必修3 Module 4 Sandstorms in Asia语言点
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Module 4
Sandstorms in Asia
语言点
基础自主回顾
Ⅰ.课标单词
1．__________大量的；大规模的(adj.)
2．__________战役；活动(n.)
3．__________进程；过程(n.)
4．__________预报；预告(vt.)
5．__________重新利用；再循环(v.)
mass
campaign
process
forecast
recycle
6．__________根据；证明(n.)
7．__________紧急的(adj.)
8．__________污染(vt.)
9．__________恐怖的；吓人的(adj.)
10．__________绝对地；完全地(adv.)
11．__________吓人的；可怕的(adj.)→__________吓唬；使害怕(vt.)→__________恐惧；害怕(n.)
evidence
urgent
pollute
scary
absolutely
frightening
frighten
fright
12．__________力量；力气(n.)→__________加强(v.)→__________强壮的(adj.)
13．__________化学药品(n.)化学的(adj.)→__________化学(n.)
14．__________关心的；担心的(adj.)→__________关心(n.)
15．__________主要的；多数的(adj.)→__________大多数(n.)
16．__________抱怨；发牢骚(vi.)→__________抱怨(n.)
17．__________保护(n.)→__________(v.)
strength
strengthen
strong
chemical
chemistry
concerned
concern
major
majority
complain
complaint
protection
protect
Ⅱ.常用短语
1．____________遇上；赶上
2．____________砍倒
3．___________________只有做……
4．_________________________阻止某人做……
5．_________________埋怨；抱怨
6．____________理解；欺骗；吸收
be caught in
cut down
do nothing but do sth.
prevent sb. from doing sth.
complain of/ about
take in
7．_______________________认真考虑
8．________________概括地说
9．___________________________为……担心
10．____________________放出；发出
11．_______________________挖出
12．_____________________浏览，仔细检查
13．________________清楚地意识到
think seriously about
in a nutshell
be concerned about/ over
give out
dig up
look through
wake up to
Ⅲ.重点句型
1．The storms sometimes continue all day and traffic moves very slowly because the thick dust ________________.
暴风有时持续一整天，车辆开得很慢，因为浓浓的尘埃降低了能见度。
答案：makes it difficult to see
2．To ________ it ________ nearer, the government is planting trees.
为了阻止它来得更近，政府正在植树。
答案：prevent; coming
3．The garbage is then taken away and, ________， recycled.
然后垃圾被带走，如果可能的话会进行回收利用。
答案：if possible
4．____________________ seven ideas, ask another pair to help you.
若你很难找到七种想法，就让别的小组帮帮你。
答案：If you have difficulty in finding
Ⅳ.模块语法
1．Linda was very sorry for being late. But the teacher's smile made her ________ better.
A. feel B. to feel
C. fall D. to fall
答案：A
2．He is often listened ________ English songs, but this time we had him ________ Russian songs.
A. to sing; sing B. to sing; to sing
C. sing; to sing D. sing; sing
答案：A
3．I'm sorry I can't help ________ the flowers, because I'm busy preparing for the singing competition ________ tomorrow.
A. watering; to be held
B. water; being held
C. to water; held
D. water; to be held
答案：D
4．Charles did what he could ________ the servant, although he himself was in danger.
A. rescue B. to rescue
C. rescued D. rescuing
答案：B
5．Is this the watch you wish ________？
A. to have repaired B. to repair it
C. to have it repaired D. to have repaired it
答案：A
6．My mother could do nothing but ________ at home.
A. to be staying B. to stay
C. to staying D. stay
答案：D
Ⅰ.重点词汇
1．major adj. 较大的，较多的；主要的，主修的；较重要的vi. 主修，专攻n. 主修课程；主修学生
知识拓展
1)major problems 主要问题
the major subjects 主修课程
play a major role in sth.在某事中起重要作用
major in sth.主修
2)the majority of ……的大多数
be in a/the majority 占大多数，构成大部分
by/with a majority of 以……多数
注意：major形容词，无比较等级，既不能和than连用，也不能与to连用，作定语，反义词为minor。
例如：a major new book about American politics
有关美国政治的一本比较重要的新书
不能说 This book is major than/to that one.。
经典在线
①There are two major political parties in the US.
美国有两大政党。(朗文P1185)
②She's a history major.
她是历史专业的学生。(朗文P1185)
即学即用
English was his ______ in the college, while she ________ Japanese.
A．mayor; majored B．minor; majored in
C．major; majored D．major; majored in
答案：B
考点探究解密
考 点 解 读
1．mass
①n.团，块，堆；大量，许多
②adj.大批的，大量的，广泛的
③vt. & vi.集结；聚集
知识链接：
下列短语都有“许多的，大量的”之意，可修饰可数或不可数名词：
lots of＝a lot of
quantities of＝a quantity of
varieties of＝a variety of
collections of＝a collection of
supplies of＝a (good) supply of
plenty of
以下短语仅修饰可数名词：
numbers of＝a number of, many a, a good/great many, quite a few
以下短语仅修饰不可数名词：
a great deal of, an amount of, quite a little
误区警示：masses of可用来修饰可数名词，也可用来修饰不可数名词。
朗文在线：
a mass of snow一堆积雪
The sky was full of dark masses of clouds.
天空乌云密布。
mass production批量生产
weapons of mass destruction大规模杀伤性武器
Dark clouds massed on the horizon.天空乌云密布。
命题方向：考题中常考查表示数量的词的辨析。
活学巧练：
He has________letters to answer. He has to work from morning to night.
A．much B．a great deal of
C．masses of D．the number of
答案与解析：C letters为可数名词，排除A、B项。D项应为a number of，故只有C项正确。
2．concerned adj.关心的；有关的(常用于名词之后)；挂念的；担心的
精讲拓展：
①concerning prep. 关于(＝regarding＝as regards＝with regard to＝given)
②be concerned in sth.涉及
③be concerned with sth. 关于；有关
④so/as far as sth. /sb. be concerned 据……所知
⑤have no concern for 毫不关心
⑥have no concern with 和……毫无关系
⑦concern vt.涉及，关系到n.(利害)关系，关心
⑧be much concerned about 十分挂念；担心；焦虑
concern oneself with/about/in sth. 忙于(某事)；关心(某事)(＝engage oneself with/in＝be occupied with)
show/express concern about 对……表示关心/担心
误区警示：concerned表示“关心的，有关的”时常作后置定语或表语。
朗文在线：
①The affair is greatly regretted by everyone concerned.
所有相关人士都对此事感到极为遗憾。
②Everyone concerned in the incident was questioned by the police.
所有与这起事件有关的人都受到了警方的盘问。
③This article concerns a man who was wrongly imprisoned.
这篇文章写的是一个被冤枉而入狱的人。
命题方向：concerning，as/so far as sb./sth. be concerned是重要考点。
活学巧练：
He heard nothing________this matter.
A．concerned B．concerning
C．concerns D．connecting
答案与解析：B concerning prep.关于。句意：他没有听到任何关于这件事的消息。
即境活用
3．The comments which he made________marketing bothered his boss greatly.
A．being concerned
B．concerned
C．be concerned
D．concerning
解析：选D。which he made concerning marketing 是定语从句修饰先行词the comments，引导词在从句中作made的宾语，concerning是介词相当于about，表示“关于”。本句意为“他就营销所作的评论使老板深感不安。”
★4.完成句子
You can tell your friend that you________________(关心)him but you have to go to school.
解析：be concerned about表示“关心，担心”。本句意为“你可以告诉你的朋友，你很关心他，但是你不得不去上学。”
答案：are concerned about
4．increase v. & n. 增加
①Reading more can increase one's knowledge.
多读书能增长一个人的知识。
②The population of this country increased dramatically last year.
去年这个国家的人口大幅度地增长。
知识拓展
increasing adj. 日益增长的，越来越多的
increase to 增加到……
increase by 增加了……
on the increase 正在增加
an increase in production/number/population 产量/数量/人口的增加
提示：increase的反义词为decrease(v. & n．或reduce v．)
即学即用
单项填空
Since then the number of people taking driving lessons________20%.
A．has increased to B．increases by
C．has increased by D．have increased by
答案：C
3 complain vt.& vi. 抱怨；发牢骚；投诉，控告
(回归课本P36)He does nothing but complain.
他只是不停地埋怨。
归纳总结
can't complain[口]还算好(虽然有些问题，但总体上比较满意)
例句探源
①I’m going to complain to the manager about the quality of the MP4.
我打算向经理投诉MP4的质量问题。
②They complained that the price of books had increased.
他们抱怨书价上涨了。
③The patient is making a complaint to the doctor of his bad headache.
病人正在向医生诉说他的头痛。
命题方向：complain about/of 短语是重要考点。
活学巧练：
She always makes some________over shortages and high prices.
A．dislikes B．complaints
C．troubles D．discontents
答案与解析：B make complaints over sth. “抱怨某事”；dislikes“厌恶”；troubles“烦恼，困苦”；discontent为不可数名词，不可加s，意为“不满”。
即境活用
★5.He ________to me about the bad weather he had while traveling there，from which I guessed that he must have had a very unpleasant journey there.
A．complained B．pretended
C．regretted D．complaint
解析：选A。complain to sb. about sth.“关于……向某人发牢骚”。complaint是名词。
6．完成句子
①Hence they could endure the hardship________________(毫无怨言地)。
解析：本句意为“因此他们能毫无怨言地忍受痛苦。”
答案：without complaint
②She________________________(抱怨)having been kept waiting for so long.
解析：本句意为“她抱怨让她等得太久了。”
答案：complains about/of
4．urgent adj.紧急的，迫切的；非常重要的
They were urgent in their demand.
他们的要求很迫切。
She was urgent for the doctor to come.
她急切地催促医生来。
精讲拓展：
①urge vt.推进，极力主张；催促，激励
②urgency n．紧急，迫切
③urge sb.to do...敦促某人做……
④urge sb.into doing...敦促某人做……
⑤urge sb.against强烈反对
⑥urge on sb.向某人强调
⑦be in urgent need of急需
误区警示：urge后的宾语从句应用should do的形式。
活学巧练：
The doctor________an X－ray test, and then, he could make a conclusion.
A．urged me to have B．urged me having
C．urged against D．urged on me
答案与解析：A urge sb. to do sth.“极力要求某人做某事”。
5．evidence n．根据，证明
There is evidence that somebody has been living here.
① obvious
apparent
evidentadj.明白的，明显的
②evidently adv.明显，显然
③be in evidence 明显，显而易见
④on the evidence of sth. 用某事物作为证据
⑤have/show evidence of 有……的迹象
⑥It is evident that 很明显……
注意：①evidence指有助于证明某事确实存在的任何事物，或与法律诉讼有关的物证，见证。
②proof指直接证明某事是事实的根据。
③witness亲眼见过某事的证人或提供的见证。
误区警示：evidence是不可数名词。
活学巧练：
(1) The applause made it________(明显的) that the play was a hit.
(2) A smile gives__________(证明，证据) of her consent.
(3) Will you act as________(见证人) to the agreement between us
(4)________(显然 ) she will be elected.
evident
evidence
witness
Evidently
重点难点研析
词汇精研
1 strength n． 力量，力气，体力；意志力；坚强；长处
(回归课本P32)The Chinese Central Weather Station can forecast a sandstorm some weeks before it arrives in Beijing，but the strength of the storm sometimes surprises people.
中央气象站能在沙尘暴到达北京前几个周进行预报，但风大得有时让人们吃惊。
归纳总结
例句探源
①I don’t have the strength to climb any further.
我没有力气再往上爬了。
②Diana pulled on the rope with all her strength.
