通用版2022届高考英语总复习第三部分题型备战专题课件（8份打包）

(共27张PPT)
专题八
概要写作
一、题型要求
概要写作题型要求根据所提供的材料写一篇
60
词左右的
内容概要。其中所提供的短文词数在
350
词以内，所选材料的
题材和体裁没有限制。一般来说，体裁以说明文、议论文为主，
辅以记叙文等文体；题材则以考生熟悉的话题为主，段落相对
较清晰。
这一题型主要考查学生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取
关键词的能力，同时考查学生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息
的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。具体来讲涉及三项核
心能力：
一是提取文本的关键信息(即要点)；
二是用自己的语言对关键信息重新措辞；
三是清晰、有逻辑、连贯地呈现要点。
卷别
写作文体
命题类型
材料词数
主题范围
2019
年
6
月
议论文
限制性
写作
342
人与社
会·
父母如何
恰当地表扬孩子
2018
年
11
月
说明文
限制性
写作
345
人与自
我·
高三学生
提前探访报考的大学
浙江高
考样题
议论文
限制性
写作
296
人与自
我·
对皮肤污
垢的不同观点
二、命题分析
概要写作是一种全新的写作题型。根据高考综合改革试验
区英语科考试说明，写作的第二节为读后续写与概要写作轮换
进行。在浙江省近年高考英语试卷中，分别在
2018
年
11
月和
2019
年
6
月考查了概要写作。
分析以上表格，总结出其命题特点为：
1.概要写作主题语境以“人与社会”和“人与自我”为主。
选材内容和学生的日常生活有密切的关系。
2.概要写作的原文一般是议论文或说明文，文章结构比较
清楚。
3.概要写作是读写结合的题型，既考查学生理解文章主旨
和段落中心的能力，又考查学生使用正确的语法形式、合适的
语言来表达主旨的能力。
4.概要写作一般以自然段为基础概括要点。有些段落有主
题句，考生需要对其进行改写和调整；有些段落没有明显的主
题句，则需要考生自己归纳要点。
三、评分标准
(一)评分原则
1.本题总分为
25
分，按
5
个档次给分。
2.评分时，
先根据所写概要的内容和语言初步确定其所属
档次，然后以该档次的要求来衡量、确定或调整档次，最后给
分。
3.词数少于
40
和多于
80
的，从总分中减去
2
分。
4.评分时，应主要从以下四个方面考虑：
(1)对原文要点的理解和呈现；
(2)应用语法结构和词汇的准确性；
(3)上下文的连贯性；
(4)对各要点表达的独立性。
5.拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个重要方面，评分时，
应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。
6.如书写较差以致影响交际，可将分数降低一个档次。
档次
描述
第五档
(21－25)
——理解准确，涵盖全部要点。
——能准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇。
——有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使所完成的概要
结构紧凑。
——完全使用自己的语言。
第四档
(16－20)
——理解准确，涵盖绝大部分要点。
——所使用语法结构和词汇可能有些许错误，但完全不
影响意义表达。
——比较有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使所完成的
概要结构紧凑。
——有个别整句抄自原文。
(二)各档次的给分范围和要求
档次
描述
第三档
(11－15)
——理解较为准确，涵盖大部分要点。
——所使用语法结构和词汇虽有些错误，但不影响意义
表达。
——出现两句以上整句抄自原文的现象。
第二档
(6－10)
——理解有误差，仅涵盖半数要点。
——有些语法结构和词汇方面的错误，影响了意义的表
达。
——出现两句以上整句抄自原文的现象。
(续表)
——应用简单的语句间的连接成分，使上下文内容连贯。
——较少使用语句间的连接成分，全文内容缺少连贯性。
档次
描述
第一档
(1－5)
——没有理解原文，造成概要内容与原文主题不符。
——有较多语法结构和词汇方面的错误，严重影响了意
义的表达。
——缺乏语句间的连接成分，全文内容不连贯。
——多个句子抄自原文。
0
分
白卷、内容太少无法评判或所写内容与所提供内容无
关。
(续表)
四、常见错误
1.不能准确抓住要点。
概要写作的重点是能概括出要点，
如果不能抓住要点，句
子写得再好，也不能得分。
因此，抓住要点是关键。
抓准要
点，除了要读懂文章的主旨，了解文章的结构，还要特别注意
一些标志词，如小标题、高频词等。
2.随意打乱文章的结构。
概要写作一般会提供结构比较清晰的文章。
而写概要的时
候，一般都是按照文章的结构去概括要点。
不要轻易打乱文章
的结构。
3.各个要点的独立性不够。
考试说明对要点的独立性有明确的要求。
因此，我们对要
点的陈述也要相对独立，一般不要把几个要点放到一个句子中。
4.照抄原文中的句子。
概要写作的独立性除了各个要点的独立之外，其实还要求
用自己的语言去概括文章，不能直接照抄原文的句子。
因此，
切记要用自己的语言来概括要点。
一、写作步骤
第一步：阅读全文，把握主旨和结构
一篇概要写作是否正确、有条理，能否把握文章的主旨，
都是建立在理解原文的基础上的。因此，认真阅读全文，可以
为考生从宏观上把握文章的主旨、结构、行文逻辑，以及判断
文章的体裁奠定基础。
第二步：查找信息，分清主次
概要写作，要求考生具有从文章中抽取主干和找到关键信
息的能力。在第二遍细读时，要弄清主要信息和次要信息，略
过次要信息和细节性信息，以免影响概要写作的简洁性。同时，
要养成在重点词句下做出标记的习惯。
第三步：概括段意，提炼要点
考生在理解全文内容，弄清主次关系之后，可以初步写出
每段的段落大意，注意为每段归纳主题句和关键词，避免出现
遗漏要点或增添要点的情况。
第四步：改写要点，灵活表达
为了使所写概要简明、扼要，就要对罗列的每段大意进行
整合。同时，为了避免使用原文的句子，就需要考生灵活采用
同义词或近义词进行替换，用不同的句式进行转换，并在必要
的地方添加衔接词，使各要点之间表达通顺、流畅。
第五步：检查修改，整理誊写
写完初稿后，需要对内容、语言以及上下文的连贯性进行
检查：看是否包括了原文的所有要点，语言词汇的运用是否准
确和地道，以及行文是否流畅；另外，还要注意词数限制和书
写规范。检查修改完后再进行誊写，一定要注意书写工整、清
晰。
二、写作策略
概要写作实质上是对所给文章的简要概括，要求考生在阅
读过程中，准确地把握文章大意，弄清不同体裁的文章内部之
间的逻辑关系，提取文章要点和关键词语。英语概要写作的写
作过程是建立在阅读原材料基础之上的，考生要根据阅读时列
出的提纲，清晰、准确、简洁地呈现原文的主旨。
1.读懂原文是关键
在写概要之前，一定要对文章认真阅读，确保理解文章的
主旨、结构以及各段的段意。在阅读文章的时候，要善于发现
核心词和高频词。这些词汇是概要写作的基础和核心。
2.以自然段为概括的基础
以自然段为基础进行概括可以防止遗漏信息，同时也能帮
助考生判断主要信息。当然，以自然段为基础概括并不是说一
个自然段一定是一个要点。有时几个自然段说明一个要点，有
时一个自然段包含数个要点。
3.细节信息不需要过于详细
细节性的信息如列举数字、举例、过渡句等信息不必一一
列出。
4.核心词不必替换
核心词是文章的心脏，一般不宜换成其他词。
5.写作时句式多样化
概要写作书面化程度比较高，因此可以酌情选择使用从句、
非谓语动词等结构，但句子结构不可过长，也不要使用过于复
杂的句子结构。
6.使用多种句式转换
在组织句子时，可以使用各种句式转换，如：主动被动语
态的互换、反向转换(主语和宾语互换)、从句和非谓语动词的
转换等。句子之间也可以合适地使用连接词。
7.把控词数和注意书写
计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求，以
50～70
词为宜。
另外，注意书写规范工整，少涂改删减。
三、写作方法
1.记叙文——要素串联法
记叙文主要是记叙所发生的事情和经历。记叙文通常要交
代清楚“六要素”的内容(
即
when,
where,
who,
what,
how
和
why)，给读者一个内容完整、细节清晰的故事。事情的叙述通
常按时间的顺序叙述，让读者易于把握所叙述内容之间的内在
关联。我们必须抓住记叙文的写作特点或思路，从而更好地理
解文章主题，概括出比较中肯的大意，用最简练的语言来说明
故事讲述了什么。
2.议论文——主题概括法
议论文通常用来讲明道理、议论是非、提出观点和看法。
作者先正面或反面提出论点，然后用事实论证论点，最后以重
申论点或提出建议的方式得出结论。议论文的主题句通常在首
段或尾段，或者在各段的首句或尾句。
3.说明文、应用文——段意合并法
说明性短文，可以用概括性的文字来说明某种现象，着重
落实关键主题和关键信息，也就是要归纳每一段的主题大意，
并且用适当的连接词进行合并，从而保证内容的完整性。
例
(2019
年
6
月浙江卷·概要写作)
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇
60
词左右的内容概要。
Parents
everywhere
praise
their
kids.Jenn
Berman,
author
of
The
A
to
Z
Guide
to
Raising
Happy
and
Confident
Kids,
says,
“We've
gone
to
the
opposite
extreme
of
a
few
decades
ago
when
parents
tended
to
be
more
strict.
”
By
giving
kids
a
lot
of
praise,
parents
think
they're
building
their
children's
confidence,
when,
in
fact,
it
may
be
just
the
opposite.Too
much
praise
can
backfire
and,
when
given
in
a
way
that's
insincere,
make
kids
afraid
to
try
new
things
or
take
a
risk
for
fear
of
not
being
able
to
stay
on
top
where
their
parents'
praise
has
put
them.
Still,
don't
go
too
far
in
the
other
direction.Not
giving
enough
praise
can
be
just
as
damaging
as
giving
too
much.Kids
will
feel
like
they're
not
good
enough
or
that
you
don't
care
and,
as
a
result,
may
see
no
point
in
trying
hard
for
their
accomplishments.
So
what
is
the
right
amount
of
praise?
Experts
say
that
the
quality
of
praise
is
more
important
than
the
quantity.If
praise
is
sincere
and
focused
on
the
effort
not
the
outcome,
you
can
give
it
as
often
as
your
child
does
something
that
deserves
a
verbal
reward.“We
should
especially
recognize
our
children's
efforts
to
push
themselves
and
work
hard
to
achieve
a
goal，”
says
Donahue,
author
of
Parenting
Without
Fear:
Letting
Go
of
Worry
and
Focusing
on
What
Really
Matters.
“One
thing
to
remember
is
that
it's
the
process
not
the
end
product
that
matters.”
Your
son
may
not
be
the
best
basketball
player
on
his
team.But
if
he's
out
there
every
day
and
playing
hard,
you
should
praise
his
effort
regardless
of
whether
his
team
wins
or
loses.Praising
the
effort
and
not
the
outcome
can
also
mean
recognizing
your
child
when
he
has
worked
hard
to
clean
the
yard,
cook
dinner,
or
finish
a
book
report.But
whatever
it
is,
praise
should
be
given
on
a
case
?by
?case
basis
and
be
proportionate
(
相
称的)
to
the
amount
of
effort
your
child
has
put
into
it.
【文章大意】
父母对孩子的表扬过多或过少都会带来不好的影响，恰当
的表扬应着重表扬孩子做事过程中的努力而非结果，并建立在
实际情况的基础上。
【段落大意】
第一段：主要介绍了父母从过去批评孩子到现在过度表扬
孩子，而过度的表扬也会对孩子造成伤害。
第二段：主要论述了在批评与表扬孩子方面不要走极端，
不表扬孩子也不好。
第三段：主要论述了什么是高质量的表扬，对孩子的表扬
要真诚，并且注重孩子努力的过程而不是只关注结果。
第四段：归纳总结，点名表扬应遵循的原则，也就是鼓励
与表扬应该与其付出努力的程度成正比。
【参考范文一】
It
is
no
easy
job
to
educate
children.Parents
are
wrong
from
strict
discipline
in
the
past
to
excessive
praise
today.(
要点
1)
Considerable
praise
helps
to
encourage
children
to
make
progress,
but
don‘t
go
from
one
extreme
to
the
other.(
要点
2)
High-quality
praise
should
focus
on
children's
efforts,
rather
than
on
results.(
要
点
3)
The
principle
for
dealing
with
praise
is
to
consider
the
link
between
praise
and
effort.(要点
4)
【参考范文二】
Parents
praise
their
children
to
promote
their
confidence，but
too
much
praise
may
result
in
opposite
effects.(要点1)
However
，
kids
may
feel
discouraged
when
not
given
enough
praise.(
要点
2)
Actually,
what
really
matters
is
the
quality
rather
than
the
quantity
of
praise
,
which
should
be
sincere
and
concentrate
on
process
instead
of
result.(要点3)
Praise
offers
encouragement
and
recognition，while
it
should
be
based
on
the
fact
and
correspond
with
the
effort.(要点4)(共165张PPT)
专题二
阅读理解
一、题型要求
该部分主要考查考生阅读理解书面英语的能力，共
15
小
题，每小题
2.5
分。要求考生根据所提供的
4
篇短文内容(不少
于
900
词)，从每小题所给的
4
个选项中选出最佳选项。该部分
要求考生读懂熟悉的有关日常生活话题的简短文字材料，例如
公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中普遍性话题的简短文章。
二、命题分析
(一)理解主旨要义
每篇文章都会有一个主旨要义。有时从文章的第一个段落，
甚至第一个句子即可得出文章的主旨要义，从这一段或这个句
子读者会知道文章描述的是谁或什么事情(即文章的主题)，亦
会知道作者希望读者了解主题方面的哪些内容。有时，作者没
有明示文章的主旨要义，需要读者从文章的字里行间进行归纳
和概括。
(二)理解文中具体信息
文章主题和中心思想的阐述往往需要大量细节信息的支
持，这些细节信息对于理解全文内容至关重要，同时也是归纳
和概括文章中心思想的基础。具体信息有时可以直接从文章中
获取，有时则需要进行归纳、概括或推断后才能得到。
(三)根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义
阅读文章时，常常会遇到一些过去未见过的单词和短语，
但许多这类词语的含义可以通过上下文推断出来。这种不使用
词典而通过阅读上下文来推断词语含义的能力，是一个合格的
读者必须具备的能力，因此也是阅读理解部分经常考查的一种
能力。
(四)根据所读内容作出判断和推理
在实际的阅读活动中，常常需要根据文章提供的事实和线
索，进行二级推理，推测作者未明确提到的事实或某事件发展
的趋势等。这种推理能力是阅读理解能力的重要构成部分，因
而也是阅读理解部分重点考查的能力之一。
(五)理解文章的基本结构
阅读文章需要具备一定的语篇知识。文章作者常常会使用
各种衔接手段使行文连贯。如果希望准确、深刻地理解文章，
必须把握住全篇的基本结构，理清上下文的衔接关系，即句与
句、段与段之间的逻辑关系。
(六)理解作者的意图、观点和态度
每篇文章都有一个特定的写作目的，或是向读者传递某个
信息，或是愉悦读者，或是讲授某个道理。而这些信息通常并
不是明确表达出来，而是隐含在文章之中。因此，读者需要在
理解文章总体内容的基础上，去领会作者的言外之意。
三、语篇体裁
高考英语阅读理解文章的文体类型主要有：记叙文、说明
文、应用文和论述文。不同的文体有不同的段落组织方式和脉
络层次。
(一)记叙文
记叙文往往按时间顺序展开段落，文章有明确表示时间先
后的词语。阅读时抓住时间这条主线，弄清
who,
what,
when,
where,
why
与
how
等六要素。
记叙文又可分传记类和故事类。时间是传记类文章的关键，
在阅读这类文章时，我们可以根据时间找到相关的事件,抓住文
章的主要内容。故事类文章情节性较强,阅读时要注意故事中的
时间、地点、人物和发生的事件,这些都是文章中的主要内容和
信息,对于准确理解文章十分重要。
(二)说明文
说明文是对事物的形状、性质、特征、成果或功用等进行
介绍、解释或阐述的文章，多见于科普类文章。把握所说明事
物的特征和本质是理解说明文的关键。这类文体的文章，首句
往往是主题句，开门见山，说明文章的关注对象。在阅读时，
我们要弄清作者的思路和段落组织的方式，把握次要信息及其
与主题的关系。
(三)应用文
应用文涉及的范围比较广，包括广告、通知、书信等。应
用文一般语言简洁，省略句及不规范的句子较多。阅读时一般
要求考生全面掌握文章中提供的信息，并运用这些信息去解决
问题。因此对题干的理解尤为重要。
(四)论述文
论述文处处都渗透着作者的个人观点和态度。阅读论述文
时应该从文体的写作结构和特点入手。论述文的结构往往容易
把握,主题句开门见山。作者往往通过信号词和关联词来组织段
落、文章，因此对信号词的迅速反应和对关联词的准确判断是
至关重要的。此外，要特别注意区分作者的观点与文章里所提
到的人物的观点,同时注意作者所使用的表示赞同、反对等感情
色彩的词汇。
四、考查形式
高考阅读理解的考查形式主要有四大类：细节理解题、推
理判断题、主旨大意题、词义/句意猜测题。
(一)细节理解题
高考对英语篇章中事实细节的考查主要分为两种情况：一
是直接细节类，有些问题可以或几乎可以直接在文章中找到答
案，考生只要根据题干中的关键词与原文进行对照，就能找到
答案；二是隐含细节类，这类题虽然不能直接从原文中找到对
应的词或短语，但考生可以在理解的基础上将有关内容系统化，
如通过计算、排序、是非判断、图形比较等。
常见的设问方式有：
1.特殊疑问句形式。以
when,
where,
what,
which,
who,
how
much/many
等疑问词开头引出的问题。
2.是非题的形式。含有
true/false,
wrong/right,
not
true/false
或
except
等的判断是非的问题，选项通常是三正一误或三误一
正，此时要注意题干中是否含有否定词，如
not，never
等。
3.以“
According
to...”开头的提问方式。
4.填空题的形式。如：
(1)To
avoid
attracting
mountain
lions,
people
are
advised
________.
(2)It
seems
that
now
a
country's
economy
depends
much
on
________.
(3)If
you
are
interested
in
knowing
about
what
people's
life
will
be,
you
may
visit
________.
(4)The
policemen
were
told
“to
look
the
other
way”
(the
underlined
part
in
Paragraph
2)
so
that
________.
(5)Choose
the
best
order
in
which
the
people
do
________.
(二)推理判断题
推理是指通过文章提供的信息得出文中没有明确提到的结
论，因此在进行推理时必须以文中的有关内容作为前提和依据。
判断是指对文章提供的事实进行分析，然后得出合理的结论，
因此在进行判断时必须考虑文章的全部事实和信息。
阅读理解中对考生推理判断能力的考查要求考生在理解原
文字面意义的基础上，通过对文中细节中隐含的信息和语篇逻
辑关系的分析作出一定的判断和推理，从而理解作者所要传达
的信息，得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义。
推理判断题主要考查考生理清上下文逻辑关系的能力和考
生的识别能力。解答此类题要以文字信息为依据，既不能作出
在原文中找不到依据的推理，也不能根据表面文字信息进行多
余推理。也就是说，要做到判断有据，推论有理，忠实原文。
切忌用自己的观点代替作者的本意。切忌以片面思考得出片面
结论。考生切记，推理判断题必须把握住的一个原则是：正确
选项必须是由文中事实推断出的另一个正确的事实，而不是文
章细节的直接陈述。
常见的设问方式有：
What
can
be
inferred
from
the
text?
What
can
we
infer
about/from...?
What
do
we
know
about...from
the
first/second...paragraph?
Which
of
the
following
conclusions
can
we
draw
according
to
the
text?
Which
of
the
following
can
be
inferred
from
the
passage?
What
is
the
purpose
of
the
last
part
of
the
text?
What
is
the
author's
purpose
in
writing
the
text?
What
is
the
author's
attitude
toward
the...?
Where
is
the
passage
most
likely
to
be
taken
from?
Where
would
this
passage
most
probably
appear?
The
passage
is
most
likely
a
part
of
________.
It
can
be
inferred/concluded
from
the
passage
that
________.
The
passage
suggests/implies
that
________.
By
the
first
sentence
of
the
second
paragraph
the
author
means
________.
We
can
conclude
that
________.
When
the
writer
talks
about...,
what
he
really
means
is
that
________.
(三)主旨大意题
主旨大意题旨在考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的
能力，即考查考生的归纳概括能力。这类试题包括归纳文章标
题(title)、概括文章或段落的主题以及中心思想(main
idea)。这
类题在设题时常含有
title,
subject,
main
idea,
topic,
theme
等词。
常见的设问方式有：
Which
of
the
following
can
be
the
best
title
for
the
text?
What
is
the
best
title
for
the
text?
The
best
title/headline
for
this
passage
is
________.
The
text/passage
could
be
entitled
________.
What
might
be
the
most
suitable
title
for
the
passage?
What
is
Paragraph...mainly
talking
about?
What
is
the
text
mainly
about?
What
is
the
general/main
idea
of
this
passage?
Which
of
the
following
expresses
the
main
idea?
The
passage/text
is
mainly
about
________.
What's
the
topic
of
the
article?
What's
the
subject
discussed
in
the
text?
(四)词义/句意猜测题
词义猜测题是高考阅读理解中的一种常见题型。词义猜测
可以是对一个单词的意义推断，也可以是对一个短语或一个句
子的意义推断，既可以是生词生义，也可以是熟词新义，还可
以是对替代词所替代内容的判断。它要求考生不但要准确无误
地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课
外词汇。此类题型有逐渐增加的趋势，尤其是词组、句意猜测
题。因为猜测词组、句意涉及题材背景、句子结构、文章主旨、
作者的观点态度等。
在词义猜测题中，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在
字面上，要根据短文提供的语境，通过阅读上下文，根据已知
的信息或常识来推测尚不熟悉的词或词组的含义。
常见的设问方式有：
As
used
in
the
passage,
the
phrase
“...”
suggests
________.
From
the
passage,
we
can
infer
that
the
word/phrase/sentence
“...”
is/refers
to
________.
What
does
the
underlined
phrase/word/sentence
“
...
