2020-2021学年牛津上海版八年级下学期暑假学案词类，句子成分，构词法学习学案

词类，句子成分，构词法介绍
1、词类
英语词类分十种：名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。
（1）名词（n.）：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy，morning，bag，ball，class，
（2）代词（pron.）：主要用来代替名词。如：who，she，you，it .
（3）形容词（adj.）：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good，right，white，orange .
（4）数词（num.）：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one，two，three，first，second，third，fourth.
（5）动词（v.）：表示动作或状态。如：am，is，are，have，see .
（6）副词（adv.）：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now，very，here，often
（7）冠词（art.）：用在名词前，帮助说明名词。如：a，an，the.
（8）介词（prep.）：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in，on，from，above，.
（9）连词（conj.）：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and，but，before .
（10）感叹词（interj.）：表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh，well，hi，hello.
2、句子成分
英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。
（1）主语是句子所要说的人或事物，回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。
如：I’m Miss Green.
（2）谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态，回答“做（什么）”。主要由动词担任。
如：Jack cleans the room.
（3）表语在系动词之后，说明主语的身份或特征，回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping。
（4）宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果，回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。
如：He can spell the word.
有些及物动词带有两个宾语，一个指物，一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语，指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter..
有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语，放在直接宾语后面，来强调间接宾语。如：He wrote a letter to me .
（5）定语修饰名词或代词，通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如：Shanghai is a big city .
（6）状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词，通常由副词担任。如：He works hard .
（7）宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么，通常由形容词或动词充当。
如：They usually keep their classroom clean. / He often helps me do my lessons.
同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面，进一步说明它的情况。如：Where is your classmate Tom ?
3、构词法
英语构词法主要有：合成法、派生法和转换法。
（1）合成法：如：spaceship，headache，basketball，playground等等。
（2）派生法：
1）派生名词：①动词＋er/or ②动词＋ing ③动词＋（t）ion ④形容词＋ness ⑤其他，
如：inventor，learner，swimming，congratulation，kindness，carelessness，knowledge
2）派生形容词：①名词＋y ②名词＋ful ③动词＋ing/ed ④friendly ⑤dangerous
⑥Chinese;Japanese ⑦English ⑧French ⑨German ⑩国名＋（i）an
如：snowy，sunny，hopeful，beautiful，interesting，follwing，daily（每日的），nervous，delicious
3）派生副词：①形容词＋ly ②其它，
如：slowly，angrily，full→fully，good→well，possible→possibly等等。
（3）转换法：
1．动词转换为名词的常见方式
1)“动词+ion”
例如：pollute→pollution, invent→invention, discuss→ discussion
2)“动词去e+ ation”
例如：invite→invitation，organize→organization
3）“动词+er”
例如: work→worker, teach→teacher, write→writer, speak→speaker, run→runner, win→winner
4)“动词+ or"
例如：invent→inventor, act→actor
5)“动词+ing"
例如：build→building, begin→beginning, paint→painting
6)“动词十ment"
例如：develop→development, amuse→amusement
2．动词转换为形容词的常见方式
1)“动词+ive"
例如：act→active, attract→attractive
2)“动词+ able"
例如：change→changeable, enjoy→enjoyable
3)“动词+ing"
例如：excite→exciting, follow→following
4)“动词+ ed"
例如：frighten→frightened, bore→bored
5)“动词+ ful"．
例如：forget→forgetful
3．名词转换为形容词的常见方式
1)“名词+ ful"
例如：care→careful, use→useful, power→powerful
2)”名词+ less"
