实，又要理解抽象概念；既要理解文章字面意思，又要挖掘作者意图．揣摩隐藏在字里行间的内涵；既要理解全篇的逻辑关系又要理解某些细节的意思，并且在读懂句子和文章的基础上，将所读文章进行判断、分析和推理。概括地说就是这类题注重考查阅读技能，包括理解短文大意、了解具体细节、通过上下文猜测词义、归纳篇章大意，以及推断或理解作者的态度和意图等。考生不仅要具有准确获得信息的能力，还要具有透过文章表层意思理解文章隐含意义的能力。这样才能抓住中心思想，做出正确的判断。试题涉及掌握语篇主旨、事实细节、深层含义、推理判断、猜测词义等多方面的阅读能力考查。设题通常考虑以下四个方面：
(1)直观性问题：直接引用原文中的语句或根据短文中原语句稍加改动而编成。
(2)常识性问题：考查学生依据短文信息，并根据自己所具备的一般常识做出判断的题型．
(3)理解性问题：考查学生对文章的中心思想、某段的段落大意、某一事实的细节及作者意图等的理解程度。
(4)推理性问题：这类题需在深刻理解短文后，再经过推理判断才能选出正确答案。
阅读是一个复杂的心理过程，语言学家古德曼(Groodman)认为，阅读就是读者通过其心理和语言活动理解来接受作者的思想和观点。如果学生能读懂一篇文章，则表明作者写作时的思维过程与学生在阅读时的思维活动趋于吻合，这就是说学生的阅读理解必须忠实于原文，不可脱离文章凭空想象。
对学生进行阅读技巧训练还应该从文体角度来训练，因为一篇文章的设题是受其文体限制的。下面我们分析几个不同体裁文章的特点，供大家参考。
1．故事类
初中生接触到的阅读材料大多是故事类。阅读故事类的材料，应该抓住人物线索、地点线索、时间线索和情节发展线索。特别注意的是，以上线索往往是并存的。因为情节的发展总是涉及到人物的变化、时间的推移、场景的变换等。而阅读材料后的阅读理解题往往会围绕这些内容设计一些事实类的理解题。凡事实类的理解题都可以从阅读材料的表层文字中找到答案。在阅读故事类短文时，应指导学生理解文章的深层含义，也就是它的主题。在此需要注意的是，现在的阅读理解题在测试事实类的理解题的同时，往往有一道推理类理解测试题。
2．科普类
这里所指的科普类是广义的。它包含有介绍科学知识、社会知识的短文。阅读这类短文时，要以事实为中心进行思考，抓住事物的特征、用途、相互关系等。如果是介绍社会现象的文章，要掌握所谈现象的内涵。
3．图表类
这类短文是通过看图或表格等来了解某方面的情况。指导学生阅读这类材料时，主要从两方面人手：一是了解图表的主题，确定图表的主要内容；二是推敲图画语言或数字，找出它们之间的关联或试图表达的含义。
4．新闻类
报刊阅读应逐步成为中学生阅读的一个重要内容。由于新闻报道强调遵循5个w和1个H，所以，我们在阅读时也要抓住这一点去理解。
那么，如何解决阅读理解题呢?做阅读理解题，根据实际情况，可用不同的方法。对于一些直接信息类题目，先读问题后读短文，带着问题去读文章，目的明确，容易抓住文中与问题相关的信息点。对于主观判断题，则应该从文章整体着手，认真阅读综合分析判断，做出正确选择。一般情况具体步骤如下：
(1)略读全文，掌握主旨大意略读时要特别注意短文的首段、首句或末句。一般文章的主旨大意就在这里。抓住每段中的关键词语，便可以迅速把握短文的主旨以及主要信息的分布，在答题时就心中有数了。
(2)推测词义，注意要点内容
阅读中不要过分推敲语言点，要捕捉每段乃至整篇文章的纲目，对于文章中出现的生词或看不懂的句子，可以根据上下文意思猜测理解。
(3)寻读
掌握短文的主旨大意之后，应认真阅读题目，准确理解题意及其范围，带着问题到短文中寻找相关答案。一般的事实题可直接从文中找出答案。但也要认真斟酌，透过表层结构，领会其深层涵义。而较为深层次的逻辑推理判断题，则需要建立在对全文理解的基础上进行。因此，做这类题切忌掺杂主观因素。
(4)复读审核
初次答完题后，要对照短文内容对所做答案通盘审核，反复斟酌，做出修正，以减少错误疏漏。此外学生做阅读理解题时，还应注意以下四点：
(1)注意文章的首段和每段的首句或最后一句。一般说来阅读题没有标题，就会给学生了解文章的中心意思造成一定的困难，而文章的首段或每段的首句往往可能是文章或每段的中心，是作者要说明的对象或作者要阐述的观点，尾句是文章的
结论或表达作者意图、态度、目的。注意到这一点，才能抓住中心，为理解文章奠定良好的基础。
(2)阅读文章体裁不同，阅读的侧重点也不同，记叙文中要注意who(人物)，where(地点)，when(时间)，what(事件)，why(原因)；说明文要注意说明的对象、特征、细节及数字等；议论文要注意作者的观点、论点和论据。
(3)要通过文章线索来分析判断作者的意图。文章的结论、中心思想，及深层次的推理判断，这一点是最难把握的，考生做题时要特别注意作者的态度和命题人的意图，不可从个人的经验出发。
(4)要了解英语国家的风俗习惯、风土人情，了解地道英语语言表达习惯，不能以中国人的习惯来理解文章，阐述问题。
A
阅读下面短文，从所给A～F六个选项中选出五个正确的选项填空，使短文通顺，内容完整。
Thirty years ago，few Chineseknew about American TV series。though during the l980s and l990s，Chinese people got the chance to watchsome USA．TV series like Growing Pains．
Now，(1) ，Chinese people have more chances to enjoy foreign TV series．Some American TV series such as(2) have become very popular among young Chinese English learners．In their opinion。watching American TV series is a good way to learn English and American culture．They have other reasons to support that point of view．
First。it’s easy and convenient for learners to manage their learning time．They don’t have to worry about the place and time to learn．(3) ，they can start watching and learning．All they need to do is to turn on their computers and put on their earphones．
The stories in the TV series also play an important role in attracting more learners．Different cultures between China and the western countries and exciting story lines get young people interested in watching and learning．(4) ．
Besides，watching American TV series can help learners improve their listening and speaking skills．English learners may find it hard to find a native speaker to talk with，(5) ，they can listen to native speakers and follow their conversations as much as they can．
B
Have you heard about“Survival(生存)Holidays”?“Survival Holidays”is for children to go into the lonely place for exciting activities．Now about 1,100 companies are allowed to take children into the great outdoors without their parents．
The reason why people like“Survival Holidays”is that they think being close to nature is good for children．Many children in big cities spend all time watching TV and playing Computer games．“Survival Holidays”gives them an important change．
Is“Survival Holidays”a wonderful idea?Maybe it is．Children need more free time to play．They need to be left on their own，without adults disturbing(打扰)thern．Parents care too much about their children．They like to see the children being busy with activities that are controlled by adults，but children don’t know what to do when they are in danger．
Even something like crossing a small river seems to be a hard challenge．Children are not comfortable with danger．Even small danger like getting their feet wet or falling down seems very terrible to them．
Many people think the survival activities are good for children．Even years later，they will still remember what they have learned．Some have learned to stay calm in different times．Some have learned how to keep safe-others have learned how to work in a team．All these skills will help them a lot in their lives．
Answer the following questions according to the passage．
1．Is“Survival Holidays’’for children or parents?
2．Why do people like“Survival Holidays”?
3．What do the children in big cities usually do?
4．How do children feel when they are in danger?
5．What can children learn in the survival activities?
二、阅读理解
Many people think sports are just for winning and honor，but there is a lot more you can gain from (get out of)them．I have learned over the past years that sometimes when I lose，I get a lot more out of it than winning．Also，I find a lot of times in sports，people are getting too caught up in the game instead of just having fun．The real purpose of sports is to have fun and learn life lessons along the way．
I greatly encourage you to be a part of the school sports．Even if you are not the best，you can still have fun．Sports give people a great and healthy way of spending an afternoon，instead of lying around playing video games or even getting into bad things．Sports also give us a sense of achievement．There isn’t a better feeling than to have done something fun and productive for my day．
I think that we all need sports to give us courage．If we try hard in sports，we usually do well．If we did the same in study，we would all be champions．Another reason why I encourage you to play sports is that it’s just fun．Without sports，our lives would just be boring．So as you may be able to tell，sports are amazing!