”
in
Paragraph...refer
to/mean?
What
do
you
think
the
expression
“...”
stands
for?
Which
of
the
following
words
is
closest
in
meaning
to
the
underlined
word
in
the
last
paragraph?
The
word
“...”
is
closest
in
meaning
to
________.
The
word
“
...
”
refers
to/probably
means/could
best
be
replaced
by
________.
The
word
“...”
is
most
likely
to
mean
________.
The
word
“it/they”in
the
last
sentence
refers
to
“________”.
The
underlined
word
in
the
second
paragraph
means
“________”.
The
underlined
word
“...”in
Paragraph...can
best
be
replaced
by
“________”.
一、细节理解题
1.直接信息题
该类试题的选项多根据原文中的信息直接进行考查。考生
可先从问题中找到关键词，然后以此为线索，运用略读及查阅
的技巧在文中寻找细节，锁定与
who,
what,
when,
where,
why
等
问题有关的细节及关键词后，然后比较所给选项与文中细节的
细微区别，从而确定最佳选项。另外，广告、公告、演出信息、
航班时间表等类别的文章常涉及快速寻找信息题。
在解答这类试题时，考生要抓住题干中的文字信息，采用
针对性方法进行阅读，因为这类试题的答案大都可以在文章中
直接找到。凡是涉及
5W(who,
what,
when,
where,
why)和
5H(how
soon,
how
long,
how
often,
how
many/much,
how
about)
的
细节
题，均可采取浏览或搜寻的方式进行解答。如果需要寻找事件
发生的时间，注意力应放在日期上；寻找姓名和地点时，注意
力应放在以大写字母开头的单词上。
考生可通过文章的结构预测所要搜寻的信息在文中可能出
现的位置，以便阅读时具有一定的选择性和针对性。浏览材料
时，应注意有针对性地选择出有关部分，进行仔细阅读，找出
问题的答案。
例
(2020
年新课标Ⅰ卷·阅读理解
A)
Train
Information
All
customers
travelling
on
TransLink
services
must
be
in
possession
of
a
valid
ticket
before
boarding.For
ticket
information，
please
ask
at
your
local
station
or
call
13
12
30.
While
Queensland
Rail
makes
every
effort
to
ensure
trains
run
as
scheduled
，
there
can
be
no
guarantee
of
connections
between
trains
or
between
train
services
and
bus
services.
Lost
property
(失物招领)
Call
Lost
Property
on
13
16
17
during
business
hours
for
items
lost
on
Queensland
Rail
services.
The
lost
property
office
is
open
Monday
to
Friday
7：30
a.m.to
5：00
p.m.and
is
located
(位于)
at
Roma
Street
station.
Public
holidays
On
public
holidays,
generally
a
Sunday
timetable
operates.On
certain
major
event
days,
i.e.Australia
Day,
Anzac
Day,
sporting
and
cultural
days,
special
additional
services
may
operate.
Christmas
Day
services
operate
to
a
Christmas
Day
timetable.
Before
travel
please
visit
.au
or
call
TransLink
on
13
12
30
anytime.
Customers
using
mobility
devices
Many
stations
have
wheelchair
access
from
the
car
park
or
entrance
to
the
station
platforms.For
assistance,
please
call
Queensland
Rail
on
13
16
17.
Depart
Origin
Destination
Arrive
6：42
p.m.
Altandi
Varsity
Lakes
7：37
p.m.
7：29
p.m.
Central
Varsity
Lakes
8：52
p.m.
8：57
p.m.
Fortitude
Valley
Varsity
Lakes
9：52
p.m.
11：02
p.m.
Roma
Street
Varsity
Lakes
12：22
a.m.
Guardian
trains
(outbound)
21.What
would
you
do
to
get
ticket
information?
A.Call
13
16
17.
B.Visit
.au.
C.Ask
at
the
local
station.
D.Check
the
train
schedule.
解析：选
C
细节理解题。
根据首段
第二句“For
ticket
information,
please
ask
at
your
local
station
or
call
13
12
30.”，可
知查询车票信息，可向当地的车站询问或拨打
131230。A
项的
号码与原文不符合。故选
C。
22.At
which
station
can
you
find
the
lost
property
office?
A.Altandi.
B.Roma
Street.
C.Varsity
Lakes.
D.Fortitude
Valley.
解析：选
B
细节理解题。根据“Lost
property”部分中第二
段“The
lost
property
office...is
located
at
Roma
Street
station.”，可
知失物招领处位于
Roma
Street。故选
B。
2.间接理解题
该类试题的四个选项不出现在原文中的直接信息里而是借
助同义转换、概念解析、归纳事实等方法对原文信息进行适当
变换。回答时，一定以文章所谈到的内容为依据，切忌凭自己
的观点和经验去选择不符合文章内容的答案。解答这类试题时，
一个常用的方法就是定位法，即根据题干或选项中的线索词从
原文中找到相关的句子，与选项进行比较从而确定答案(此时要
特别注意一些常见的同义转换或简单换算)。
例
(2020
年新高考Ⅰ卷·阅读理解
C)
In
the
mid?1990s,
Tom
Bissell
taught
English
as
a
volunteer
in
Uzbekistan.He
left
after
seven
months,
physically
broken
and
having
lost
his
mind.A
few
years
later,
still
attracted
to
the
country,
he
returned
to
Uzbekistan
to
write
an
article
about
the
disappearance
of
the
Aral
Sea.
His
visit,
however,
ended
up
involving
a
lot
more
than
that.Hence
this
book,
Chasing
the
Sea:
Lost
Among
the
Ghosts
of
Empire
in
Central
Asia,
which
talks
about
a
road
trip
from
Tashkent
to
Karakalpakstan,
where
millions
of
lives
have
been
destroyed
by
the
slow
drying
up
of
the
sea.It
is
the
story
of
an
American
travelling
to
a
strange
land,
and
of
the
people
he
meets
on
his
way:
Rustam,
his
translator,
a
lovely
24
?
year
?
old
who
picked
up
his
colorful
English
in
California,
Oleg
and
Natasha,
his
hosts
in
Tashkent,
and
a
string
of
foreign
aid
workers.
This
is
a
quick
look
at
life
in
Uzbekistan,
made
of
friendliness
and
warmth,
but
also
its
darker
side
of
society.In
Samarkand,
Mr.Bissell
admires
the
architectural
wonders,
while
on
his
way
to
Bukhara
he
gets
a
taste
of
police
methods
when
suspected
of
drug
dealing.In
Ferghana,
he
attends
a
mountain
funeral
(葬礼)
followed
by
a
strange
drinking
party.And
in
Karakalpakstan,
he
is
saddened
by
the
dust
storms,
diseases
and
fishing
boats
stuck
miles
from
the
sea.
Mr.Bissell
skillfully
organizes
historical
insights
and
cultural
references,
making
his
tale
a
well
?rounded
picture
of
Uzbekistan,
seen
from
Western
eyes.His
judgment
and
references
are
decidedly
American,
as
well
as
his
delicate
stomach.As
the
author
explains,
this
is
neither
a
travel
nor
a
history
book,
or
even
a
piece
of
reportage.Whatever
it
is,
the
result
is
a
fine
and
vivid
description
of
the
purest
of
Central
Asian
traditions.
8.What
made
Mr.Bissell
return
to
Uzbekistan?
A.His
friends'
invitation.
B.His
interest
in
the
country.
C.His
love
for
teaching.
D.His
desire
to
regain
health.
解析：选
B
细节理解题。根据第一段中的“A
few
years
later,
still
attracted
to
the
country...(几年后毕塞尔仍然被这个国
家所吸引……)”，可知毕塞尔对乌兹别克斯坦感兴趣，所以他
才返回这个国家。A
项“朋友们的邀请”，C
项“对教育的热
爱”，D
项“想要恢复健康”均与原文不相关。故选
B。
3.数字计算题
数字计算题可涉及年代、年龄、时间、金钱等方面的计算。
此类试题分为直接考查和计算考查。直接考查是根据文中信息
很容易地确定答案；对于计算考查，在文章中虽有相关的事实
细节，但一般要经过具体的计算才能得出正确的答案。
数字计算题要求考生根据阅读材料中给出的有关数据，找
出计算关系，通过计算得出正确的结论。这类计算比较简单，
关键是要弄清数据间的逻辑关系，选准所需的数字，掌握单位
换算关系，确定计算方法。在处理数字计算题时，首先通读题
干，明确题目要求，然后迅速找到与之相关的数据，对其进行
分析、整合，并结合题干计算出正确答案。对于数据较多、项
目复杂、时间或空间跨度较大的短文，通常可采用“列表法”，
即按一定的规律将数据分门别类地列出，化模糊为清晰，为计
算打下基础。对于相对不太复杂的数据，可采用“推算法”，即
以有关数据为基准，进行简单的运算就可得出。
例
(2018
年江苏卷·阅读理解
A)
The
Metropolitan
Museum
of
Art
1000
Fifth
Avenue
New
York,
NY
10028
211?535?7710
www.metmuseum.org
Entrances
Fifth
Avenue
at
82nd
Street
Hours
Open
7
days
a
week.
Sunday—Thursday
10：00—17：30
Friday
and
Saturday
10：00—21：00
Closed
Thanksgiving
Day,
December
25,
January
1,
and
the
first
Monday
in
May.
Admission
$25.00
recommended
for
adults,
$12.00
recommended
for
students,
includes
the
Main
Building
and
The
Cloisters
(
回廊)
on
the
same
day;
free
for
children
under
12
with
an
adult.
Free
with
Admission
All
special
exhibitions,
as
well
as
films,
lectures,
guided
tours,
concerts,
gallery
talks,
and
family/children's
programs
are
free
with
admission.
Ask
about
today's
activities
at
the
Great
Hall
Information
Desk.
The
Cloisters
Museum
and
Gardens
The
Cloisters
museum
and
gardens
is
a
branch
of
The
Metropolitan
Museum
of
Art
devoted
to
the
art
and
architecture
of
Europe
in
the
Middle
Ages.The
extensive
collection
consists
of
masterworks
in
sculpture,
colored
glass,
and
precious
objects
from
Europe
dating
from
about
the
9th
to
the
15th
century.
Hours:
Open
7
days
a
week.
March—October
10：00—17：15
November—February
10：00—16：45
Closed
Thanksgiving
Day,
December
25,
and
January
1.
56.How
much
may
they
pay
if
an
11
?
year
?
old
girl
and
her
working
parents
visit
the
museum?
A.$12.
B.$37.
C.$50.
D.$62.
解析：选
C
数字计算题。根据“Admission”部分可知，
11岁的女孩和她父母去参观博物馆只需付两个成人的票价即
25×2＝50。故选
C。
4.排列顺序题
排列顺序类细节理解题的考查形式是在选项中列举一些具
体的事实，然后要求学生根据文章内容对选项中的事实进行排
序。
这种试题要求考生根据事情发生的先后顺序和句子之间的
逻辑关系，找出事件的正确顺序。做此类试题时可采用“首尾
定位法”，即找出事件发展的首与尾，迅速缩小范围，从而快
速选出正确选项；或直接逐一用排除法按顺序排除，得出正确
选项。排列顺序题常出现在记叙文和说明文中，一般按事件发
生的顺序。
常见的设问方式有：
Which
of
the
following
is
the
correct
order
of...?
Which
of
the
following
shows
the
path
of
signals
described
in
Paragraph...?
例
It
was
Groundhog
Day.A
winter
storm
had
hit
overnight,
too.I
tried
to
open
my
backdoor
only
to
find
six
inches
of
wet,
heavy
snow
piled
up
against
it.I
knew
I
had
quite
a
job
of
shoveling
out
ahead
of
me,
so
I
reached
over
to
grab
my
snow
shovel.It
looked
a
lot
more
ready
to
work
than
I
did.I
sighed
and
pulled
on
my
boots,
gloves,
and
heavy
coat.
The
wind
chill
was
below
zero
and
cut
into
my
face
as
I
slowly
shoveled
off
my
deck.After
that,
I
stayed
my
way
over
to
my
daughter's
house
shoveling
the
path
as
I
walked.It
took
a
while
to
get
her
driveway
clear
and
I
knew
I
still
had
a
lot
to
do.Next
came
the
paths
down
the
hill
to
my
own
cars
covered
in
snow.I
had
grabbed
the
broom
to
sweep
them
off
as
well.I
winced
when
the
breeze
blew
the
swept
snow
back
into
my
face.Then
I
started
to
shovel
out
my
driveways.My
back
was
aching
as
I
worked.I
wished
I
could
be
building
a
snowman
instead
of
shoveling.Winter
surely
had
seemed
a
lot
more
fun
when
I
was
a
boy.
After
it
was
done,
I
examined
my
work.It
didn't
look
half
bad.I
smiled
and
looked
at
the
woods
covered
in
white.They
were
such
a
special
sight.I
leaned
on
my
shovel
and
took
it
all
in.Then
I
started
up
the
hill
with
the
snow
shovel
in
one
hand
and
the
broom
in
the
other.Suddenly,
an
urge
came
over
me
and
I
dropped
them
both.I
spread
my
arms,
fed
back
into
the
blanket
of
white
and
happily
moved
my
arms
and
legs
to
make
an
angel
in
the
snow.
As
you
go
through
the
seasons
of
this
life,
take
joy
in
your
work
and
take
joy
in
your
life.Remember
that
the
course
of
your
days
rests
in
your
own
hands.
Which
is
the
correct
order
of
what
the
author
shoveled?
A.his
deck—his
daughter's
driveway—his
cars—his
driveway.
B.his
cars—his
deck—his
daughter's
driveway—his
driveway.
C.his
daughter's
driveway—his
deck—his
driveway—his
cars.
D.his
driveway—his
daughter's
driveway—his
cars—his
deck.
解析：选
A
排列顺序题。根据第二段中的“The
wind
chill
was
below
zero
and
cut
into
my
face
as
I
slowly
shoveled
off
my
deck.After
that,
I
stayed
my
way
over
to
my
daughter's
house
shoveling
the
path
as
I
walked.It
took
a
while
to
get
her
driveway
clear
and
I
knew
I
still
had
a
lot
to
do.Next
came
the
paths
down
the
hill
to
my
own
cars
covered
in
snow.I
had
grabbed
the
broom
to
sweep
them
off
as
well.I
winced
when
the
breeze
blew
the
swept
snow
back
into
my
face.Then
I
started
to
shovel
out
my
driveways.”可知，作者铲雪的先后顺序是：他的木制平台——
女儿的车道——他自己的汽车——他的车道。故选
A。
二、推理判断题
1.推断隐含意义题
此
类
试
题
的
标
志
性
词
及
短
语
有
infer,
suggest,
imply,
conclude,
indicate,
intend,
be
likely
to
等。阅读文章的主要目的是
获取信息，即作者所要传达的信息。有时读者需要根据文章提
供的事实和线索，进行逻辑推理，推测作者未提到的事实或某
事发生的可能性。做题时要注意：全面分析所有相关信息，切
忌片面思考、得出片面结论；忠实原文，切忌脱离原文、凭空
臆断；切忌选择表层信息类的答案，应该立足于已知，推断未
知。
常见的设问方式有：
It
can
be
inferred/concluded
from
the
text
that
________.
The
author
implies/suggests
that
________.
We
may
infer
that
________.
Which
of
the
following
statements
is
implied
but
NOT
stated?
例
(2020
年新课标Ⅱ卷·阅读理解
C)
When
you
were
trying
to
figure
out
what
to
buy
for
the
environmentalist
on
your
holiday
list,
fur
probably
didn't
cross
your
mind.But
some
ecologists
and
fashion
(时装)
enthusiasts
are
trying
to
bring
back
the
market
for
fur
made
from
nutria
(海狸鼠).
Unusual
fashion
shows
in
New
Orleans
and
Brooklyn
have
showcased
nutria
fur
made
into
clothes
in
different
styles.
“
It
sounds
crazy
to
talk
about
guilt-free
fur—unless
you
understand
that
the
nutria
are
destroying
vast
wetlands
every
year，”
says
Cree
McCree,
project
director
of
Righteous
Fur.
Scientists
in
Louisiana
were
so
concerned
that
they
decided
to
pay
hunters
$5
a
tail.Some
of
the
fur
ends
up
in
the
fashion
shows
like
the
one
in
Brooklyn
last
month.
Nutria
were
brought
there
from
Argentina
by
fur
farmers
and
let
go
into
the
wild.
“The
ecosystem
down
there
can't
handle
this
non
?native
species
(物种).It's
destroying
the
environment.It's
them
or
us，”
says
Michael
Massimi,
an
expert
in
this
field.
The
fur
trade
kept
nutria
in
check
for
decades,
but
when
the
market
for
nutria
collapsed
in
the
late
1980s,
the
cat?sized
animals
multiplied
like
crazy.
Biologist
Edmond
Mouton
runs
the
nutria
control
program
for
Louisiana.He
says
it's
not
easy
to
convince
people
that
nutria
fur
is
green,
but
he
has
no
doubt
about
it.Hunters
bring
in
more
than
300，000
nutria
tails
a
year,
so
part
of
Mouton's
job
these
days
is
trying
to
promote
fur.
Then
there's
Righteous
Fur
and
its
unusual
fashions.A
model
says,
“To
give
people
a
guilt
?
free
option
that
they
can
wear
without
someone
throwing
paint
on
them
—I
think
that's
going
to
be
a
massive
thing,
at
least
here
in
New
York.”
Designer
Jennifer
Anderson
admits
it
took
her
a
while
to
come
around
to
the
opinion
that
using
nutria
fur
for
her
creations
is
morally
acceptable.She's
trying
to
come
up
with
a
label
to
attach
to
nutria
fashions
to
show
it
is
eco-friendly.
31.What
can
we
infer
about
wearing
fur
in
New
York
according
to
Morgan?
A.It's
formal.
C.It's
harmful.
解析：选
B
B.It's
risky.
D.It's
traditional.
推断隐含意义题。根据最后一段中的“To
give
people...in
New
York.”
，提到“给人们一种无愧疚感的选择”，
“人们可以穿裘皮服装而不被泼油漆”。由此可知，在纽约穿
裘皮服装是有风险的。故选
B。
2.推断作者观点、态度或写作目的和意图题
此类试题是阅读理解中难度较大的试题，要求考生不仅理
解文章的全部事实和细节，掌握全篇的主题，还要推测作者的
观点、态度、写作目的或意图等。做题时，考生要注意不要把
自己的态度揉入其中，也要区分开作者的态度和作者描述的别
人的态度。当作者没有明确表达自己的态度时，要根据作者使
用词语的褒贬性去判断。
(1)观点态度题
该类题指考查作者的观点和态度以及文章基调的题，例如
作者对陈述的观点是赞成、反对还是中立，是肯定、否定还是
不置可否，对描写和记叙的人、物或事件是喜欢还是厌恶，是
同情还是冷漠，或仅仅是客观陈述。这类题除了考查作者在整
篇文章中所表现的态度和观点外，有的还考查作者对具体的某
个人或事物的态度或评价。作者的这种思想倾向和感彩往
往隐含在文章的结论中，或流露于修饰性的词语之中。
常见的设问方式有：
What
is
the
author's
attitude
towards...?
What
is
the
author's
opinion
on...?
The
author's
tone
in
this
passage
is
________.
常用的解题技巧有：
①寻找文中具有感彩的形容词、副词或动词，根据作
者使用词语的褒贬性去判断作者的态度。常见的表示态度的词
有：
词类
例词
褒义词
support(支持)
，supportive(
支持的)
，approve(
赞成)
，
approving(
赞同的)
，for(支持)
，in
favour
of(支持)
，
optimistic(乐观的)，positive(积极的)，helpful(
有帮助
的)，admiring(赞赏的)，interested(感兴趣的)，praise(赞
扬)，serious(认真的)，enthusiastic(热情的)，pleasant(愉
快的)，polite(礼貌的)，concerned(关切的)，humorous(幽
默的)，confident(自信的)，impressive(给人深刻印象的)
词类
例词
贬义词
disgusted(厌恶的)，disgusting(令人厌恶的)，critical(批
评
的
)
，
negative(
否
定
的
)
，
suspicious(
怀
疑
的
)
，
intolerant(无法忍受的)，disappointed(失望的)，biased(有
偏
见
的)
，doubtful(
怀
疑
的
)
，
pessimistic(
悲
观
的)
，
depressed(沮丧的)，uninterested(冷漠的)，skeptical(怀
疑的)，opposed(反对的)，angry(生气的)，doubt(怀疑)
中性词
cognitive(
认
知
的
)
，
reflective(
反
射
的
，
反
映
的
)
，
informative(
提
供
有用
信
息
的
)
，
impartial(
公正
的
)
，
factual(事实的)，objective(客观的)，neutral(中立的)
(续表)
②作者的观点一般与文章主旨相关联，因此可以抓住论述
的主线及举例的方式。
③多注意文章开头、结尾等传达作者感情倾向的地方。
④不要掺杂自己的观点。
例
1
(2020
年新课标Ⅰ卷·阅读理解
C)
Race
walking
shares
many
fitness
benefits
with
running,
research
shows,
while
most
likely
contributing
to
fewer
injuries.It
does,
however,
have
its
own
problem.
Race
walkers
are
conditioned
athletes.The
longest
track
and
field
event
at
the
Summer
Olympics
is
the
50-kilometer
race
walk,
which
is
about
five
miles
longer
than
the
marathon.But
the
sport's
rules
require
that
a
race
walker's
knees
stay
straight
through
most
of
the
leg
swing
and
one
foot
remain
in
contact
(
接
触
)
with
the
ground
at
all
times.It's
this
strange
form
that
makes
race
walking
such
an
attractive
activity,
however,
says
Jaclyn
Norberg,
an
assistant
professor
of
exercise
science
at
Salem
State
University
in
Salem,
Mass.