例如：care→careless, home→homeless
3)“名词+ly"
例如：friend→friendly, love→lovely
4)“名词+y"
例如：sun→sunny, wind→windy, health→healthy, noise→noisy, luck→lucky, snow→snowy
5)“名词+ing"
例如：interest→interesting
6)“名词+n"
例如：America→American, Australia→Australian
7)“名词+ ern"
例如：south→southern, north→northern
8)“名词+ ous"
例如：danger→dangerous
9)“名词+ en"
例如：wood→wooden, gold→golden
10)“名词+al"
例如：nation→national, education→educational
4．形容词转换为名词的常见方式
1)“形容词+y"
例如：difficult→difficulty, honest→honesty
2)“形容词词尾t改成ce"
例如：different→difference, important→importance
3)“形容词+ ness"
例如：ill→illness, kind→kindness
4)“形容词+ dom"
例如：free→freedom, wise→wisdom
考生答题时可遵循下列步骤：(1)明确所给词的词性；(2)弄清所给句子的句意；(3)确定空处所填词的词性；(4)确定所给词的形式变化；(5)注意词汇知识及习惯用法；(6)注意句子是否通顺。
代词详解
考点归纳
1．人称、物主、反身、疑问代词的数、格、性
　 人称代词 物主代词 反身代词
主格 宾格 形容词性 名词性
单数 第一人称 I me my mine myself
第二人称 you you your yours yourself
第三人称 阳性 he him his his himself

阴性 she her her hers herself

中性 it it its 　 itself
复数 第一人称 　 we us our ours ourselves
第二人称 　 you you your yours yourselves
第三人称 　 they them their theirs themselves
疑问代词 who / what who(m)/ what whose/which whose/which 　





2．人称代词单、复数出现顺序
人称代词单数并列出现的顺序为：you，he/she (him／her) and I(me)；复数顺序为：we (us),you and they(them).
3．反身代词的用法
self (selves)--反身代词，表示“自己、亲自”的意思。需要注意的是反身代词不能单独作主语，但可以放在人称代词后面，作同位语。如：Mary herself said so．玛丽她自己这么说的。（不能说Herself said so。）
4．指示代词的用法
在一些特定的情景中，如敲门问是谁或是婴儿、小孩或不知性别的人时用it；电话用语中this指自己，that则代表对方。this，these往往指时间或空间较近的人或物；that，those可指时间或空间较远的人或物，并常常用来代替已提到过的名词，以避免重复，that指单数或不可数名词，而those则指复数。如：
The life in the country is more peaceful than that in the city.
The cars from China is cheaper than those from Germany.
5．it和one的用法
it和one都可替代上文出现过的名词，但it指同一事物，而one则代表同一类事物中的一个，并不是同一个。
6. some和any的用法
一般情况下，some用于肯定句，否定句、疑问句和条件句中用any。但some有时也用于疑问句，表示说话者的肯定语气。如：
Would you like some coffee?（要来点咖啡吗？）
这样的肯定疑问句中，说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的，或期望得到肯定回答时，用some而不用any。any有时也可用于肯定句中，表示“任何一个，任何一些”。not (…)any= no。
7．few和a few的用法
few和a few用来代替和修饰可数名词；little，a little用来代替和修饰不可数名词；a few和a little着重肯定意思，相当于汉语“有几个”、“有一点儿”；few和little着重否定意思，相当于汉语“没有几个”、“没有多少”。
not a little=quite a little=much, not a few=quite a few=many
only/just a little相当于little; only/just a few相当于few。
8．all，every，each的用法
从强调重点上看，all强调考虑总体；every强调考虑总体中的所有成员（与all很接近）；each则强调逐个逐个地考虑总体。从用法上看：all和each既可单独使用，也可后接名词，还可后接of短语；而every后必须接名词，既不能单独使用也不能后接of短语。从含义上看，each指两者或两者以上的“每个”；every指三者或三者以上“每个”，因此指两者时只能用each。
9．both, either, neither的用法
both意为“两者全都”，与复数连用；either意为“两者中间的任何一个”；neither表示“两者之间一个也不是”，与单数连用。如:
Both of them come from London．他们两人都来自伦敦。
You may take either with you．两个中间你随便带哪个都行。
Neither is correct．两个都不对。
10．no one，nobody，none的用法
no one与nobody的用法相似，均只用于指人不用于指物，且其后不能接of短语，用作主语时谓语用单数；而none既可用于指人也可用于指物，其后通常接of短语，用作主语时，若指不可数名词，谓语只能用单数，若指复数名词，则谓语可用单数（较正式），也可用复数（用于非正式文体）。如:
No one (Nobody) has found it．没有人发现了它。
None of this wood can be used．这木头一点儿都不能用了。
None of the books is (are) worth reading．没有一本书值得读。
11．other, the other, another, others的用法
固定搭配，两个范围内：one…，the other…一个，另一个；Some…，others… 一些，另一些。指单数时，若泛指用another，若特指用the other；指复数时，若泛指用other（后接复数名词）或others（其后不接名词），若特指用the other（后接复数名词）或the others（其后不接名词）。如，
Show me another．另外拿一个给我看。
Show me some others．再拿一些给我看。
We should think of others．我们应该多为别人着想。
Where are the other students? 其他同学在哪里？