Our coaches not only teach us to play sports，but show class and good sportsmanship while playing them．It’s never fun when you lose to have the cornpetitor rub it in your face．That’s why our coaches teach us to show class when we lose；also．when coaches get onto you，don’t get down．They only want to see you improve and learn from what they say．When you do badly and they don’t shout loudly is when you should start worrying because they are giving up on you．
Overall，sports are great!They bring out the best and worst of a lot of us．However，we can’t let sports get too serious to where it brings sown all the furl so to have the most fun in sports，you just need try your best and not worry so much about the winning or losing．
( )1．The underlined phrase“get onto you”in Paragraph 4 probably Means
“ ”．
A．point out your mistakes B．take up your time
C．worry about your future D．look into your privacy
( )2．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?
A．Sports bring US great fun only if we have．the talent．
B．Sports give US the best way of spending free time．
C．We can get more out of winning than losing．
D．We should take pleasure in doing sports·
( )3．What is the best title of this passage?
A．Are we too caught up? B．To win or to gain?
C．Are．sports really great? D．For honor or for health?
同步训练32阅读理解
一、阅读理解
A
Briana，a student at John Fenwick School in Salem County，us，has a lot of free time．The l3-year-old girl used to hang out(闲逛)on the streets after school．“I know it wasn’t good，but I really had nothing else to do，”Briana said．
Briana was not alone．Many kids in her city had too much free time and nothing to do．To solve this problem，four school districts in Salem began a program called Big Brothers／Big Sisters．The program helps students make good use of their after-school time．Big Brothers／Big Sisters invites mentors(导师)to help students in grades 6 to 8 build healthy relationships(关系)and take part in productive activities．
The“IAttles”and the“Bigs”are nicknames(昵称)for students and mentors．Most mentors are teachers．The“Bigs’’and“Littles”usually meet once a week．They play games，share stories and go on trips．
The program has already helped many Salem students．
Briana’s mentor is the school principal(校长)，Syeda Woods．Woods took Briana ice—skating，to pizza parties and for a visit to Longwood Gardens in Pennsylvania．“When I got out，I saw that Salem is a very small place。”Briana said．“The program helps me experience the outside world and see many new things．’’
Kathy Jennings，13，saifl she was very shy before，but now is much more open．
“In the program．I see my mentor as a big sister，not a teacher．I can tell her anything，”Jennings said．“And she has taught me a lot about making good decisions(决定)．I think it will make a big difference in my life．’’
( )1．The program is to help students ．
A．make good use of after-school time B．improve their grades
C．build strong bodies D．take part in competitions
( )2．How often do the mentors and students meet?
A．Six to eight times a week． B．Usually once a week．
C．Once a month． D．Every day after school．
( )3．What does Briana think of the program?
A．It is too small and too few people are in it．
B．It is good to help her understand the world．
C．It brings many new problems．
D．It takes a lot of time．
( )4．What is Kathy like now?
A．She likes making decisions． B．She is like a big sister．
C．She is shy． D．She is more open．
( )5．Which of the following is true?
A．The“Littles”and“Bigs”usually meet twice a week．
B．Most of the mentors are head teachers．
C．The program has already helped many students in Salem．
D．Syeda Woods is Kathy Jennings’Big sister．
B(2011·阜康)
China began its sixth population census(人口普查)on November l，2010．The result was released this April．The population of China is l339724852．
WHEN MIDNIGHT CAME When it came to midnight on that day，the census was begun．28-year-old Wang Yi in Ji’nan，began knocking on a door in an apartment building．A young man with adrowsy look opened the door．The man named Ji Wei，who had missed the poll because of business elsewhere，quickly fill out the questionnaire which had questions about name，age，job and housing condition．
DIFFERENCE THIS TIME Different from the last census，the floating population this year was registered at where they actually live．Also，for the first time people from Hong Kong，Macao and Taiwan，as well as foreigners in the Chinese mainland，are included in the census．But those on short-term business or sight-seeing trips will not be covered．
HARD BUT HELPFUL As Chinese people’s privacy(隐私)grows，census takers have difficulties in getting the information they need．“In front of our compound there was a lady in her 40s selling pickles．During the preliminary poll，she refused to tell us her phone number．”said Wang Xin，a census taker in Shenyang．(Xinhua reporter Wang Ying from Liaoning，Xiao Sisi from Guangdong，Yin Lijuan from Beijing，Ren Liying from Hebei and Liu Baosen from Shandong contributed
to the report)．
( )1．How many times did China have census?
A．Four． B．Five． C．Six． D．Seven．
( )2．Ji Wei missed the poll before because he
A．was busy with business B．live far away
C．lost the questionnaire D．kept his privacy
( )3．The underlined word“drowsy”means“ ”
A．upset B．lucky C．tired D．surprised
( )4． are not included in the census．
A．Migrant workers in other places
B．People from Hong Kon9，Macao and TaiWan
C．Foreigners in the Chinese mainland for long
D．Foreigners for short-term business
( )5．The passage mainly tells us ．
A．what’s the population of China
B．foreigners in China
C．something about Chinese population census
D．a hard but helpful population census
二、任务型阅读
A(2011·岳阳)
阅读下篇材料，从所给的A～F六个选项中，选出五个正确的选项填空，使短文通顺、内容完整。
Anger is a kind of feeling．(1) ．When your teacher gives you too much homework，when your team loses an important game，when a friend borrows your favorite thing and then breaks it，you may get angry．
(2) ．For example，you breathe faster，your face turns red，and you may want to break some-thing or hit someone，but sometimes you hide your anger．For example，you may hide it in your heart．The problem is that if you do this，you may get a headache or your stomach may hurt．
In fact，it’s not good to hide your anger，and it’s normal for you to get angry sometimes．(3)
When you get angry，you can talk about it with adults，such as parents，teachers，etc．(4) ．Here are some other things you can do when you start to feel angry：count from l to 100；give someone a hug；go for a bike ride；think about good things，etc．
Remember that when you are angry，how you act
can make everything better or worse．(5) ．
A．But anger must be let out in the right way，without hurting others or yourself．
B．Don’t let your anger control you．
C．As soon as you find your problems，you may cry to relax．
D．Usually，your body will tell you when you are angry．
E．After doing that，you’11 find those bad feelings can start to go away．
F．Many things can make you angry．
B(20ll·兰州)
仔细阅读下面的短文并按要求完成后面的小题。
It is said that about half of the people in China smoke．Many young boys and girls have the habit of smoking，though they are middle school students．
More and more people have come to realize how serious this problem is．But they are never bored with it．①Some people think it is a kind of fashion，some think it is of great fun and others think that smoking can refresh themselves．
Smoking causes many illnesses．A lot of people always cough②
smoking．The mostserious illness caused by smoking is lung cancer．At thesame time smoking is a waste of money．Besides，careless smokers may cause dangerous fires．
③众所周知，吸烟有害于人体健康。In order to keep healthy，we should get rid of the bad habit of smoking．Please stop smoking at once．
1．将①句划线部分译成汉语：
2．在②句的空白处填人适当的同使句意完整、上下文通顺：
3．将③句划线部分的汉语译成英语：
4．列出短文中提到的吸烟的至少两点危害：
5．该篇短文的主题是：
C(2011·包头)
阅读下面短文，根据短文内容，补全表格中所缺的信息。
Many kinds of birds live in the United States，but the number of the birds is becoming smaller every year．One of the leading reasons is the growing number of pet cats．By keeping your pet cats in your home，you can help give birds a better possible chance to live．
Of the 90 million pet cats in this country，about two-thirds are allowed to go outside．It is said that these cats kill hundreds of millions of birds each year，as well as billions of small animals such as rabbits and field mice．
They can also bring illness to the animals that live in people’s yard(院子)，further weakening the health of the natural populations．
Allowing pet cats to go outside is not just bad for birds and wildlife，it’s also bad for the cats themselves．Outdoor cats can get sick very easily．They are in danger from traffic and attacks(攻击)from other animals．In fact，outdoor cats usually don’t live past the age of five，while indoor cats often live to be l7 or older．
Keep your pet cat inside!If you raise a young cat，it’s your duty to let it play inside．
Problem
The number of birds is becoming(11) ；at the same time，many pet cats are in(12) from traffic and attacks from other animals．
Reason for the problem
Pet cats are(13) to go outside freely．
What to do
People who(14) a young cat have the(15) to let it play inside．
D
仔细阅读下面的短文并按要求完成后面的小题。
Just as in face-to-face communication，there are some basic rules of behavior(行为)that should be followed on the Internet．The basic rule is simple：treat others in the same way you would want to be treated．①Imagine how you’d feel if you were in the other person’s shoes．
For anything you’re about to send：ask yourself，“Would I say that to the person’s face?”If the answer is no，rewrite and reread．If someone in the chat room is rude to you，you needn’t to fire back．You should either ignore(不理睬)the person，or use your chat software to block their messages．Remember to respect the beliefs and opinions of others in the chat room．
② Offer advice when asked by newcomers，as they may not be sure what to do or how to communicate．When someone makes a mistake，be kind about it．If you do decide to tell someone about the mistake，point it out politely．At the same time，if you,find you are wrong，be sure td correct yourself and apologize to those that you have offended(冒犯)．③询问别人诸如年龄、性别和家庭情况等隐私问题是不礼貌的。Unless you know the person very well，and you are both comfortable with sharing personal irfformation，or don’t ask such
questions．
1．In the chat room we must respect others’ and
2．When you find you make a mistake in the chat room，what should you do?