Like
running,
race
walking
is
physically
demanding,
she
says.According
to
most
calculations,
race
walkers
moving
at
a
pace
of
six
miles
per
hour
would
burn
about
800
calories
(
卡路里)
per
hour,
which
is
approximately
twice
as
many
as
they
would
burn
walking,
although
fewer
than
running,
which
would
probably
burn
about
1，000
or
more
calories
per
hour.
However,
race
walking
does
not
pound
the
body
as
much
as
running
does,
Dr.Norberg
says.According
to
her
research,
runners
hit
the
ground
with
as
much
as
four
times
their
body
weight
per
step,
while
race
walkers,
who
do
not
leave
the
ground,
create
only
about
1.4
times
their
body
weight
with
each
step.
As
a
result,
she
says,
some
of
the
injuries
associated
with
running,
such
as
runner's
knee,
are
uncommon
among
race
walkers.But
the
sport's
strange
form
does
place
considerable
stress
on
the
ankles
and
hips,
so
people
with
a
history
of
such
injuries
might
want
to
be
cautious
in
adopting
the
sport.In
fact,
anyone
wishing
to
try
race
walking
should
probably
first
consult
a
coach
or
experienced
racer
to
learn
proper
technique,
she
says.It
takes
some
practice.
31.Which
word
best
describes
the
author's
attitude
to
race
walking?
A.Skeptical.
C.Tolerant.
解析：选
B
B.Objective.
D.Conservative.
观点态度题。根据第一段可知，竞走有很多
益处，不过它也有一些问题。作者对于竞走的优缺点都有提及，
从事实出发，由此判断作者的态度是客观的。故选
B。
例
2
(2020
年新课标Ⅲ卷·阅读理解
C)
With
the
young
unable
to
afford
to
leave
home
and
the
old
at
risk
of
isolation
(孤独),
more
families
are
choosing
to
live
together.
The
doorway
to
peace
and
quiet,
for
Nick
Bright
at
least,
leads
straight
to
his
mother
?in
?law:
she
lives
on
the
ground
floor,
while
he
lives
upstairs
with
his
wife
and
their
two
daughters.
Four
years
ago
they
all
moved
into
a
three
?
storey
Victorian
house
in
Bristol—one
of
a
growing
number
of
multigenerational
families
in
the
UK
living
together
under
the
same
roof.They
share
a
front
door
and
a
washing
machine,
but
Rita
Whitehead
has
her
own
kitchen,
bathroom,
bedroom
and
living
room
on
the
ground
floor.
“We
floated
the
idea
to
my
mum
of
sharing
a
house，”
says
Kathryn
Whitehead.Rita
cuts
in:
“We
spoke
more
with
Nick
because
I
think
it's
a
big
thing
for
Nick
to
live
with
his
mother-in-law.”
And
what
does
Nick
think?
“From
my
standpoint,
it
all
seems
to
work
very
well.Would
I
recommend
it?
Yes,
I
think
I
would.”
It's
hard
to
tell
exactly
how
many
people
agree
with
him,
but
research
indicates
that
the
numbers
have
been
rising
for
some
time.Official
reports
suggest
that
the
number
of
households
with
three
generations
living
together
had
risen
from
325，000
in
2001
to
419，000
in
2013.
Other
varieties
of
multigenerational
family
are
more
common.Some
people
live
with
their
elderly
parents;
many
more
adult
children
are
returning
to
the
family
home,
if
they
ever
left.It
is
said
that
about
20%
of
25-34-year-olds
live
with
their
parents,
compared
with
16%
in
1991.The
total
number
of
all
multigenerational
households
in
Britain
is
thought
to
be
about
1.8
million.
Stories
like
that
are
more
common
in
parts
of
the
world
where
multigenerational
living
is
more
firmly
rooted.In
India,
particularly
outside
cities,
young
women
are
expected
to
move
in
with
their
husband's
family
when
they
get
married.
29.What
is
Nick's
attitude
towards
sharing
the
house
with
his
mother?in?law?
A.Positive.
C.Tolerant.
解析：选
A
B.Carefree.
D.Unwilling.
观点态度题。根据第五段可知，“从我的角
度来看，一切都很顺利……我想我会推荐在一起居住”。由此
判断出，尼克对和岳母合住房子的态度是积极的。故选
A。
(2)写作意图题
该类题多出现在记叙文或夹叙夹议类的文章中。如果是议
论文，应该抓住作者的论点和论据；如果是记叙文，应该特别
注意总结性的文字。
常见的设问方式有：
The
purpose
of
the
text
is
________.
What
is
the
main
purpose
of
the
author
writing
the
text?
By
mentioning...,
the
author
aims
to
show
that
________.
询问写作意图的题目，选项里常出现的词有：explain(解释),
prove(
证
明
),
persuade(
劝
说
),
advise(
劝
告
),
comment(
评
论
),
praise(
赞扬),
criticize(
批评),
entertain(
娱乐),
demonstrate(证明),
argue(辩论),
tell(讲述),
analyze(分析)等。不同的文章可能有不同
的写作意图，但写作意图通常有以下三种：
①to
entertain
readers(使读者愉悦、发笑)：常见于个人经历
或故事类的文章。
②to
persuade
readers(说服读者接受某种观点)：常见于广告
类文章或议论文。广告是作者要推销的一种产品或一种服务：
吸引更多的游客、读者或订户、观众等。议论文是为了说服读
者接受或赞同某一观点。
③to
inform
readers(告知或提供给读者某些信息)：多见于科
普类、新闻报道类、文化类或社会类的文章，以及劝告性或建
议性的文章。弄清其写作意图，需要找准主题句，把握文章主
旨。
因此，考生可以根据文体类别、写作手法来推断文章的写
作意图或目的。
例
(2020
年新课标Ⅲ卷·阅读理解
D)
We
are
the
products
of
evolution,
and
not
just
evolution
that
occurred
billions
of
years
ago.As
scientists
look
deeper
into
our
genes
(基因),
they
are
finding
examples
of
human
evolution
in
just
the
past
few
thousand
years.People
in
Ethiopian
highlands
have
adapted
to
living
at
high
altitudes.Cattle-raising
people
in
East
Africa
and
northern
Europe
have
gained
a
mutation
(
突
变
)
that
helps
them
digest
milk
as
adults.
On
Thursday
in
an
article
published
in
Cell,
a
team
of
researchers
reported
a
new
kind
of
adaptation—not
to
air
or
to
food,
but
to
the
ocean.A
group
of
sea
?dwelling
people
in
Southeast
Asia
have
evolved
into
better
divers.The
Bajau,
as
these
people
are
known,
number
in
the
hundreds
of
thousands
in
Indonesia,
Malaysia
and
the
Philippines.They
have
traditionally
lived
on
houseboats;
in
recent
times,
they've
also
built
houses
on
stilts
(支柱)
in
coastal
waters.“They
are
simply
a
stranger
to
the
land，”
said
Redney
C.Jubilado,
a
University
of
Hawaii
researcher
who
studies
the
Bajau.
Dr.Jubilado
first
met
the
Bajau
while
growing
up
on
Samal
Island
in
the
Philippines.They
made
a
living
as
divers,
spearfishing
or
harvesting
shellfish.
“We
were
so
amazed
that
they
could
stay
underwater
much
longer
than
us
local
islanders，”Dr.Jubilado
said.
“I
could
see
them
actually
walking
under
the
sea.”
In
2015,
Melissa
Ilardo,
then
a
graduate
student
in
genetics
at
the
University
of
Copenhagen,
heard
about
the
Bajau.She
wondered
if
centuries
of
diving
could
have
led
to
the
evolution
of
physical
characteristics
that
made
the
task
easier
for
them.“It
seemed
like
the
perfect
chance
for
natural
selection
to
act
on
a
population
，”
said
Dr.Ilardo.She
also
said
there
were
likely
a
number
of
other
genes
that
help
the
Bajau
dive.
32.What
does
the
author
want
to
tell
us
by
the
examples
in
Paragraph
1?
A.Environmental
adaptation
of
cattle
raisers.
B.New
knowledge
of
human
evolution.
C.Recent
findings
of
human
origin.
D.Significance
of
food
selection.
解析：选
B
推理判断题。根据首段第一、二句，“当科学
家更深入地研究我们的基因时，他们发现了人类在过去几千年
进化的例子”可知，作者列举第一段的例子目的是告诉我们关
于人类进化的一个新信息，那就是人类在过去几千年也在进化。
故选
B。
3.推断文章出处或读者对象
这类问题应从文章的内容或结构来判断其出处或写作类
型，而判断读者对象主要通过寻找关键的信息词。以下是一些
常见的文章类型：
(1)报纸：前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称。
(2)广告：因其用词和格式特殊，容易辨认。
(3)产品说明：器皿、设备等的使用说明会有产品名称或操
作方式，而药品的服用说明会告知服用时间、次数、药量等。
(4)网络：文中会出现
click
here(点击此处)，online(在线)，
web(网络)，website(网址)等关键词。
(5)展览手册：会提供有关展览的各方面信息。
常见的设问方式有：
The
passage
is
probably
taken
out
of/taken
from
________.
The
passage
would
most
likely
be
found
in
________.
The
passage
is
most
likely
a
part
of
________.
The
text
is
intended
for________.
Where
does
this
text
probably
come
from?
For
whom
the
text
is
most
probably
written?
例
1
(2019
年新课标Ⅰ卷·阅读理解
C)
As
data
and
identity
theft
becomes
more
and
more
common,
the
market
is
growing
for
biometric
(生物测量)
technologies—like
fingerprint
scans—to
keep
others
out
of
private
e-spaces.At
present,
these
technologies
are
still
expensive,
though.
Researchers
from
Georgia
Tech
say
that
they
have
come
up
with
a
low
?
cost
device
(
装置
)
that
gets
around
this
problem:
a
smart
keyboard.This
smart
keyboard
precisely
measures
the
cadence
(节奏)
with
which
one
types
and
the
pressure
fingers
apply
to
each
key.The
keyboard
could
offer
a
strong
layer
of
security
by
analyzing
things
like
the
force
of
a
user's
typing
and
the
time
between
key
presses.These
patterns
are
unique
to
each
person.Thus,
the
keyboard
can
determine
people's
identities,
and
by
extension,
whether
they
should
be
given
access
to
the
computer
it's
connected
to—regardless
of
whether
someone
gets
the
password
right.
It
also
doesn't
require
a
new
type
of
technology
that
people
aren't
already
familiar
with.Everybody
uses
a
keyboard
and
everybody
types
differently.
In
a
study
describing
the
technology,
the
researchers
had
100
volunteers
type
the
word
“
touch
”
four
times
using
the
smart
keyboard.Data
collected
from
the
device
could
be
used
to
recognize
different
participants
based
on
how
they
typed,
with
very
low
error
rates.The
researchers
say
that
the
keyboard
should
be
pretty
straightforward
to
commercialize
and
is
mostly
made
of
inexpensive,
plastic?like
parts.The
team
hopes
to
make
it
to
market
in
the
near
future.
31.Where
is
this
text
most
likely
from?
A.A
diary.
C.A
novel.
B.A
guidebook.
D.A
magazine.
解析：选
D
文章出处题。原文介绍的是智能键盘，且根据
文章中的“biometric
(生物测量)”“device
(装置)”“researchers”
等词，可见文章用词比较严谨，其他
A、B
和
C
三个选项(日记、
指南或小说)的体裁的文章用词应简单易懂，与杂志上报道的研
究有很大不同。故选
D。
例
2
(2019
年山西省太原市高三一模)
Dear
Durhammers，
Durham
has
been
your
home
in
the
past
three
years.This
is
an
appropriate
moment
in
time
to
invite
you
as
a
group
of
“tourists”
in
this
special
exploration.We
would
also
like
to
congratulate
you
on
your
forthcoming
transition
from
being
a
Durhammer
to
a
member
of
society.Please
see
information
below
on
offers
and
activities
to
assist
with
planning
your
coming
celebrations.
View
details
of
special
offers
for
Winter
Assembly
at：
http：//www.dur.ac.uk/ceremonies/congregation/offers/
●Sign
up
to
keep
in
touch
with
Durham
University
and
get
a
goody
bag
sponsored
by
the
ALUMNI
team.
●
20%
discount
on
pre
?
ordered
Durham
University
Merchandise
with
the
ticket
code
WGRADUATE2019
(Or
you
have
to
pay
the
full
price
at
the
shop).
●Pre?order
your
photographs
and
receive
a
discounted
rate.
●Free
entry
to
the
exhibitions
at
Palace
Green
Library
for
you
and
your
guests
(with
tickets).
●
Purchase
a
diploma
container
to
keep
your
degree
certificate
safe.Please
check：
https：//www.dur.ac.uk/student.registry/qualifications/order/
●Details
of
celebration
events
being
held
in
Departments
and
Colleges
are
published
at：
https：//www.dur.ac.uk/ceremonies/congregation/celebrations/
Information
on
the
highlight
of
the
celebration，including
but
not
limited
to
the
opportunity
to
go
out
for
BBQ
and
camping
at
Botanic
Garden
is
published
at：
https：//www.dur.ac.uk/campusperks/whatsnewon/ceremonies/
We
also
hope
very
much
that
you
will
come
and
meet
us
and
colleagues
at
the
ceremony，which
is
a
traditional
and
magnificent
public
presentation
of
your
diploma
and
award
，and
it
is
always
memorable
and
fun.You
will
have
already
received
a
formal
e?mail
invitation,
but
this
is
just
to
say
that
we
hope
to
meet
you
there
and
congratulate
you
in
person.
Yours
sincerely，
Sir
Thomas
Allen
Who
is
the
letter
intended
for?
A.Visitors
exploring
the
campus.
B.Graduates
from
Durham
University.
C.Colleagues
in
Durham
University.
D.Organizers
of
the
ALUMNI
Group.
解析：选
B
读者对象题。根据第一段中的“Durham
has
been
your
home
in
the
past
three
years.”
以及“We
would
also
like
to
congratulate
you
on
your
forthcoming
transition
from
being
a
Durhammer
to
a
member
of
society.”可知，这封信是写给
Durham
大学的毕业生。故选
B。
4.推理文章的篇章结构
篇章结构题主要考查考生在理解全文的基础上，对文章所
描述事件的发展顺序、所说明事物的结构层次或在论述观点的
过程中使用的方法进行推测、归纳和总结的能力。
一是考查对文章整体结构的把握。解题关键在于找出篇章
或段落中表示层次发展的关键词，如表时间、方位、因果关系
或对比的关联词等。一般可细读文章，根据其内在的逻辑关系
及内容进行判断。二是考查根据现有文章预测后文的能力。对
于推测作者接下来要叙述的事件或将要发表的观点题，要在正
确理解篇章内容的基础上对文章的发展作出合理的推断。通常
最后一段或某段最后一句给读者充分的证据对后文进行推测；
或是说明了两个对象中的一个；或是只讲了区别，未讲联系；
或是只给出了理论解释，而缺少事例的证明。
考生可根据文章的写作方法总结文章结构，常见的组织文
章的写作方法有：(1)时间顺序，即按时间先后顺序说明某一事
件的发展，或某一研究由过去到现在的发展情况；(2)空间顺序，
即按照事物的空间结构顺序，从左到右，或从内到外，或从整
体到局部等进行描写或说明；(3)举例论述，即用所列的事物来
论证观点，通常是列举一些数据、事例等；(4)对比或类比，即
对比各事物之间的共同点或差异，以突出文章主题；(5)解释，
即对专业术语、新事物或新现象进行阐述，降低阅读难度；
(6)分析，即分析某事物或现象发生的原因；(7)描述，即抓住人
物的特征、事情的关键情节发展或对重要景物进行详尽、细致
的描述，以突出中心思想。
常见的文章结构有：(1)说明文结构：下定义(介绍)→描写/
解说(例子、比较、类比)→结论；(2)议论文结构：论点(话题/
观点)→论据(事实、举例、理论)→结论；(3)记叙文结构：描写
故事的发生经过(时间线索)→结局(惊人的、幽默的等)。
常见的设问方式有：
How
is
the
text/passage
organized?
The
first
paragraph
is
used
as.../to...
At
the
end
of
this
passage,
the
writer
might
continue
to
write
________.
Which
of
the
following
shows
the
structure
of
the
passage?
The
author
develops
the
passage
mainly
by
________.
例
1
Why
College
Is
Not
Home
The
college
years
are
supposed
to
be
a
time
for
important
growth
in
autonomy
(自主性)
and
the
development
of
adult
identity.However,
now
they
are
becoming
an
extended
period
of
adolescence,
during
which
many
of
today's
students
are
not
shouldered
with
adult
responsibilities.
For
previous
generations,
college
was
a
decisive
break
from
parental
control;
guidance
and
support
needed
to
come
from
people
of
the
same
age
and
from
within.In
the
past
two
decades,
however,
continued
connection
with
and
dependence
on
family,
thanks
to
cell
phones,
e?mail
and
social
media,
have
increased
significantly.Some
parents
go
so
far
as
to
help
with
coursework.Instead
of
promoting
the
idea
of
college
as
a
passage
from
the
shelter
of
the
family
to
autonomy
and
adult
responsibility,
universities
have
given
in
to
the
idea
that
they
should
provide
the
same
environment
as
that
of
the
home.
To
prepare
for
increased
autonomy
and
responsibility,
college
needs
to
be
a
time
of
exploration
and
experimentation.This
process
involves
“trying
on
”
new
ways
of
thinking
about
oneself
both
intellectually
(
在思维方面
)
and
personally.While
we
should
provide
“safe
spaces”
within
colleges,
we
must
also
make
it
safe
to
express
opinions
and
challenge
majority
views.Intellectual
growth
and
flexibility
are
fostered
by
strict
debate
and
questioning.
Learning
to
deal
with
the
social
world
is
equally
important.Because
a
college
community
(群体)
differs
from
the
family,
many
students
will
struggle
to
find
a
sense
of
belonging.If
students
rely
on
administrators
to
regulate
their
social
behavior
and
thinking
pattern,
they
are
not
facing
the
challenge
of
finding
an
identity
within
a
larger
and
complex
community.
Moreover,
the
tendency
for
universities
to
monitor
and
shape
student
behavior
runs
up
against
another
characteristic
of
young
adults:
the
response
to
being
controlled
by
their
elders.If
acceptable
social
behavior
is
too
strictly
defined
(
规定
)
and
controlled,
the
insensitive
or
aggressive
behavior
that
administrators
are
seeking
to
minimize
may
actually
be
encouraged.
It
is
not
surprising
that
young
people
are
likely
to
burst
out,
particularly
when
there
are
reasons
to
do
so.Our
generation
once
joined
hands
and
stood
firm
at
times
of
national
emergency.What
is
lacking
today
is
the
conflict
between
adolescent's
desire
for
autonomy
and
their
understanding
of
an
unsafe
world.Therefore,
there
is
the
desire
for
their
dorms
to
be
replacement
homes
and
not
places
to
experience
intellectual
growth.
Every
college
discussion
about
community
values,
social
climate
and
behavior
should
include
recognition
of
the
developmental
importance
of
student
autonomy
and
self-regulation,
of
the
necessary
tension
between
safety
and
self?discovery.
Which
of
the
following
shows
the
development
of
ideas
in
the
passage?
A.
B.
C:
Conclusion
P:
Point
I:
Introduction
Sp:
Sub-point(次要点)
C.
D.
解析：选
C
篇章结构题。文章的第一段和第二段是介绍，
第三段是论点一，论述了大学应当培养学生的思维能力和个人
能力；第四、五、六段是论点二，论述了大学生的社交能力的
重要性，第五段提出了学校对大学生社交行为的管理与学生性
格特点间的冲突的分论点，第六段提出了大学生追求自主与世
界安全间的冲突的分论点，最后一段是对文章的概括总结。故
选
C。
例
2
When
people
find
themselves
in
difficult
conflicts,
they
often
turn
to
mediation
(调解).Mediators
are
advised
to
listen
attentively,
avoid
favoring
the
ideas
of
one
party,
and
make
both
sides
feel
at
ease.Surprisingly,
new
research
that
my
colleagues
and
I
conducted
suggests
that,
to
effectively
help
people
settle
their
conflicts,
mediators
should
adopt
a
hostile
(
敌对的
)
attitude
rather
than
a
calming
one.A
hostile
mediator,
we
find,
brings
better
results
than
a
nice
one.
Why
would
adding
more
negativity
(
消极性
)
to
an
already
hostile
situation
prove
beneficial
？Consider
how
parents
typically
react
when
they
can't
get
their
children
to
stop
quarreling：“I
don't
care
who
started
it—both
of
you,
go
to
your
rooms！”At
first
sight,
a
calm
mediator
seems
likely
to
be
more
effective.But
as
anyone
with
brothers
or
sisters
knows,
parents'
seemingly
unsympathetic
treatment
of
the
situation
can
have
an
unusual
effect.Children
who
were
troubling
each
other
just
now
suddenly
become
more
reasonable
due
to
their
unkind
parents.
In
our
research,
we
created
situations
in
which
pairs
of
negotiators
were
part
of
a
heated
conflict.In
some
cases,
the
mediator
had
a
“nice
”
approach
—calm
and
polite.In
others,
he
was
hostile—aggressive
and
somewhat
rude.Across
different
types
of
conflicts,
we
found
that
negotiators
were
more
willing
and
able
to
reach
an
agreement
in
the
presence
of
a
hostile
mediator
than
in
the
presence
of
a
nice
one.
The
main
result
of
the
test
is
not
that
hostility
pays
off.In
fact,
recent
research
has
documented
the
social
costs
of
negative
behavior.For
example,
being
the
target
of
rude
behavior
reduces
people's
performance
on
a
variety
of
tasks.Other
research
shows
the
social
benefits
of
positive
behavior.People
are
more
likely
to
close
deals
and
become
future
business
partners.
Even
with
the
widespread
social
benefits
of
positive
behavior
and
costs
of
negative
behavior,
hostility
can
pay
off
in
certain
situations.
How
does
the
author
support
his
viewpoints?
A.By
giving
examples
and
experimenting.
B.By
analyzing
causes
and
effects.
C.By
presenting
facts.
D.By
making
comparison.