注：another后一般加单数可数名词，但若其后的名词有数词或few修饰，则也可接复数名词。如：
I've got another ten minutes．我还有10分钟。
12．复合不定代词的用法
复合不定代词主要包括something, somebody, someone, anything，anybody，anyone, nothing, nobody, everything, everybody, everyone等。它们在句中可作主语、宾语或表语，但不能作定语。其中something, someone等和anything, anyone等的区别与some和any的区别一样，前者一般用于肯定句，后者一般用于否定句、疑问句或条件句。使用时应请注意以下几点：
(1) 被定语修饰时，定语应置于其后。如，
Tell me something interesting．给我讲点有趣的事。
There was nobody excited．没有一个人很兴奋。
(2) 指人的复合不定代词若用作主语，其谓语动词一般用单数，相应的人称代词和物主代词也用单数he, him, his（不一定指男性）。但在非正式文体中常用复数代词they，them，their。如：
If anybody (anyone) comes, ask him (them) to wait．要是有人来，让他（们）等着。
(3) anyone, everyone等只能指人，不能指物，且其后一般不接of短语。若是指物或后接of短语，可用any one，every one（即分开写）。
13．疑问代词的用法
疑问代词，即who, whom, whose, which, what等用于引出特殊疑问句的代词。它们在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。疑问代词作主语时，动词的数要根据疑问代词所代表的数来决定。如果数的概念不清，动词多用单数形式。如：
Which are our seats? 哪些是我们的座位？
What are you worrying about? 你在为什么事烦恼？
考题精讲
【例 1】 Do you usually want to have__________ try when you fail to do something?(2009普陀)
A. one B. other C. the other D. another
【解析】another=an+ other，既可作形容词，也可作代词，只能用于三个或更多的人或物，泛指同类事物中的三者或三者以上的“另一个”，只能代替或修饰单数可数名词。本题中要表达的是再试一次，因此正确答案为D。
【例2】Alice didn't watch TV last night, her brother didn't watch TV，_________. (2009南汇)
A. also B. too C. either D. neither
【解析】either用作代词时，意为“两者中的任何一个”，在句中可做主语和宾语。either在句中用作主语时，谓语动词应为单数形式。either用作形容词时，意为“两者中任何一个的”、“两边中任何一边的”，作前置定语用。either用作副词时，意为“也……”，只用于否定句中。而also和too都用于肯定句中表示“也”。因此正确答案为C。
【例3】I knocked on the door several times but _________ answered, so I left. (2008中考)
A. somebody B. nobody C. anybody D. everybody
【解析】本题考查不定代词的用法。somebody表示某人；anybody在肯定句中表示任何人；everybody表示每个人或所有的人。而本题正确的题意是没有人应答，因此答案为B。
【例4】_________Tom_________ Mary is busy at the moment. You'd better play with others. (2009浦东)
A. Both; and B. Not only; but also
C. Neither; nor D. Either; or
【解析】四个短语中B、C、D三个都有就近原则，只有A是可以从谓语动词的第三人称单数直接排除的。D也较容易从意思上排除，而B和C则要分析后一句话的意思，且理清前后关系后才能确定B是正确答案。
第一组
1. All the students in Shanghai should help fight to protect the environment. (pollute)
Now the good method is used in the experiments. (wide)
The old man was to the policeman who found the lost car for him. (thank)
4. For the time he became worried about the future because of the globalfinancial crisis (金融危机). (one)
Help to some more shrimps, children. (you)
Qingming Festival is an important Chinese festival to remember people's relatives. (die)
7. Professor Brown can still tell quite a few funny , although he is already in his eighties. (story)
8. Bolt in winning the gold medal in the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. (success)
第二组
As a fashion model, she is always on a diet to control her . (weigh)
Could you show how to control the new machine? (he)
3. Mike bought me a new English dictionary as a present on my birthday. (nine)
Many people lost their in the earthquake in Sichuan Province. (life)
Our new flat is going to be decorated with furniture. (tradition)
6. We can our reading ability through reading a page of English every day.(development)
7. Jane always tells us the same things whenever she meets us. She is really______________________. (bore)
8. It rained so that we had to stop playing basketball on the playground. (heavy)
第三组
Mary bought three in the supermarket. (brush)