3．将划线部分①翻译成汉语。
4．选择一个适当句子放在②处：
A．First impressions last longest．
B．Everyone was new to the network once．
C．The Internet has opened up a whole new world for us．
D．Even if you feel strongly about it，think twice before saying anything．
5．将划线部分③翻译成英语。
E(2011·淮安)
Note-taking is a skill that can help you do well in all your school work．It can make you confident when you are studying．But unluckily，most students don’t know how to take notes．
If your teacher writes notes on the blackboard，that’s great．You can copy them or write down the most important facts of all in class．Different teachers do things differently．For example，some teachers may focus on(关注)lots of dates and facts in class，but they only write the important ones on the blackboard．Other teachers may not write anything down，but they may repeat them．
Don’t try to write down every word in class，or you might miss some important points．Some students really learn better with the help of these notes．
Don’t be afraid to ask your teacher to repeat what you’re missed．If your teacher speaks too fast and you can’t follow what he is saying，you can ask him after class．
Comparing(对比)your notes with your classmates’can be good for your learning．It can also help you and your classmates correct some mistakes．
Note-taking al so needs organization．Keep notes for each subject in one place，so that you can find everything easily when a test comes．
Good note-taking takes time．If you decide to recopy your notes every evening，you’ll surely,have'less time to watch TV．But you’ll save time in the coming test．
根据上面短文内容填空。
1．Note-taking can help you all your schoolwork and when you are studying．
2．Different teachers do things differently．Some of them like to tell their st l ldents many dates and facts but they only write the important ones on the blackboard；others may repeat them instead of
3．If you miss some important points or can’t follow your teacher in class。don’t to ask him or just compare your notes with ．
4．Surely，you won’t to watch TV if you decide to every evening．
5．This passage mainly tells students
F(2011·达州)
Failure is what often happens．It is everywhere in our life．Students may fail in exams，scientists may fail in their research work，and players may fail in competitions．(A)Although failure happens to everyone，but different people’s attitudes(态度)towards failure are different．
Some people don’t think that their failure is an important thing at all．So they pay no attention to it．As a result，they will have the(B) failure later．Some people think they themselves are fools and lose their hearts in everything after they get a failure．Then they(C) their time and energy on useless things．At last，they may really be fools as they have thought．
(D)Other people are quite different from these two Kinds of people mentined .above Instead of being hopeless and lost，they draw a lesson from every failure and become more experienced．(E)they，after，will，hard，in，work，be，the，successful，end．So we should draw a lesson from every failure and become more experienced．
任务一：
1．(A)处旬中有一处错误，请找出并改正。(可用文字叙述)
任务二：
2．在(B)、(C)处的横线上分别填上一个单词：
(B) (C)
任务三：
3．将(D)处句子译成汉语：
任务四：
4．将(E)处的单词连成句子：
任务五：
5．请从下面的选项中给短文选个标题。 ( )
A．Draw a lesson from every failure B．The attitudes towards failure
C．Failure is everywhere in our life D．Failure is very important
答案
【名师预测】
一、(A) 1—5 ECADF
(B)1．Children．／For children．／It’s for children． 2．Because they think being close to nature is good for children．／Because they think the survival activities are good for children． 3．They usually watch TV and play computer games．4．They don’t know what to do．／They feel uncomfortable(terrible)．／Not comfortable．／Uncomfortable．／They don’t feel comfortable． 5．They can learn some survival skills．／They can learn to stay calm in different times，keep safe and work in team．
二、1—3 ADB
【同步训练32】
一、(A) 1—5 ABBDC (B) 1—5 CACDC
二、(A) 1—5 FDCEB (B) 1．一些人认为是一种时尚，一些人认为是一种乐趣，其他的人认为提精神。2．because of 3．As we all know，smoking does great harm to human beings．4．(1)Smoking causes many illnesses． (2)Smoking is a waste of money．5．Smoking is harmful (C)1．smaller 2．danger 3．allowed 4．raise 5．duty(D)1．beliefs，opinions 2．I should correct myself and apologize to those that I have offended． 3．你要设身处地为别人着想。4．B 5．It is impolite to ask others’personal questions such as their age，sex and families．(E)1．do well in，make you confident 2．writing the important ones／writing something down 3．be afraid，your classmates’4．have much time，recopy your notes 5．how to take notes(F)1．去掉but 2．(B)same (C)spend 3．另一些人与上面提及(谈到)的两种人大不一样(完全不同)。4．After hard work，they will be successful in the end．／They will be successful after hard work in the end．5．B
解题策略
阅读理解题是中考英语的测试重点，也是中考英语试题中卷面分值最高的一种题型，在各地中考试卷中约占30％的比例。一般设三至四篇短文，试题基本上分“选择型”和“任务型”两种。纵观近年来全国各地中考阅读题，其体裁多样，有记叙文、议论文、说明文、应用文(信函、请柬、通知、便条、表格、图表、广告、图示和标志等)；所选材料内容广泛，涉及文化、环境、科普、社会、政治、经济、历史等众多领域。文章的体裁富于变化，可谓题材宽泛，形式多种多样。其特点是：时代气息浓，可读性强，理解难度较高。
要想做好中考的阅读理解，首先要知道中考对阅读理解的要求。根据教育部制定的英语课程标准，初中毕业生应达到五级综合语言运用能力。阅读理解五级的目标部分描述如下：
(1)能根据上下文和构词法推断、理解生词的含义；
(2)能理解段落中各句子之间的逻辑关系；
(3)能找出文章中的主题，理解故事的情节，预测故事情节的发展和可能的结局；
(4)能读懂常见体裁的阅读材料；
(5)能根据不同的阅读目的运用简单的阅读策略获取信息；
(6)能利用字典等工具进行学习；
(7)除教材外，课外阅读量应累计达到15万词以上。
阅读理解题主要是考查学生通过阅读获取信息、分析信息和处理信息的能力，既要抓住文章的主旨，又要抓住细节；既要理解具体事实，又要理解抽象概念；既要理解文章字面意思，又要挖掘作者意图．揣摩隐藏在字里行间的内涵；既要理解全篇的逻辑关系又要理解某些细节的意思，并且在读懂句子和文章的基础上，将所读文章进行判断、分析和推理。概括地说就是这类题注重考查阅读技能，包括理解短文大意、了解具体细节、通过上下文猜测词义、归纳篇章大意，以及推断或理解作者的态度和意图等。考生不仅要具有准确获得信息的能力，还要具有透过文章表层意思理解文章隐含意义的能力。这样才能抓住中心思想，做出正确的判断。试题涉及掌握语篇主旨、事实细节、深层含义、推理判断、猜测词义等多方面的阅读能力考查。设题通常考虑以下四个方面：
(1)直观性问题：直接引用原文中的语句或根据短文中原语句稍加改动而编成。
(2)常识性问题：考查学生依据短文信息，并根据自己所具备的一般常识做出判断的题型．
(3)理解性问题：考查学生对文章的中心思想、某段的段落大意、某一事实的细节及作者意图等的理解程度。
(4)推理性问题：这类题需在深刻理解短文后，再经过推理判断才能选出正确答案。
阅读是一个复杂的心理过程，语言学家古德曼(Groodman)认为，阅读就是读者通过其心理和语言活动理解来接受作者的思想和观点。如果学生能读懂一篇文章，则表明作者写作时的思维过程与学生在阅读时的思维活动趋于吻合，这就是说学生的阅读理解必须忠实于原文，不可脱离文章凭空想象。
对学生进行阅读技巧训练还应该从文体角度来训练，因为一篇文章的设题是受其文体限制的。下面我们分析几个不同体裁文章的特点，供大家参考。
1．故事类
初中生接触到的阅读材料大多是故事类。阅读故事类的材料，应该抓住人物线索、地点线索、时间线索和情节发展线索。特别注意的是，以上线索往往是并存的。因为情节的发展总是涉及到人物的变化、时间的推移、场景的变换等。而阅读材料后的阅读理解题往往会围绕这些内容设计一些事实类的理解题。凡事实类的理解题都可以从阅读材料的表层文字中找到答案。在阅读故事类短文时，应指导学生理解文章的深层含义，也就是它的主题。在此需要注意的是，现在的阅读理解题在测试事实类的理解题的同时，往往有一道推理类理解测试题。
2．科普类
这里所指的科普类是广义的。它包含有介绍科学知识、社会知识的短文。阅读这类短文时，要以事实为中心进行思考，抓住事物的特征、用途、相互关系等。如果是介绍社会现象的文章，要掌握所谈现象的内涵。
3．图表类
这类短文是通过看图或表格等来了解某方面的情况。指导学生阅读这类材料时，主要从两方面人手：一是了解图表的主题，确定图表的主要内容；二是推敲图画语言或数字，找出它们之间的关联或试图表达的含义。
4．新闻类
报刊阅读应逐步成为中学生阅读的一个重要内容。由于新闻报道强调遵循5个w和1个H，所以，我们在阅读时也要抓住这一点去理解。
那么，如何解决阅读理解题呢?做阅读理解题，根据实际情况，可用不同的方法。对于一些直接信息类题目，先读问题后读短文，带着问题去读文章，目的明确，容易抓住文中与问题相关的信息点。对于主观判断题，则应该从文章整体着手，认真阅读综合分析判断，做出正确选择。一般情况具体步骤如下：
(1)略读全文，掌握主旨大意略读时要特别注意短文的首段、首句或末句。一般文章的主旨大意就在这里。抓住每段中的关键词语，便可以迅速把握短文的主旨以及主要信息的分布，在答题时就心中有数了。
(2)推测词义，注意要点内容
阅读中不要过分推敲语言点，要捕捉每段乃至整篇文章的纲目，对于文章中出现的生词或看不懂的句子，可以根据上下文意思猜测理解。
(3)寻读
掌握短文的主旨大意之后，应认真阅读题目，准确理解题意及其范围，带着问题到短文中寻找相关答案。一般的事实题可直接从文中找出答案。但也要认真斟酌，透过表层结构，领会其深层涵义。而较为深层次的逻辑推理判断题，则需要建立在对全文理解的基础上进行。因此，做这类题切忌掺杂主观因素。
(4)复读审核
初次答完题后，要对照短文内容对所做答案通盘审核，反复斟酌，做出修正，以减少错误疏漏。此外学生做阅读理解题时，还应注意以下四点：
(1)注意文章的首段和每段的首句或最后一句。一般说来阅读题没有标题，就会给学生了解文章的中心意思造成一定的困难，而文章的首段或每段的首句往往可能是文章或每段的中心，是作者要说明的对象或作者要阐述的观点，尾句是文章的
结论或表达作者意图、态度、目的。注意到这一点，才能抓住中心，为理解文章奠定良好的基础。
(2)阅读文章体裁不同，阅读的侧重点也不同，记叙文中要注意who(人物)，where(地点)，when(时间)，what(事件)，why(原因)；说明文要注意说明的对象、特征、细节及数字等；议论文要注意作者的观点、论点和论据。
(3)要通过文章线索来分析判断作者的意图。文章的结论、中心思想，及深层次的推理判断，这一点是最难把握的，考生做题时要特别注意作者的态度和命题人的意图，不可从个人的经验出发。