解析：选
A
写作手法题。根据第二段第二句“Consider
how
parents
typically
react
when
they
can't
get
their
children
to
stop
quarreling...”和第三段中对所做实验的介绍可知，作者通过举例
子和做实验来证明观点。故选
A。
三、主旨大意题
1.文章主旨或段落大意题
文章的主旨是通过段落来表达的，而段落的大意主要由主
题句来体现，所以段落的主题句是文章中心思想的有机组成部
分。因此，识别各段落的主题句并由此归纳出文章的中心思想
是解题的关键。
段落大意是指一篇文章的各个段落的主要意思，是对一个
段落的基本内容的概括。概括段落大意时，一定要在把握全段
或全文中心思想的基础上进行，做到围绕中心展开。段落大意
要用明确、完整、简洁的语句表达。
“
寻找文章主题的方法是：通过分析篇章结构，找出每小段
的主题句，通过主题句找出文章的主题。找准文章的主题句是
确定文章主旨大意的关键。
主题句定位法”是一种行之有效的
方法。但是由于文章的不同，表现的手法也各有不同，主题句
出现的位置也不是一成不变的。在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说
明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过寻找短文的主
题句来归纳出文章的主题。主题句在文章中的位置通常有三种
情况：开头、中间、结尾(含在开头结尾同时出现、首尾呼应的
主题句)。因此，仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句是关键。解
题时，我们通常采用浏览的方式，仔细选读文章的首尾段和首
尾句(包括每一段的首尾句)，重点搜索主题线索和脉络。以下
阐述五种主题呈现的方式：
(1)开门见山式：即主题句出现在文首。开门见山，提出主
题，随之用细节来解释、论证或发展主题思想。这种写作手法
叫作演绎法，在英语文章中尤为常见，这种文章的主题句最容
易找到，故主题思想显而易见。
(2)藏头露尾式：即主题句出现在文尾。即文章先阐述了细
节，然后归纳要点，得出结论，概括主题，也叫归纳写作法。
这一类文章的主题句也很明显，不难找到。
(3)首尾呼应式：即在有些文章中，为了突出主题，作者在
文章开头提出主题，接着进行阐述或论证，在结尾时再次点出
主题，这种首尾呼应的写作方式也很常见。值得注意的是，前
后两个主题句不是简单的重复，再次出现的主题句往往是前面
主题句的进一步引申或发展。
(4)抛砖引玉式：即文章的开头只是提出一个问题或者貌似
正确的观点，而真正的主题则是通过对问题的解析和引申，或
是通过责问或驳论的方式导出主题。
(5)藏龙卧虎式：即主题句隐含在全文当中，没有明确的主
题句。阅读这样的文章，要求考生根据文章的细节来分析、概
括，从而推导出文章的主题。具体方法是：首先弄清楚各个段
落讲了哪几个方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，寻
找共同点，然后加以归纳，从而形成主题。
常见的设问方式有：
What
is
Paragraph...mainly
talking
about?
What
is
the
text
mainly
about?
What
is
the
main
idea
of
this
passage?
What
does
this
passage
mainly
discuss?
例
1
(2020
年新课标Ⅱ卷·阅读理解
B)
Some
parents
will
buy
any
high
?tech
toy
if
they
think
it
will
help
their
child,
but
researchers
said
puzzles
help
children
with
math?related
skills.
Psychologist
Susan
Levine,
an
expert
on
mathematics
development
in
young
children
at
the
University
of
Chicago,
found
children
who
play
with
puzzles
between
ages
2
and
4
later
develop
better
spatial
skills.
“
Puzzle
play
was
found
to
be
a
significant
predictor
of
cognition
(
认知
)
after
controlling
for
differences
in
parents'
income,
education
and
the
amount
of
parent
talk，”
Levine
said.
The
researchers
analyzed
video
recordings
of
53
child
?parent
pairs
during
everyday
activities
at
home
and
found
children
who
play
with
puzzles
between
26
and
46
months
of
age
have
better
spatial
skills
when
assessed
at
54
months
of
age.
“The
children
who
played
with
puzzles
performed
better
than
those
who
did
not,
on
tasks
that
assessed
their
ability
to
rotate
(旋
转)
and
translate
shapes，”
Levine
said
in
a
statement.
The
parents
were
asked
to
interact
with
their
children
as
they
normally
would,
and
about
half
of
the
children
in
the
study
played
with
puzzles
at
one
time.Higher
?
income
parents
tended
to
have
children
play
with
puzzles
more
frequently,
and
both
boys
and
girls
who
played
with
puzzles
had
better
spatial
skills.However,
boys
tended
to
play
with
more
complex
puzzles
than
girls,
and
the
parents
of
boys
provided
more
spatial
language
and
were
more
active
during
puzzle
play
than
the
parents
of
girls.
The
findings
were
published
in
the
journal
Developmental
Science.
27.What
is
the
text
mainly
about?
A.A
mathematical
method.
B.A
scientific
study.
C.A
woman
psychologist.
D.A
teaching
program.
解析：选
B
主旨大意题。本文是关于孩子们玩智力游戏
的研究，介绍了研究考虑的因素、研究过程和结果。所以文章
大意是关于科学研究的。故选
B。
例
2
(2020
年新课标Ⅰ卷·阅读理解
D)
The
connection
between
people
and
plants
has
long
been
the
subject
of
scientific
research.Recent
studies
have
found
positive
effects.A
study
conducted
in
Youngstown
，
Ohio,
for
example,
discovered
that
greener
areas
of
the
city
experienced
less
crime.In
another，employees
were
shown
to
be
15%
more
productive
when
their
workplaces
were
decorated
with
houseplants.
The
engineers
at
the
Massachusetts
Institute
of
Technology
(MIT)
have
taken
it
a
step
further—changing
the
actual
composition
of
plants
in
order
to
get
them
to
perform
diverse，even
unusual
functions.These
include
plants
that
have
sensors
printed
onto
their
leaves
to
show
when
they're
short
of
water
and
a
plant
that
can
detect
harmful
chemicals
in
groundwater.“We're
thinking
about
how
we
can
engineer
plants
to
replace
functions
of
the
things
that
we
use
every
day，”
explained
Michael
Strano,
a
professor
of
chemical
engineering
at
MIT.
One
of
his
latest
projects
has
been
to
make
plants
glow
(发光)
in
experiments
using
some
common
vegetables.Strano's
team
found
that
they
could
create
a
faint
light
for
three-and-a-half
hours.The
light，about
one?thousandth
of
the
amount
needed
to
read
by，is
just
a
start.The
technology,
Strano
said,
could
one
day
be
used
to
light
the
rooms
or
even
to
turn
trees
into
self?powered
street
lamps.
In
the
future
，
the
team
hopes
to
develop
a
version
of
the
technology
that
can
be
sprayed
onto
plant
leaves
in
a
one-off
treatment
that
would
last
the
plant's
lifetime.The
engineers
are
also
trying
to
develop
an
on
and
off
“switch”
where
the
glow
would
fade
when
exposed
to
daylight.
Lighting
accounts
for
about
7%
of
the
total
electricity
consumed
in
the
U.S.Since
lighting
is
often
far
removed
from
the
power
source
(
电源)—such
as
the
distance
from
a
power
plant
to
street
lamps
on
a
remote
highway—a
lot
of
energy
is
lost
during
transmission
(
传输).Glowing
plants
could
reduce
this
distance
and
therefore
help
save
energy.
32.What
is
the
first
paragraph
mainly
about?
A.A
new
study
of
different
plants.
B.A
big
fall
in
crime
rates.
C.Employees
from
various
workplaces.
D.Benefits
from
green
plants.
解析：选
D
段落大意题。第一段提及城市绿化较好的地
区犯罪率较低，当员工的工作场所被室内植物装饰时，他们的
工作效率会提高
15%。所以第一段主要讲述了绿色植物的益处。
故选
D。
2.标题归纳题
文章标题就是对文章主要意思的概括，既要精练又要准确。
首先，标题应具有概括性，即准确而简短，一般多为一个短语，
标题的用词不应为太具体的细节描述，而要站在全文的角度进
行归纳；其次，标题应具有针对性，对全文的核心或主题一针
见血，所表达的内容不能超出或多于文章阐述的内容；最后，
标题应具有醒目性，即新颖巧妙，能引发读者的阅读兴趣。
选择文章标题时应注意以下几点：(1)要在阅读原文的基础
上，仔细考虑选项与文章主题是否有密切的关系；(2)判断选项
对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何，是范围过大还是过小；(3)要避
免下列三种错误：概括不够(多表现为部分代替整体，从而导致
不能全面概括文章大意)；过度概括(多表现为标题概括的内容
超出了文章大意)；以事实或细节代替抽象或具体的大意。
常见的设问方式有：
Which
of
the
following
can
be
the
best
title
for
the
text?
What
is
the
best
title
for
the
text?
What
might
be
the
most
suitable
title
for
the
passage?
The
best
title
for
this
text
is
________.
例
1
(2020
年天津卷·阅读理解
D)
After
years
of
observing
human
nature,
I
have
decided
that
two
qualities
make
the
difference
between
men
of
great
achievement
and
men
of
average
performance:
curiosity
and
discontent.I
have
never
known
an
outstanding
man
who
lacked
either.And
I
have
never
known
an
average
man
who
had
both.The
two
belong
together.
Together,
these
deep
human
urges
(驱策力)
count
for
much
more
than
ambition.Galileo
was
not
merely
ambitious
when
he
dropped
objects
of
varying
weights
from
the
Leaning
Tower
at
Pisa
and
timed
their
fall
to
the
ground.Like
Galileo,
all
the
great
names
in
history
were
curious
and
asked
in
discontent,
“
Why?
Why?
Why？”
Fortunately,
curiosity
and
discontent
don't
have
to
be
learned.We
are
born
with
them
and
need
only
recapture
them.
“The
great
man，”
said
Mencius
(孟子),
“is
he
who
does
not
lose
his
child's
heart.”
Yet
most
of
us
do
lose
it.We
stop
asking
questions.We
stop
challenging
custom.We
just
follow
the
crowd.And
the
crowd
desires
only
the
calm
and
restful
average.It
encourages
us
to
occupy
our
own
little
corner,
to
avoid
foolish
leaps
into
the
dark,
to
be
satisfied.
Most
of
us
meet
new
people,
and
new
ideas,
with
hesitation.But
once
having
met
and
liked
them,
we
think
how
terrible
it
would
have
been,
had
we
missed
the
chance.We
will
probably
have
to
force
ourselves
to
waken
our
curiosity
and
discontent
and
keep
them
awake.
How
should
you
start?
Modestly,
so
as
not
to
become
discouraged.I
think
of
one
friend
who
couldn't
arrange
flowers
to
satisfy
herself.She
was
curious
about
how
the
experts
did
it.How
she
is
one
of
the
experts,
writing
books
on
flower
arrangement.
One
way
to
begin
is
to
answer
your
own
excuses.You
haven't
any
special
ability?
Most
people
don't;
there
are
only
a
few
geniuses.You
haven't
any
time?
That's
good,
because
it's
always
the
people
with
no
time
who
get
things
done.Harriet
Stowe,
mother
of
six,
wrote
parts
of
Uncle
Tom's
Cabin
while
cooking.You're
too
old?
Remember
that
Thomas
Costain
was
57
when
he
published
his
first
novel,
and
that
Grandma
Moses
showed
her
first
pictures
when
she
was
78.
However
you
start,
remember
there
is
no
better
time
to
start
than
right
now,
for
you'll
never
be
more
alive
than
you
are
at
this
moment.
55.What
could
be
the
best
title
of
the
passage?
A.Curious
Minds
Never
Feel
Contented
B.Reflections
on
Human
Nature
C.The
Keys
to
Achievement
D.Never
Too
Late
to
Learn
解析：选
C
标题归纳题。本文主要论述了影响人们成就
大小的两个关键因素——好奇心和不满足。C
项“The
Keys
to
Achievement”(成就的要诀)适合做本文的标题。故选
C。
例
2
(2020
年浙江卷·阅读理解
C)
Challenging
work
that
requires
lots
of
analytical
thinking,
planning
and
other
managerial
skills
might
help
your
brain
stay
sharp
as
you
age,
a
study
published
Wednesday
in
the
journal
Neurology
suggests.
Researchers
from
the
University
of
Leipzig
in
Germany
gathered
more
than
1
，000
retired
workers
who
were
over
age
75
and
assessed
the
volunteers'
memory
and
thinking
skills
through
a
battery
of
tests.Then,
for
eight
years,
the
scientists
asked
the
same
group
to
come
back
to
the
lab
every
18
months
to
take
the
same
sorts
of
tests.
Those
who
had
held
mentally
stimulating
(刺激),
demanding
jobs
before
retirement
tended
to
do
the
best
on
the
tests.And
they
tended
to
lose
cognitive
(认知)
function
at
a
much
slower
rate
than
those
with
the
least
mentally
challenging
jobs.The
results
held
true
even
after
the
scientists
accounted
for
the
participants'
overall
health
status.
“
This
works
just
like
physical
exercise
，”
says
Francisca
Then,
who
led
the
study.“After
a
long
run,
you
may
feel
like
you're
in
pain,
you
may
feel
tired.But
it
makes
you
fit.After
a
long
day
at
work—sure,
you
will
feel
tired,
but
it
can
help
your
brain
stay
healthy.”
It's
not
just
corporate
jobs,
or
even
paid
work
that
can
help
keep
your
brain
fit,
Then
points
out.A
waiter's
job,
for
example,
that
requires
multitasking,
teamwork
and
decision?making
could
be
just
as
stimulating
as
any
high-level
office
work.And
“running
a
family
household
requires
high-level
planning
and
coordinating
(协
调)，”
she
says.“You
have
to
organize
the
activities
of
the
children
and
take
care
of
the
bills
and
groceries.”
Of
course,
our
brains
can
decline
as
we
grow
older
for
lots
of
reasons
—
including
other
environmental
influences
or
genetic
factors.Still,
continuing
to
challenge
yourself
mentally
and
keeping
your
mind
busy
can
only
help.
30.Which
of
the
following
is
the
best
title
for
the
text?
A.Retired
Workers
Can
Pick
Up
New
Skills
B.Old
People
Should
Take
Challenging
Jobs
C.Your
Tough
Job
Might
Help
Keep
You
Sharp
D.Cognitive
Function
May
Decline
As
You
Age
解析：选
C
标题归纳题。第一段是本文的主题句，文章
主要讲述了有挑战性的工作可能会使大脑保持敏锐。故选
C。
四、词义/句意猜测题
1.某个单词或词组的意思
此类题主要考查考生能否根据上下文理解某个单词或词组
的含义；其中以根据上下文来推测生词的含义为主，也包括推
测一些熟悉的词汇在文中的特定含义。
(1)根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测
有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接
着出现其定义或解释，这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。
通过上下文的具体信息猜测词义是目前高考阅读理解题中最常
见的一种命题形式。考生可以根据上下文中的描述，即作者为
帮助读者更深、更感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物作出
的外在相貌或内在特征的描写，从而来确定词语的含义。
(2)根据同位关系进行猜测
阅读中出现的难词有时后面紧跟一个同位语，对前面的词
进行解释，这时可利用同位关系对前面的词义进行猜测。
(3)根据构词法(合成、派生、转化等)进行猜测
在英语中，有很多词可以在前面加前缀，在后面加后缀，
从而构成一个词，乍看起来，这个词可能是新词，但掌握了一
定的构词知识，就不难猜出它的词义。如前缀
un-表示反义词；
后缀-ment
表示名词；后缀-er,
?or,
?ist
表示同源名词等。
(4)根据因果关系进行猜测
在一篇阅读文章中，根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也
可以找出原因。通过因果关系猜词，首先要找出生词与上下文
之间的逻辑关系，然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关联词(
如
because,
as,
since,
for,
so,
thus,
therefore,
as
a
result
等)表示前因
后果。
(5)根据同义关系进行猜测
当词或短语之间有并列连词
and
或
or
时，其连接的两项内
容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此可确定同等关系中的某个
生词所属的义域，从而推知其大致意思。
(6)根据转折或对比关系进行猜测
通过反义词猜词，一是看表转折关系的连词或副词，如
but,
while,
however
等；
二是
根据
上下句的连接词，
如
however,
otherwise
等，就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某
一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。也可以根据与
not
搭配的
或表示否定意义的词语来判断。另外，分号也可以表示转折或
对比的意义。
(7)利用例证猜词
为了说明或证实，文章中经常会举例，往往用来列举说明
前面较难理解的词，这些例子可帮助我们猜测生词。举例时，
常常会用一些连接性的词，如
such
as,
for
example,
for
instance,
like
等。
(8)利用词义搭配关联猜词
任何一个单词在句子中总是与其他词是相关联的，我们可
以通过这些前后的关联来猜测生词的词义。
例
1
(2020
年新课标Ⅰ卷·阅读理解
B)
Returning
to
a
book
you've
read
many
times
can
feel
like
drinks
with
an
old
friend.There's
a
welcome
familiarity—but
also
sometimes
a
slight
suspicion
that
time
has
changed
you
both,
and
thus
the
relationship.But
books
don't
change,
people
do.And
that's
what
makes
the
act
of
rereading
so
rich
and
transformative.
The
beauty
of
rereading
lies
in
the
idea
that
our
bond
with
the
work
is
based
on
our
present
mental
register.It's
true,
the
older
I
get,
the
more
I
feel
time
has
wings.But
with
reading,
it's
all
about
the
present.It's
about
the
now
and
what
one
contributes
to
the
now,
because
reading
is
a
give
and
take
between
author
and
reader.Each
has
to
pull
their
own
weight.
There
are
three
books
I
reread
annually.The
first,
which
I
take
to
reading
every
spring
is,
Ernest
Hemingway's
A
Moveable
Feast.Published
in
1964,
it's
his
classic
memoir
of
1920s
Paris.The
language
is
almost
intoxicating
(令人陶醉的)
，
an
aging
writer
looking
back
on
an
ambitious
yet
simpler
time.Another
is
Annie
Dillard's
Holy
the
Firm,
her
poetic
1975
ramble
(随笔)
about
everything
and
nothing.The
third
book
is
Julio
Cortazar's
Save
Twilight:
Selected
Poems,
because
poetry.And
because
Cortazar.
While
I
tend
to
buy
a
lot
of
books,
these
three
were
given
to
me
as
gifts,
which
might
add
to
the
meaning
I
attach
to
them.But
I
imagine
that,
while
money
is
indeed
wonderful
and
necessary,
rereading
an
author's
work
is
the
highest
currency
a
reader
can
pay
them.The
best
books
are
the
ones
that
open
further
as
time
passes.But
remember,
it's
you
that
has
to
grow
and
read
and
reread
in
order
to
better
understand
your
friends.
26.What
does
the
underlined
word
“currency”
in
Paragraph
4
refer
to?
A.Debt.
C.Allowance.
解析：选
B
B.Reward.
D.Face
value.
词义猜测题。单词所在的句子意思为：虽然
金钱确实是必要的，但是重新阅读作品是读者能支付给作者的
最高回报。由此判断出画线词的意思是“回报”。故选
B。
例
2
(2020
年新课标Ⅱ卷·阅读理解
D)
I
have
a
special
place
in
my
heart
for
libraries.I
have
for
as
long
as
I
can
remember.I
was
always
an
enthusiastic
reader,
sometimes
reading
up
to
three
books
a
day
as
a
child.Stories
were
like
air
to
me
and
while
other
kids
played
ball
or
went
to
parties,
I
lived
out
adventures
through
the
books
I
checked
out
from
the
library.
My
first
job
was
working
at
the
Ukiah
Library
when
I
was
16
years
old.It
was
a
dream
job
and
I
did
everything
from
shelving
books
to
reading
to
the
children
for
story
time.
As
I
grew
older
and
became
a
mother,
the
library
took
on
a
new
place
and
an
added
meaning
in
my
life.I
had
several
children
and
books
were
our
main
source
(来源)
of
entertainment.It
was
a
big
deal
for
us
to
load
up
and
go
to
the
local
library,
where
my
kids
could
pick
out
books
to
read
or
books
they
wanted
me
to
read
to
them.
I
always
read,
using
different
voices,
as
though
I
were
acting
out
the
stories
with
my
voice
and
they
loved
it!
It
was
a
special
time
to
bond
with
my
children
and
it
filled
them
with
the
wonderment
of
books.
Now,
I
see
my
children
taking
their
children
to
the
library
and
I
love
that
the
excitement
of
going
to
the
library
lives
on
from
generation
to
generation.
As
a
novelist,
I've
found
a
new
relationship
with
libraries.I
encourage
readers
to
go
to
their
local
library
when
they
can't
afford
to
purchase
a
book.I
see
libraries
as
a
safe
haven
(避风港)
for
readers
and
writers,
a
bridge
that
helps
put
together
a
reader
with
a
book.Libraries,
in
their
own
way,
help
fight
book
piracy
(盗版行为)
and
I
think
all
writers
should
support
libraries
in
a
significant
way
when
they
can.Encourage
readers
to
use
the
library.Share
library
announcements
on
your
social
media.Frequent
them
and
talk
about
them
when
you
can.
33.What
does
the
underlined
phrase
“an
added
meaning”
in
Paragraph
3
refer
to?
A.Pleasure
from
working
in
the
library.
B.Joy
of
reading
passed
on
in
the
family.
C.Wonderment
from
acting
out
the
stories.
D.A
closer
bond
developed
with
the
readers.