黛安娜用尽全身的力气拉绳子。
③Repairs are necessary to strengthen the bridge.
这座桥需要维修加固。
④Be aware of your own strengths and weaknesses.
要意识到你自己的长处和短处。
词语辨析：strength，force，power与energy
①strength着重指人的体力或坚强的意志力。
②force指物理学上的“力”也指为做某事而使用的力量，还可指武力。
③power指能力、权力、着重行动所根据的能力、本领或职权。
④energy主要指人的精力，或自然界中物理学定义中的“能，能量”。
命题方向：strength常与force, power等以词语辩析题的形式出现在高考中。
误区警示：strength表示“体力；力气；意志力；坚强”时，为不可数名词；但表示“强点，优势，长处”时是可数名词。
朗文在线：
①I don't have the strength to climb any further.
我没有力气再往上爬了。
②Where did you find the strength to keep trying
你不断进行尝试的意志力是从哪儿来的？
③The great strength of our plan lies in its simplicity.
我们这个计划的最大长处在于它的简单。
①He pushed against the rock with all his strength.
②She’s always full of energy.
③The rioters were taken away by force.
④The party came to power_ at the last election.
即境活用
1．(2010年高考湖北卷)To make members of a team perform better，the trainer first of all has to know their________and weaknesses.
A．strengths B．benefits
C．techniques D．values
解析：选A。句意“为了让一个队的成员表现更好，教练首先得知道他们的长处和不足。”
★2.Filled with great________，the boy lifted the heavy bag onto his shoulder.
A．power B．energy
C．strength D．force
解析：选C。power表示“能力；权力”；energy表示“能量；能源；精力”；strength表示“力气”；force多指“武力，暴力”，举沉重的包应用“力气，力量”，所以选C。
活学巧练：
Bill was doing a lot of physical exercise to build up his __________.
A．ability B．force
C．strength D．mind
答案与解析：C “训练是为了增强体力”。
5 be caught in 突然遭遇(风暴等)
(回归课本P32)“To have been caught in a sandstorm was a terrible experience，”he said.
他说：“遭遇上了沙尘暴是一次可怕的经历。”
归纳总结
catch v.抓住；患病；捕获；(被)卡住；搭上(汽车等)，当场发现，撞见,
catch sb.doing sth.抓到/看到某人正在做某事,catch up with赶上；追上,
catch one’s eye引起某人的注意,
catch hold of抓住
例句探源
①On the way home last night，they were caught in a storm.
昨天晚上在回家的路上，他们遭遇了暴风雨。
②(朗文P298)Steph’s hair got caught in the machine，and they had to cut it.
斯蒂夫的头发被机器夹住了，他们不得不把它剪断。
③(朗文P297)If you get caught stealing in some countries，they cut off your hand.
在有些国家，行窃被当场抓住的话是要被剁手的。
④At the moment our technology is more advanced，but other countries are catching up with us.
目前我们的技术比较先进，不过其他国家正在追赶上来。
即境活用
9．When I opened the door，a parcel on the floor________my eye.
A．met B．caught
C．drew D．attracted
解析：选B。考查固定短语catch one’s eye 表示“引起某人的注意”。本句意为“当我打开门时，地板上的一个包裹引起了我的注意”。
★10.I still remember________chess in class by my teacher about twenty years ago.
A．to be caught to play
B．being caught playing
C．catching play
D．having caught playing
解析：选B。考查remember doing sth.表示“记得做过某事”以及be caught doing sth.表示“被抓到正在做某事”的用法。本句意为“我仍然记得大约二十年前在课堂上被老师抓到下象棋的情景”。
6 take in 吸收；理解；欺骗；包含；收留
(回归课本P35)Trees take in carbon dioxide and give out oxygen.
树吸收二氧化碳并放出氧气。
例句探源
①Rainforests have a great effect on the world environment because they can take in heat from the sun and adjust the climate.
雨林对世界环境有巨大的影响，因为他们可以从阳光中吸收热量，调节气候。
②Our hotel is full；we can’t take in any more guests.
我们的旅馆已经客满，不能再接待客人了。
③This book is so difficult that I can’t take in what the author means.这本书很难，我无法理解作者的意思。
④(牛津在线)Don’t be taken in by his charming manner；he’s completely ruthless.
不要被他那副讨人喜欢的外表所迷惑，其实他冷酷无情。
即境活用
1．Don’t be________by products promising to make you lose weight quickly.
A．taken off B．taken out
C．taken away D．taken in
解析：选D。句意是：不要被承诺迅速减肥的广告产品所欺骗。take off“起飞”；take out“取出来”；take away“带走”；take in“欺骗”。
7．cut down砍倒，削减，驳倒，改小或缩短(衣服)
Many big trees along the road have been cut down for building houses.
①cut out 剪除；切掉；割掉
②cut up 切碎；使伤心
③cut off 切断，停掉，隔绝
④cut across/through 抄近路穿过
⑤cut in 插入，插嘴
⑥cut open切开或破开某物
误区警示：cut up与cut down 并非是反义词组，且cut in与cut out 也不是反义词组。
朗文在线：
①You smoke too much—you should try to cut down.
你抽烟太凶了，该少抽点。
②My doctor's told me to cut down on carbohydrates.
我的医生告诉我要减少碳水化合物的摄入量。
命题方向：cut down常与cut in，cut out，cut up以词语辨析的形式出现。
活学巧练：
(1)In the end, I__________the dealer__________(把……降低) by another $ 5.00.
(2) The tailor is_______________(改小 ) my dress.
(3)I was__________(断线) on my line to London.
(4)__________(切碎 ) the carrots before you put them into the pot.
(5) He brought a knife and__________the box__________(割开)．
cut
down
cutting down
cut off
Cut up
cut
open
即境活用
7．The new coat looks too large on Mary，so her mother had to ________.
A．cut it out B．cut it down
C．cut it off D．cut it up
解析：选A。句意：玛丽身上的新衣服太大，所以她妈妈将其进行剪裁。cut down砍倒，削减，缩小(尽寸等)；cut off剪掉，砍掉；cut up剪碎，剁碎，均不合题意。
★8.I was________ in the middle of my call because I had no coins to put in the box.
A．cut off B．broken in
C．hung up D．put down
解析：选A。cut off中断，切断；break in闯入，打岔；hang up 挂断电话；put down放下，镇压。句意：在打电话期间我的电话被切断了，因为我没有硬币可投进电话机了。故A项符合。
8．give out发生(光、热、声音、气体等)；分发，发布；公布；耗尽；用完，用尽
精讲拓展：
①give away 背弃，出卖，泄露(秘密)，暴露
②give back 归还；送回；报复
③give over 中止，停止做；交给/付，移交
④give forth 发/放出(声音、气味等)；发表，公布
⑤give in (to) 屈服，投降，退让
⑥give off (散)发出(蒸气)，发散(光线)
⑦give up 放弃，停/中止；让/交给；投降，认输，泄气
⑧give rise to 引起，使发生；造成
⑨give way让路，让步
⑩give way to 给……让路/让步；被……代替
误区警示：表示“用光，用尽”时，give out, run out 是不及物动词短语，不可用于被动结构，也不接宾语。use up, run out of 是及物动词短语，可接宾语。
朗文在线：
①Students were giving out leaflets to everyone on the street.
学生们在向街上所有的人分发传单。
②It was given out that the prime minister was to undergo minor surgery.
据宣布，首相将要接受小手术。
③My money began to give out.
我的钱快要用光了。
命题方向：give out常与give构成的其他短语以词语辨析题的形式出现。
活学巧练：
(2010·武汉二月调研)I think we should________all these old toys to the local children hospital.
A．give out B．give in
C．give up D．give away
答案与解析：D give away“赠送”。give out“分发，发出”；give in“屈服，让步”；give up“放弃”。
7 look through 浏览，审核，彻底审查
(回归课本P40)Look through the reading passages and activities in this module.
浏览本单元的阅读文章和活动。
归纳总结
例句探源
①(牛津P1195)She looked through her notes before the exam.
考试前她匆匆看了一遍笔记。
②I’ve looked through all my papers but I still can’t find the contract.
我已把所有的文件检查了一遍，但还是没有找到那份合同。
即境活用
12．(2009年高考湖北卷)Would you please________the paper for me and see if there are any obvious mistakes
A．look around B．look into
C．look up D．look through
解析：选D。句意是：你可不可以替我浏览一下这篇论文，看一看是否有明显的错误？此句要用look through表示“浏览”。look around“朝四周看”；look into“窥视；调查”；look up“查询”。
★13.________magazines to find pictures that you can stick on your poster.
A．See through B．Look into
C．Look through D．Pull through
解析：选C。句意为：翻阅杂志找找能贴在你的海报上的图片。look through“翻阅，浏览”；look into“调查”；pull through“从……中恢复健康”；see through“看穿，看透”，只有C项符合句意。
句型巧析
1【教材原句】 They are often so thick that you cannot see the sun，and the wind is sometimes strong enough to move sand dunes.(P32)
沙尘暴经常是非常混浊的以至于你看不见太阳，而且风有时大得能够刮动沙丘。
【句法分析】 so...that...“如此……以至于……”，引导结果状语从句。
so...that和such...that引导的结果状语从句都表示主句的动作或状态达到一定程度而引起的结果。so是副词，用来修饰形容词、副词、分词或其他结构；such 是形容词，用来修饰名词或名词短语。such 修饰单数可数名词且名词前有形容词时，可用so替换such，冠词与形容词交换位置，构成“so＋adj.＋a(an)＋名词”。名词前有many，much，few等表示数量的词时，一般用“so...that...”句型。
so...that...和such...that...构成以下句型：
但little意为“小的”时，只能用such。为加强语气，“so(such)．..that”结构中的so或such位于句首时，主句要用部分倒装语序。例如：
①He spoke in so low a voice that none of the people in the hall heard what he was saying.
他讲话的声音那么小，以至于大厅里的人都没听清他在讲什么。
②It is such fine weather that we all want to go to the park.
今天天气很好，我们都想去公园。
③He earned so little money that he couldn’t support his family.
他挣的钱很少，以至于不能养家糊口。
④So fast did he walk that none of us was his equal.
他走得如此之快以致没人能跟上他。
⑤It is so quiet in the room that you can hear the drop of a pin.
房间里静得连(地上)掉根针都能听见。
即境活用
14．My suitcase became damaged on the journey home，________the lid would not stay closed.
A．so that B．in order that
C．because D．now that
解析：选A。so that引导一个结果状语从句，表示“结果盖子扣不死了”。
★15.He is________a careless boy that he has made________many mistakes in the final exams.
A．such；such B．so；such
C．so；so D．such；so
解析：选D。本题考查such和so两个词的用法。第一空考查的是such＋a＋adj.＋可数名词单数＋that从句，意思是“如此……以至于”；第二空考查的是so＋many/few＋可数名词，意思是“如此多/少的……”。故选D。
2【教材原句】 The garbage is then taken away and, if possible，recycled.(P39)
然后垃圾被带走，如果可能的话会进行回收利用。
【句法分析】 (1)if possible是if it is possible的省略形式。当if，when, while，until，unless，once，whether等引导的状语从句的主语与主句的主语相同，并且从句中含有系动词be的某种形式时，或从句的主语是it且含有be动词时，从句中的主语及部分谓语(be动词)可省略。
③ if 引导省略的情况有下列几种：
if any 如果有的话
if necessary 需要的话
if so 如果是这样的话
if ever 如果曾经有的话
if not不这样的话
误区警示：if, when, while 后接分词结构时，若与主句主语是主动关系用－ing 形式，若是被动关系用过去分词形式。
朗文在线：
①I think there's a train at midday. If not, you'll have to wait till 12?30.