(4)要了解英语国家的风俗习惯、风土人情，了解地道英语语言表达习惯，不能以中国人的习惯来理解文章，阐述问题。
A
阅读下面短文，从所给A～F六个选项中选出五个正确的选项填空，使短文通顺，内容完整。
Thirty years ago，few Chineseknew about American TV series。though during the l980s and l990s，Chinese people got the chance to watchsome USA．TV series like Growing Pains．
Now，(1) ，Chinese people have more chances to enjoy foreign TV series．Some American TV series such as(2) have become very popular among young Chinese English learners．In their opinion。watching American TV series is a good way to learn English and American culture．They have other reasons to support that point of view．
First。it’s easy and convenient for learners to manage their learning time．They don’t have to worry about the place and time to learn．(3) ，they can start watching and learning．All they need to do is to turn on their computers and put on their earphones．
The stories in the TV series also play an important role in attracting more learners．Different cultures between China and the western countries and exciting story lines get young people interested in watching and learning．(4) ．
Besides，watching American TV series can help learners improve their listening and speaking skills．English learners may find it hard to find a native speaker to talk with，(5) ，they can listen to native speakers and follow their conversations as much as they can．
B
Have you heard about“Survival(生存)Holidays”?“Survival Holidays”is for children to go into the lonely place for exciting activities．Now about 1,100 companies are allowed to take children into the great outdoors without their parents．
The reason why people like“Survival Holidays”is that they think being close to nature is good for children．Many children in big cities spend all time watching TV and playing Computer games．“Survival Holidays”gives them an important change．
Is“Survival Holidays”a wonderful idea?Maybe it is．Children need more free time to play．They need to be left on their own，without adults disturbing(打扰)thern．Parents care too much about their children．They like to see the children being busy with activities that are controlled by adults，but children don’t know what to do when they are in danger．
Even something like crossing a small river seems to be a hard challenge．Children are not comfortable with danger．Even small danger like getting their feet wet or falling down seems very terrible to them．
Many people think the survival activities are good for children．Even years later，they will still remember what they have learned．Some have learned to stay calm in different times．Some have learned how to keep safe-others have learned how to work in a team．All these skills will help them a lot in their lives．
Answer the following questions according to the passage．
1．Is“Survival Holidays’’for children or parents?
2．Why do people like“Survival Holidays”?
3．What do the children in big cities usually do?
4．How do children feel when they are in danger?
5．What can children learn in the survival activities?
二、阅读理解
Many people think sports are just for winning and honor，but there is a lot more you can gain from (get out of)them．I have learned over the past years that sometimes when I lose，I get a lot more out of it than winning．Also，I find a lot of times in sports，people are getting too caught up in the game instead of just having fun．The real purpose of sports is to have fun and learn life lessons along the way．
I greatly encourage you to be a part of the school sports．Even if you are not the best，you can still have fun．Sports give people a great and healthy way of spending an afternoon，instead of lying around playing video games or even getting into bad things．Sports also give us a sense of achievement．There isn’t a better feeling than to have done something fun and productive for my day．
I think that we all need sports to give us courage．If we try hard in sports，we usually do well．If we did the same in study，we would all be champions．Another reason why I encourage you to play sports is that it’s just fun．Without sports，our lives would just be boring．So as you may be able to tell，sports are amazing!
Our coaches not only teach us to play sports，but show class and good sportsmanship while playing them．It’s never fun when you lose to have the cornpetitor rub it in your face．That’s why our coaches teach us to show class when we lose；also．when coaches get onto you，don’t get down．They only want to see you improve and learn from what they say．When you do badly and they don’t shout loudly is when you should start worrying because they are giving up on you．
Overall，sports are great!They bring out the best and worst of a lot of us．However，we can’t let sports get too serious to where it brings sown all the furl so to have the most fun in sports，you just need try your best and not worry so much about the winning or losing．
( )1．The underlined phrase“get onto you”in Paragraph 4 probably Means
“ ”．
A．point out your mistakes B．take up your time
C．worry about your future D．look into your privacy
( )2．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?
A．Sports bring US great fun only if we have．the talent．
B．Sports give US the best way of spending free time．
C．We can get more out of winning than losing．
D．We should take pleasure in doing sports·
( )3．What is the best title of this passage?
A．Are we too caught up? B．To win or to gain?
C．Are．sports really great? D．For honor or for health?
同步训练32阅读理解
一、阅读理解
A
Briana，a student at John Fenwick School in Salem County，us，has a lot of free time．The l3-year-old girl used to hang out(闲逛)on the streets after school．“I know it wasn’t good，but I really had nothing else to do，”Briana said．
Briana was not alone．Many kids in her city had too much free time and nothing to do．To solve this problem，four school districts in Salem began a program called Big Brothers／Big Sisters．The program helps students make good use of their after-school time．Big Brothers／Big Sisters invites mentors(导师)to help students in grades 6 to 8 build healthy relationships(关系)and take part in productive activities．
The“IAttles”and the“Bigs”are nicknames(昵称)for students and mentors．Most mentors are teachers．The“Bigs’’and“Littles”usually meet once a week．They play games，share stories and go on trips．
The program has already helped many Salem students．
Briana’s mentor is the school principal(校长)，Syeda Woods．Woods took Briana ice—skating，to pizza parties and for a visit to Longwood Gardens in Pennsylvania．“When I got out，I saw that Salem is a very small place。”Briana said．“The program helps me experience the outside world and see many new things．’’
Kathy Jennings，13，saifl she was very shy before，but now is much more open．
“In the program．I see my mentor as a big sister，not a teacher．I can tell her anything，”Jennings said．“And she has taught me a lot about making good decisions(决定)．I think it will make a big difference in my life．’’
( )1．The program is to help students ．
A．make good use of after-school time B．improve their grades
C．build strong bodies D．take part in competitions
( )2．How often do the mentors and students meet?
A．Six to eight times a week． B．Usually once a week．
C．Once a month． D．Every day after school．
( )3．What does Briana think of the program?