解析：选
B
词义猜测题。第三段提到作者成了母亲以后，
与孩子们在图书馆，孩子挑选书籍来阅读，或者作者读给他们
听，因此可知图书馆在作者的生活中又增添了新的意义，阅读
的乐趣在家庭中代代相传。故选
B。
2.猜测某个句子的意思
此类题通常需要考生猜测的是一个具有概括性的句子或是
格言、谚语等，要求考生通过阅读文章，用合适的语句对其进
行解释性的描述。
考查句意理解的试题一般出现在长难句中。对于这种试题，
考生应该认真阅读原文，特别是画线句子的上下文，准确理解
作者的观点，尤其是对特定的人、物、事件的褒贬观点，以准
确推断语句的含义。
做此类题目时应注意：
(1)根据题干，缩小并锁定相关句段；
(2)挖掘选项异同点寻找提示；
(3)利用各类词义理解技巧逐一突破关键词；
(4)抓住表示因果、转折、递进、并列等关系的连词，准确
把握句内各分句以及该句所在段落各句间的逻辑关系。
例
In
the
story
of
The
crow
and
the
Pitcher
from
Aesop's
Fables,
a
thirsty
crow
(乌鸦)
drops
stones
into
a
narrow
jar
to
raise
the
low
level
of
water
inside
so
he
can
take
a
drink.
Now
scientists
have
evidence
to
back
up
that
story.Crows
actually
do
understand
how
to
make
water
displacement
(
移位
)
work
to
their
advantage,
experiments
show.The
results
suggest
that
the
birds
are,
at
least
in
some
aspects,
as
smart
as
first?graders.
Researchers,
led
by
Sarah
Jelbert
at
the
University
of
Auckland
in
New
Zealand,
presented
six
crows
with
tubes
filled
with
water.Inside
the
tubes,
a
worm
or
piece
of
meat
on
a
piece
of
wood
was
floating,
just
out
of
reach
of
the
crow.In
front
of
the
tubes,
the
researchers
arranged
several
rubber
erasers
that
would
sink,
and
some
plastic
objects
that
would
float.The
crows
found
out
that
they
could
drop
the
erasers
into
the
tubes
in
order
to
raise
the
water
level
and
get
their
snacks.
However,
the
birds
handled
awkwardly
in
experiments
in
which
they
could
choose
to
drop
objects
in
either
a
wide
tube
or
a
narrow
one
to
get
a
snack,
the
researchers
said.Dropping
objects
into
narrow
tube
would
lift
the
water
level
by
a
greater
amount
and
put
the
treat
within
reach
after
just
two
drops;
while
it
took
around
seven
drops
to
raise
the
snack
to
the
same
level
in
the
wide
tube.The
crows
obviously
didn't
realize
this,
and
most
of
them
went
for
the
wide
tube
first.
Previous
studies
showed
that
chimps
and
human
children
can
solve
similar
tasks.In
a
2011
study,
chimps
and
kids
found
out
that
they
could
put
water
into
a
tube
to
reach
a
peanut
that
was
floating
in
a
small
amount
of
water
at
the
bottom.
What
does
the
author
mean
by
“the
birds
handled
awkwardly”
in
Paragraph
4?
A.They
were
unable
to
tell
different
shapes.
B.They
dropped
objects
only
into
narrow
tubes.
C.They
were
not
aware
of
the
snack
at
first
sight.
D.They
mostly
avoided
the
easier
way
to
get
the
snack.
解析：选
D
句意猜测题。根据第四段可知，实验中的乌
鸦在面对粗细不同的管子时，虽然细管比粗管需要更少的水和
时间就可以把食物浮起来，但是乌鸦往往先去粗管那边，而没
有选择更容易浮起食物的细管。由此可知，这一句话的意思是
“鸟儿大多没有选择更容易的方式得到零食”。故选
D。
3.猜测代词指代的内容
此类题主要考查考生对在特定的上下文中某个代词所指代
的内容能否正确理解。解答时，考生要认真阅读画线词所在句
和前后邻近句的内容，分析人称转换和动作变换的详细过程，
理清其来龙去脉和前后的因果关系，从而准确推断其指代的对
象。因此，理解上下文(特别是上句)的意思和代词所在句的意
思是解题的关键。
做此类题目的方法有：(1)弄清上下文的逻辑关系(因果、让
步、转折、承接、递进关系等)，这样才能比较准确地判断出题
目所涉及的代词的指代意义；(2)排除法：即将代词分别替换成
四个选项的内容，放回原句看能否讲得通。
例
1
(2019
年新课标Ⅱ卷·阅读理解
A)
My
Favourite
Books
Jo
Usmar
is
a
writer
for
Cosmopolitan
and
co
?author
of
the
This
Book
Will
series
(
系列)
of
lifestyle
books.Here
she
picks
her
top
reads.
Matilda
Roald
Dahl
I
once
wrote
a
paper
on
the
influe(共120张PPT)
专题六
应用文写作
一、题型要求
根据
2020
年新高考Ⅰ卷，英语写作分为两部分：第一节为
应用文写作(满分
15
分)；第二节为读后续写(满分
25
分)。
应用文属于实用文体，有严格的语境限制，比如确定的时
间、地点，确定的对象、范围，确定的行文目的等。因此，应
用文写作应力求主旨鲜明，格式正确，语言简练，语气因人因
事而异。
就高考应用文试题而言，书信或电子邮件是较常见的写作
形式，所以一定要多注意此类文体的写作，主要包括咨询信、
建议信、邀请信、感谢信等。邮件或信件要注意格式正确，包
含称呼语(salutation)、正文(body)、结束语(complimentary
close)
和签名(signature)。写作时遣词应尽量客气一些，行文应力求具
有亲和力，切忌使用一些艰深的大词，也不宜使用一些结构过
于杂糅的长句。
此外，应用文还有通知和演讲稿等。通知一般要有标题
(notice)，发通知的单位名称一般写在正文右下角。写通知要简
明扼要，通常由五点组成，即时间、地点、事件、相关人员和
注意事项。演讲稿是在公共场所向一群人宣告某事件的文稿。
演讲稿一般由三部分组成：开头语、正文和结束语。写作时要
注意适当地使用关联词承前启后，用词要得体，符合语言环境。
时态一般以将来时为主，但介绍已发生的情况或发出倡议的背
景时也可以使用一般过去时、一般现在时或现在进行时。
应用文相对于之前高考中的议论文、记叙文，更要求应用
性、规范性、简明性。这要求学生对各个文体尤其是邮件和信
件格式的熟悉掌握，且需注意应用文所要求的语言表达与议论
文、记叙文的区别。因此，备考时要着重培养对应用文的格式
熟悉度以及相关重要句式的表达。
卷别
写作文体
命题类型
主题范围
2020
年
电子邮件
(问候信)
半开放类
人与社会·向老师表
达问候与祝愿
二、命题分析
2020
年新高考Ⅰ卷的应用文写作，词数要求
80
词左右，
考查的写作文体是新闻报道。在考查考生遣词造句、布局谋篇
能力的同时，更加侧重考查考生的交际能力以及利用所学的知
识解决实际问题的能力。
再结合浙江卷近三年高考真题：
卷别
写作文体
命题类型
主题范围
2019
年
6
月
电子邮件
(感谢信)
半开放类
人与社会
·
感谢对
方帮助学英语
2018
年
11
月
电子邮件
(求助信)
半开放类
人与社会
·
寻求帮
助找回遗失的钱包
2018
年
6
月
申请信
半开放类
人与社会
·
应聘英
语协会志愿者
(续表)
综合分析新高考应用文写作会有以下命题特点：
1.写作文体
写作文体仍然会重点考查书信体(含电子邮件)，倾向于邀
请信、求助信、感谢信、申请信等，交际性、应用性强。
2.命题形式
命题类型将仍然是半开放类，汉语提示简洁，要点明确，
任务具体，学生的可发挥性强。
3.主题范围
主题范围将仍然围绕人与自我、人与社会、人与自然三大
主题，内容来自学生的实际生活或是学生关心的话题，贴近生
活、贴近学生、贴近时代，话题场景性和真实性突出，体现中
外交流和“正能量”。明年很可能会突出中国优秀传统文化这个
方向，例如中国的四大艺术“琴棋书画”、四大发明、中国武术
等，也可能会体现社会主义核心价值观，例如爱国、诚实、守
信等，与这些相关的话题均可能是命题的重要素材。
三、评分标准
(一)评分原则
1.本题总分为
15
分，按以下
5
个档次给分。
2.评分时，应主要从内容组织、词汇语法和篇章结构三个
方面考虑，具体为：
(1)对内容要点的覆盖情况以及表述的清楚程度和合理性。
(2)使用词汇和语法结构的准确性、恰当性和多样性。
(3)上下文的衔接和全文的连贯性。
3.评分时，先根据作答的整体情况初步确定其所属档次，
然后以该档次的要求来综合衡量，确定或调整档次，最后给分。
4.评分时还应注意：
(1)词数少于
60
或多于
100
的，从总分中减去
2
分。
(2)单词拼写和标点符号是写作规范的重要方面，评分时应
视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。英、美写法及词汇用法均可
接受。
(3)书写较差以致影响交际的，将分数降低一个档次。
档次
描述
第五档
(13—15
分)
能写明全部要点；语言基本无误；行文连贯，表
达清楚。
第四档
(10—12
分)
能写明全部或绝大部分要点；语言有少量错误；
行文不够连贯，表达基本清楚。
第三档
(7—9
分)
能写明基本要点；语言虽有较多错误，但能基本
达意。
第二档
(4—6
分)
能写出部分要点；语言错误多，影响意思表达。
第一档
(1—3
分)
只能写出一两个要点；语言错误很多，只有个别
句子正确。
(二)各档次的给分范围和要求
一、写作步骤
第一步：仔细审题
审题时，一是要注意题目要求中的写作体裁是书信、邮件
发言稿还是通知等。二是要注意写作背景部分中的有用信息(写
作时要写的信息)。三是要注意要点提示，不要遗漏要点。四是
要弄清注意事项中对词数、行文、书写等方面的具体要求。五
是要确定文章的主体时态和人称。
第二步：精心谋篇
谋篇时，一是要根据写作体裁合理安排写作要点的逻辑顺
序，确定好先写什么，后写什么。二是要根据写作体裁确定短
文的分段及详略。三是注意不要遗漏要点。
第三步：初写成文
按照审题和谋篇时的思路可在草稿纸上进行初次写作。考
生一定要严格按照事先规划好的要点写作顺序边想边写。初写
时，如果遇到表述困难，要及时更换用词或句式，尽可能地减
少语言错误。
第四步：润色升级
初写成文后，为突显文章的亮点，要对文章的词汇和句式
进行升级，用高级词汇代替普通词汇，用高级句式代替一般句
式。
第五步：复查定稿
1.看内容信息是否完整，要点是否有遗漏。
2.看句子结构是否完整。如英文句子一定要有主语和.谓语，
且在人称和数方面要注意主谓一致；两个分句之间一般要有连
词。
3.看是否有单词拼写错误、时态错误等。
4.看整个语篇是否连贯。
5.最后注意往答题纸上誊写时，务必做到字迹工整、清晰。
二、写作策略
写好应用文的第一步是准确审题。审题并不仅仅指读题，
而是一个思维过程。审题可以从以下几个方面入手：
1.判断体裁
应用文的种类繁多，按其性质可分为一般性应用文和公务
文书。一般性应用文包括书信、便条、请帖、聘书、海报、启
事、证明、电报、便函等；公务文书包括布告、通告、指示、
命令、请示等。
2.确定格式
不同类型的应用文其格式和结构是不同的。当写作是书信
类时，要求写明写信的对象(即称呼)和写信人(即署名)，正文前
可适当添加问候语，如“How
are
you
doing？”或“Long
time
no
see.”等。考生必须熟知书信类应用文的格式，准确写出称呼语、
标点、结尾语和署名，以符合英语的写作习惯。
3.理清要点
题目中所给出的要点要一一写到位，不可漏缺。先写哪一
个要点要做到心中有数，要点间的串联要逻辑合理，衔接得当。
另外，可以适当增加细节以丰富文章内容。
4.明确对象
写作对象决定了考生应该使用的语言和语气、写信人和收
信人之间的关系、书信用语的正式度和委婉程度等。若是朋友，
两者是平辈的关系，就不适合使用过度的敬辞或谦辞，如
“I
would
appreciate
it
if
you
could
come.”；朋友之间一般会用“Hope
to
see
you
there.”或“Hope
you
can
make
it.”。既然是朋友，彼此
应该熟知对方的
email
地址，看到寄信人的地址就应该知道是
谁的来信，所以在邮件的开头根本没有必要介绍自己的身份。
如有些考生写道：“I'm
Li
Hua,
your
friend.”明显就不符合逻辑
和常识。
例
(2020
年新高考Ⅰ卷·应用文写作)
假定你是李华，上周日你校举办了
5
公里越野赛跑活动。
请你为校英文报写一篇报道，
内容包括：
1.参加人员；
2.跑步路线：从校门口到南山脚下；
3.活动反响。
注意：词数
80
左右。
A
Cross?Country
Running
Race
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
【写作指导】
1.审题立意：本篇书面表达要求考生写一篇报道，人称主
要使用第三人称，有些句子表达可使用第一人称，时态以过去
时为主。
2.谋篇布局：首段点明新闻报道的主题；中间段描述赛跑
活动的进行过程；尾段总结升华活动的意义。
【参考范文】
A
Cross?Country
Running
Race
Last
Sunday
witnessed
an
extraordinary
cross
?
country
running
race,
which
nearly
drew
the
attention
of
every
student
and
teacher
of
our
school.
The
students
selected
from
every
class
took
part
in
the
competition.The
route
measured
five
kilometers,
from
our
school
gate
to
the
foot
of
Nanshan
Mountain.Every
runner
tried
their
best
to
finish
the
task,
with
their
classmates
along
the
way
giving
them
help
and
encouragement.At
last,
all
the
runners
managed
to
cross
the
finish
line,
receiving
cheers
from
all
directions.
Teachers
and
students
spoke
so
highly
of
the
race.Because
not
only
did
it
provide
a
chance
for
us
to
exercise,
but
also
made
us
more
cohesive.
应用文写作贴近考生的生活实际，易于表达，能充分考查
考生的真实写作水平。常见的应用文有书信、电子邮件、通知、
演讲稿、倡议书等。而英语新高考把应用文写作作为一个特有
题型固定下来，主要是对书信和电子邮件的考查。常考的书信
类写作有：建议信、邀请信、感谢信、投诉信、申请信和道歉
信。
一、建议信
[题型特点]
建议信是生活中常见的一种文体，是写信人向收信人对某
事提出的建议和忠告。建议信可能是写给个人，也可能是写给
某个组织或机构，信的内容要包括写信的原因、建议的内容、
提出建议的理由。建议信要写得简明扼要、目的明确、具有合
理性和说服力。
具体写作步骤一般是“三段式”，通常以
firstly,
secondly,
thirdly
或
to
begin/start
with,
then,
later,
last
but
not
least
等依次
陈述建议，具体结构为：
1.表明写作意图
建议信
2.具体的建议及理由
3.指出采纳建议的好处
[常用句式]
1.开头常用语
(1)You've
asked
me
for
advice
with
regard
to/regarding...and
I'll
try
to
make
some
useful
suggestions
here.关于……你向我征求
建议，在此，我将尽力提出一些有用的建议。
(2)I'm
sorry
to
know
that
you
are
having
trouble
with/in
doing...at
the
moment.得知此刻你遇到……麻烦我深感遗憾。
2.主体部分常用语
(1)When
it
comes
to/As
for...I
would
like
to
suggest/
recommend...涉及/关于……我想建议……
(2)The
following
are
my
suggestions./My
suggestions
are
as
follows.我的建议如下。
(3)In
my
opinion/Personally
speaking/As
far
as
I'm
concerned,
it
would
be
wise
to
take
the
following
actions.在我看来，采取如下
行动是明智的。
(4)I
would
like
to
suggest
that...我想建议……
(5)I
think
it
would
be
more
beneficial
if
you
could...我想如果
你能……可能会更有利。
3.结尾常用语
(1)I
hope
you
will
find
these
suggestions
helpful./I
hope
my
suggestions
will
be
of
benefit
to
you.我希望你会觉得这些建议有
帮助。/我希望我的建议对你有益。
(2)I
believe
you
will
take
my
advice
into
account/
consideration
seriously.我相信你会认真考虑我的建议的。
[黄金模板]
Dear
________，(建议对象)
I'm
glad
to
receive
your
letter
asking
for
my
advice
on
how
to________.(引出对方需要建议的主题)
Here
are
a
few
suggestions.First,
it
is
important
to________.
Then,
it
also
helps
to
________.Besides,
it
should
be
a
good
idea
to
________.You
can
also________.(列举建议)
可以根据要求用不同的句式提出建议，如下：
As
to________，
I
suggest
________.(需要具体到某一方面)
In
addition，________.(其他的建议)
I'm
sure
________.(预测可能
的结果，给对方以行动的信心和决心)
I
hope
________.(表达愿望)
Yours
sincerely，
Li
Hua
[例]
你的英国朋友
Jim
所在的学校要组织学生来中国旅行，有
两条线路可以选择：“长江之行”或者“泰山之旅”。Jim
来
信希望你能给些建议。请你给他回信，内容包括：
1.你建议的线路；
2.你的理由；
3.你的祝愿。
注意：
1.词数
80
左右；
2.开头和结尾已经给出，不计入总词数。
Dear
Jim，
I'm
happy
to
receive
your
letter
and
know
you're
coming
to
China._________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Yours，
Li
Hua
[范文欣赏]
Dear
Jim，
I'm
happy
to
receive
your
letter
and
know
you're
coming
to
China.
Of
the
two
trips
to
the
Yangtze
River
and
Mount
Tai，both
are
highly
recommended.Personally,
I
prefer
the
tour
along
the
Yangtze,
the
longest
river
and
one
of
the
mother
rivers
of
Chinese
civilization,
from
which
you
can
learn
a
lot
about
the
history
of
China
and
Chinese
people.
Moreover,
the
scenery
along
the
river
is
amazing，with
many
well
?known
sightseeing
spots.That's
why
I
think
the
trip
along
the
Yangtze
River
will
be
a
better
choice.
Hope
you'll
have
a
good
time
in
China.
Yours，
Li
Hua
假定你是李华，得知你校外籍教师
Helen
计划在暑假回国，
她想送给母亲有中国文化特色的礼物，请给她写一封邮件，向
她推荐礼物。内容包括：
1.推荐礼物；
2.推荐原因；
3.表达祝愿。
注意：
1.词数
80
左右；
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
Dear
Helen，
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Yours，
Li
Hua
参考范文：
Dear
Helen，
I'm
glad
to
hear
that
you
want
to
buy
some
gifts
with
Chinese
culture
characteristics
for
your
mother.And
I
am
writing
to
give
you
some
advice.
Personally
，I
think
you
could
buy
the
following
two
gifts
：
Qipao
and
Chinese
knot.Qipao,
a
very
beautiful
traditional
dress
for
Chinese
women，can
show
the
real
beauty
of
a
woman.I
am
sure
your
mother
will
like
it
very
much.What's
more,
it
is
also
a
good
choice
for
you
to
buy
the
Chinese
knot.It
is
usually
hung
in
the
sitting
room
or
cars,
which
represents
good
luck.
Wish
you
a
good
vacation.Please
give
my
best
wishes
to
your
family.
Yours，
Li
Hua
二、邀请信
[题型特点]
邀请信是邀请收信人参加某项活动的书信，在写作时，语
气要热情真挚，不要强人所难，其结构为：
1.表明写作意图，向某人发出邀请
邀请信
2.说明邀请的具体原因，邀请的内容
3.期待对方接受邀请，并表示感谢
[常用句式]
1.开头常用语
(1)We're
throwing
a
surprise
party
for...We'd
like
to
invite
you
to.../It's
my
honor
to
invite
you
to...我们将为……举办惊喜派对。
我们想邀请你……/我非常荣幸地邀请你……
(2)I
am
writing
to
invite
you
to.../I'm
writing
to
tell
you
that
there
will
be...我写信邀请你……/我写信告诉你将有……
(3)It
is
my
pleasure/a
great
honor
for
me
to
invite
you
to...
如
能邀请你参加……是我莫大的荣幸。
2.主体部分常用语
(1)Here
are
some
details
about
this
activity./The
following
are
some
details
about
this
activity./Some
details
about
this
activity
are
as
follows.活动的细节如下。
(2)I
would
like
to
meet
you
there
and
please
let
me
know
your
decision
soon.我想在那里见到你，请尽快告诉我你的决定。
3.结尾常用语
(1)I
would
feel
very
honored
if
you
could
come./We
would
appreciate
it
if
you
could
confirm
your
participation
at
your
early
convenience./An
early
reply
is
appreciated.如果你能来，我将倍感
荣幸。/如果你能尽早在你方便时确认参加，我们将不胜感激。
/感激你的早日回复。
(2)Would
you
please
drop
me
a
line
to
let
me
know
if
you
can
come
to...？如果你能来……请写信告诉我，好吗？
(3)If
you
are
interested
in
it,
let
me
know
and
I'll
send
you
more
information.如果你对此感兴趣，告诉我，我会给你更多的
信息。
[黄金模板]
Dear
________，(邀请对象)
How's
everything
with
you?
I'm
writing
to
tell
you
that
there
will
be
a
________
(活动)
in/at
________
(地点)
on
________
(时
间).I
wonder
if
you'd
like
to
go
with
me.(发出邀请)
The
occasion
will
start
at
________.(
具体时间)
This
will
be
followed
by
a________.(
进一步的安排)
At
around
________(
时
间)，________.(另一个安排)
If
you
are
interested
in
it,
let
me
know.Hope
to
meet
you
at
the________
(地点)./I
really
hope
you
can
make
it.(再次邀请)
My
phone
number
is
________(
电话号码
).Looking
forward
to
________.
Yours
sincerely，
Li
Hua
[例]
假如你是红星中学高三学生李华，请给你的美国朋友
Jim
写一封信，告诉他你打算参加龙舟训练营，希望他一起参加。
内容包括：
1.介绍训练营的相关内容(如：时间，地点，参加者等)；
2.说明你打算参加的原因；
3.询问对方的意向。
注意：
1.词数
80
左右；
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
参考词汇：龙舟训练营
Dragon
Boat
Training
Camp
Dear
Jim，
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Yours，
Li
Hua
[范文欣赏]
Dear
Jim，
I'm
writing
to
tell
you
my
exciting
plan
for
the
summer
holiday.I
intend
to
join
a
Dragon
Boat
Training
Camp.I
wonder
if
you'd
like
to
go
with
me.