我想正午会有一班火车。要是没有，你只好等到12点半了。
②I don't suppose there will be more than a dozen left，if any.
我认为即使还有的话也不会超过十几个。
③I want to avoid the rush hour traffic if possible.
如果可能的话，我想避开交通高峰期。
命题方向：if 引导省略的情况是高考的重要考点。
活学巧练：翻译
(1)不要把垃圾扔掉了，如果可能的话，回收利用。
_______________________________________________
(2)如果有必要让汤姆帮你一把。
_______________________________________________
(3)准备好了吗？要不我就自己去了。
_______________________________________________
(4)年轻时努力工作，否则你会后悔的。
_______________________________________________
Don't throw away the garbage, if possible，recycle.
Ask Tom to give you a hand if necessary.
Are you ready If not，I'm going without you.
Work hard when young，or you'll regret.
即境活用
16．(2010年高考大纲全国卷Ⅱ)Though________to see us，the professor gave us a warm welcome.
A．surprising B．was surprised
C．surprised D．being surprised
解析：选C。句意：尽管见到我们很惊讶，教授还是热情地欢迎了我们。though 引导让步状语从句，后省略了he was。surprised多指“人对某事感到惊讶”，故选C。
★17.—Have you got any particular plans for the coming holiday
—Yes.________，I’m going to visit some homes for the old in the city.
A．If ever B．If busy
C．If anything D．If possible
解析：选D。句意：——你为即将到来的假期做了特别安排吗？——是的。如果可能的话，我将去市里的几家老人院看看。if ever如果，曾经，如：We see them very seldom，if ever.我们难得见到他们。if possible 如果可能的话。由句意可知D项正确。
10．I couldn't agree with you more.我再同意你的观点不过了。
(1)表示同意的表达法常见的有：
Certainly. /Sure. /Of course. 当然可以。
No problem.没问题。
Yes，please，可以，请(做)吧。
Yes，I think so.对，我认为是这样。
All right./OK.行，可以。
That's a good idea! 是个好主意。
It's a good idea that we start at once.
我们马上出发是个好主意。
I agree(with you)．我同意(你的意见)。
I agree to your plan.我同意你的计划。
Exactly.正是。
That's correct.正确。
Yes，I think so.是的，我也是这么想的。
(2)表示不同意的看法的表达法常见的有：
No way.没门。
Of course not.当然不。
I don't agree.我不同意。
I don't think so.我不这么想。
I'm afraid not.恐怕不是。
I'm afraid I(really) can't agree with you.
恐怕我(实在)不能同意你的看法。
活学巧练：
—Why not have a new machine designed
—________.I'll have someone do it soon.
A．I don't think so B．I'm not sure
C．It's up to you D．Sounds like a good idea
答案与解析：D Why not 提出建议，用来表示赞同的答语。
11．动词不定式
动词不定式在句中可起名词、形容词和副词的作用，因此在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、状语、补语。
(1)不定式作主语，主要表示具体动作，即在某时某地要做的动作，有时也可像doing形式作主语一样，表示泛指。
(2)有些动词后只能跟不定式形式作宾语：afford, promise, refuse, expect, hope, learn, offer, wish, fail, plan, agree, decide, manage, arrange, determine, desire等。下列动词后可接疑问词＋不定式：teach, decide, wonder, show, learn, forget, ask, find out, advise, discuss等。
(3)作复合谓语的一部分
①用于be said/reported/known等＋不定式结构
②用于seem/appear/prove/tend等＋不定式结构
③用于be likely/certain/sure＋不定式结构
(4)作宾语补足语
不定式作宾补与宾语之间在逻辑上含主谓关系时，不定式用主动式。有动宾关系时，不定式则用被动式。
①可以接带to的不定式作宾补的动词有：ask, tell, order, command, beg, request, require, invite, force, cause, forbid, get, allow, permit, wish, want, expect, encourage, advise, persuade, warn, would like, wait for, long for, plan for(安排)等。
注意：hope, demand, suggest，agree之后不接不定式作宾补。
②在think, consider, believe, suppose, know, feel, find, understand, declare等动词后常接to be＋形容词结构作宾补，但是在consider sb./sth. to be adj./n.中的to be可以省略。
③能接省略to的不定式作宾补的动词有：see, hear, listen to, watch, notice, look at, feel, observe等感官动词以及使役动词make, let, have。但当上述动词用于被动语态时，其后要带上to。
(5)作定语
不定式能作后置定语，但不能作前置定语。它与被修饰的名词或代词在逻辑上既可是主谓关系，也可是动宾关系，还可以表示时间、地点、方式等。不定式作定语，常用来表示将来的动作或含情态意味的动作。被修饰的名词之前如有序数词，则通常用不定式作后置定语。
①不定式作定语通常放在名词或代词之后。
②作定语的不定式如为不及物动词，且与前面的名词或代词在逻辑上含动宾关系，此时不定式之后要加上相应的介词。
③不定式作定语，如与其前名词或代词在逻辑上含动宾关系，则不定式通常需用被动式；但如果不定式既与其前某一名词或代词在逻辑上含动宾关系，又与其前另一名词或代词在逻辑上含有主谓关系，则不定式用主动式。
The meeting to be held tomorrow is very important.
明天要举行的会议很重要。
(6)作状语
不定式可以作目的状语、结果状语及原因状语和方式状语。
①在下列句式中作结果状语：
too...to do, so...as to do..., such... to do, enough to do..., come to do...(逐渐……)，only to do...
②在下列句式中作目的状语：
so as to do..., in order to do...
③在表示人的“情绪”的形容词之后作原因状语：
sb. be glad/surprised/pleased/happy/sorry/disappointed等＋to do...
④在下列形容词之后作方式状语：
be comfortable to live in, be easy to deal with, be fit to drink, be difficult to understand
注意：在这种句式中，即当不定式位于表语形容词之后时，尽管不定式与其前某一名词或代词在逻辑上含动宾关系，但不定式只用主动式，而不用被动式。
(7)不定式的完成式
①表示不定式中动词发生的动作先于主句的谓语动词发出的动作。
The novel was said to have been published.
据说那部小说已出版了。
seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported等动词常用于上面句型。此外，glad, happy, satisfied, sorry, surprised, disappointed后也接完成式，但要注意与一般式的区别。
I'm sorry to keep you waiting for a minute.
对不起，请稍等。(说话时还未等)
I'm sorry to have kept you waiting.
对不起，让你久等了。(说话时已等了很久)
②不定式的完成式还可表示“过去本想做某事但未做”的虚拟语气。
a．should like to/would like to/would love to＋不定式的完成式。
b．was/were to＋不定式的完成式，表示“该做某事或想做但未实现”。
c.expect/hope/mean/promise/suppose/think/want/wish/intend/plan＋不定式的完成式，表示“过去未曾实现的愿望”。
(8)不定式的省略
①同一结构并列，由and或or连接。
I want to finish my homework and go home.
我想完成作业后回家。
I'm really puzzled what to think or say.
我非常困惑，不知该想什么或说什么。
特例：To be or not to be, this is a question.
生存还是灭亡，这是个问题。
It is better to laugh than to cry.(表示对比)笑比哭好。
②不定式作表语，其前面的主语从句中含有实义动词do时，后面的to省略。
What he did was lose the game.
他能做的只有放弃比赛。
③句中含有动词do时，but, except, besides, such as等后面to可省略。即“前有do，后省略to”。
Don't do anything silly, such as marry him.
不要做像嫁给他这样的傻事。
④主句含有不定式，后面有rather than, rather than后省略to。
⑤Why not, had better, would rather, can't but等词后省略to。
He could not but walk home.
他没有别的选择，只好步行回家。
(9)不定式的替代
多用在同一句或联系紧密的对话中，为了避免重复，作宾语或主补，宾补的不定式再次出现时，to后的内容常承前省略(只保留to即可)。但如果承前省略的不定式有助动词have或be任何形式，后应该保留原形be或have。
Susan is not what she used to be.
苏珊是跟以前不一样了。
—You came late last night. You ought to have finished your homework.
—I know I ought to have.
—昨晚你来晚了。你本应该完成你的作业。
—我知道我应该完成。
常见的有：I'd like/love/be happy to。
注意：非谓语动词的用法是高中阶段的又一个难点，内容较多，但一定要掌握这样几方面：一是非谓语动词的形式，包括一般式和完成式及其它们的被动形式和否定形式；二是非谓语动词所能充当的成分。在平时阅读和练习中要注意体会它们在语境中的用法。
语法：but＋不定式
(1)在．..nothing but...结构中，若but前有实义动词do, but后的动词要用原形；若but前没有实义动词do, but后要用to do不定式。
(2)在can't but...(禁不住……，情不自禁……)和can't help/choose but...(只能……)结构中，but后要用动词原形。
活学巧练：
(1)(2007·辽宁)The crowd cheered wildly at the sight of Liu Xiang, who was reported________the world record in the 110－meter hurdle race.
A. breaking B. having broken
C. to have broken D. to break
答案：C
(2)I think you'll grow________him when you know him better.
A. liking B. to be like
C. to like D. to be liking
答案：C
(3)AIDS is said________the biggest health challenge to both men and women in that area over the past few years.
A. that it is B. to be
C. that it has been D. to have been
答案：D
(4)He hurried to the booking office only________that all the tickets had been sold out.
A. to tell B. to be told
C. telling D. told
答案：B
(5)—Is Bob still performing
—I'm afraid not. He is said__________the stage already as he has become an official.
A. to have left B. to leave
C. to have been left D. to be left
答案：A
考 题 演 练
1.We are invited to a party ________ in our club next Friday.
A. to be held B. held
C. being held D. holding
答案与解析：A 本题考查不定式短语作后置定语。解答这类题时，一定要弄清非谓语动词和被修饰词之间的逻辑关系。party和hold之间是被动关系，由句中的时间状语next Friday可知应用表示将来的不定式短语to be held作后置定语。
2．—How can I apply for an online course
—Just fill out this form and we ________ what we can do for you.
A. see B. are seeing
C. have seen D. will see
答案与解析：D 本题考查“祈使句＋and＋简单句”结构，此结构中的祈使句相当于一个条件句，and后的分句一般用将来时态。
3．________ the project in time, the staff were working at weekends.
A. Completing B. Having completed
C. To have completed D. To complete
答案与解析：D 本题考查动词的非谓语形式作状语。分析句子结构，判断空格处在句中所作成分，然后再作出选择。To complete the project in time为动词不定式作目的状语。A项表示正在进行；B项表示该动作发生在主语谓语之前，两者均不符合句意；C项常用在某些固定句式中。句意：为了按时完成工程，全体员工周末都在上班。
4．—Could you be so kind as to close the window
—________.
A. With pleasure B. Go ahead
C. Yes, please D. That's OK
答案与解析：A 本题考查情景交际。学生在学习中要多读、多背，仔细揣摩东西方文化之间的差异，避免受汉语习惯的影响。问句句意：你能帮忙关上窗子吗？with pleasure十分乐意，用于回答别人的请求，符合题意；go ahead前进；干吧；走吧；说吧；Yes, please和问句自相矛盾；That's OK行，好吧，均不合题意。
5．All the dishes in this menu, ________ otherwise stated, will serve two to three people.
A. as B. if
C. though D. unless
答案与解析：D 本题考查连词。应正确把握各个连词的意义及用法。句意为：除非有特别的说明，要不然这个菜单上的所有菜只供2～3人食用。unless“如果不……，除非……”，符合句意。
6．He said that very clearly so that nobody was in any ________ about what was meant.