A．It is too small and too few people are in it．
B．It is good to help her understand the world．
C．It brings many new problems．
D．It takes a lot of time．
( )4．What is Kathy like now?
A．She likes making decisions． B．She is like a big sister．
C．She is shy． D．She is more open．
( )5．Which of the following is true?
A．The“Littles”and“Bigs”usually meet twice a week．
B．Most of the mentors are head teachers．
C．The program has already helped many students in Salem．
D．Syeda Woods is Kathy Jennings’Big sister．
B(2011·阜康)
China began its sixth population census(人口普查)on November l，2010．The result was released this April．The population of China is l339724852．
WHEN MIDNIGHT CAME When it came to midnight on that day，the census was begun．28-year-old Wang Yi in Ji’nan，began knocking on a door in an apartment building．A young man with adrowsy look opened the door．The man named Ji Wei，who had missed the poll because of business elsewhere，quickly fill out the questionnaire which had questions about name，age，job and housing condition．
DIFFERENCE THIS TIME Different from the last census，the floating population this year was registered at where they actually live．Also，for the first time people from Hong Kong，Macao and Taiwan，as well as foreigners in the Chinese mainland，are included in the census．But those on short-term business or sight-seeing trips will not be covered．
HARD BUT HELPFUL As Chinese people’s privacy(隐私)grows，census takers have difficulties in getting the information they need．“In front of our compound there was a lady in her 40s selling pickles．During the preliminary poll，she refused to tell us her phone number．”said Wang Xin，a census taker in Shenyang．(Xinhua reporter Wang Ying from Liaoning，Xiao Sisi from Guangdong，Yin Lijuan from Beijing，Ren Liying from Hebei and Liu Baosen from Shandong contributed
to the report)．
( )1．How many times did China have census?
A．Four． B．Five． C．Six． D．Seven．
( )2．Ji Wei missed the poll before because he
A．was busy with business B．live far away
C．lost the questionnaire D．kept his privacy
( )3．The underlined word“drowsy”means“ ”
A．upset B．lucky C．tired D．surprised
( )4． are not included in the census．
A．Migrant workers in other places
B．People from Hong Kon9，Macao and TaiWan
C．Foreigners in the Chinese mainland for long
D．Foreigners for short-term business
( )5．The passage mainly tells us ．
A．what’s the population of China
B．foreigners in China
C．something about Chinese population census
D．a hard but helpful population census
二、任务型阅读
A(2011·岳阳)
阅读下篇材料，从所给的A～F六个选项中，选出五个正确的选项填空，使短文通顺、内容完整。
Anger is a kind of feeling．(1) ．When your teacher gives you too much homework，when your team loses an important game，when a friend borrows your favorite thing and then breaks it，you may get angry．
(2) ．For example，you breathe faster，your face turns red，and you may want to break some-thing or hit someone，but sometimes you hide your anger．For example，you may hide it in your heart．The problem is that if you do this，you may get a headache or your stomach may hurt．
In fact，it’s not good to hide your anger，and it’s normal for you to get angry sometimes．(3)
When you get angry，you can talk about it with adults，such as parents，teachers，etc．(4) ．Here are some other things you can do when you start to feel angry：count from l to 100；give someone a hug；go for a bike ride；think about good things，etc．
Remember that when you are angry，how you act
can make everything better or worse．(5) ．
A．But anger must be let out in the right way，without hurting others or yourself．
B．Don’t let your anger control you．
C．As soon as you find your problems，you may cry to relax．
D．Usually，your body will tell you when you are angry．
E．After doing that，you’11 find those bad feelings can start to go away．
F．Many things can make you angry．
B(20ll·兰州)
仔细阅读下面的短文并按要求完成后面的小题。
It is said that about half of the people in China smoke．Many young boys and girls have the habit of smoking，though they are middle school students．
More and more people have come to realize how serious this problem is．But they are never bored with it．①Some people think it is a kind of fashion，some think it is of great fun and others think that smoking can refresh themselves．
Smoking causes many illnesses．A lot of people always cough②
smoking．The mostserious illness caused by smoking is lung cancer．At thesame time smoking is a waste of money．Besides，careless smokers may cause dangerous fires．
③众所周知，吸烟有害于人体健康。In order to keep healthy，we should get rid of the bad habit of smoking．Please stop smoking at once．
1．将①句划线部分译成汉语：
2．在②句的空白处填人适当的同使句意完整、上下文通顺：
3．将③句划线部分的汉语译成英语：
4．列出短文中提到的吸烟的至少两点危害：
5．该篇短文的主题是：
C(2011·包头)
阅读下面短文，根据短文内容，补全表格中所缺的信息。
Many kinds of birds live in the United States，but the number of the birds is becoming smaller every year．One of the leading reasons is the growing number of pet cats．By keeping your pet cats in your home，you can help give birds a better possible chance to live．
Of the 90 million pet cats in this country，about two-thirds are allowed to go outside．It is said that these cats kill hundreds of millions of birds each year，as well as billions of small animals such as rabbits and field mice．
They can also bring illness to the animals that live in people’s yard(院子)，further weakening the health of the natural populations．
Allowing pet cats to go outside is not just bad for birds and wildlife，it’s also bad for the cats themselves．Outdoor cats can get sick very easily．They are in danger from traffic and attacks(攻击)from other animals．In fact，outdoor cats usually don’t live past the age of five，while indoor cats often live to be l7 or older．
Keep your pet cat inside!If you raise a young cat，it’s your duty to let it play inside．
Problem
The number of birds is becoming(11) ；at the same time，many pet cats are in(12) from traffic and attacks from other animals．
Reason for the problem
Pet cats are(13) to go outside freely．
What to do
People who(14) a young cat have the(15) to let it play inside．
D
仔细阅读下面的短文并按要求完成后面的小题。
Just as in face-to-face communication，there are some basic rules of behavior(行为)that should be followed on the Internet．The basic rule is simple：treat others in the same way you would want to be treated．①Imagine how you’d feel if you were in the other person’s shoes．
For anything you’re about to send：ask yourself，“Would I say that to the person’s face?”If the answer is no，rewrite and reread．If someone in the chat room is rude to you，you needn’t to fire back．You should either ignore(不理睬)the person，or use your chat software to block their messages．Remember to respect the beliefs and opinions of others in the chat room．
② Offer advice when asked by newcomers，as they may not be sure what to do or how to communicate．When someone makes a mistake，be kind about it．If you do decide to tell someone about the mistake，point it out politely．At the same time，if you,find you are wrong，be sure td correct yourself and apologize to those that you have offended(冒犯)．③询问别人诸如年龄、性别和家庭情况等隐私问题是不礼貌的。Unless you know the person very well，and you are both comfortable with sharing personal irfformation，or don’t ask such
questions．
1．In the chat room we must respect others’ and
2．When you find you make a mistake in the chat room，what should you do?