This
camp
will
be
open
on
July
20th.It
offers
teenagers,
like
you
and
me,
a
chance
to
enjoy
sports
and
learn
about
Chinese
culture.If
you
are
interested
in
it,
let
me
know
and
I'll
send
you
more
information.
Hope
to
meet
you
at
the
training
camp
this
summer.
Yours，
Li
Hua
(2021
届“皖南八校”高三联考改编)
假定你是李华，你班将于下周到阳光农场(the
Sun
Farm)进
行社会实践活动，请你给外教
Laura
写一封电子邮件，邀请她
参加此次活动。内容包括：
1.时间和地点；
2.活动内容；
3.要准备什么。
注意：
1.词数
80
左右；
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
Dear
Laura，
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Yours，
Li
Hua
参考范文：
Dear
Laura，
I'm
Li
Hua,
one
of
your
students,
and
I
am
writing
to
invite
you
to
our
social
practice.We
are
going
to
the
Sun
Farm
next
week.We
are
leaving
this
Sunday
and
coming
back
next
Friday.
We
will
learn
to
cook
several
Chinese
dishes
and
it
must
be
fun
to
cook
together.We
will
also
learn
how
to
plant
flowers
and
make
Chinese
tea.How
interesting!
It
will
be
a
little
cold
next
week,
so
you'd
better
take
some
warm
clothes
if
you
want
to
join
us.
Looking
forward
to
your
reply.
Yours，
Li
Hua
三、感谢信
[题型特点]
感谢信是重要的礼仪文书，是向帮助、关心和支持过自己
的集体或个人表示感谢的书信，有感谢和表扬双重意思。其结
构为：
1.点明写信目的
感谢信
2.描述事件经过
3.再次表示感谢，表达回报心情
[常用句式]
1.开头常用语
(1)I
am
writing
to
express
my
thanks/convey
my
gratitude
to
you
for...我写这封信是因为……以表达我对你(们)的感激。
(2)I
would
like
to
convey
in
this
letter
my
heartfelt
thanks
to
you
for...在信中我要为……向你(们)表达我诚挚的谢意。
(3)Thank
you
so
much
for
the
gift
you
sent
me.It's
one
of
the
most
wonderful
gifts
I've
ever
got.非常感谢你给我寄来的礼物，
这是我收到的最好的礼物之一。
(4)I'd
like
to
take
this
opportunity
to
express
my
appreciation
for
your
timely
help
and
assistance.
我谨借此机会表达对你给予
我们及时的帮助和支持的感激。
(5)On
behalf
of
my
whole
family,
I
would
like
to
extend
my
sincere
gratitude
for...我谨代表我全家对……表示真诚的感激之
情。
2.结尾常用语
(1)Nothing
will
be
able
to
erase
our
wonderful
memories,
and
we
will
remember
them
forever.
没有什么能抹掉我们美好的记
忆，我们会永远牢记在心。
(2)Again,
I
would
like
to
express
my
warm
thanks
to
you
！
/Thanks
again
for
your
kind
help.我再次对你表示衷心的感谢。/
对你的热心帮助再次表示感谢。
[黄金模板]
Dear
________，(感谢对象)
I
am
writing
to
extend
my
sincere
gratitude
to
you
for
______.
(感谢的原因)
If
it
had
not
been
for
your
assistance
in
________，
(
对方给你的具体帮助)
I
fear
that
I
would
have
been
________.
(没有对方帮助的结果)
Everyone
agrees
that
it
was
you
who
________.(给出细节)
Again,
I
would
like
to
express
my
warm
thanks
to
you!
Please
accept
my
gratitude.
Yours
sincerely，
Li
Hua
[例]
假设你是李华，李萍是你在北京的好朋友，今年暑假你去
北京游玩时，她给了你很多的帮助，热情款待了你，带你参观
了北京的名胜古迹。请根据以下提示内容，给她写一封信，表
达你对她的感谢。内容包括：
1.感谢的原因；
2.具体帮助的细节；
3.表达感谢。
注意：
1.词数
80
左右；
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Yours
sincerely，
Li
Hua
Dear
Li
Ping，
[范文欣赏]
Dear
Li
Ping，
How
is
everything
with
you?
I'm
writing
to
thank
you
for
your
warm
reception
during
my
visit
to
Beijing
this
summer
holiday.
During
the
visit,
you
showed
me
around
quite
a
few
places
of
interest,
such
as
the
Great
Wall,
the
Forbidden
City
and
the
Summer
Palace.Besides,
you
took
many
beautiful
photos
of
me
and
went
shopping
with
me.I
really
had
a
wonderful
time.
Thank
you
for
your
kindness
again
and
give
my
best
regards
to
your
parents.
Yours
sincerely，
Li
Hua
(2020
年山东省六地市部分学校
3
月线上考试)
假定你是李华，你作为交换生在美国的游学即将结束。请
你给美国好友
David
写一封电子邮件，内容包括：
1.表示感谢；
2.分享自己的游学体会；
3.邀请他到中国玩。
注意：
1.词数
80
左右；
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3.邮件的开头已为你写好，不计入总词数。
Dear
David，
I'm
writing
to
express
my
sincere
gratitude
to
you
for
_______
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Yours，
Li
Hua
参考范文：
Dear
David，
I'm
writing
to
express
my
sincere
gratitude
to
you
for
what
you've
done
for
me
when
studying
in
America
as
an
exchange
student.It
is
your
kindness
and
consideration
that
make
my
stay
here
so
enjoyable.
The
beautiful
scenery,
the
nice
environment
and
kind
local
people
impress
me
so
much.Not
only
have
I
learned
a
lot
about
your
culture,
but
also
I
have
practiced
my
spoken
English.What
a
meaningful
and
unforgettable
experience!
I
am
expecting
your
visit
to
China!
Yours，
Li
Hua
四、投诉信
[题型特点]
在生活中，通常用写投诉信的方式解决诸如消费利益受损、
正常生活和工作受到干扰等问题。
投诉信通常包括以下几个方面的内容：说明投诉的原因并
表示遗憾；实事求是地阐述问题发生的经过，切记不要夸大其
词；指出问题引起的后果；提出批评及处理的意见或敦促对方
采取措施，或者提出所希望的赔偿以及补救方式。其结构为：
1.交代要投诉的问题
投诉信
2.描述投诉的原因、问题的经过及产生的后果
3.提出解决方案
[常用句式]
1.开头常用语
(1)I
am
writing
to
express
my
dissatisfaction
with/at...
我写此
信表达我对……的不满。
(2)I'm...who
bought...from
your
website
several
days
ago.I
am
writing
to
complain
about...
我是几天前从你们的网站上购买
了……的……我写信投诉……
2.主体部分常用语
(1)There
is
something
wrong
with...I
bought.For
one
thing...
for
another
(thing)...我买的……有问题。首先……其次……
(2)I
am
completely
disappointed
to
find...To
improve
the
situation,
it
is
advisable
for
you
to
take
the
following
measures.
当
我发现……我彻底失望了。为了改进这种情况，建议你采取以
下措施。
3.结尾常用语
(1)I
would
be
very
delighted
if
you
could
consider
my
complaint
seriously.I
do
hope...will
be
improved
as
soon
as
possible./I
do
hope
you
can
give
me
a
satisfactory
reply
as
soon
as
possible.Thank
you
for
your
consideration.
如果你能认真对待我
的投诉，我会非常高兴。我确实希望……将会尽快得到改善。/
我确实希望你可以尽快给我一个满意的答复。感谢你的体谅。
(2)...refund
the
cost
and
pay
me
damages.……退回费用并赔
偿我的损失。
(3)I
would
like
to
have
a
refund
or
a
replacement
as
soon
as
possible.我想尽快退款或更换。
(4)I
hope
you
will
give
due
attention
to
this
matter.
我希望你
给予此事应有的重视。
[黄金模板]
Dear
Sir/Madam，
My
name
is/I'm
________.(自我介绍)
I
am
writing
to
you
for
something/to
tell
you
something
about
________.(投诉的内容)
________.(简述导致矛盾的事件)
I
________.(表达本人曾
做过的努力)
But
________.(投诉原因一)
Besides,
________.(投
诉原因二)
To
be
frank，________.(客观的评论，以示诚恳)
I
do
hope/I
require
that________.(表达本人期待的解决方案)
Thank
you
for
your
time
and
kind
consideration.(信件结尾常
用语)
Yours，
________(写信人名称)
[例]
假设你是李华，双十一期间你在某购物平台上购买了一条
连衣裙，作为顾客，你发现好几处不满意的地方。请你根据以
下提示写一封信投诉商家表达对其服务的不满意。内容包括：
1.发货迟，迟收十多天；
2.裙子颜色本该是黑色，收到的却是灰色；
3.所选尺码为
S
码，错发
L
码；
4.提出理赔要求。
注意：
1.词数
80
左右；
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3.信的开头已为你写好，不计入总词数。
Dear
Sir/Madam,
I'm
writing
to
you
to
make
some
complaints
about
the
dress
I
bought
in
your
store
the
other
day.__________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Yours,
Li
Hua
[范文欣赏]
Dear
Sir/Madam，
I'm
writing
to
you
to
make
some
complaints
about
the
dress
I
bought
in
your
store
the
other
day.
To
begin
with,
the
color
of
the
dress
I
ordered
was
black,
but
what
I
received
was
grey.In
addition,
what
fits
me
is
size
S
while
the
size
of
the
dress
I
received
was
size
L
which
is
far
larger
for
me.Worse
still,
the
dress
should
have
been
received
on
December
5th.However,
the
date
I
got
it
was
more
than
ten
days
later.
I
think
you
should
take
full
responsibility
for
it
and
pay
for
the
postage.I
do
want
you
to
exchange
a
new
dress
or
give
me
my
money
back
as
soon
as
possible.
Yours，
Li
Hua
假定你是李华，你
9
月
3
日从某国外网店订购了
10
本书，
到货后发现包裹中有
9
本书，且只有
6
本书是你订购的。请给
该网站客服写一封邮件，内容包括：
1.说明情况；
2.要求对方解决问题。
注意：
1.词数
80
左右；
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3.邮件的开头和结尾已经给出，不计入总词数。
Dear
Sir/Madam，
I'm
writing
to
you
to
complain
about
a
problem
with
some
books
I
ordered
from
your
website.__________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
I'm
looking
forward
to
hearing
from
you
soon.
Yours，
Li
Hua
参考范文：
Dear
Sir/Madam，
I'm
writing
to
you
to
complain
about
a
problem
with
some
books
I
ordered
from
your
website.
On
3rd
September,
I
ordered
ten
books
from
your
online
store,
hoping
to
read
them.However,
hardly
had
I
seen
those
books
because
only
nine
books
were
lying
in
the
parcel.What
annoyed
me
more
was
that
only
six
of
them
were
what
I
had
ordered
while
the
other
three
were
delivered
here
by
mistake.Therefore,
could
you
please
arrange
for
the
rest
of
my
order
to
be
sent
to
me
as
soon
as
possible?
Otherwise,
please
give
me
a
refund.
I'm
looking
forward
to
hearing
from
you
soon.
Yours，
Li
Hua
五、申请信
[题型特点]
申请信有很多种，比如求职申请、加入某组织或活动的申
请、报考申请、留学申请等，其目的在于让对方了解自己的经
验、能力、成就以及愿望等，所以个人情况的介绍应该是申请
信的核心内容，应尽可能向对方说明本人的长处，以便留下好
印象，获得面谈的机会。由于此类题目常有较多的文字提示，
写作时除应注意格式上的要求外，也应注意审题全面，不能遗
漏要点，并要注意人称和时态的变化，避免出现逻辑混乱。其
结构为：
申请信
1.点明目的，自我介绍，点出信息来源
2.详述个人优势，简述个人要求
3.表达感谢，简述获准后的打算，期待对方优
先考虑
[常用句式]
1.开头常用语
(1)I
learned
on
your
website
that...
我
从
你
们
的
网
站
上
得
知……
(2)I
am
writing
this
letter
to
recommend
myself
as
a
qualified
candidate
for...我写信推荐自己为……的合格人选。
(3)I
am
writing
to
you
in
the
hope
that
I
may
obtain
an
opportunity
to...我写信给你是希望我可以获得一个……的机会。
2.主体部分常用语
(1)For
one
thing,
I
can
help...For
another
thing,
I
can
improve
my
English,
make
more
friends,
and
enrich
my
life.一方面，我能帮
助……另一方面，我能提高我的英语水平，结交更多的朋友，
并充实生活。
(2)I
am
confident
that
I'm
suitable
for.../I'm
qualified
to
do.../
I'm
equal
to
(doing)...我确信，我适合……/我有做……的资格/我
能胜任(做)……
3.结尾常用语
(1)I
would
appreciate
it
if
I
have
the
chance
of
doing/to
do...如
果我有做……的机会，我将不胜感激。
(2)Should
you
offer
me
an
interview,
I
would
be
most
grateful.Looking
forward
to
your
reply
soon.如果你能给我提供面
试的机会，我将非常感激。期待你的早日答复。
[黄金模板]
模板一
Dear
Sir/Madam，
I'm________.(
简
单
自
我
介
绍
)
When
I
was
reading
the
advertisement
，________.(表达看到相关广告后的感受)
I
think
it's
a
good
opportunity
for
me
to
________.(
应
聘
的
原
因
)
Therefore
I
recommend
myself
to
you
without
hesitation.
I
________.(
陈
述
本
人
的
性
格
优
势
)
For
one
thing,
I
can
________.(
陈述
本人特长
一)
For
another
thing,
I
can________.
(陈述本人特长二)
Please
contact
me
at
________(
联系方式一：电话号码).Or
e-mail
me
at________(联系方式二：电子邮箱地址).I
am
looking
forward
to
your
early
reply.
Yours
sincerely,
Li
Hua
模板二
Dear
Sir/Madam，
I'm________.(自我介绍)
I'm
writing
to
apply
for
the
position
________.(
说
明
写
信
目
的
)
I
really
want
to
obtain
this
precious
opportunity
because________.(说明自己为什么很想得到这次宝
贵机会).Besides，________.(分层次说明自己的优势)
I
am
sure
that
I
can
perfectly
live
up
to
your
expectations.I
will
be
grateful
if
you
could
give
me
a
kind
consideration.(
表达期
望)
Looking
forward
to
your
reply.
Yours
truly，
Li
Hua
[例]
2022
年冬奥会将在北京和张家口举办，目前在全国招募志
愿者。假如你是李华，你希望成为一名该冬奥会志愿者。请根
据以下提示给组委会写封英文申请信：
1.个人情况：年龄、性别、学历(高中)；
2.个人条件：英语好、爱好运动、善于交际、乐于助人、
熟悉当地情况；
3.承诺：提供最佳服务。
注意：
1.词数
80
左右；
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3.开头和结尾已经给出，不计入总词数。
Dear
Sir/Madam，
My
name
is
Li
Hua.I
would
like
to
apply
to
work
as
a
volunteer
for
the
Winter
Olympic
Games.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Looking
forward
to
your
early
reply.
Yours，
Li
Hua
[范文欣赏]
Dear
Sir/Madam，
My
name
is
Li
Hua.I
would
like
to
apply
to
work
as
a
volunteer
for
the
Winter
Olympic
Games.
I
am
a
boy/girl
of
17
and
I
am
studying
at
a
high
school
now.I
am
good
at
English
and
can
communicate
with
foreign
tourists
in
English
fluently.I
believe
I
can
do
a
good
job
in
the
Games.First，I
like
sports
and
I
am
familiar
with
our
city.Second,
I
can
get
along
well
with
others.Third
，
I'm
ready
to
give
help
whenever
it
is
needed.I
promise
to
offer
the
best
service
possible
to
the
people
at
the
Games.
Please
take
my
request
into
consideration.Looking
forward
to
your
early
reply.
Yours，
Li
Hua
假定你是李华，你看到校园网英文版正在招募体育记者，
请你写一封申请邮件，内容包括：
1.表明自己感兴趣；
2.说明自己的优势(至少两点)；
注意：
1.词数
80
左右；
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
To
whom
it
may
concern，
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Yours，
Li
Hua
参考范文：
To
whom
it
may
concern，
My
name
is
Li
Hua.I
would
like
to
apply
for
a
sports
reporter
for
the
English
version
of
our
campus
network.
First
of
all,
I
am
good
at
English.I
won
the
first
prize
in
our
school
English
speech
contest
last
year.Moreover,
I
like
sports
and
I
am
the
captain
of
our
school
basketball
team.I
am
very
familiar
with
the
athletes
both
at
home
and
abroad.
I
would
appreciate
it
if
you
could
take
my
application
into
consideration.
Yours，
Li
Hua
六、道歉信
[题型特点]
道歉信是因过失或疏忽做错了事，给别人带来了麻烦或损
失，发觉后为了给对方赔礼道歉而写的信件。其结构为：
1.表明写作意图，对某事表示歉意
道歉信
2.说明道歉的具体原因
3.再次表明歉意，请求谅解，并提出补救措施
[常用句式]
1.开头常用语
(1)I
am
writing
this
letter
to
apologize
to
you
for...我写这封信
是因……向你道歉。
(2)I
am
writing
to
express/convey
my
deepest
apology
to
you.
我写信向你表达我深深的歉意。
2.主体部分常用语
(1)Much
to
my
regret,
I
was
unable
to...and
I
wish
that
my
apology
could
help
to
some
extent.很遗憾，我不能够……希望我
的道歉在某种程度上能起到作用。
(2)I
remember
we
planned
to...but
now
because...I
cannot...
with
you
as
planned.
我记得我们原本计划……但是现在由
于……我不能与你如期……
3.结尾常用语
(1)Once
again,
I'm
sorry
for
any
inconvenience
caused.对于造
成的任何不便我再次表示歉意。
(2)I
sincerely
hope
that
you
will
be
able
to
think
in
my
position
and
accept
my
apologies.
我衷心地希望你能够站在我的
角度考虑一下，并接受我的道歉。
[黄金模板]
Dear________，
I
am
sorry
to
tell
you
that________.(
陈述道歉原因)
Now
I
am
writing
you
this
letter
of
an
apology
to
show
my
deep
regret.
I
hope
you
will
understand
me
and
excuse
me
for________.
(
请求对方原谅的事由)
The
reason
for
my
delay/absence
is/was
that
________.(解释道歉原因)
Therefore,
________.
I
sincerely
hope
that
you
can
accept
my
apology
and
understand
it.I
would
appreciate
your
allowing
me
to
________.(提
出补救措施)
Once
again,
I'm
sorry
for
any
inconvenience
caused.
(再次道歉)
Yours
sincerely，
Li
Hua
[例]
假设你是李华，与
Tom
约定下周末去北京游玩，但临时有
事不能应约，请你用英语给他写封邮件，说明情况。内容包括：
1.表示歉意；
2.说明具体原因；
3.另约时间。
注意：
1.词数
80
左右；
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
Dear
Tom，
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Yours
sincerely，
Li
Hua
[范文欣赏]
Dear
Tom，
I
am
indeed
very
sorry
that
I
am
unable
to
go
to
Beijing
with
you
next
weekend,
which
I
have
promised.I
feel
sorry
about
it
and
want
you
to
know
what
happened.
Just
now,
my
cousin
Li
Qiang,
who
left
home
for
Australia
for
his
further
study
last
year,
informed
me
that
he
would
return
this
Saturday
morning
and
asked
me
to
pick
him
up
at
the
airport
with
his
family.You
know,
we
haven't
seen
each
other
for
nearly
a
year.
I
sincerely
hope
you
can
accept
my
apology
and
understand
it.I
would
appreciate
your
allowing
me
to
make
another
date
to
show
you
around
Beijing.Once
again,
I'm
sorry
for
any
inconvenience
caused.
Yours
sincerely，
Li
Hua
假定你是李华，与留学生朋友
Bob
约好一起去书店，因故
不能赴约。请给他写封邮件，内容包括：
1.表示歉意；
2.说明原因；
3.另约时间。
注意：
1.词数
80
左右；
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
Dear
Bob，
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Yours，
Li
Hua
参考范文：
Dear
Bob，
I'm
sorry
to
say
that
I
cannot
go
to
the
bookstore
with
you
on
Friday
afternoon.I
have
just
found
that
I
have
to
attend
an
important
class
meeting
that
afternoon.I
hope
the
change
will
not
cause
you
too
much
trouble.
Shall
we
go
on
Saturday
morning?
We
can
set
out
early
so
that
we'll
have
more
time
to
read
and
select
books.If
it's
convenient
for
you,
let's
meet
at
8：30
outside
the
school
gate.If
not,
let
me
know
what
time
suits
you
best.I
should
be
available
at
any
time
after
school
next
week.
Yours，
Li
Hua
七、演讲稿
[题型特点]
演讲稿包括发言稿、致辞、竞选稿等，句子要求短小精悍、
铿锵有力。赞成什么、反对什么要旗帜鲜明，不能模棱两可。
其结构为：
1.自我介绍，引入主题/话题
演讲稿
2.介绍演讲内容
3.总结演讲，感谢倾听，表达祝愿
[常用句式]
1.开头常用语
(1)I
am
honored
to
have
a
chance
to
speak
to
you
today.我今
天很荣幸有机会跟大家讲几句。
(2)Today
I
want
to
talk
to
you
about...
今
天
我
想
跟
你
们
谈
谈……
(3)The
purpose
of
my
presentation
is
to
introduce...
我演讲的
目的是介绍……
(4)My
name
is...Today
I
am
very
glad
to
have
the
opportunity
to
make
this
presentation.I
shall
be
speaking
about...
我
的
名
字
是……今天很高兴能有机会做这个演讲。我演讲的内容是……
(5)
Good
morning,
everyone!
It
is
my
great
honor
to
share
with
you
my
opinions
on...大家上午好！很荣幸能和你们分享一
下我的关于……的看法。
(6)It's
my
honor
to
stand
here
and
say
something
about
friendship.站在这里，谈谈关于友谊的话题对我来说是件荣耀的
事情。
2.主体部分常用语
(1)To
start
with,
I'd
like
to
talk
about
the...