A. doubt B. case
C. question D. wonder
答案与解析：A 句意：他说的很明确了，因此没有人对他的意思表示怀疑。doubt怀疑；case情况；question问题，疑问；wonder惊讶，奇迹。
7．—I'm still working on my project.
—Oh, you'll miss the deadline. Time is ________.
A. running out B. going out
C. giving out D. losing out
答案与解析：A 本题考查动词短语的意义辨析。run out(时间、金钱等的)耗尽；give out意为“精疲力竭”，由句意可知A项正确。
8．—Did the book give the information you needed
—Yes. But ________ it, I had to read the entire book.
A. to find B. find
C. to be finding D. finding
答案与解析：A 本题考查动词不定式作目的状语。空格处所在的句子句意为：是的，但是为了找到它，我不得不阅读了整本书。表示目的要用动词不定式形式。由于不表示正在进行，故不用进行时态。
9．(2008·安徽)—Have you got any particular plans for the coming holiday
—Yes.__________，I'm going to visit some homes for the old in the city.
A．If ever B．If busy
C．If anything D．If possible
答案与解析：D 句意：“对于即将到来的假期你有什么特别的计划吗？”“有。如果可能的话，我打算拜访一下城市里的一些敬老院。”A项“如果曾经有的话”；B项“如果忙的话”；C项不是固定结构；D项“如果可能的话”。
Ⅰ.根据句意，用所给单词的适当形式填空
forecast chemical desertification cycle frighten major scary urge experience protect
1．The sand storm that occurred several weeks ago was among the most ________.
答案：frightening
2．________ is one of the causes of sandstorms.
答案：Desertification
3．Another big sandstorm ________ in today's weather report.
答案：has been forecast
4．________ in a real sandstorm is quite dangerous.
答案：To cycle
5．Nowadays people use too many ________ in their life，which is bad for the environment.
答案：chemicals
6．The doctor ________ me to have an X－ray test, and then, he could make a conclusion.
答案：urged
7．Hundreds of thousands of people died in the ________ earthquake in Tangshan in 1976.
答案：major
8．My brother is an ________ traveller while I seldom travel.
答案： experienced
9．We must take measures to ________our rivers from being polluted.
答案：protect
10．What a great ________you have given me!
答案：scare
Ⅱ.单项填空
1．In summer, you'd better wear sun－glasses________your eyes________being hurt.
A．to guard; from B．to defend; from
C．to protect; from D．to prevent; from
答案与解析：C 此题考查易混词语辨析。句意为“戴太阳镜以防眼睛受伤害”，即“保护眼睛”。因此选C项。
2．He has________letters to deal with. He has to work from morning to night.
A．much B．a great deal of
C．masses of D．the number of
答案与解析：C 本题考查易混短语辨析。A、B、C三项都可修饰不可数名词，但C项同时也可修饰可数名词。句中letters为可数名词复数形式，故选C项。D项意为“……的数量”，a number of才修饰可数名词复数，意为“大量的”。
3．The man caught________in the super market was sent to prison.
A．stealing B．steal
C．stole D．stolen
答案与解析：A caught stealing in the super market是过去分词短语作the man的定语，be caught stealing意思是“偷盗被捉住”，stealing是现在分词。
4．(2008·北京)I feel greatly honored__________into their society.
A．to welcome B．welcoming
C．to be welcomed D．welcomed
答案与解析：C welcome与“I”之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，故welcome须用被动语态形式。该句语意相当于I feel it a great honor to be welcomed into their society.。本题考查动词不定式的被动语态。注意动词与主语之间的逻辑关系。
5．If you don't________your smoking, I will________your supply.
A．cut up; cut down B．cut down; cut off
C．cut in; cut off D．cut in; cut up
答案与解析：B 本题考查cut相关的短语之间的辨析。本句意为“如果你不削减抽烟量，我就切断对你的供应”。
6．Although I had great difficulty________， he swore that he was not asleep.
A．picking him up B．making him up
C．waking him up D．taking him up
答案与解析：C 本题考查动词短语辨析，pick up意为“拾起，捡起”，make up意为“编造，化妆”，take up意为“占去，从事”。 由下文可知此处应是“把他弄醒”，故选择C项。
7．The weatherman said that he could________. It would be cloudy and windy tomorrow.
A．hope B．expect
C．wish D．forecast
答案与解析：D 本题考查同义词之间的辨析。hope意为“希望”；expect意为“期望”，常用于expect sth./sb.to do sth.或跟that从句；wish表示“祝愿，希望”；而本题中应是“预测”之意，故选择forecast。
8．I wonder how I can________their quarrel as soon as possible.
A．come to an end B．bring to an end
C．come an end to D．bring an end to
答案与解析：D 本题考查同义短语之间的辨析。come to an end用作不及物动词短语，其后不能跟宾语，此句可说bring their quarrel to an end或bring an end to their quarrel，因此选择D项。
9．The two methods that you are referring to are________identical.
A．taken effect B．in effect
C．without effect D．of no effect
答案与解析：B 本题考查effect短语之间的辨析。因为句后是形容词，故首先排除A项。本句意为“你所提及的这两个方法实际是相同的”。in effect正是此意，因此应选择B项。
10．Our minds cannot________such problems all at once.
A．take in B．take away
C．take up D．take on
答案与解析：A 本题考查同义短语之间的辨析。本句意为“对这样的问题，我们的脑子还不能马上就理解”。
11．You have________a good chance of winning the match.
A．given in B．given off
C．given out D．given away
答案与解析：D 本题考查同义短语之间的辨析。本句意为“你已失去了一个赢得比赛的良机”。give away可作“发放，赠予，放弃(机会)”等讲。
12．In Scandinavian countries it is common ________ for the husband to stay at home to look after the bady.
A．use B．sense
C．practice D．idea
答案与解析：C practice指惯例，习惯做法，而common sense指常识。
13．Professor White has written some short stories, but he is ________known for his novels.
A．the best B．more
C．better D．the most
答案与解析：C 本题考查固定短语中比较级的用法。短语原形为be well known for，此题含有比较意，即拿his plays与short stories比较，well的比较级为better，故选择C项。
13．________ a better understanding of the city, he acted ________ our guide while we are travelling there.
A．For; like B．By; like
C．With; as D．For; as
答案与解析：C 此题考查介词的用法。with意为having，引导状语；act as担当，担任。
14．The flu is believed________by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat.
A．causing B．being caused
C．to be caused D．be have caused
答案与解析：C 本题考查句型“sb./sth.is believed to do”，意为“据相信人们……”，又因为主语the flu与谓语cause之间是被动关系，所以选择C项。此句可以和“People believe...”及“It's believed that...”转换。
15．________， education is about learning and the more you learn, the more equipped for life you are.
A．As far as I concern
B．As far as I am concerned
C．So far as I am concerning
D．So far as I was concerned
答案与解析：B 句意为：就我而言，教育就是学习，你学得越多，为生活做的准备就越充分。so/as far as... be concerned为固定短语，意为“就……而言/来说”，根据后分句的时态应选B项。
Ⅲ.翻译句子
1．那是我经历过的最可怕，最危险的情况，我将永远忘不了它。(experience)
________________________________________________________________________
答案：It was the most frightening and the most dangerous situation I've ever experienced and I will never forget it.
2．暴风雨有时持续一整天，车辆开得很慢，因为浓浓的尘埃降低了能见度。(make it difficult to...)
________________________________________________________________________
答案：The storms sometimes continue all day and traffic moves very slowly because the thick dust makes it difficult to see.
3．在沙尘暴中骑车真可怕，任建波永远忘不了那种经历。(experience)
________________________________________________________________________
答案：To be cycling in a sandstorm was frightening, which was an experience Ren Jianbo would never forget.
4．为了防止沙漠进一步侵近，政府已经采取了很多措施，例如植树。(take measures)
_______________________________________________答案：To prevent the desert coming nearer, many measures have been taken, such as planting trees.
5．I told Grandpa we were going away, but I don't think he took it in.
_______________________________________________
答案：我告诉爷爷我们要走了，但我认为他并没有听明白。
Ⅳ.阅读理解
As modern life has become more comfortable and convenient, there has been a growing trend to use things once and then throw them away. Many kinds of environmental problems have been caused by this,_including air and water pollution, destruction of the natural environment, global warming, and a great deal of waste.
Environmental protection is an important task not only for Japan but also for the whole world. Led by the Japanese government, Japanese people are making great efforts for environmental protection.
The price of the convenience of modern life is the generation of a lot of waste. Japan has made great progress in cutting down the amount of waste and recycling used products. The recycling of cans and plastic bottles is especially well established in Japan.
Comfortable lives require a lot of energy, including electricity, gas, and gasoline. Generating electricity and operating machines by burning fuels like oil and coal releases carbon dioxide and other gases into the air, and causes problems like global warming and air pollution.
Global warming is a problem. In order to prevent it, the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases must be reduced. Japan is actively developing and introducing clean energy as part of its efforts to deal with global warming and cut pollution.
1. The underlined word “this” in the first paragraph means ________.
A. air pollution
B. using things once and then throwing them away
C. global warming
D. protecting environment
答案与解析：B 词义猜测题。结合上文there has been a growing trend to use things once and then throw them away可以推出答案。
2. According to the passage, which of the following causes air pollution
A. Released gases. B. Oil and coal.
C. Electricity and fuels. D. New machines.
答案与解析：A 细节理解题。由倒数第二段第二句可知那些被释放的气体进入空气中，致使全球气候变暖，空气受到污染。
3. The world gets warmer and warmer mainly because ________.
A. fewer and fewer gases such as carbon dioxide are released
B. there are more and more people in the world
C. agriculture is becoming more and more important
D. industry has been developed
答案与解析：D 推理判断题。由第三段可知，致使气候变暖的废气来源于工业生产，故选D项。
4. Which isn't mentioned in the passage
A. Japan has taken measures to protect environment.
B. Japan has been recycling waste.
C. Japan has made a law to prevent rivers being polluted.
D. Japan is trying its best to control global warming.
答案与解析：C 细节理解题。由第一段最后一句、第二段第二句和文章最后一句可以判断A，B，D都已提到。
5. The best title for the passage might be ________.
A. Waste recycling
B. Modern life in Japan
C．Protecting the environment
D. Global warming
答案与解析：C 主旨大意题。纵观全文，阻止全球变暖，再生利用垃圾、控制大气污染等都是环保议题，由此可得全文主旨。
Ⅴ.短文改错
文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多两处。错误涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加：在此处加一个漏字符号(∧)，并在其下面写出修改的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在其下面写出修改后的词。
注意：
1．每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
2．只允许修改10处，多者(从十一处起)不计分。
This is a story told by my father: When I was boy, the most exciting thing was when to celebrate the Spring Festival. My grandma was the best cooker in the world but could make the most delicious dishes. Once, I just couldn't wait for the Spring Festival dinner. As I was about take a piece from a cooked duck, I saw Grandma in the kitchen looking me. Shake her head, she said, “It isn't a good time to do that, dear.” I apologize and controlled me at the best till the dinner started. You know, that was a dinner we had waited for several month.
答案：
This is a story told by my father: When I was ∧(a) boy, the most exciting thing was when\ to celebrate the Spring Festival . My grandma was the best cooker(cook) in the world but(and) could make the most delicious dishes . Once, I just couldn't wait for the Spring Festival dinner . As I was about ∧(to) take a piece from a cooked duck, I saw Grandma in the kitchen looking ∧(at) me.
Shake (Shaking) her head, she said, “It isn't a good time to do that, dear.”I apologize(apologized) and controlled me (myself) at the best till the dinner started. You know, that was a dinner we had waited for several month(months).