3．将划线部分①翻译成汉语。
4．选择一个适当句子放在②处：
A．First impressions last longest．
B．Everyone was new to the network once．
C．The Internet has opened up a whole new world for us．
D．Even if you feel strongly about it，think twice before saying anything．
5．将划线部分③翻译成英语。
E(2011·淮安)
Note-taking is a skill that can help you do well in all your school work．It can make you confident when you are studying．But unluckily，most students don’t know how to take notes．
If your teacher writes notes on the blackboard，that’s great．You can copy them or write down the most important facts of all in class．Different teachers do things differently．For example，some teachers may focus on(关注)lots of dates and facts in class，but they only write the important ones on the blackboard．Other teachers may not write anything down，but they may repeat them．
Don’t try to write down every word in class，or you might miss some important points．Some students really learn better with the help of these notes．
Don’t be afraid to ask your teacher to repeat what you’re missed．If your teacher speaks too fast and you can’t follow what he is saying，you can ask him after class．
Comparing(对比)your notes with your classmates’can be good for your learning．It can also help you and your classmates correct some mistakes．
Note-taking al so needs organization．Keep notes for each subject in one place，so that you can find everything easily when a test comes．
Good note-taking takes time．If you decide to recopy your notes every evening，you’ll surely,have'less time to watch TV．But you’ll save time in the coming test．
根据上面短文内容填空。
1．Note-taking can help you all your schoolwork and when you are studying．
2．Different teachers do things differently．Some of them like to tell their st l ldents many dates and facts but they only write the important ones on the blackboard；others may repeat them instead of
3．If you miss some important points or can’t follow your teacher in class。don’t to ask him or just compare your notes with ．
4．Surely，you won’t to watch TV if you decide to every evening．
5．This passage mainly tells students
F(2011·达州)
Failure is what often happens．It is everywhere in our life．Students may fail in exams，scientists may fail in their research work，and players may fail in competitions．(A)Although failure happens to everyone，but different people’s attitudes(态度)towards failure are different．
Some people don’t think that their failure is an important thing at all．So they pay no attention to it．As a result，they will have the(B) failure later．Some people think they themselves are fools and lose their hearts in everything after they get a failure．Then they(C) their time and energy on useless things．At last，they may really be fools as they have thought．
(D)Other people are quite different from these two Kinds of people mentined .above Instead of being hopeless and lost，they draw a lesson from every failure and become more experienced．(E)they，after，will，hard，in，work，be，the，successful，end．So we should draw a lesson from every failure and become more experienced．
任务一：
1．(A)处旬中有一处错误，请找出并改正。(可用文字叙述)
任务二：
2．在(B)、(C)处的横线上分别填上一个单词：
(B) (C)
任务三：
3．将(D)处句子译成汉语：
任务四：
4．将(E)处的单词连成句子：
任务五：
5．请从下面的选项中给短文选个标题。 ( )
A．Draw a lesson from every failure B．The attitudes towards failure
C．Failure is everywhere in our life D．Failure is very important
答案
【名师预测】
一、(A) 1—5 ECADF
(B)1．Children．／For children．／It’s for children． 2．Because they think being close to nature is good for children．／Because they think the survival activities are good for children． 3．They usually watch TV and play computer games．4．They don’t know what to do．／They feel uncomfortable(terrible)．／Not comfortable．／Uncomfortable．／They don’t feel comfortable． 5．They can learn some survival skills．／They can learn to stay calm in different times，keep safe and work in team．
二、1—3 ADB
【同步训练32】
一、(A) 1—5 ABBDC (B) 1—5 CACDC
二、(A) 1—5 FDCEB (B) 1．一些人认为是一种时尚，一些人认为是一种乐趣，其他的人认为提精神。2．because of 3．As we all know，smoking does great harm to human beings．4．(1)Smoking causes many illnesses． (2)Smoking is a waste of money．5．Smoking is harmful (C)1．smaller 2．danger 3．allowed 4．raise 5．duty(D)1．beliefs，opinions 2．I should correct myself and apologize to those that I have offended． 3．你要设身处地为别人着想。4．B 5．It is impolite to ask others’personal questions such as their age，sex and families．(E)1．do well in，make you confident 2．writing the important ones／writing something down 3．be afraid，your classmates’4．have much time，recopy your notes 5．how to take notes(F)1．去掉but 2．(B)same (C)spend 3．另一些人与上面提及(谈到)的两种人大不一样(完全不同)。4．After hard work，they will be successful in the end．／They will be successful after hard work in the end．5．B
第2讲 阅读理解
解题策略
阅读理解题是中考英语的测试重点，也是中考英语试题中卷面分值最高的一种题型，在各地中考试卷中约占30％的比例。一般设三至四篇短文，试题基本上分“选择型”和“任务型”两种。纵观近年来全国各地中考阅读题，其体裁多样，有记叙文、议论文、说明文、应用文(信函、请柬、通知、便条、表格、图表、广告、图示和标志等)；所选材料内容广泛，涉及文化、环境、科普、社会、政治、经济、历史等众多领域。文章的体裁富于变化，可谓题材宽泛，形式多种多样。其特点是：时代气息浓，可读性强，理解难度较高。
要想做好中考的阅读理解，首先要知道中考对阅读理解的要求。根据教育部制定的英语课程标准，初中毕业生应达到五级综合语言运用能力。阅读理解五级的目标部分描述如下：
(1)能根据上下文和构词法推断、理解生词的含义；
(2)能理解段落中各句子之间的逻辑关系；
(3)能找出文章中的主题，理解故事的情节，预测故事情节的发展和可能的结局；
(4)能读懂常见体裁的阅读材料；
(5)能根据不同的阅读目的运用简单的阅读策略获取信息；
(6)能利用字典等工具进行学习；
(7)除教材外，课外阅读量应累计达到15万词以上。
阅读理解题主要是考查学生通过阅读获取信息、分析信息和处理信息的能力，既要抓住文章的主旨，又要抓住细节；既要理解具体事实，又要理解抽象概念；既要理解文章字面意思，又要挖掘作者意图．揣摩隐藏在字里行间的内涵；既要理解全篇的逻辑关系又要理解某些细节的意思，并且在读懂句子和文章的基础上，将所读文章进行判断、分析和推理。概括地说就是这类题注重考查阅读技能，包括理解短文大意、了解具体细节、通过上下文猜测词义、归纳篇章大意，以及推断或理解作者的态度和意图等。考生不仅要具有准确获得信息的能力，还要具有透过文章表层意思理解文章隐含意义的能力。这样才能抓住中心思想，做出正确的判断。试题涉及掌握语篇主旨、事实细节、深层含义、推理判断、猜测词义等多方面的阅读能力考查。设题通常考虑以下四个方面：
(1)直观性问题：直接引用原文中的语句或根据短文中原语句稍加改动而编成。
(2)常识性问题：考查学生依据短文信息，并根据自己所具备的一般常识做出判断的题型．
(3)理解性问题：考查学生对文章的中心思想、某段的段落大意、某一事实的细节及作者意图等的理解程度。
(4)推理性问题：这类题需在深刻理解短文后，再经过推理判断才能选出正确答案。
阅读是一个复杂的心理过程，语言学家古德曼(Groodman)认为，阅读就是读者通过其心理和语言活动理解来接受作者的思想和观点。如果学生能读懂一篇文章，则表明作者写作时的思维过程与学生在阅读时的思维活动趋于吻合，这就是说学生的阅读理解必须忠实于原文，不可脱离文章凭空想象。
对学生进行阅读技巧训练还应该从文体角度来训练，因为一篇文章的设题是受其文体限制的。下面我们分析几个不同体裁文章的特点，供大家参考。
1．故事类
初中生接触到的阅读材料大多是故事类。阅读故事类的材料，应该抓住人物线索、地点线索、时间线索和情节发展线索。特别注意的是，以上线索往往是并存的。因为情节的发展总是涉及到人物的变化、时间的推移、场景的变换等。而阅读材料后的阅读理解题往往会围绕这些内容设计一些事实类的理解题。凡事实类的理解题都可以从阅读材料的表层文字中找到答案。在阅读故事类短文时，应指导学生理解文章的深层含义，也就是它的主题。在此需要注意的是，现在的阅读理解题在测试事实类的理解题的同时，往往有一道推理类理解测试题。
2．科普类
这里所指的科普类是广义的。它包含有介绍科学知识、社会知识的短文。阅读这类短文时，要以事实为中心进行思考，抓住事物的特征、用途、相互关系等。如果是介绍社会现象的文章，要掌握所谈现象的内涵。
3．图表类
这类短文是通过看图或表格等来了解某方面的情况。指导学生阅读这类材料时，主要从两方面人手：一是了解图表的主题，确定图表的主要内容；二是推敲图画语言或数字，找出它们之间的关联或试图表达的含义。
4．新闻类
报刊阅读应逐步成为中学生阅读的一个重要内容。由于新闻报道强调遵循5个w和1个H，所以，我们在阅读时也要抓住这一点去理解。
那么，如何解决阅读理解题呢?做阅读理解题，根据实际情况，可用不同的方法。对于一些直接信息类题目，先读问题后读短文，带着问题去读文章，目的明确，容易抓住文中与问题相关的信息点。对于主观判断题，则应该从文章整体着手，认真阅读综合分析判断，做出正确选择。一般情况具体步骤如下：
(1)略读全文，掌握主旨大意略读时要特别注意短文的首段、首句或末句。一般文章的主旨大意就在这里。抓住每段中的关键词语，便可以迅速把握短文的主旨以及主要信息的分布，在答题时就心中有数了。
(2)推测词义，注意要点内容
阅读中不要过分推敲语言点，要捕捉每段乃至整篇文章的纲目，对于文章中出现的生词或看不懂的句子，可以根据上下文意思猜测理解。
(3)寻读
掌握短文的主旨大意之后，应认真阅读题目，准确理解题意及其范围，带着问题到短文中寻找相关答案。一般的事实题可直接从文中找出答案。但也要认真斟酌，透过表层结构，领会其深层涵义。而较为深层次的逻辑推理判断题，则需要建立在对全文理解的基础上进行。因此，做这类题切忌掺杂主观因素。
(4)复读审核
初次答完题后，要对照短文内容对所做答案通盘审核，反复斟酌，做出修正，以减少错误疏漏。此外学生做阅读理解题时，还应注意以下四点：
(1)注意文章的首段和每段的首句或最后一句。一般说来阅读题没有标题，就会给学生了解文章的中心意思造成一定的困难，而文章的首段或每段的首句往往可能是文章或每段的中心，是作者要说明的对象或作者要阐述的观点，尾句是文章的
结论或表达作者意图、态度、目的。注意到这一点，才能抓住中心，为理解文章奠定良好的基础。
(2)阅读文章体裁不同，阅读的侧重点也不同，记叙文中要注意who(人物)，where(地点)，when(时间)，what(事件)，why(原因)；说明文要注意说明的对象、特征、细节及数字等；议论文要注意作者的观点、论点和论据。
(3)要通过文章线索来分析判断作者的意图。文章的结论、中心思想，及深层次的推理判断，这一点是最难把握的，考生做题时要特别注意作者的态度和命题人的意图，不可从个人的经验出发。
(4)要了解英语国家的风俗习惯、风土人情，了解地道英语语言表达习惯，不能以中国人的习惯来理解文章，阐述问题。
A
阅读下面短文，从所给A～F六个选项中选出五个正确的选项填空，使短文通顺，内容完整。
Thirty years ago，few Chineseknew about American TV series。though during the l980s and l990s，Chinese people got the chance to watchsome USA．TV series like Growing Pains．
Now，(1) ，Chinese people have more chances to enjoy foreign TV series．Some American TV series such as(2) have become very popular among young Chinese English learners．In their opinion。watching American TV series is a good way to learn English and American culture．They have other reasons to support that point of view．
First。it’s easy and convenient for learners to manage their learning time．They don’t have to worry about the place and time to learn．(3) ，they can start watching and learning．All they need to do is to turn on their computers and put on their earphones．