2. The old couple had an weekend when their four children came to see them.(enjoy).
This is the time for him to go there alone. (three) .
A car accident happened this morning. , none was hurt. (fortunate)
5. Edison was a great though he stayed at school for only a little time.(invent)
We are going out to my sister's return. (celebration)
The twin can do a lot of housework by . (they)
The boy's face turned still after the headmaster praised him. (red)
第一组
Key: 1. pollution 2. widely 3. thankful 4. first 5. yourselves
6. dead 7. stories 8. succeeded
第二组
Key: 1. weight 2. him 3. ninth 4. lives 5. traditional
6. develop 7. boring 8. heavily
第三组
Key: 1. brushes 2. enjoyable 3. third 4. Fortunately 5. inventor
考点精练
I. Choose the best answer
1. Could Nancy solve that difficult maths problem by _________?
A. she B. her C. hers D. herself
2. I don't think _________ possible to master a foreign language without much memory work.
A. this B. that C. its D. it
3. Linda is a new comer here, but she gets on well with_________.
A. we B. our C. us D. ours
4. He is very lazy. He doesn't do_________ housework at home.
A. some B. any C. a few D. many
5. We've got two bicycles. One is for my parents, _________ is for me.
A. other B. the other C. another D. others
6. -- I like playing football best. It's my favourite outdoor activity. –_________.
A. So am I B. Neither am I C. So do I D. Neither do I
7. -- Who knocked at the door?
-- I’ve no idea. I just pretended nobody was at home, so I didn't ask who_________ was.
A. he B. that C. she D. it
8. In 1850, about a third of the USA__________ covered by forest.
A. were B. has been C. was D. have been
9. This kind of flower __________sweet.
A. smells B. smell C. is smelling D. are smelling
10. In the past, __________ of the buses was air-conditioned.
A. neither B. all C. none D. either
11. When I'm unhappy, I will look for ___________to do.
A. something interesting B. interesting something
C. interesting nothing D. anything interesting
12. — When shall we go to the History Museum, this Saturday or Sunday?
— is OK. I'm free these days.
A. Both B. All C. Either D. Neither
13. — Which do you prefer, black coffee or milk tea?
— . I'd like some hot milk.
A. Both B. Either C. Neither D. None
14. After school, some students like to play video games, while___________ like playing football on the playground.
A. other B. rest C. others D. the others
15. My sister Mary swims faster than___________ student in her class.
A. any B. any of C. any one D. any other
1-5 DDCBB 6-10 CDCAC 11-15 ACCCD
阅读训练
学校生活
词数 284 难度 ★★ 建议用时 6′ 实际用时
Bev could not do her work. She felt too tired. She put down her book, yawned and felt better. Bev looked up. Had the teacher seen her? To her surprise, the teacher was yawning, too. He took a long breath and opened his mouth wide. He closed his eyes a bit and let out his breath in a big, slow yawn. Then Bev heard others yawn.
The teacher said, "Bev yawned because our doors and windows are closed. And the room is warm. Her body needed more air. Maybe she yawned because she was tired. Maybe she was hungry. Or she just needed to move a bit. Do you feel better now, Bev?"he asked.
"Yes,"said Bev.
"Yawns wake us up,"the teacher said. "When you yawn, you stretch many parts of your body. That stretching makes you feel good. "
There were more yawns.