Module 4
Sandstorms in Asia
语言点
基础自主回顾
Ⅰ.课标单词
1．__________大量的；大规模的(adj.)
2．__________战役；活动(n.)
3．__________进程；过程(n.)
4．__________预报；预告(vt.)
5．__________重新利用；再循环(v.)
mass
campaign
process
forecast
recycle
6．__________根据；证明(n.)
7．__________紧急的(adj.)
8．__________污染(vt.)
9．__________恐怖的；吓人的(adj.)
10．__________绝对地；完全地(adv.)
11．__________吓人的；可怕的(adj.)→__________吓唬；使害怕(vt.)→__________恐惧；害怕(n.)
evidence
urgent
pollute
scary
absolutely
frightening
frighten
fright
12．__________力量；力气(n.)→__________加强(v.)→__________强壮的(adj.)
13．__________化学药品(n.)化学的(adj.)→__________化学(n.)
14．__________关心的；担心的(adj.)→__________关心(n.)
15．__________主要的；多数的(adj.)→__________大多数(n.)
16．__________抱怨；发牢骚(vi.)→__________抱怨(n.)
17．__________保护(n.)→__________(v.)
strength
strengthen
strong
chemical
chemistry
concerned
concern
major
majority
complain
complaint
protection
protect
Ⅱ.常用短语
1．____________遇上；赶上
2．____________砍倒
3．___________________只有做……
4．_________________________阻止某人做……
5．_________________埋怨；抱怨
6．____________理解；欺骗；吸收
be caught in
cut down
do nothing but do sth.
prevent sb. from doing sth.
complain of/ about
take in
7．_______________________认真考虑
8．________________概括地说
9．___________________________为……担心
10．____________________放出；发出
11．_______________________挖出
12．_____________________浏览，仔细检查
13．________________清楚地意识到
think seriously about
in a nutshell
be concerned about/ over
give out
dig up
look through
wake up to
Ⅲ.重点句型
1．The storms sometimes continue all day and traffic moves very slowly because the thick dust ________________.
暴风有时持续一整天，车辆开得很慢，因为浓浓的尘埃降低了能见度。
答案：makes it difficult to see
2．To ________ it ________ nearer, the government is planting trees.
为了阻止它来得更近，政府正在植树。
答案：prevent; coming
3．The garbage is then taken away and, ________， recycled.
然后垃圾被带走，如果可能的话会进行回收利用。
答案：if possible
4．____________________ seven ideas, ask another pair to help you.
若你很难找到七种想法，就让别的小组帮帮你。
答案：If you have difficulty in finding
Ⅳ.模块语法
1．Linda was very sorry for being late. But the teacher's smile made her ________ better.
A. feel B. to feel
C. fall D. to fall
答案：A
2．He is often listened ________ English songs, but this time we had him ________ Russian songs.
A. to sing; sing B. to sing; to sing
C. sing; to sing D. sing; sing
答案：A
3．I'm sorry I can't help ________ the flowers, because I'm busy preparing for the singing competition ________ tomorrow.
A. watering; to be held
B. water; being held
C. to water; held
D. water; to be held
答案：D
4．Charles did what he could ________ the servant, although he himself was in danger.
A. rescue B. to rescue
C. rescued D. rescuing
答案：B
5．Is this the watch you wish ________？
A. to have repaired B. to repair it
C. to have it repaired D. to have repaired it
答案：A
6．My mother could do nothing but ________ at home.
A. to be staying B. to stay
C. to staying D. stay
答案：D
Ⅰ.重点词汇
1．major adj. 较大的，较多的；主要的，主修的；较重要的vi. 主修，专攻n. 主修课程；主修学生
知识拓展
1)major problems 主要问题
the major subjects 主修课程
play a major role in sth.在某事中起重要作用
major in sth.主修
2)the majority of ……的大多数
be in a/the majority 占大多数，构成大部分
by/with a majority of 以……多数
注意：major形容词，无比较等级，既不能和than连用，也不能与to连用，作定语，反义词为minor。
例如：a major new book about American politics
有关美国政治的一本比较重要的新书
不能说 This book is major than/to that one.。
经典在线
①There are two major political parties in the US.
美国有两大政党。(朗文P1185)
②She's a history major.
她是历史专业的学生。(朗文P1185)
即学即用
English was his ______ in the college, while she ________ Japanese.
A．mayor; majored B．minor; majored in
C．major; majored D．major; majored in
答案：B
考点探究解密
考 点 解 读
1．mass
①n.团，块，堆；大量，许多
②adj.大批的，大量的，广泛的
③vt. & vi.集结；聚集
知识链接：
下列短语都有“许多的，大量的”之意，可修饰可数或不可数名词：
lots of＝a lot of
quantities of＝a quantity of
varieties of＝a variety of
collections of＝a collection of
supplies of＝a (good) supply of
plenty of
以下短语仅修饰可数名词：
numbers of＝a number of, many a, a good/great many, quite a few
以下短语仅修饰不可数名词：
a great deal of, an amount of, quite a little
误区警示：masses of可用来修饰可数名词，也可用来修饰不可数名词。
朗文在线：
a mass of snow一堆积雪
The sky was full of dark masses of clouds.
天空乌云密布。
mass production批量生产
weapons of mass destruction大规模杀伤性武器
Dark clouds massed on the horizon.天空乌云密布。
命题方向：考题中常考查表示数量的词的辨析。
活学巧练：
He has________letters to answer. He has to work from morning to night.
A．much B．a great deal of
C．masses of D．the number of
答案与解析：C letters为可数名词，排除A、B项。D项应为a number of，故只有C项正确。
2．concerned adj.关心的；有关的(常用于名词之后)；挂念的；担心的
精讲拓展：
①concerning prep. 关于(＝regarding＝as regards＝with regard to＝given)
②be concerned in sth.涉及
③be concerned with sth. 关于；有关
④so/as far as sth. /sb. be concerned 据……所知
⑤have no concern for 毫不关心
⑥have no concern with 和……毫无关系
⑦concern vt.涉及，关系到n.(利害)关系，关心
⑧be much concerned about 十分挂念；担心；焦虑
concern oneself with/about/in sth. 忙于(某事)；关心(某事)(＝engage oneself with/in＝be occupied with)
show/express concern about 对……表示关心/担心
误区警示：concerned表示“关心的，有关的”时常作后置定语或表语。
朗文在线：
①The affair is greatly regretted by everyone concerned.
所有相关人士都对此事感到极为遗憾。
②Everyone concerned in the incident was questioned by the police.
所有与这起事件有关的人都受到了警方的盘问。
③This article concerns a man who was wrongly imprisoned.
这篇文章写的是一个被冤枉而入狱的人。
命题方向：concerning，as/so far as sb./sth. be concerned是重要考点。
活学巧练：
He heard nothing________this matter.
A．concerned B．concerning
C．concerns D．connecting
答案与解析：B concerning prep.关于。句意：他没有听到任何关于这件事的消息。
即境活用
3．The comments which he made________marketing bothered his boss greatly.
A．being concerned
B．concerned
C．be concerned
D．concerning
解析：选D。which he made concerning marketing 是定语从句修饰先行词the comments，引导词在从句中作made的宾语，concerning是介词相当于about，表示“关于”。本句意为“他就营销所作的评论使老板深感不安。”
★4.完成句子
You can tell your friend that you________________(关心)him but you have to go to school.
解析：be concerned about表示“关心，担心”。本句意为“你可以告诉你的朋友，你很关心他，但是你不得不去上学。”
答案：are concerned about
4．increase v. & n. 增加
①Reading more can increase one's knowledge.
多读书能增长一个人的知识。
②The population of this country increased dramatically last year.
去年这个国家的人口大幅度地增长。
知识拓展
increasing adj. 日益增长的，越来越多的
increase to 增加到……
increase by 增加了……
on the increase 正在增加
an increase in production/number/population 产量/数量/人口的增加
提示：increase的反义词为decrease(v. & n．或reduce v．)
即学即用
单项填空
Since then the number of people taking driving lessons________20%.
A．has increased to B．increases by
C．has increased by D．have increased by
答案：C
3 complain vt.& vi. 抱怨；发牢骚；投诉，控告
(回归课本P36)He does nothing but complain.
他只是不停地埋怨。
归纳总结
can't complain[口]还算好(虽然有些问题，但总体上比较满意)
例句探源
①I’m going to complain to the manager about the quality of the MP4.
我打算向经理投诉MP4的质量问题。
②They complained that the price of books had increased.
他们抱怨书价上涨了。
③The patient is making a complaint to the doctor of his bad headache.
病人正在向医生诉说他的头痛。
命题方向：complain about/of 短语是重要考点。
活学巧练：
She always makes some________over shortages and high prices.
A．dislikes B．complaints
C．troubles D．discontents
答案与解析：B make complaints over sth. “抱怨某事”；dislikes“厌恶”；troubles“烦恼，困苦”；discontent为不可数名词，不可加s，意为“不满”。
即境活用
★5.He ________to me about the bad weather he had while traveling there，from which I guessed that he must have had a very unpleasant journey there.
A．complained B．pretended
C．regretted D．complaint
解析：选A。complain to sb. about sth.“关于……向某人发牢骚”。complaint是名词。
6．完成句子
①Hence they could endure the hardship________________(毫无怨言地)。
解析：本句意为“因此他们能毫无怨言地忍受痛苦。”
答案：without complaint
②She________________________(抱怨)having been kept waiting for so long.
解析：本句意为“她抱怨让她等得太久了。”
答案：complains about/of
4．urgent adj.紧急的，迫切的；非常重要的
They were urgent in their demand.
他们的要求很迫切。
She was urgent for the doctor to come.
她急切地催促医生来。
精讲拓展：
①urge vt.推进，极力主张；催促，激励
②urgency n．紧急，迫切
③urge sb.to do...敦促某人做……
④urge sb.into doing...敦促某人做……
⑤urge sb.against强烈反对
⑥urge on sb.向某人强调
⑦be in urgent need of急需
误区警示：urge后的宾语从句应用should do的形式。
活学巧练：
The doctor________an X－ray test, and then, he could make a conclusion.
A．urged me to have B．urged me having
C．urged against D．urged on me
答案与解析：A urge sb. to do sth.“极力要求某人做某事”。
5．evidence n．根据，证明
There is evidence that somebody has been living here.
① obvious
apparent
evidentadj.明白的，明显的
②evidently adv.明显，显然
③be in evidence 明显，显而易见
④on the evidence of sth. 用某事物作为证据
⑤have/show evidence of 有……的迹象
⑥It is evident that 很明显……
注意：①evidence指有助于证明某事确实存在的任何事物，或与法律诉讼有关的物证，见证。
②proof指直接证明某事是事实的根据。
③witness亲眼见过某事的证人或提供的见证。
误区警示：evidence是不可数名词。
活学巧练：
(1) The applause made it________(明显的) that the play was a hit.
(2) A smile gives__________(证明，证据) of her consent.
(3) Will you act as________(见证人) to the agreement between us
(4)________(显然 ) she will be elected.
evident
evidence
witness
Evidently
重点难点研析
词汇精研
1 strength n． 力量，力气，体力；意志力；坚强；长处
(回归课本P32)The Chinese Central Weather Station can forecast a sandstorm some weeks before it arrives in Beijing，but the strength of the storm sometimes surprises people.
中央气象站能在沙尘暴到达北京前几个周进行预报，但风大得有时让人们吃惊。
归纳总结
例句探源
①I don’t have the strength to climb any further.
我没有力气再往上爬了。
②Diana pulled on the rope with all her strength.
黛安娜用尽全身的力气拉绳子。
③Repairs are necessary to strengthen the bridge.