首
先
，
我
想
谈
谈……
(2)The
first
problem
today
is
that...今天的第一个问题……
(3)
During
my
talk,
I‘ll
be
covering
three
areas.
First，…
Second，...Third，...在我的谈话中，我将涉及三个领域。第
一，……第二，……第三，……
(4)I
ask
all
of
you
present
to
join
me
in
raising
your
glasses
to
our
everlasting
friendship.我请在座的各位与我一起举杯，为我们
的友谊长青干杯。
(5)The
topic
of
my
speech
today
is...
我
今
天
演
讲
的
主
题
是……
(6)As
far
as
I
am
concerned，I
think
it
is
a
good
idea
to...就我
而言，我认为……是一个好主意。
(7)I
would
like
to
concentrate
on
the
problem
of...我想把重点
集中在……问题上。
3.结尾常用语
(1)In
conclusion,
my
recommendations
are...总之，我的建议
是……
(2)I
wish
you
the
best
of
luck
in
everything
you
do.祝你们一
切顺利。
(3)Thanks
for
your
listening
(to
my
speech).感谢大家倾听我
的演讲。
(4)That's
all
I
want
to
say
about
this
point.关于这一点，我就
讲这些。
[黄金模板]
模板一
Boys
and
girls/Ladies
and
gentlemen，
It's
a
great
honor
for
me
to
stand
here
and
give
my
speech.(表
示
荣
幸
)
My
name
is
__________.(
自
我
介
绍
)
The
topic
of
my
speech
is
__________.(提出演讲主题)
To
begin
with,
many
people
suggest
that
__________.
Secondly，__________.Thirdly，__________.(话题或现象列举)
What
I
want
to
stress
is
that
__________.(重申主题)
For
one
thing，__________.For
another，__________.Besides，__________.
(原因或重要性列举)
In
a
word，__________.(总结)
模板二
Good
morning/afternoon/evening,
everyone!
It's
nice
to
see
all
of
you
here.I
feel
honored
to
have
opportunity
to
give/make/deliver
you
a
speech.The
topic
of
my
speech
is_________./Today
I
will
talk
about
_________./It's
nice
to
talk/speak
about
_________.(演讲的主题)First
of
all,
_________.
Besides
，
________.Secondly,
________.What's
more,
________.
(演讲的具体内容)
As
far
as
I
am
concerned/In
my
opinion,
__________.(表达看
法/见解)
From
what
has
been
discussed
above,
we
can
safely
draw
the
conclusion
that
__________.(
得
出
结
论
)
Thanks
for
your
attention/listening.(概括总结演讲)
[例]
假定你校要举办一次英语演讲比赛，题目是“我的梦想”。
你打算参加比赛，要求写一篇演讲稿，演讲稿包括以下内容：
1.不同的人的梦想：成为科学家、宇航员或富有的人；
2.我的梦想：成为一个自食其力，有责任感的人；一个乐
于助人，懂得感恩的人。
注意：
1.词数
80
左右；
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3.开头和结尾已为你写好，不计入总词数。
Good
afternoon,
everyone!
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Thank
you
for
listening.
[范文欣赏]
Good
afternoon，everyone!
Today
I
feel
honored
to
have
a
chance
to
share
with
you
my
dream.
We
all
have
dreams.Some
people
dream
of
becoming
scientists
while
others
wish
to
become
doctors
like
Zhong
Nanshan.Of
course
，
there
are
many
that
would
love
to
be
rich.
Personally,
I
want
to
be
a
man
who
is
self?dependent
and
has
a
full
sense
of
responsibility，a
man
who
is
helpful
to
those
in
trouble
and
knows
how
to
be
grateful.In
conclusion,
I
will
stick
to
my
dream
forever.
Thank
you
for
listening.
(2021
届湖南师大附中高三月考)
假如你是李华，你所在的学校将举办以“关于垃圾分类，
我们该做什么？”为主题的英语演讲大赛。请你写一篇参赛演
讲稿。内容包括：
1.垃圾分类的重要性及如何分类；
2.呼吁大家自觉践行。
注意：
1.词数
80
左右；
2.开头已经给出，不计入总词数。
参考词汇：
垃圾分类
garbage
classification；可回收物
recyclable
waste；厨余垃圾
kitchen
waste；有害垃圾
hazardous
waste；
其他垃圾
other
waste
Hello
，
everyone!
My
name
is
Li
Hua
and
the
topic
of
my
speech
today
is
“What
can
we
do
about
garbage
classification？”
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
参考范文：
Hello,
everyone!
My
name
is
Li
Hua
and
the
topic
of
my
speech
today
is
“What
can
we
do
about
garbage
classification？”
Over
the
last
few
years,
we
have
been
introduced
the
idea
of
garbage
classification.Why
is
this
important?
Decent
recycling
helps
better
regenerate
world
resources,
which
also
creates
jobs
and
saves
the
environment.In
order
to
practise
in
the
right
way,
we
should
get
knowledge
in
classification
and
sort
the
garbage
into
proper
categories:
recyclable,
kitchen,
hazardous
and
other
waste.Meanwhile,
we
are
supposed
to
appeal
to
people
around
to
classify
garbage
consciously.With
joint
efforts,
we
are
bound
to
achieve
our
goal!
Thank
you!
正文上方
正中位置写上
NOTICE
正文
通知的对象、事由、时间、地点等
正文右下角
通知的单位(可以省略)
正文左下角
通知的日期(可以省略)
八、通知
[题型特点]
通知一般分为书面通知和口头通知两种。它是上级对下级、
组织对成员部署工作，传达事情，召开会议所使用的一种文体。
其要素常常包括：时间、地点、事件、参与者、活动内容及注
意事项等。要求：言简意赅、措辞得当。
(1)英文书面通知的一般格式为：
(2)口头通知的结构为：
1.称呼，引起注意
口头通知
2.介绍相关信息（5W＋H）或活动须知等
3.注意事项或要求，结束语等
[常用句式]
1.开头常用语
(1)Ladies
and
gentlemen.May
I
have
your
attention,
please?
I
have
an
announcement
to
make.女士们和先生们。请大家注意一
下，我要宣布一件事。
(2)Attention,
please!
I
have
something
important
to
tell
you.请
注意！我有重要的事要告诉你。
(3)Attention
please
，
everyone.I
have
an
announcement
to
make.所有人，请注意！我有一个通告要宣布。
(4)Be
quite.There
is
something
important
I
have
to
tell
you.
请
安静。有事要说。
2.主体部分常用语
(1)There
will
be
a
party/speech/contest
held
by...
将
有
一
个……举办的晚会/演讲/比赛。
(2)Our
school
has
decided
to
hold
an
activity
to...我们学校决
定举办一项活动……
(3)It
will
begin
at...and
last
about...hours.它将从……开始，持
续……小时。
(4)There
will
be
colourful
activities
then，such
as...
届时会有
丰富多彩的活动，如……
(5)The
Student
Union
has
decided
that...学生会决定……
(6)Our
school/The
Student
Union
will/is
going
to
hold...
我们
学校/学生会将会举办……
(7)A
lecture
will
be
given
at
7
：
00
this
evening
in...
今
晚
在……有一个讲座。
(8)All
teachers
and
students
are
required
to...
所
有
师
生
要
求……
3.结尾常用语
(1)Those
who
are
interested
in
the
activity
are
(warmly)
welcome.欢迎那些对这项活动感兴趣的人。
(2)Everyone
should
be
there
(is
required
to
be
present)
on
time.
每个人要按时到场。
(3)There's
sure
to
be
a
lot
of
fun.Everyone
is
welcome.肯定很
有趣。人人都是受欢迎的。
(4)Please
pass
on
this
message
to
those
who
are
not
here
today.
请把消息告诉今天不在场的人。
(5)Please
take
your
notebooks
with
you
and
be
sure
on
time.
请带上你的笔记本并准时到场。
(6)Come
on，everybody！It's
your
show
time！大家快来吧！
展示你们自己的时间到了！
(7)Have
an
active
part
in
it，and
wish
you
good
luck！快来积
极参加吧，祝你们好运！
(8)That's
all.Thank
you.说完了。谢谢！
[黄金模板]
模板一
Notice/NOTICE
________
(
活
动
方
)
will
organize
________
(
活
动
).This
activity
aims
to
________
(
活动目的).This
activity
is
arranged
to
________
or
so.It
is
planned
to
begin
at/on
________
(
时间).The
team
members
will
be
arranged
to
________.Your
main
task
is
to
________.Anyone
who
________
is
welcome
warmly.Those
who
are
interested
can
contact
________
for
further
information
(
联系
方式).
Looking
forward
to
your
active
participation.
________
(单位和日期)
模板二
Good
_______,
everyone.May
I
have
your
attention,
please
？
(引起注意)
I'm
the
chairman
of
the
Student
Union.As
________
(时间、节
目等)
is
around
the
corner,
we
are
going
to
hold________
(活动名)
for
you,
which
is
intended
to
enable
you
to
have
a
better
understanding
of
________
(活动目的).
During
the
party,
not
only
can
you________,
but
you
will
also
________.What's
more,
you'll
________.(
活
动
益处
)________
is
scheduled
________.(主要内容)
Please
make
sure
you
won't
miss
it.Thank
you
for
your
attention.(结束语)
[例]
为了方便同学们购书，新华书店定于
2020
年
9
月
16
日来
你校设一天书市。书籍主要有各种参考书、字典等。另外还有
科普读物及一些文学作品，如诗集、中外小说等。书市设在你
校大门口，从上午
9：30
开始到下午
5：00
结束。今天是
2020
年
9
月
14
日，现由你向全班同学口头通知并欢迎同学们届时参
观选购。
注意：
1.词数
80
左右；
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
[范文欣赏]
Boys
and
girls,
attention
please!
A
book
exhibition
is
going
to
be
held
at
the
school
gate
the
day
after
tomorrow
from
9：30
a.m.to
5：00
p.m.
It
will
provide
a
golden
opportunity
for
you
to
get
exposed
to
a
wide
range
of
books.You
are
sure
to
find
whatever
kinds
of
books
interest
you.Apart
from
various
reference
books
and
dictionaries,
there
will
be
other
books
such
as
popular
science
books
and
works
of
literature
like
collections
of
poems
and
Chinese
and
foreign
novels.
Everyone
is
welcome
to
go
and
buy.Thanks
for
your
attention.
为弘扬中国传统文化，学生会将举行“诗歌朗诵大
赛”(Poetry
Recitation
Contest)，邀请学校国际部学生参加。请
你根据提示写一则通知。内容包括：
1.大赛的目的；
2.大赛的时间和地点(本周三下午
2：30，学校报告厅)；
3.朗诵内容：唐诗宋词(Tang
and
Song
poetry)。
注意：
1.词数
80
左右；
2.可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
参考范文：
NOTICE
Aiming
to
promote
traditional
Chinese
culture
，the
Students'
Union
is
to
hold
a
Poetry
Recitation
Contest.Here
are
some
relevant
details
about
it.
As
scheduled，it
is
supposed
to
launch
at
2：30
this
Wednesday
afternoon
in
the
school
lecture
hall.Students
from
international
department
are
expected
to
take
part
in
it.Additionally
，
it
is
recommended
that
you
should
prepare
Tang
and
Song
poetry.
Hopefully，you
will
benefit
a
lot
and
be
immersed
in
the
world
of
fascinating
poetry.
The
Students'
Union(共36张PPT)
专题七
读后续写
一、题型要求
新高考写作部分分为常规作文(应用文写作，满分
15
分)和
非常规作文(读后续写，满分
25
分)。
读后续写题型提供一篇
350
词左右的语言材料，要求考生
依据该材料内容和所给段落开头语续写一篇与给定材料有逻辑
衔接、情节和结构完整的短文，词数为
150个
左右。其所提供
的语言材料的体裁以记叙文和夹叙夹议文为主。文章题材多样，
多为情节丰富的小故事，趣味性和逻辑性较强。该试题具有一
定的开放性，要求考生详细、生动地展现情景、态度和情感。
二、命题分析
读后续写是新高考写作部分的重点题型之一。在
2020
年新
高考Ⅰ卷的写作题中，第二部分考查的即是读后续写。材料是
故事情节紧凑的记叙文，并给出了续写的两个段落的首句。2020
年
7
月的浙江卷也考查了读后续写。不同的是，新高考Ⅰ卷的
读后续写并不会对“关键词语”有所要求。具体可见后面的例
题解读。
三、评分标准
(一)评分原则
1.本题总分为
25
分，按
5
个档次给分。
2.评分时，先根据所续写短文的内容和语言初步确定其所
属档次，然后以该档次的要求来衡量、确定或调整档次，最后
给分。
3.词数少于
130
的，从总分中减去
2
分。
4.评分时，应主要从以下四个方面考虑：
(1)与所给短文及段落开头语的衔接程度；
(2)内容的丰富性；
(3)所使用语法结构和词汇的丰富性和准确性；
(4)上下文的连贯性。
5.拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个重要方面。评分时，
应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。
6.如书写较差以致影响交际，可将分数降低一个档次。
档次
描述
第五档
(21—25
分)
——与所给短文融洽度高，与所提供各段落开头
语衔接合理。
——内容丰富。
——所使用语法结构和词汇丰富、准确，可能有
些许错误，但完全不会影响意义表达。
——有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使所续写
短文结构紧凑。
(二)各档次的给分范围和要求
档次
描述
第四档
(16—20
分)
——与所给短文融洽度较高，与所提供各段落开
头语衔接较为合理。
——内容比较丰富。
——所使用语法结构和词汇较为丰富、准确，可
能有些许错误，但不影响意义表达。
——比较有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使所
续写短文结构紧凑。
(续表)
档次
描述
第三档
(11—15
分)
——与所给短文关系较为密切，与所提供各段落
开头语有一定程度的衔接。
——写出了若干有关内容。
——所使用语法结构和词汇能满足任务的要求，
虽有一些错误，但不影响意义表达。
——使用简单的语句间的连接成分，使全文内容
连贯。
(续表)
档次
描述
第二档
(6—10
分)
——与所给短文有一定的关系，与所提供各段落
开头语有一定程度的衔接。
——写出了一些有关内容。
——语法结构单调，词汇项目有限，有些语法结
构和词汇方面的错误，影响了意义的表达。
——较少使用语句间的连接成分，全文内容缺少
连贯性。
(续表)
档次
描述
第一档
(1—5
分)
——与所提供短文和开头语的衔接较差。
——产出内容太少。
——语法结构单调，词汇项目很有限，有较多语
法结构和词汇方面的错误，严重影响了意义的表
达。
——缺乏语句间的连接成分，全文内容不连贯。
0
分
白卷、内容太少无法评判或所写内容与所提供内
容无关。
(续表)
四、能力考查
读后续写除了要求学生掌握丰富的词汇和句式外，还注重
考查学生对于内容构思和情节衔接的能力。主要聚焦在以下四
个方面：
一是把握短文关键信息和语言特点的能力。
学生需要了解给定短文的主要内容，清楚其关键词和语言
结构的使用情况，并通过续写短文表现出来。
二是语言运用的准确性和丰富性。
在词汇和语言结构的使用方面准确、恰当，能够根据内容
需要使用较为高级的词汇和语言结构。
三是对语篇结构的把控能力。
考查对上下文逻辑关系的掌握情况，续写的短文应语句连
贯、有序。
四是创造性思维能力。
续写的短文要具有较丰富的内容，包含详细和生动的情景、
态度和感情描述。
一、续写步骤
第一步：仔细审题，明确续写要求
明确阅读文本的文体和题材，清楚续写的具体要求，如字
数限制、续写段落的首句提示语。
第二步：精读文章，确定文章线索
精读文章，明确故事人物关系，理清故事主要事件，并找
到该篇短文的写作线索。例如：什么人(who)什么时间(when)在
什么地方(where)因为什么(why)做了什么事情(what)，最后有了
什么发展(how)。这样有利于考生“顺藤摸瓜(结尾)”。
第三步：回扣原文，揣摩续写思路
快速回读短文，抓住文章思路，分析并发展短文的情景，
结合续写段段首的开头语展开合理想象，最终确定续写段落的
思路。
第四步：结合情景，添加具体细节
考生要特别注意描写的丰富性。可通过对人物动作、语言、
心理活动、表情和环境等细节的描写来丰富内容，增强叙述的
画面感。
第五步：拟写草稿，修改错词病句
拟写时，注意句子结构的多样性、语言的丰富性，并通过
正确使用句与句之间的连接词，使上下文连贯。这一步是得分
的关键，必须重视。
二、续写策略
和以往的高考英语命题作文不同，读后续写要求考生首先
要读懂已有信息，不仅要读懂字面含义，还要理清文章的脉络
和关系。续写短文时，考生需要明白故事的发展进程、前因后
果、地理位置变化、人物情感等。在此基础上，考生顺着文章
的思路，根据线索，发挥想象，对其后的情节进行合理预测，
并用英语表达出来。需注意以下几点：
1.读后续写不是随心所欲地写，而是要在所给段落开头语
和短文内容的提示下完成续写部分。所给出的段落开头语与传
统写作中的开头语类似，在某种程度上引导写作思路的发展，
续写部分不能脱离各自的段落开头语，应在其基础上进行拓展
发挥。
2.续写所给语言材料多是故事类记叙文，情节曲折跌宕，
线索性和逻辑性较强。考生要抓住故事的叙事线索，依据原文
的写作思路续写文章，并适当发散思维。
3.读后续写要求读写并重。与阅读理解题一样，读后续写
同样需要对本篇文章精确理解，这样所续写部分才不至于偏离
主题。
4.续写部分的思路和内容并不是唯一的，考生可以根据自
己对上文材料的理解，对文章的结尾做出不同的诠释。
5.关注续写内容有无把握主题。
(1)事件的走向及最终结局有无偏离原文的写作意图、主题
意蕴、思想情感或人生哲理？
(2)事件的发展有无凸显主题，体现正确的价值导向，展现
对真、善、美的思考与追求？
6.关注续写内容有无符合逻辑。
(1)续写第一段是否与上下文形成逻辑联结？与最后一段
有没有自然呼应？
(2)续写第二段作为文本结尾有没有与开头形成呼应？有
没有体现主题思想与价值追求？
三、失分原因
1.词数不够，情节过于简单，描写不详细丰富，人物对话
不到位。
2.续写内容与文章主旨不符合，故事情节与上文不连贯，
没有充分考虑到所给的段落提示句对故事发展的提示、衔接、
引导和一定程度地限制作用。有的甚至瞎编乱造，不顾及上文
各情节之间的逻辑关系。
3.语言基本功欠缺，语法结构错误较多，词汇贫乏，人称
混乱，时态混用。
4.表达内容不丰富，语言能力不强，缺乏可读性。
例
1
(2020
年新高考Ⅰ卷·读后续写)
阅读下面材料，根据其内容和所给段落开头语续写两段，
使之构成一篇完整的短文。
The
Meredith
family
lived
in
a
small
community.As
the
economy
was
in
decline,
some
people
in
the
town
had
lost
their
jobs.Many
of
their
families
were
struggling
to
make
ends
meet.
People
were
trying
to
help
each
other
meet
the
challenges.
Mrs.Meredith
was
a
most
kind
and
thoughtful
woman.She
spent
a
great
deal
of
time
visiting
the
poor.She
knew
they
had
problems,
and
they
needed
all
kinds
of
help.When
she
had
time,
she
would
bring
food
and
medicine
to
them.
One
morning
she
told
her
children
about
a
family
she
had
visited
the
day
before.There
was
a
man
sick
in
bed,
his
wife,
who
took
care
of
him
and
could
not
go
out
to
work,
and
their
little
boy.
The
little
boy－his
name
was
Bernard－had
interested
her
very
much.
“I
wish
you
could
see
him，”
she
said
to
her
own
children,
John,
Harry,
and
Clara.“He
is
such
a
help
to
his
mother.He
wants
very
much
to
earn
some
money,
but
I
don't
see
what
he
can
do.”
After
their
mother
left
the
room,
the
children
sat
thinking
about
Bernard.“I
wish
we
could
help
him
to
earn
money
，”
said
Clara.“His
family
is
suffering
so
much.”
“So
do
I，”
said
Harry.“We
really
should
do
something
to
assist
them.”
For
some
moments,
John
said
nothing,
but,
suddenly,
he
sprang
to
his
feet
and
cried,
“I
have
a
great
idea!
I
have
a
solution
that
we
can
all
help
accomplish
(完成).”
The
other
children
also
jumped
up
all
attention.When
John
had
an
idea,
it
was
sure
to
be
a
good
one.
“I
tell
you
what
we
can
do，”said
John.“You
know
that
big
box
of
corn
Uncle
John
sent
us?
Well,
we
can
make
popcorn
(
爆米花),
and
put
it
into
paper
bags,
and
Bernard
can
take
it
around
to
the
houses
and
sell
it.”
注意：续写词数应为
150
左右。
Paragraph
1：
When
Mrs.Meredith
heard
of
John's
idea,
she
thought
it
was
a
good
one,
too.__________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Paragraph
2：
With
everything
ready,
Bernard
started
out
on
his
new
business._______________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
【文章大意】
本文是一篇记叙文。善良的
Meredith
一家住在一个小社区
里，他们想帮助一个贫困的家庭。后来，Meredith
的孩子想出
了好主意。
【写作指导】
根据第一段首句，可以针对如何实现制作爆米花这个提议
展开构思；根据第二段首句，可以针对
Bernard
如何通过卖爆
米花让家庭摆脱困境展开构思。
【参考范文】
Paragraph
1：
When
Mrs.Meredith
heard
of
John's
idea,
she
thought
it
was
a
good
one,
too.So,
they
went
to
the
local
supermarket
together.They
bought
some
special
bags
and
tools
for
popcorn.When
they
got
home,
they
made
a
lot
of
popcorn
and
put
it
in
the
special
bags.With
the
popcorn,
they
went
to
Bernard's
home.They
told
Bernard
how
to
sell
the
popcorn.Bernard
and
his
parents
were
very
grateful.And
the
Meredith
family
also
felt
very
happy
to
help
this
family.