The stories in the TV series also play an important role in attracting more learners．Different cultures between China and the western countries and exciting story lines get young people interested in watching and learning．(4) ．
Besides，watching American TV series can help learners improve their listening and speaking skills．English learners may find it hard to find a native speaker to talk with，(5) ，they can listen to native speakers and follow their conversations as much as they can．
B
Have you heard about“Survival(生存)Holidays”?“Survival Holidays”is for children to go into the lonely place for exciting activities．Now about 1,100 companies are allowed to take children into the great outdoors without their parents．
The reason why people like“Survival Holidays”is that they think being close to nature is good for children．Many children in big cities spend all time watching TV and playing Computer games．“Survival Holidays”gives them an important change．
Is“Survival Holidays”a wonderful idea?Maybe it is．Children need more free time to play．They need to be left on their own，without adults disturbing(打扰)thern．Parents care too much about their children．They like to see the children being busy with activities that are controlled by adults，but children don’t know what to do when they are in danger．
Even something like crossing a small river seems to be a hard challenge．Children are not comfortable with danger．Even small danger like getting their feet wet or falling down seems very terrible to them．
Many people think the survival activities are good for children．Even years later，they will still remember what they have learned．Some have learned to stay calm in different times．Some have learned how to keep safe-others have learned how to work in a team．All these skills will help them a lot in their lives．
Answer the following questions according to the passage．
1．Is“Survival Holidays’’for children or parents?
2．Why do people like“Survival Holidays”?
3．What do the children in big cities usually do?
4．How do children feel when they are in danger?
5．What can children learn in the survival activities?
二、阅读理解
Many people think sports are just for winning and honor，but there is a lot more you can gain from (get out of)them．I have learned over the past years that sometimes when I lose，I get a lot more out of it than winning．Also，I find a lot of times in sports，people are getting too caught up in the game instead of just having fun．The real purpose of sports is to have fun and learn life lessons along the way．
I greatly encourage you to be a part of the school sports．Even if you are not the best，you can still have fun．Sports give people a great and healthy way of spending an afternoon，instead of lying around playing video games or even getting into bad things．Sports also give us a sense of achievement．There isn’t a better feeling than to have done something fun and productive for my day．
I think that we all need sports to give us courage．If we try hard in sports，we usually do well．If we did the same in study，we would all be champions．Another reason why I encourage you to play sports is that it’s just fun．Without sports，our lives would just be boring．So as you may be able to tell，sports are amazing!
Our coaches not only teach us to play sports，but show class and good sportsmanship while playing them．It’s never fun when you lose to have the cornpetitor rub it in your face．That’s why our coaches teach us to show class when we lose；also．when coaches get onto you，don’t get down．They only want to see you improve and learn from what they say．When you do badly and they don’t shout loudly is when you should start worrying because they are giving up on you．
Overall，sports are great!They bring out the best and worst of a lot of us．However，we can’t let sports get too serious to where it brings sown all the furl so to have the most fun in sports，you just need try your best and not worry so much about the winning or losing．
( )1．The underlined phrase“get onto you”in Paragraph 4 probably Means
“ ”．
A．point out your mistakes B．take up your time
C．worry about your future D．look into your privacy
( )2．Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?
A．Sports bring US great fun only if we have．the talent．
B．Sports give US the best way of spending free time．
C．We can get more out of winning than losing．
D．We should take pleasure in doing sports·
( )3．What is the best title of this passage?
A．Are we too caught up? B．To win or to gain?
C．Are．sports really great? D．For honor or for health?
同步训练32阅读理解
一、阅读理解
A
Briana，a student at John Fenwick School in Salem County，us，has a lot of free time．The l3-year-old girl used to hang out(闲逛)on the streets after school．“I know it wasn’t good，but I really had nothing else to do，”Briana said．
Briana was not alone．Many kids in her city had too much free time and nothing to do．To solve this problem，four school districts in Salem began a program called Big Brothers／Big Sisters．The program helps students make good use of their after-school time．Big Brothers／Big Sisters invites mentors(导师)to help students in grades 6 to 8 build healthy relationships(关系)and take part in productive activities．
The“IAttles”and the“Bigs”are nicknames(昵称)for students and mentors．Most mentors are teachers．The“Bigs’’and“Littles”usually meet once a week．They play games，share stories and go on trips．
The program has already helped many Salem students．
Briana’s mentor is the school principal(校长)，Syeda Woods．Woods took Briana ice—skating，to pizza parties and for a visit to Longwood Gardens in Pennsylvania．“When I got out，I saw that Salem is a very small place。”Briana said．“The program helps me experience the outside world and see many new things．’’
Kathy Jennings，13，saifl she was very shy before，but now is much more open．
“In the program．I see my mentor as a big sister，not a teacher．I can tell her anything，”Jennings said．“And she has taught me a lot about making good decisions(决定)．I think it will make a big difference in my life．’’
( )1．The program is to help students ．
A．make good use of after-school time B．improve their grades
C．build strong bodies D．take part in competitions
( )2．How often do the mentors and students meet?
A．Six to eight times a week． B．Usually once a week．
C．Once a month． D．Every day after school．
( )3．What does Briana think of the program?
A．It is too small and too few people are in it．
B．It is good to help her understand the world．
C．It brings many new problems．
D．It takes a lot of time．
( )4．What is Kathy like now?
A．She likes making decisions． B．She is like a big sister．
C．She is shy． D．She is more open．
( )5．Which of the following is true?
A．The“Littles”and“Bigs”usually meet twice a week．
B．Most of the mentors are head teachers．
C．The program has already helped many students in Salem．
D．Syeda Woods is Kathy Jennings’Big sister．
B(2011·阜康)
China began its sixth population census(人口普查)on November l，2010．The result was released this April．The population of China is l339724852．
WHEN MIDNIGHT CAME When it came to midnight on that day，the census was begun．28-year-old Wang Yi in Ji’nan，began knocking on a door in an apartment building．A young man with adrowsy look opened the door．The man named Ji Wei，who had missed the poll because of business elsewhere，quickly fill out the questionnaire which had questions about name，age，job and housing condition．
DIFFERENCE THIS TIME Different from the last census，the floating population this year was registered at where they actually live．Also，for the first time people from Hong Kong，Macao and Taiwan，as well as foreigners in the Chinese mainland，are included in the census．But those on short-term business or sight-seeing trips will not be covered．
HARD BUT HELPFUL As Chinese people’s privacy(隐私)grows，census takers have difficulties in getting the information they need．“In front of our compound there was a lady in her 40s selling pickles．During the preliminary poll，she refused to tell us her phone number．”said Wang Xin，a census taker in Shenyang．(Xinhua reporter Wang Ying from Liaoning，Xiao Sisi from Guangdong，Yin Lijuan from Beijing，Ren Liying from Hebei and Liu Baosen from Shandong contributed
to the report)．
( )1．How many times did China have census?