这座桥需要维修加固。
④Be aware of your own strengths and weaknesses.
要意识到你自己的长处和短处。
词语辨析：strength，force，power与energy
①strength着重指人的体力或坚强的意志力。
②force指物理学上的“力”也指为做某事而使用的力量，还可指武力。
③power指能力、权力、着重行动所根据的能力、本领或职权。
④energy主要指人的精力，或自然界中物理学定义中的“能，能量”。
命题方向：strength常与force, power等以词语辩析题的形式出现在高考中。
误区警示：strength表示“体力；力气；意志力；坚强”时，为不可数名词；但表示“强点，优势，长处”时是可数名词。
朗文在线：
①I don't have the strength to climb any further.
我没有力气再往上爬了。
②Where did you find the strength to keep trying
你不断进行尝试的意志力是从哪儿来的？
③The great strength of our plan lies in its simplicity.
我们这个计划的最大长处在于它的简单。
①He pushed against the rock with all his strength.
②She’s always full of energy.
③The rioters were taken away by force.
④The party came to power_ at the last election.
即境活用
1．(2010年高考湖北卷)To make members of a team perform better，the trainer first of all has to know their________and weaknesses.
A．strengths B．benefits
C．techniques D．values
解析：选A。句意“为了让一个队的成员表现更好，教练首先得知道他们的长处和不足。”
★2.Filled with great________，the boy lifted the heavy bag onto his shoulder.
A．power B．energy
C．strength D．force
解析：选C。power表示“能力；权力”；energy表示“能量；能源；精力”；strength表示“力气”；force多指“武力，暴力”，举沉重的包应用“力气，力量”，所以选C。
活学巧练：
Bill was doing a lot of physical exercise to build up his __________.
A．ability B．force
C．strength D．mind
答案与解析：C “训练是为了增强体力”。
5 be caught in 突然遭遇(风暴等)
(回归课本P32)“To have been caught in a sandstorm was a terrible experience，”he said.
他说：“遭遇上了沙尘暴是一次可怕的经历。”
归纳总结
catch v.抓住；患病；捕获；(被)卡住；搭上(汽车等)，当场发现，撞见,
catch sb.doing sth.抓到/看到某人正在做某事,catch up with赶上；追上,
catch one’s eye引起某人的注意,
catch hold of抓住
例句探源
①On the way home last night，they were caught in a storm.
昨天晚上在回家的路上，他们遭遇了暴风雨。
②(朗文P298)Steph’s hair got caught in the machine，and they had to cut it.
斯蒂夫的头发被机器夹住了，他们不得不把它剪断。
③(朗文P297)If you get caught stealing in some countries，they cut off your hand.
在有些国家，行窃被当场抓住的话是要被剁手的。
④At the moment our technology is more advanced，but other countries are catching up with us.
目前我们的技术比较先进，不过其他国家正在追赶上来。
即境活用
9．When I opened the door，a parcel on the floor________my eye.
A．met B．caught
C．drew D．attracted
解析：选B。考查固定短语catch one’s eye 表示“引起某人的注意”。本句意为“当我打开门时，地板上的一个包裹引起了我的注意”。
★10.I still remember________chess in class by my teacher about twenty years ago.
A．to be caught to play
B．being caught playing
C．catching play
D．having caught playing
解析：选B。考查remember doing sth.表示“记得做过某事”以及be caught doing sth.表示“被抓到正在做某事”的用法。本句意为“我仍然记得大约二十年前在课堂上被老师抓到下象棋的情景”。
6 take in 吸收；理解；欺骗；包含；收留
(回归课本P35)Trees take in carbon dioxide and give out oxygen.
树吸收二氧化碳并放出氧气。
例句探源
①Rainforests have a great effect on the world environment because they can take in heat from the sun and adjust the climate.
雨林对世界环境有巨大的影响，因为他们可以从阳光中吸收热量，调节气候。
②Our hotel is full；we can’t take in any more guests.
我们的旅馆已经客满，不能再接待客人了。
③This book is so difficult that I can’t take in what the author means.这本书很难，我无法理解作者的意思。
④(牛津在线)Don’t be taken in by his charming manner；he’s completely ruthless.
不要被他那副讨人喜欢的外表所迷惑，其实他冷酷无情。
即境活用
1．Don’t be________by products promising to make you lose weight quickly.
A．taken off B．taken out
C．taken away D．taken in
解析：选D。句意是：不要被承诺迅速减肥的广告产品所欺骗。take off“起飞”；take out“取出来”；take away“带走”；take in“欺骗”。
7．cut down砍倒，削减，驳倒，改小或缩短(衣服)
Many big trees along the road have been cut down for building houses.
①cut out 剪除；切掉；割掉
②cut up 切碎；使伤心
③cut off 切断，停掉，隔绝
④cut across/through 抄近路穿过
⑤cut in 插入，插嘴
⑥cut open切开或破开某物
误区警示：cut up与cut down 并非是反义词组，且cut in与cut out 也不是反义词组。
朗文在线：
①You smoke too much—you should try to cut down.
你抽烟太凶了，该少抽点。
②My doctor's told me to cut down on carbohydrates.
我的医生告诉我要减少碳水化合物的摄入量。
命题方向：cut down常与cut in，cut out，cut up以词语辨析的形式出现。
活学巧练：
(1)In the end, I__________the dealer__________(把……降低) by another $ 5.00.
(2) The tailor is_______________(改小 ) my dress.
(3)I was__________(断线) on my line to London.
(4)__________(切碎 ) the carrots before you put them into the pot.
(5) He brought a knife and__________the box__________(割开)．
cut
down
cutting down
cut off
Cut up
cut
open
即境活用
7．The new coat looks too large on Mary，so her mother had to ________.
A．cut it out B．cut it down
C．cut it off D．cut it up
解析：选A。句意：玛丽身上的新衣服太大，所以她妈妈将其进行剪裁。cut down砍倒，削减，缩小(尽寸等)；cut off剪掉，砍掉；cut up剪碎，剁碎，均不合题意。
★8.I was________ in the middle of my call because I had no coins to put in the box.
A．cut off B．broken in
C．hung up D．put down
解析：选A。cut off中断，切断；break in闯入，打岔；hang up 挂断电话；put down放下，镇压。句意：在打电话期间我的电话被切断了，因为我没有硬币可投进电话机了。故A项符合。
8．give out发生(光、热、声音、气体等)；分发，发布；公布；耗尽；用完，用尽
精讲拓展：
①give away 背弃，出卖，泄露(秘密)，暴露
②give back 归还；送回；报复
③give over 中止，停止做；交给/付，移交
④give forth 发/放出(声音、气味等)；发表，公布
⑤give in (to) 屈服，投降，退让
⑥give off (散)发出(蒸气)，发散(光线)
⑦give up 放弃，停/中止；让/交给；投降，认输，泄气
⑧give rise to 引起，使发生；造成
⑨give way让路，让步
⑩give way to 给……让路/让步；被……代替
误区警示：表示“用光，用尽”时，give out, run out 是不及物动词短语，不可用于被动结构，也不接宾语。use up, run out of 是及物动词短语，可接宾语。
朗文在线：
①Students were giving out leaflets to everyone on the street.
学生们在向街上所有的人分发传单。
②It was given out that the prime minister was to undergo minor surgery.
据宣布，首相将要接受小手术。
③My money began to give out.
我的钱快要用光了。
命题方向：give out常与give构成的其他短语以词语辨析题的形式出现。
活学巧练：
(2010·武汉二月调研)I think we should________all these old toys to the local children hospital.
A．give out B．give in
C．give up D．give away
答案与解析：D give away“赠送”。give out“分发，发出”；give in“屈服，让步”；give up“放弃”。
7 look through 浏览，审核，彻底审查
(回归课本P40)Look through the reading passages and activities in this module.
浏览本单元的阅读文章和活动。
归纳总结
例句探源
①(牛津P1195)She looked through her notes before the exam.
考试前她匆匆看了一遍笔记。
②I’ve looked through all my papers but I still can’t find the contract.
我已把所有的文件检查了一遍，但还是没有找到那份合同。
即境活用
12．(2009年高考湖北卷)Would you please________the paper for me and see if there are any obvious mistakes
A．look around B．look into
C．look up D．look through
解析：选D。句意是：你可不可以替我浏览一下这篇论文，看一看是否有明显的错误？此句要用look through表示“浏览”。look around“朝四周看”；look into“窥视；调查”；look up“查询”。
★13.________magazines to find pictures that you can stick on your poster.
A．See through B．Look into
C．Look through D．Pull through
解析：选C。句意为：翻阅杂志找找能贴在你的海报上的图片。look through“翻阅，浏览”；look into“调查”；pull through“从……中恢复健康”；see through“看穿，看透”，只有C项符合句意。
句型巧析
1【教材原句】 They are often so thick that you cannot see the sun，and the wind is sometimes strong enough to move sand dunes.(P32)
沙尘暴经常是非常混浊的以至于你看不见太阳，而且风有时大得能够刮动沙丘。
【句法分析】 so...that...“如此……以至于……”，引导结果状语从句。
so...that和such...that引导的结果状语从句都表示主句的动作或状态达到一定程度而引起的结果。so是副词，用来修饰形容词、副词、分词或其他结构；such 是形容词，用来修饰名词或名词短语。such 修饰单数可数名词且名词前有形容词时，可用so替换such，冠词与形容词交换位置，构成“so＋adj.＋a(an)＋名词”。名词前有many，much，few等表示数量的词时，一般用“so...that...”句型。
so...that...和such...that...构成以下句型：
但little意为“小的”时，只能用such。为加强语气，“so(such)．..that”结构中的so或such位于句首时，主句要用部分倒装语序。例如：
①He spoke in so low a voice that none of the people in the hall heard what he was saying.
他讲话的声音那么小，以至于大厅里的人都没听清他在讲什么。
②It is such fine weather that we all want to go to the park.
今天天气很好，我们都想去公园。
③He earned so little money that he couldn’t support his family.
他挣的钱很少，以至于不能养家糊口。
④So fast did he walk that none of us was his equal.
他走得如此之快以致没人能跟上他。
⑤It is so quiet in the room that you can hear the drop of a pin.
房间里静得连(地上)掉根针都能听见。
即境活用
14．My suitcase became damaged on the journey home，________the lid would not stay closed.
A．so that B．in order that
C．because D．now that
解析：选A。so that引导一个结果状语从句，表示“结果盖子扣不死了”。
★15.He is________a careless boy that he has made________many mistakes in the final exams.
A．such；such B．so；such
C．so；so D．such；so
解析：选D。本题考查such和so两个词的用法。第一空考查的是such＋a＋adj.＋可数名词单数＋that从句，意思是“如此……以至于”；第二空考查的是so＋many/few＋可数名词，意思是“如此多/少的……”。故选D。
2【教材原句】 The garbage is then taken away and, if possible，recycled.(P39)
然后垃圾被带走，如果可能的话会进行回收利用。
【句法分析】 (1)if possible是if it is possible的省略形式。当if，when, while，until，unless，once，whether等引导的状语从句的主语与主句的主语相同，并且从句中含有系动词be的某种形式时，或从句的主语是it且含有be动词时，从句中的主语及部分谓语(be动词)可省略。
③ if 引导省略的情况有下列几种：
if any 如果有的话
if necessary 需要的话
if so 如果是这样的话
if ever 如果曾经有的话
if not不这样的话
误区警示：if, when, while 后接分词结构时，若与主句主语是主动关系用－ing 形式，若是被动关系用过去分词形式。
朗文在线：
①I think there's a train at midday. If not, you'll have to wait till 12?30.