"People do not know why they yawn,"the teacher went on. "But if you see a yawn, hear one, or even read about one, you may yawn, too. And if your yawn starts, you can't stop it. You may close your mouth to stop it. But the yawn will still come. "
The teacher stood up and said,"Let's open the window and let some air in. You may also go out for a drink. A cold drink or water on your face helps to stop yawns. Bev may go first. "
How do you feel now after you have read this story? Did you yawn? Watch a friend read this. See if your friend starts to yawn. If you see a yawn, you will know why.
生词速查
stretch v. 拉长，伸展
( )1. Bev yawned because .
A. she felt hungry B. she was tired
C. she needed to move D. her body needed more air
( )2. Many other students also yawned because .
A. they followed Bev's example B. they felt angry
C. they felt sleepy D. they'd like to yawn
( )3. The cause of the yawning was that .
A. the room was cold B. the room was warm
C. the room was airless D. the room was dirty
( )4. Yawns can help a person to .
A. stretch many parts of his body B. wake up
C. feel happy D. A and B
( )5. What does the word "yawn" mean in Chinese?
A. 伸懒腰 B. 打喷嚏 C. 打哈欠 D. 打嗝
词数 293 难度 ★★★ 建议用时 6′ 实际用时
What is the hottest topic at your school recently? In No. 1 Middle School, it's money. The school held an activity called "making money" last weekend. About 200 Junior 1 and Junior 2 students were divided into 30 teams. They went out to make money by selling things. What did they choose to sell? Some sold newspapers; some chose bottled water; some sold environmentally friendly shopping bags and bamboo baskets.
Hu Qing's team decided to sell some useful books in front of the Children Activity Center. They thought parents would like to buy the books for their children. But unfortunately, they met urban management officers. The officers asked them to leave. "We played hide-and-seek with the officers for the whole morning," said Hu. "Finally we had to give up."
Wang Bing and her team sold ice cream in a square. They didn't meet any officers. But few people were interested in what they were selling. The team then put up a board saying "For Country Kids". It worked. More people came to their stall. A foreigner even gave them 100 yuan. He didn t want any change. He said he wanted to help the children, said Wang. "We were touched." Later that day they gave the 100 yuan and more to the "Project Hope" office.
Meng Zhaoxiang and his team were luckier. They sold all their cakes in four hours, spending 39. 5 yuan and getting back 80 yuan. They made 40. 5 yuan. "It was not easy to make the money," said Meng. "Some people just looked. Others just tasted but didn't buy. Now I know how hard it is for our parents to make the money we need to lead happy lives."
生词速查
urban management officer 城管 hide-and-seek 捉迷藏
stall 小摊 Project Hope 希望工程
( )6. In No. 1 Middle School, what the students talk more about is_________________.
A. the officers
B. the kind foreigner
C. the activity called "making money"
D. the money they made last weekend
( )7. _________________ took part in the activity.
A. All the students
B. Some teachers
C. About 200 students of the three grades
D. Part of Junior 1 and Junior 2 students
( )8. Hu Qing's team finally gave up because .
A. the parents didn't like to buy the books
B. the Children Activity Center was too crowded
C. the officers didn't allow them to sell anything there
D. the team played the game of the hide-and-seek the whole morning
( )9. Why did more people come to Wang Bing's stall at last?
A. The team put up a magic board.
B. A foreigner came up and helped them.
C. The people liked to help country kids.
D. The people were interested in their ice cream.
( )10. According to the passage the students learn .
A. it's impossible for them to make money
B. it's not easy for their parents to make money
C. it's very important for them to make a living
D. it's necessary for school to hold more activities in the future
1. B 据she felt too tired得知答案。
2. A 据第一段得知答案。
3. B 据第二段和倒数第二段可得知答案。
4. A 据Yawns wake us up…得知答案。
5. C 综合全文是在谈论打哈欠的问题。
6. C 文章开头三句话描写了学校内近期谈论的话题。
7. D 第一段第四句写到只有两个年级的200人参加活动，应该只是部分学生。
8. C 第二段描写了学生与城管捉迷藏的过程，最终被迫放弃。
9. C 从第三段引号中的文字可知人们来的原因。
10. B 文章最后一段写了学生的感受：赚钱难，父母赚钱养家不容易。