A．Four． B．Five． C．Six． D．Seven．
( )2．Ji Wei missed the poll before because he
A．was busy with business B．live far away
C．lost the questionnaire D．kept his privacy
( )3．The underlined word“drowsy”means“ ”
A．upset B．lucky C．tired D．surprised
( )4． are not included in the census．
A．Migrant workers in other places
B．People from Hong Kon9，Macao and TaiWan
C．Foreigners in the Chinese mainland for long
D．Foreigners for short-term business
( )5．The passage mainly tells us ．
A．what’s the population of China
B．foreigners in China
C．something about Chinese population census
D．a hard but helpful population census
二、任务型阅读
A(2011·岳阳)
阅读下篇材料，从所给的A～F六个选项中，选出五个正确的选项填空，使短文通顺、内容完整。
Anger is a kind of feeling．(1) ．When your teacher gives you too much homework，when your team loses an important game，when a friend borrows your favorite thing and then breaks it，you may get angry．
(2) ．For example，you breathe faster，your face turns red，and you may want to break some-thing or hit someone，but sometimes you hide your anger．For example，you may hide it in your heart．The problem is that if you do this，you may get a headache or your stomach may hurt．
In fact，it’s not good to hide your anger，and it’s normal for you to get angry sometimes．(3)
When you get angry，you can talk about it with adults，such as parents，teachers，etc．(4) ．Here are some other things you can do when you start to feel angry：count from l to 100；give someone a hug；go for a bike ride；think about good things，etc．
Remember that when you are angry，how you act
can make everything better or worse．(5) ．
A．But anger must be let out in the right way，without hurting others or yourself．
B．Don’t let your anger control you．
C．As soon as you find your problems，you may cry to relax．
D．Usually，your body will tell you when you are angry．
E．After doing that，you’11 find those bad feelings can start to go away．
F．Many things can make you angry．
B(20ll·兰州)
仔细阅读下面的短文并按要求完成后面的小题。
It is said that about half of the people in China smoke．Many young boys and girls have the habit of smoking，though they are middle school students．
More and more people have come to realize how serious this problem is．But they are never bored with it．①Some people think it is a kind of fashion，some think it is of great fun and others think that smoking can refresh themselves．
Smoking causes many illnesses．A lot of people always cough②
smoking．The mostserious illness caused by smoking is lung cancer．At thesame time smoking is a waste of money．Besides，careless smokers may cause dangerous fires．
③众所周知，吸烟有害于人体健康。In order to keep healthy，we should get rid of the bad habit of smoking．Please stop smoking at once．
1．将①句划线部分译成汉语：
2．在②句的空白处填人适当的同使句意完整、上下文通顺：
3．将③句划线部分的汉语译成英语：
4．列出短文中提到的吸烟的至少两点危害：
5．该篇短文的主题是：
C(2011·包头)
阅读下面短文，根据短文内容，补全表格中所缺的信息。
Many kinds of birds live in the United States，but the number of the birds is becoming smaller every year．One of the leading reasons is the growing number of pet cats．By keeping your pet cats in your home，you can help give birds a better possible chance to live．
Of the 90 million pet cats in this country，about two-thirds are allowed to go outside．It is said that these cats kill hundreds of millions of birds each year，as well as billions of small animals such as rabbits and field mice．
They can also bring illness to the animals that live in people’s yard(院子)，further weakening the health of the natural populations．
Allowing pet cats to go outside is not just bad for birds and wildlife，it’s also bad for the cats themselves．Outdoor cats can get sick very easily．They are in danger from traffic and attacks(攻击)from other animals．In fact，outdoor cats usually don’t live past the age of five，while indoor cats often live to be l7 or older．
Keep your pet cat inside!If you raise a young cat，it’s your duty to let it play inside．
Problem
The number of birds is becoming(11) ；at the same time，many pet cats are in(12) from traffic and attacks from other animals．
Reason for the problem
Pet cats are(13) to go outside freely．
What to do
People who(14) a young cat have the(15) to let it play inside．
D
仔细阅读下面的短文并按要求完成后面的小题。
Just as in face-to-face communication，there are some basic rules of behavior(行为)that should be followed on the Internet．The basic rule is simple：treat others in the same way you would want to be treated．①Imagine how you’d feel if you were in the other person’s shoes．
For anything you’re about to send：ask yourself，“Would I say that to the person’s face?”If the answer is no，rewrite and reread．If someone in the chat room is rude to you，you needn’t to fire back．You should either ignore(不理睬)the person，or use your chat software to block their messages．Remember to respect the beliefs and opinions of others in the chat room．
② Offer advice when asked by newcomers，as they may not be sure what to do or how to communicate．When someone makes a mistake，be kind about it．If you do decide to tell someone about the mistake，point it out politely．At the same time，if you,find you are wrong，be sure td correct yourself and apologize to those that you have offended(冒犯)．③询问别人诸如年龄、性别和家庭情况等隐私问题是不礼貌的。Unless you know the person very well，and you are both comfortable with sharing personal irfformation，or don’t ask such
questions．
1．In the chat room we must respect others’ and
2．When you find you make a mistake in the chat room，what should you do?
3．将划线部分①翻译成汉语。
4．选择一个适当句子放在②处：
A．First impressions last longest．
B．Everyone was new to the network once．
C．The Internet has opened up a whole new world for us．
D．Even if you feel strongly about it，think twice before saying anything．
5．将划线部分③翻译成英语。
E(2011·淮安)
Note-taking is a skill that can help you do well in all your school work．It can make you confident when you are studying．But unluckily，most students don’t know how to take notes．
If your teacher writes notes on the blackboard，that’s great．You can copy them or write down the most important facts of all in class．Different teachers do things differently．For example，some teachers may focus on(关注)lots of dates and facts in class，but they only write the important ones on the blackboard．Other teachers may not write anything down，but they may repeat them．
Don’t try to write down every word in class，or you might miss some important points．Some students really learn better with the help of these notes．
Don’t be afraid to ask your teacher to repeat what you’re missed．If your teacher speaks too fast and you can’t follow what he is saying，you can ask him after class．
Comparing(对比)your notes with your classmates’can be good for your learning．It can also help you and your classmates correct some mistakes．
Note-taking al so needs organization．Keep notes for each subject in one place，so that you can find everything easily when a test comes．
Good note-taking takes time．If you decide to recopy your notes every evening，you’ll surely,have'less time to watch TV．But you’ll save time in the coming test．
根据上面短文内容填空。
1．Note-taking can help you all your schoolwork and when you are studying．
2．Different teachers do things differently．Some of them like to tell their st l ldents many dates and facts but they only write the important ones on the blackboard；others may repeat them instead of
3．If you miss some important points or can’t follow your teacher in class。don’t to ask him or just compare your notes with ．
4．Surely，you won’t to watch TV if you decide to every evening．
5．This passage mainly tells students
F(2011·达州)
Failure is what often happens．It is everywhere in our life．Students may fail in exams，scientists may fail in their research work，and players may fail in competitions．(A)Although failure happens to everyone，but different people’s attitudes(态度)towards failure are different．
Some people don’t think that their failure is an important thing at all．So they pay no attention to it．As a result，they will have the(B) failure later．Some people think they themselves are fools and lose their hearts in everything after they get a failure．Then they(C) their time and energy on useless things．At last，they may really be fools as they have thought．
(D)Other people are quite different from these two Kinds of people mentined .above Instead of being hopeless and lost，they draw a lesson from every failure and become more experienced．(E)they，after，will，hard，in，work，be，the，successful，end．So we should draw a lesson from every failure and become more experienced．
任务一：
1．(A)处旬中有一处错误，请找出并改正。(可用文字叙述)
任务二：
2．在(B)、(C)处的横线上分别填上一个单词：
(B) (C)
任务三：
3．将(D)处句子译成汉语：
任务四：
4．将(E)处的单词连成句子：
任务五：
5．请从下面的选项中给短文选个标题。 ( )
A．Draw a lesson from every failure B．The attitudes towards failure
C．Failure is everywhere in our life D．Failure is very important
答案
【名师预测】
一、(A) 1—5 ECADF
(B)1．Children．／For children．／It’s for children． 2．Because they think being close to nature is good for children．／Because they think the survival activities are good for children． 3．They usually watch TV and play computer games．4．They don’t know what to do．／They feel uncomfortable(terrible)．／Not comfortable．／Uncomfortable．／They don’t feel comfortable． 5．They can learn some survival skills．／They can learn to stay calm in different times，keep safe and work in team．
二、1—3 ADB
【同步训练32】
一、(A) 1—5 ABBDC (B) 1—5 CACDC
二、(A) 1—5 FDCEB (B) 1．一些人认为是一种时尚，一些人认为是一种乐趣，其他的人认为提精神。2．because of 3．As we all know，smoking does great harm to human beings．4．(1)Smoking causes many illnesses． (2)Smoking is a waste of money．5．Smoking is harmful (C)1．smaller 2．danger 3．allowed 4．raise 5．duty(D)1．beliefs，opinions 2．I should correct myself and apologize to those that I have offended． 3．你要设身处地为别人着想。4．B 5．It is impolite to ask others’personal questions such as their age，sex and families．(E)1．do well in，make you confident 2．writing the important ones／writing something down 3．be afraid，your classmates’4．have much time，recopy your notes 5．how to take notes(F)1．去掉but 2．(B)same (C)spend 3．另一些人与上面提及(谈到)的两种人大不一样(完全不同)。4．After hard work，they will be successful in the end．／They will be successful after hard work in the end．5．B
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