我想正午会有一班火车。要是没有，你只好等到12点半了。
②I don't suppose there will be more than a dozen left，if any.
我认为即使还有的话也不会超过十几个。
③I want to avoid the rush hour traffic if possible.
如果可能的话，我想避开交通高峰期。
命题方向：if 引导省略的情况是高考的重要考点。
活学巧练：翻译
(1)不要把垃圾扔掉了，如果可能的话，回收利用。
_______________________________________________
(2)如果有必要让汤姆帮你一把。
_______________________________________________
(3)准备好了吗？要不我就自己去了。
_______________________________________________
(4)年轻时努力工作，否则你会后悔的。
_______________________________________________
Don't throw away the garbage, if possible，recycle.
Ask Tom to give you a hand if necessary.
Are you ready If not，I'm going without you.
Work hard when young，or you'll regret.
即境活用
16．(2010年高考大纲全国卷Ⅱ)Though________to see us，the professor gave us a warm welcome.
A．surprising B．was surprised
C．surprised D．being surprised
解析：选C。句意：尽管见到我们很惊讶，教授还是热情地欢迎了我们。though 引导让步状语从句，后省略了he was。surprised多指“人对某事感到惊讶”，故选C。
★17.—Have you got any particular plans for the coming holiday
—Yes.________，I’m going to visit some homes for the old in the city.
A．If ever B．If busy
C．If anything D．If possible
解析：选D。句意：——你为即将到来的假期做了特别安排吗？——是的。如果可能的话，我将去市里的几家老人院看看。if ever如果，曾经，如：We see them very seldom，if ever.我们难得见到他们。if possible 如果可能的话。由句意可知D项正确。
10．I couldn't agree with you more.我再同意你的观点不过了。
(1)表示同意的表达法常见的有：
Certainly. /Sure. /Of course. 当然可以。
No problem.没问题。
Yes，please，可以，请(做)吧。
Yes，I think so.对，我认为是这样。
All right./OK.行，可以。
That's a good idea! 是个好主意。
It's a good idea that we start at once.
我们马上出发是个好主意。
I agree(with you)．我同意(你的意见)。
I agree to your plan.我同意你的计划。
Exactly.正是。
That's correct.正确。
Yes，I think so.是的，我也是这么想的。
(2)表示不同意的看法的表达法常见的有：
No way.没门。
Of course not.当然不。
I don't agree.我不同意。
I don't think so.我不这么想。
I'm afraid not.恐怕不是。
I'm afraid I(really) can't agree with you.
恐怕我(实在)不能同意你的看法。
活学巧练：
—Why not have a new machine designed
—________.I'll have someone do it soon.
A．I don't think so B．I'm not sure
C．It's up to you D．Sounds like a good idea
答案与解析：D Why not 提出建议，用来表示赞同的答语。
11．动词不定式
动词不定式在句中可起名词、形容词和副词的作用，因此在句中可作主语、宾语、表语、状语、补语。
(1)不定式作主语，主要表示具体动作，即在某时某地要做的动作，有时也可像doing形式作主语一样，表示泛指。
(2)有些动词后只能跟不定式形式作宾语：afford, promise, refuse, expect, hope, learn, offer, wish, fail, plan, agree, decide, manage, arrange, determine, desire等。下列动词后可接疑问词＋不定式：teach, decide, wonder, show, learn, forget, ask, find out, advise, discuss等。
(3)作复合谓语的一部分
①用于be said/reported/known等＋不定式结构
②用于seem/appear/prove/tend等＋不定式结构
③用于be likely/certain/sure＋不定式结构
(4)作宾语补足语
不定式作宾补与宾语之间在逻辑上含主谓关系时，不定式用主动式。有动宾关系时，不定式则用被动式。
①可以接带to的不定式作宾补的动词有：ask, tell, order, command, beg, request, require, invite, force, cause, forbid, get, allow, permit, wish, want, expect, encourage, advise, persuade, warn, would like, wait for, long for, plan for(安排)等。
注意：hope, demand, suggest，agree之后不接不定式作宾补。
②在think, consider, believe, suppose, know, feel, find, understand, declare等动词后常接to be＋形容词结构作宾补，但是在consider sb./sth. to be adj./n.中的to be可以省略。
③能接省略to的不定式作宾补的动词有：see, hear, listen to, watch, notice, look at, feel, observe等感官动词以及使役动词make, let, have。但当上述动词用于被动语态时，其后要带上to。
(5)作定语
不定式能作后置定语，但不能作前置定语。它与被修饰的名词或代词在逻辑上既可是主谓关系，也可是动宾关系，还可以表示时间、地点、方式等。不定式作定语，常用来表示将来的动作或含情态意味的动作。被修饰的名词之前如有序数词，则通常用不定式作后置定语。
①不定式作定语通常放在名词或代词之后。
②作定语的不定式如为不及物动词，且与前面的名词或代词在逻辑上含动宾关系，此时不定式之后要加上相应的介词。
③不定式作定语，如与其前名词或代词在逻辑上含动宾关系，则不定式通常需用被动式；但如果不定式既与其前某一名词或代词在逻辑上含动宾关系，又与其前另一名词或代词在逻辑上含有主谓关系，则不定式用主动式。
The meeting to be held tomorrow is very important.
明天要举行的会议很重要。
(6)作状语
不定式可以作目的状语、结果状语及原因状语和方式状语。
①在下列句式中作结果状语：
too...to do, so...as to do..., such... to do, enough to do..., come to do...(逐渐……)，only to do...
②在下列句式中作目的状语：
so as to do..., in order to do...
③在表示人的“情绪”的形容词之后作原因状语：
sb. be glad/surprised/pleased/happy/sorry/disappointed等＋to do...
④在下列形容词之后作方式状语：
be comfortable to live in, be easy to deal with, be fit to drink, be difficult to understand
注意：在这种句式中，即当不定式位于表语形容词之后时，尽管不定式与其前某一名词或代词在逻辑上含动宾关系，但不定式只用主动式，而不用被动式。
(7)不定式的完成式
①表示不定式中动词发生的动作先于主句的谓语动词发出的动作。
The novel was said to have been published.
据说那部小说已出版了。
seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported等动词常用于上面句型。此外，glad, happy, satisfied, sorry, surprised, disappointed后也接完成式，但要注意与一般式的区别。
I'm sorry to keep you waiting for a minute.
对不起，请稍等。(说话时还未等)
I'm sorry to have kept you waiting.
对不起，让你久等了。(说话时已等了很久)
②不定式的完成式还可表示“过去本想做某事但未做”的虚拟语气。
a．should like to/would like to/would love to＋不定式的完成式。
b．was/were to＋不定式的完成式，表示“该做某事或想做但未实现”。
c.expect/hope/mean/promise/suppose/think/want/wish/intend/plan＋不定式的完成式，表示“过去未曾实现的愿望”。
(8)不定式的省略
①同一结构并列，由and或or连接。
I want to finish my homework and go home.
我想完成作业后回家。
I'm really puzzled what to think or say.
我非常困惑，不知该想什么或说什么。
特例：To be or not to be, this is a question.
生存还是灭亡，这是个问题。
It is better to laugh than to cry.(表示对比)笑比哭好。
②不定式作表语，其前面的主语从句中含有实义动词do时，后面的to省略。
What he did was lose the game.
他能做的只有放弃比赛。
③句中含有动词do时，but, except, besides, such as等后面to可省略。即“前有do，后省略to”。
Don't do anything silly, such as marry him.
不要做像嫁给他这样的傻事。
④主句含有不定式，后面有rather than, rather than后省略to。
⑤Why not, had better, would rather, can't but等词后省略to。
He could not but walk home.
他没有别的选择，只好步行回家。
(9)不定式的替代
多用在同一句或联系紧密的对话中，为了避免重复，作宾语或主补，宾补的不定式再次出现时，to后的内容常承前省略(只保留to即可)。但如果承前省略的不定式有助动词have或be任何形式，后应该保留原形be或have。
Susan is not what she used to be.
苏珊是跟以前不一样了。
—You came late last night. You ought to have finished your homework.
—I know I ought to have.
—昨晚你来晚了。你本应该完成你的作业。
—我知道我应该完成。
常见的有：I'd like/love/be happy to。
注意：非谓语动词的用法是高中阶段的又一个难点，内容较多，但一定要掌握这样几方面：一是非谓语动词的形式，包括一般式和完成式及其它们的被动形式和否定形式；二是非谓语动词所能充当的成分。在平时阅读和练习中要注意体会它们在语境中的用法。
语法：but＋不定式
(1)在．..nothing but...结构中，若but前有实义动词do, but后的动词要用原形；若but前没有实义动词do, but后要用to do不定式。
(2)在can't but...(禁不住……，情不自禁……)和can't help/choose but...(只能……)结构中，but后要用动词原形。
活学巧练：
(1)(2007·辽宁)The crowd cheered wildly at the sight of Liu Xiang, who was reported________the world record in the 110－meter hurdle race.
A. breaking B. having broken
C. to have broken D. to break
答案：C
(2)I think you'll grow________him when you know him better.
A. liking B. to be like
C. to like D. to be liking
答案：C
(3)AIDS is said________the biggest health challenge to both men and women in that area over the past few years.
A. that it is B. to be
C. that it has been D. to have been
答案：D
(4)He hurried to the booking office only________that all the tickets had been sold out.
A. to tell B. to be told
C. telling D. told
答案：B
(5)—Is Bob still performing
—I'm afraid not. He is said__________the stage already as he has become an official.
A. to have left B. to leave
C. to have been left D. to be left
答案：A
考 题 演 练
1.We are invited to a party ________ in our club next Friday.
A. to be held B. held
C. being held D. holding
答案与解析：A 本题考查不定式短语作后置定语。解答这类题时，一定要弄清非谓语动词和被修饰词之间的逻辑关系。party和hold之间是被动关系，由句中的时间状语next Friday可知应用表示将来的不定式短语to be held作后置定语。
2．—How can I apply for an online course
—Just fill out this form and we ________ what we can do for you.
A. see B. are seeing
C. have seen D. will see
答案与解析：D 本题考查“祈使句＋and＋简单句”结构，此结构中的祈使句相当于一个条件句，and后的分句一般用将来时态。
3．________ the project in time, the staff were working at weekends.
A. Completing B. Having completed
C. To have completed D. To complete
答案与解析：D 本题考查动词的非谓语形式作状语。分析句子结构，判断空格处在句中所作成分，然后再作出选择。To complete the project in time为动词不定式作目的状语。A项表示正在进行；B项表示该动作发生在主语谓语之前，两者均不符合句意；C项常用在某些固定句式中。句意：为了按时完成工程，全体员工周末都在上班。
4．—Could you be so kind as to close the window
—________.
A. With pleasure B. Go ahead
C. Yes, please D. That's OK
答案与解析：A 本题考查情景交际。学生在学习中要多读、多背，仔细揣摩东西方文化之间的差异，避免受汉语习惯的影响。问句句意：你能帮忙关上窗子吗？with pleasure十分乐意，用于回答别人的请求，符合题意；go ahead前进；干吧；走吧；说吧；Yes, please和问句自相矛盾；That's OK行，好吧，均不合题意。
5．All the dishes in this menu, ________ otherwise stated, will serve two to three people.
A. as B. if
C. though D. unless
答案与解析：D 本题考查连词。应正确把握各个连词的意义及用法。句意为：除非有特别的说明，要不然这个菜单上的所有菜只供2～3人食用。unless“如果不……，除非……”，符合句意。
6．He said that very clearly so that nobody was in any ________ about what was meant.
A. doubt B. case
C. question D. wonder
答案与解析：A 句意：他说的很明确了，因此没有人对他的意思表示怀疑。doubt怀疑；case情况；question问题，疑问；wonder惊讶，奇迹。
7．—I'm still working on my project.
—Oh, you'll miss the deadline. Time is ________.
A. running out B. going out
C. giving out D. losing out
答案与解析：A 本题考查动词短语的意义辨析。run out(时间、金钱等的)耗尽；give out意为“精疲力竭”，由句意可知A项正确。
8．—Did the book give the information you needed
—Yes. But ________ it, I had to read the entire book.
A. to find B. find
C. to be finding D. finding
答案与解析：A 本题考查动词不定式作目的状语。空格处所在的句子句意为：是的，但是为了找到它，我不得不阅读了整本书。表示目的要用动词不定式形式。由于不表示正在进行，故不用进行时态。
9．(2008·安徽)—Have you got any particular plans for the coming holiday
—Yes.__________，I'm going to visit some homes for the old in the city.
A．If ever B．If busy
C．If anything D．If possible
答案与解析：D 句意：“对于即将到来的假期你有什么特别的计划吗？”“有。如果可能的话，我打算拜访一下城市里的一些敬老院。”A项“如果曾经有的话”；B项“如果忙的话”；C项不是固定结构；D项“如果可能的话”。
Ⅰ.根据句意，用所给单词的适当形式填空
forecast chemical desertification cycle frighten major scary urge experience protect
1．The sand storm that occurred several weeks ago was among the most ________.
答案：frightening
2．________ is one of the causes of sandstorms.
答案：Desertification
3．Another big sandstorm ________ in today's weather report.
答案：has been forecast
4．________ in a real sandstorm is quite dangerous.
答案：To cycle
5．Nowadays people use too many ________ in their life，which is bad for the environment.
答案：chemicals
6．The doctor ________ me to have an X－ray test, and then, he could make a conclusion.
答案：urged
7．Hundreds of thousands of people died in the ________ earthquake in Tangshan in 1976.
答案：major
8．My brother is an ________ traveller while I seldom travel.
答案： experienced
9．We must take measures to ________our rivers from being polluted.
答案：protect
10．What a great ________you have given me!
答案：scare
Ⅱ.单项填空
1．In summer, you'd better wear sun－glasses________your eyes________being hurt.
A．to guard; from B．to defend; from
C．to protect; from D．to prevent; from
答案与解析：C 此题考查易混词语辨析。句意为“戴太阳镜以防眼睛受伤害”，即“保护眼睛”。因此选C项。
2．He has________letters to deal with. He has to work from morning to night.
A．much B．a great deal of
C．masses of D．the number of
答案与解析：C 本题考查易混短语辨析。A、B、C三项都可修饰不可数名词，但C项同时也可修饰可数名词。句中letters为可数名词复数形式，故选C项。D项意为“……的数量”，a number of才修饰可数名词复数，意为“大量的”。
3．The man caught________in the super market was sent to prison.
A．stealing B．steal
C．stole D．stolen
答案与解析：A caught stealing in the super market是过去分词短语作the man的定语，be caught stealing意思是“偷盗被捉住”，stealing是现在分词。
4．(2008·北京)I feel greatly honored__________into their society.
A．to welcome B．welcoming
C．to be welcomed D．welcomed
答案与解析：C welcome与“I”之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，故welcome须用被动语态形式。该句语意相当于I feel it a great honor to be welcomed into their society.。本题考查动词不定式的被动语态。注意动词与主语之间的逻辑关系。
5．If you don't________your smoking, I will________your supply.
A．cut up; cut down B．cut down; cut off
C．cut in; cut off D．cut in; cut up
答案与解析：B 本题考查cut相关的短语之间的辨析。本句意为“如果你不削减抽烟量，我就切断对你的供应”。
6．Although I had great difficulty________， he swore that he was not asleep.
A．picking him up B．making him up
C．waking him up D．taking him up
答案与解析：C 本题考查动词短语辨析，pick up意为“拾起，捡起”，make up意为“编造，化妆”，take up意为“占去，从事”。 由下文可知此处应是“把他弄醒”，故选择C项。
7．The weatherman said that he could________. It would be cloudy and windy tomorrow.
A．hope B．expect
C．wish D．forecast
答案与解析：D 本题考查同义词之间的辨析。hope意为“希望”；expect意为“期望”，常用于expect sth./sb.to do sth.或跟that从句；wish表示“祝愿，希望”；而本题中应是“预测”之意，故选择forecast。
8．I wonder how I can________their quarrel as soon as possible.
A．come to an end B．bring to an end
C．come an end to D．bring an end to
答案与解析：D 本题考查同义短语之间的辨析。come to an end用作不及物动词短语，其后不能跟宾语，此句可说bring their quarrel to an end或bring an end to their quarrel，因此选择D项。
9．The two methods that you are referring to are________identical.
A．taken effect B．in effect
C．without effect D．of no effect
答案与解析：B 本题考查effect短语之间的辨析。因为句后是形容词，故首先排除A项。本句意为“你所提及的这两个方法实际是相同的”。in effect正是此意，因此应选择B项。
10．Our minds cannot________such problems all at once.
A．take in B．take away
C．take up D．take on
答案与解析：A 本题考查同义短语之间的辨析。本句意为“对这样的问题，我们的脑子还不能马上就理解”。
11．You have________a good chance of winning the match.
A．given in B．given off
C．given out D．given away
答案与解析：D 本题考查同义短语之间的辨析。本句意为“你已失去了一个赢得比赛的良机”。give away可作“发放，赠予，放弃(机会)”等讲。
12．In Scandinavian countries it is common ________ for the husband to stay at home to look after the bady.
A．use B．sense
C．practice D．idea
答案与解析：C practice指惯例，习惯做法，而common sense指常识。
13．Professor White has written some short stories, but he is ________known for his novels.
A．the best B．more
C．better D．the most
答案与解析：C 本题考查固定短语中比较级的用法。短语原形为be well known for，此题含有比较意，即拿his plays与short stories比较，well的比较级为better，故选择C项。
13．________ a better understanding of the city, he acted ________ our guide while we are travelling there.
A．For; like B．By; like
C．With; as D．For; as
答案与解析：C 此题考查介词的用法。with意为having，引导状语；act as担当，担任。
14．The flu is believed________by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat.
A．causing B．being caused
C．to be caused D．be have caused
答案与解析：C 本题考查句型“sb./sth.is believed to do”，意为“据相信人们……”，又因为主语the flu与谓语cause之间是被动关系，所以选择C项。此句可以和“People believe...”及“It's believed that...”转换。
15．________， education is about learning and the more you learn, the more equipped for life you are.
A．As far as I concern
B．As far as I am concerned
C．So far as I am concerning
D．So far as I was concerned
答案与解析：B 句意为：就我而言，教育就是学习，你学得越多，为生活做的准备就越充分。so/as far as... be concerned为固定短语，意为“就……而言/来说”，根据后分句的时态应选B项。
Ⅲ.翻译句子
1．那是我经历过的最可怕，最危险的情况，我将永远忘不了它。(experience)
________________________________________________________________________
答案：It was the most frightening and the most dangerous situation I've ever experienced and I will never forget it.
2．暴风雨有时持续一整天，车辆开得很慢，因为浓浓的尘埃降低了能见度。(make it difficult to...)
________________________________________________________________________
答案：The storms sometimes continue all day and traffic moves very slowly because the thick dust makes it difficult to see.
3．在沙尘暴中骑车真可怕，任建波永远忘不了那种经历。(experience)
________________________________________________________________________
答案：To be cycling in a sandstorm was frightening, which was an experience Ren Jianbo would never forget.
4．为了防止沙漠进一步侵近，政府已经采取了很多措施，例如植树。(take measures)
_______________________________________________答案：To prevent the desert coming nearer, many measures have been taken, such as planting trees.
5．I told Grandpa we were going away, but I don't think he took it in.
_______________________________________________
答案：我告诉爷爷我们要走了，但我认为他并没有听明白。
Ⅳ.阅读理解
As modern life has become more comfortable and convenient, there has been a growing trend to use things once and then throw them away. Many kinds of environmental problems have been caused by this,_including air and water pollution, destruction of the natural environment, global warming, and a great deal of waste.
Environmental protection is an important task not only for Japan but also for the whole world. Led by the Japanese government, Japanese people are making great efforts for environmental protection.
The price of the convenience of modern life is the generation of a lot of waste. Japan has made great progress in cutting down the amount of waste and recycling used products. The recycling of cans and plastic bottles is especially well established in Japan.
Comfortable lives require a lot of energy, including electricity, gas, and gasoline. Generating electricity and operating machines by burning fuels like oil and coal releases carbon dioxide and other gases into the air, and causes problems like global warming and air pollution.
Global warming is a problem. In order to prevent it, the amount of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases must be reduced. Japan is actively developing and introducing clean energy as part of its efforts to deal with global warming and cut pollution.
1. The underlined word “this” in the first paragraph means ________.
A. air pollution
B. using things once and then throwing them away
C. global warming
D. protecting environment
答案与解析：B 词义猜测题。结合上文there has been a growing trend to use things once and then throw them away可以推出答案。
2. According to the passage, which of the following causes air pollution
A. Released gases. B. Oil and coal.
C. Electricity and fuels. D. New machines.
答案与解析：A 细节理解题。由倒数第二段第二句可知那些被释放的气体进入空气中，致使全球气候变暖，空气受到污染。
3. The world gets warmer and warmer mainly because ________.
A. fewer and fewer gases such as carbon dioxide are released
B. there are more and more people in the world
C. agriculture is becoming more and more important
D. industry has been developed
答案与解析：D 推理判断题。由第三段可知，致使气候变暖的废气来源于工业生产，故选D项。
4. Which isn't mentioned in the passage
A. Japan has taken measures to protect environment.
B. Japan has been recycling waste.
C. Japan has made a law to prevent rivers being polluted.
D. Japan is trying its best to control global warming.
答案与解析：C 细节理解题。由第一段最后一句、第二段第二句和文章最后一句可以判断A，B，D都已提到。
5. The best title for the passage might be ________.
A. Waste recycling
B. Modern life in Japan
C．Protecting the environment
D. Global warming
答案与解析：C 主旨大意题。纵观全文，阻止全球变暖，再生利用垃圾、控制大气污染等都是环保议题，由此可得全文主旨。
Ⅴ.短文改错
文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多两处。错误涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加：在此处加一个漏字符号(∧)，并在其下面写出修改的词。
删除：把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉。
修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在其下面写出修改后的词。
注意：
1．每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；
2．只允许修改10处，多者(从十一处起)不计分。
This is a story told by my father: When I was boy, the most exciting thing was when to celebrate the Spring Festival. My grandma was the best cooker in the world but could make the most delicious dishes. Once, I just couldn't wait for the Spring Festival dinner. As I was about take a piece from a cooked duck, I saw Grandma in the kitchen looking me. Shake her head, she said, “It isn't a good time to do that, dear.” I apologize and controlled me at the best till the dinner started. You know, that was a dinner we had waited for several month.
答案：
This is a story told by my father: When I was ∧(a) boy, the most exciting thing was when\ to celebrate the Spring Festival . My grandma was the best cooker(cook) in the world but(and) could make the most delicious dishes . Once, I just couldn't wait for the Spring Festival dinner . As I was about ∧(to) take a piece from a cooked duck, I saw Grandma in the kitchen looking ∧(at) me.
Shake (Shaking) her head, she said, “It isn't a good time to do that, dear.”I apologize(apologized) and controlled me (myself) at the best till the dinner started. You know, that was a dinner we had waited for several month(months).