Paragraph
2：
With
everything
ready,
Bernard
started
out
on
his
new
business.He
took
the
popcorn
around
to
the
houses
and
sold
all
his
popcorn.He
earned
a
lot
of
money.Then,
he
wanted
to
be
self
?
dependent.Therefore,
he
asked
Mrs.Meredith
to
teach
him
how
to
make
popcorn.After
that,
not
only
did
he
sell
popcorn,
but
he
also
added
cream
and
salt
to
the
popcorn
to
make
it
taste
better.Bernard
grew
up
to
be
a
remarkable
man.He
did
not
forget
the
help
of
Meredith's
family,
and
he
also
did
what
he
could
to
help
those
in
need.
例
2
(2020
年7
月浙江卷·读后续写)
阅读下面短文，根据所给情节进行续写，使之构成一个完
整的故事。
One
fall，my
wife
Elli
and
I
had
a
single
goal：to
photograph
polar
bears.We
were
staying
at
a
research
camp
outside
“the
polar
bear
capital
of
the
world”—the
town
of
Churchill
in
Manitoba,
Canada.
Taking
pictures
of
polar
bears
is
amazing
but
also
dangerous.
Polar
bears—like
all
wild
animals—should
be
photographed
from
a
safe
distance.When
I'm
face
to
face
with
a
polar
bear，I
like
it
to
be
through
a
camera
with
a
telephoto
lens.But
sometimes
，
that
is
easier
said
than
done.This
was
one
of
those
times.
As
Elli
and
I
cooked
dinner，a
young
male
polar
bear
who
was
playing
in
a
nearby
lake
sniffed，and
smelled
our
garlic
bread.
The
hungry
bear
followed
his
nose
to
our
camp
，which
was
surrounded
by
a
high
wire
fence.He
pulled
and
bit
the
wire.He
stood
on
his
back
legs
and
pushed
at
the
wooden
fence
posts.
Terrified
，
Elli
and
I
tried
all
the
bear
defense
actions
we
knew.We
yelled
at
the
bear，hit
pots
hard，and
fired
blank
shotgun
shells
into
the
air.Sometimes
loud
noises
like
these
will
scare
bears
off.Not
this
polar
bear
though—he
just
kept
trying
to
tear
down
the
fence
with
his
massive
paws
(爪子).
I
radioed
the
camp
manager
for
help.He
told
me
a
helicopter
was
on
its
way，but
it
would
be
30
minutes
before
it
arrived.Making
the
best
of
this
close
encounter
(相遇)，I
took
some
pictures
of
the
bear.
Elli
and
I
feared
the
fence
wouldn't
last
through
30
more
minutes
of
the
bear's
punishment.The
camp
manager
suggested
I
use
pepper
spray.The
spray
burns
the
bears'
eyes
，but
doesn't
hurt
them.So
I
approached
our
uninvited
guest
slowly
and，through
the
fence，sprayed
him
in
the
face.With
an
angry
roar
(吼叫)，the
bear
ran
to
the
lake
to
wash
his
eyes.
注意：
1.所续写短文的词数应为
150
左右；
2.至少使用
5
个短文中标有下划线的关键词语；
3.续写部分分为两段，每段的开头语已为你写好；
4.续写完成后，请用下划线标出你所使用的关键词语。
Paragraph
1：
A
few
minutes
later,
the
bear
headed
back
to
our
camp.______
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Paragraph
2：
At
that
very
moment,
the
helicopter
arrived.______________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
【文章大意】
本文是一篇记叙文。“我”和妻子
Elli
想拍北极熊，于是
来到了加拿大的一个户外研究营地。结果，一只雄性北极熊靠
近了我们。
【写作指导】
根据第一段首句可知，第一段的内容应该围绕“我”和妻
子等待救援期间，如何与北极熊周旋展开。根据第二段句首可
知，这一段应该围绕直升机对夫妇二人的营救展开，并最终将
二人成功解救。
【参考范文】
Paragraph
1：
A
few
minutes
later,
the
bear
headed
back
to
our
camp.
Irritated
by
the
spray,
the
bear
greeted
us
with
a
howl
of
rage.
Ferociously,
he
vented
his
anger
upon
the
poor
fence
with
all
his
strength
and
stroke
terror
into
our
hearts.Desperate
Elli
and
I
decided
to
treat
him
to
the
garlic
bread.We
carefully
threw
a
small
piece
at
a
time,
hoping
to
slow
down
his
attack.Suddenly,
the
bear
had
torn
a
narrow
opening
in
the
fence
which
would
collapse
soon
and
witness
the
bear
tear
us
into
pieces.
Paragraph
2：
At
that
very
moment,
the
helicopter
arrived.
Hearing
the
helicopter,
we
ran
back
to
the
camp
swiftly,
and
radioed
our
savior
in
a
trembling
voice.The
pilot
breathed
a
sigh
of
relief
after
knowing
we
were
safe
and
assured
us
he
would
take
care
of
the
bear.Hardly
had
we
hung
off
the
radio
when
we
heard
noises
loud
enough
to
scare
him
away.Suddenly,
I
called
to
mind
our
purpose
of
this
visit:
photographing
polar
bears.Grabbing
the
camera,
I
dashed
out
and
snapped
valuable
pictures
of
the
escaping
bear.(共23张PPT)
专题三
七选五型阅读理解
一、题型要求
七选五型阅读理解这一题型的阅读材料长度为
300
词左
右，文中有五处空白，文后有七个选项(均为完整的句子)，要
求考生从短文后的七个选项中选出五个能填入文章空白处的最
佳选项。
该题型要求考生从整体上把握文章的逻辑结构和内容上的
前后联系，理解句子之间、段落之间的关系，对诸如连贯性、
一致性等语段特征有较强的意识和熟练的把握，并具备运用语
法知识分析和理解长难句的能力。可以说，此题型是对语言能
力和阅读理解能力的综合测试，因此要求比较高，考生有必要
对这类题型多加练习，以提高自己在这部分的应试能力。
二、命题分析
分析近三年高考新课标全国卷真题可知，七选五型阅读理
解所给的材料以说明文为主，议论文和记叙文极少数，因此语
篇模式较为固定。文章内容逻辑性强，文章结构严谨，层次分
明，便于学生在阅读的基础上，进行综合理解，并对于一些信
息进行概括或充分表达。文章题材注重选取贴近考生、贴近生
活、新颖的、时代感强的材料。
文中的五处空白分布于各个段落的段首、段中或段尾(但一
般情况下不会是文章的第一句，也不会是最后一句)。其七个选
项一般可分为三类：主旨概括句(反映文章整体内容)、过渡句(反
映文章结构)、细节理解句(反映上下文逻辑关系)，具体表现为：
1.主旨概括句以考查段落标题为主，设题位置一般在段首
或段尾，考查文章的段落大意。
2.过渡句有两种，一种是段落内部的过渡句；另一种是段
落之间的过渡句。
3.细节理解句出现在段落内部，考查的是段落内部的句子
之间，特别是前后句之间的逻辑关系。
多余的两个选项也往往从这四方面设置，例如主题概括句
或过于宽泛，或以偏概全，或偏离主题，过渡句不能反映文章
的行文结构，细节理解句与上下文脱节等。另外，个别选项区
分度不大，干扰性强，容易误选。
一、解题步骤
第一步：浏览选项
首先快速浏览一遍选项，勾画选项中的关键信息，并先确
定哪个选项适合放在文章的什么位置(如标题、句首、句中和句
尾)。
第二步：通读全文
通读全文，对文章内容进行快速浏览，确定文章体裁，分
析篇章结构，寻找主题句，把握文章结构及大意。
第三步：详读段落
在短时间内找出每段内容的关键词，明确各段落的主题句
及主旨大意。
第四步：匹配选项
注意上下文逻辑及具体内容，尤其注意各选项中出现的句
子的衔接手段，寻找句中的衔接标志词。
第五步：排除干扰项
七个备选答案中有两个多余的选项，会对文章中两个空的
选择构成干扰，这时要特别细致地比对相似选项，方法和答阅
读理解时区分相似项一样。一旦确定一个选项，就要在该选项
上做出排除的标记，以避免干扰和分散注意力。
第六步：通读复检
将所选选项代入文中，再次通读全文，重点核查逻辑关系
和关联结构，依据行文逻辑，再次确定选项。
二、解题技巧
分析篇章结构层次、把握文章整体脉络是七选五型阅读理
解题解题的关键。篇章结构层次包含两种：一是分析整篇文章
的结构层次，即段落层次；二是分析某个段落内的层次，即语
篇层次。在答题时，可以尝试下几种方法：
(一)根据语境判断
做题时，要读懂空白处前后的句子，然后根据上下文意思
的连贯性或逻辑性从选项中选取正确答案，再利用线索词进一
步确认答案。
(二)根据词汇线索判断
做题时，要注意设空处前后的名词和动词等，寻找答案时，
注意在选项中查找其同义词、近义词、反义词或表示同一类事
物的词汇等。其次是代词、数词、表示时间或年代的词、地点
名词等。考生应留意一些词类的用法：
1.代词。代词是用来指代名词或句子的。做题时，一定要
注意句中出现的人称代词或指示代词。通过代词在句中所做的
成分推断出其指代的成分的类型，进而找到最佳选项。
2.特殊疑问词。如果选项中或设空处前出现特殊疑问词，
一定要把这句话仔细读几遍，因为针对不同特殊疑问词的回答
方式是不一样的。比如：针对
why
的回答，要有
because
等表
示原因的词；针对
when
的回答，要有表示时间的状语；针对
where
的回答，要有表示地点的状语；针对
how
的回答，要有
表示方式或程度的状语等。
(三)根据逻辑关系和关联词判断
根据句与句之间、段与段之间的衔接过渡词判断选项。如：
表示并列关系或递进关系的连接词前后句意都具有相近意义；
表示转折关系的连接词前后句意则表示对立关系。常见的关联
词及具有关联作用的词或短语有：
1.表示并列或递进关系：and,
or,
also,
neither...nor...,
either...
or...,
likewise,
similarly,
in
the
same
way,
that
is
to
say,
as
well
as,
equally,
the
same...as,
additionally,
furthermore,
besides,
moreover,
what's
more,
in
addition
(to)等。
2.表示转折或让步关系：but,
however,
while,
whereas,
yet,
by
contrast,
on
the
contrary,
on
the
other
hand,
unfortunately,
unlike,
rather
than,
instead,
although,
though,
even
though/if,
nevertheless,
despite,
in
spite
of
等。
3.
表示时间或列举关系：at
first,
at
last,
first,
second,
third,
last,
next,
then,
firstly,
secondly,
thirdly,
finally,
in
the
first
place,
to
start
with,
to
begin
with,
in
the
meantime,
afterwards,
later,
then
等
以及一些表示具体时间的词或短语等。
4.
表示因果关系：because
(of),
since,
for,
as,
therefore,
so,
thus,
hence,
that,
consequently,
accordingly,
as
a
result,
thanks
to,
due
to,
in
that,
for
this
reason
等。
5.表示例证关系：such
as,
for
example/instance,
like
等。
(四)根据设空位置判断
1.如果设空在段首
(1)段落主题句。段落的主题句通常在段首，做这一类型的
题时，考生要认真阅读后文内容，根据段落的一致性原则，查
找同义词或其他相关的词，从而推断出主题句，确定答案。
(2)段落间的过渡句。做这一类型的题时，考生要先阅读上
一段的结尾部分，寻找提示词、短语或句子，通常正确答案与
上一段结尾是有衔接关系的。再结合下一段内容，看所选的选
项是否能令两段内容读起来连贯。
(3)与后文是并列、转折、因果等关系。做这一类型的题时，
考生要着重阅读后文的第一、二句，锁定线索词，然后在选项
中查找有相关特征的词。通常正确答案与设空后的第一句在意
思上是紧密衔接的，因此这两句之间会有某种衔接手段。如果
选项中出现时间、年代等，考生需注意这与原文中相关内容是
否对应。
2.如果设空单独成段
(1)这个段落应该是承上启下，而且自成一体的，即有一个
段落的中心，因此可重点阅读选项中较长的选项，以此类推直
至找到正确答案。
(2)着重阅读前一段结尾和后一段开头的一两句来查找相
关的线索，且重要线索通常会在后一段的开头，因此后一段开
头往往比前一段结尾更为重要。
(3)分析段落之间的逻辑关系及内容的连贯性，注意段落间
的衔接手段。将所选选项代入原文，如果前后内容连贯，符合
逻辑，即是最佳选项。
3.如果设空在段尾
首先，考生要明确设空处的前一句或两句是重点语句，所
以要重点阅读以锁定关键词。
(1)通常是结论、概括性语句。注意在选项中查找表示结果、
结论、总结等的信息，如
as
a
result,
in
a
word,
thus,
hence,
in
short,
therefore,
to
sum
up,
to
conclude
等词或短语，且选项中也可能包
含前文的同义词句。
(2)引出下一段的内容。如果在选项中找不出与前文之间的
关联，此时可考虑设空处与下一段开头是否有一定的衔接关系。
(3)与前文是并列或排比关系。在这种情况下，该设空处通
常是用来补充说明本段主题的其他细节，因此，根据段落一致
性原则，需要在原文和选项中找到相关的特征词。通常在选项
中会出现表示并列/递进关系的关联词或与前文类似的句式结
构，或出现同义词等其他关键线索。
(4)与前文是转折或对比关系。此时要注意在选项中查找表
示转折、对比关系的关联词，同时注意选项中所讲的内容是否
与前文在同一主题上形成对立或对比的关系。
(5)如果设空处在第一段的段尾。文章通常会在第一段提出
主题，如果在段尾提出主题，会用一些转折词等信号词引出来，
最佳选项中应该会有这样的特征词。
例
(2020
年新课标Ⅰ卷·七选五型阅读理解)
A
Few
Tips
for
Self-Acceptance
We
all
want
it...to
accept
and
love
ourselves.But
at
times
it
seems
too
difficult
and
too
far
out
of
reach.__36__
Here's
a
handful
of
ways
that
will
set
you
in
the
right
direction.
●
__37__
Do
not
follow
the
people
who
make
you
feel
not-good-enough.Why
do
you
follow
them?
Are
you
hoping
that
eventually
you
will
feel
empowered
because
your
life
is
better
than
theirs?
Know
that
your
life
is
your
own;
you
are
the
only
you
in
this
world.
●
Forgive
yourself
for
mistakes
that
you
have
made.We
are
often
ashamed
of
our
shortcomings,
our
mistakes
and
our
failures.
__38__
You
will
make
mistakes,
time
and
time
again.
Rather
than
getting
caught
up
in
how
you
could
have
done
better,
why
not
offer
yourself
a
compassionate
(有同情心)
response?
“That
didn't
go
as
planned.But,
I
tried
my
best.”
●
Recognize
all
of
your
strengths.Write
them
down
in
a
journal.Begin
to
train
your
brain
to
look
at
strength
before
weakness.List
all
of
your
accomplishments
and
achievements.You
have
a
job,
earned
your
degree,
and
you
got
out
of
bed
today.
__39__
●
Now
that
you've
listed
your
strengths,
list
your
imperfections.Turn
the
page
in
your
journal.Put
into
words
why
you
feel
unworthy,
why
you
don't
feel
good
enough.Now,
read
these
words
back
to
yourself.__40__
Turn
to
a
page
in
your
journal
to
your
list
of
strengths
and
achievements.See
how
awesome
you
are?
A.Feeling
upset
again?
B.Where
do
you
start?
C.Nothing
is
too
small
to
celebrate.
D.Remember,
you
are
only
human.
E.Set
an
intention
for
self?acceptance.
F.Stop
comparing
yourself
with
others.
G.When
does
the
comparison
game
start?
【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了几个自我接
纳的小技巧。
解析：36—40
BFDCA
36.B
根据题目及下文的“Here's
a
handful
of
ways
that
will
set
you
in
the
right
direction.”可知，选项
B
起到承上启下的作用。
故选
B。
37.F
根据下文可知，本段讲述了不要把自己和别人作比
较。因
F
项可以作为本段中心句。故选
F。
38.D
空格前后提到“原谅自己所犯的错误”及“你会
一次又一次地犯错误”，选项
D
与前后文衔接密切。故选
D。
39.C
上句列举了一些成就：你有一份工作，拿到了学位，
今天你起床了。这些小事都是你取得的成就，都值得庆祝，即
没有什么事是太小而不值得庆祝的。故选
C。
40.A
根据下文可推知本句是在描述“再次感到心烦意
乱”的情况。选项
A
最符合上下文语境。故选
A。(共43张PPT)
专题四
完形填空
一、题型要求
新高考改革后，完形填空题由在一篇约
250
词的短文中留
出
20
个空白，改为在约
200
词的短文中留出
15
个空白，要求
考生从每题所给的
4
个选项中选出最佳选项，使补全后的短文
意思通顺，前后连贯，结构完整。
完形填空题是在一篇内容完整的文章中有目的地挖出一些
单词或短语，要求考生在上下文信息被隔断的情况下对文章进
行阅读，利用基础知识、阅读能力、思维能力和判断能力对每
个空白处的备选选项做出最合理的分析，从而选出最佳选项，
使文章主旨鲜明、逻辑严密、内容完整。
完形填空题的文章涉及的体裁有记叙文、夹叙夹议文、说
明文和议论文。从近几年高考完形填空试题来看，文章在体裁
上以记叙文或夹叙夹议类的篇章为主。文章故事性强，同时融
合了一些人物的心理活动和就某些现象所进行的议论，从而使
文章内容更加丰富多样。这就要求考生既要完整地把握故事情
节，又要有很好的逻辑思维能力。从文章设空来看，空缺词以
实词为主，其中重点考查动词、名词、形容词和副词，而介词、
连词等虚词所占比重很小。
二、命题分析
(一)考查语境语义
要求考生根据上下文、整个段落或整篇文章来推敲、寻找
线索。这类考点常涉及时间、地点、方向、情感、动作等，要
求考生依据首句或首段获取信息，通过上下文语境选择最佳选
项。这种考查方式所占的比例较大，且难度也大。
(二)考查逻辑推理
完形填空题的篇章多为记叙文或夹叙夹议，也有说明文或
议论文。文章的词、句、段三者之间存在着内在的逻辑关系。
因此，文章中的段与段、句与句之间都会有逻辑上的必然联系。
记叙文主要按照时间顺序展开；议论文一般围绕中心议题，依
据逻辑推理关系铺陈；而说明文则主要是通过解释概念来说明
事物的本质与特征。考生要从上下文中寻找有关的提示或暗示
信息，抓住含有关键信息的词句，对文章的情节进行逻辑推理。
(三)考查词汇复现
复现信息包括原词复现、同义词或反义词复现、同源词复
现等。词汇复现使得语篇中的句子衔接连贯，意义完整。
(四)考查词语搭配
通常情况下，完形填空中对搭配的考查主要有以下两种：
一是固定搭配(多数为固定短语)；二是结构搭配(以动词搭配为
主)。有时试题题干中的四个选项仅从搭配角度看都没有错误，
但需要联系上下文语境，从而确定最佳选项。
(五)考查背景常识
将文段信息与已有的文化背景知识和生活常识等结合起
来，进行简单推理，从而得出正确答案。
一、解题步骤
第一步：通读
做完形填空题之前，带着空格通读全文，快速浏览全文，
掌握文章主旨大意，了解文章的体裁、内容、结构层次等，重
点了解文中的
what,
who,
when,
where
和
how
五要素以及文章首
句，同时能将会做的题先解决掉。
第二步：选答
考生在通览全文、领会大意后，要根据上下文对文章所缺
的词作试探性猜测，再从选项中选出答案。这一步最为关键，
考生要对每一道题进行认真推敲，做到选择必有依据。另外，
万万不可按照题的顺序答题，对于不确定的题目要先跳过去，
遵循先易后难的解题原则。
第三步：推敲
考生要对全文通盘考虑，把其中一些需要依据上下文语境
来考虑的比较难解答的题，以及句子之间和段落之间的逻辑关
联较强的进行认真推敲，甄别，筛选和抉择。对于较难选择的
答案，可以运用逻辑推理或分析因果关系的方法得出结论。有
时考生会发现，上文中的疑问在下文中可以找到明确的答案，
而下文中的问题在上文中已有暗示。
第四步：复核
完成选择后，还应通读全文，检验答案复位后的文章是否
上下贯通，前后一致。对不通之处要认真推敲，从语义和语法
两方面思考，修改不当选择。对于个别难度较大、把握不准的
小题，要相信语感，信任初次选择。从某种角度上讲，完成选
择后的细读全文比初读全文更重要。
二、解题技巧
(一)细读首尾句
一般来讲，高考完形填空的首、尾句是不挖空的。一篇文
章的首句，往往会是文章的主题句，是文章的中心、灵魂。若
首句交代了
who,
what,
when,
where，即四个
W，那么就是记叙
文，很可能就是一个故事，为了测试考生对语篇的理解能力，
出题者特别注意选材的趣味性，其结尾往往出人意料，耐人寻
味；若首句是提出或解释说明某事物，一般来说是说明文；若
首句提出一个论点，那么就是议论文。
首句常常包含整篇文章的中心，而文章后面的内容都是围
绕这个中心来展开或叙述的。通过对首句句意、语境的理解可
以推断全文的主旨和大意，推断故事发生的人物、地点、时间、
气氛等多方面的特征。而尾句又往往是对文章主题的总结。所
以，首、尾句是了解文章大意的一个窗口，对考生理解全文有
着重要的启示作用。因此，考生要充分利用段首句提供的信息，
去挖掘文章的思路，寻找文章的脉络与线索。
例
(2020
年新课标Ⅲ卷·完形填空)
As
a
businesswoman,
I
care
deeply
about
my
customers.But
like
anyone
for
whom
you
feel
affection,
__41__
can
also
drive
you
mad.
41.A.shopkeepers
C.salespersons
B.customers
D.receptionists
解析：选
B
句意：但就像任何一个你喜欢的人一样，顾
客也会让你抓狂。shopkeeper
店主；customer
顾客；salesperson
售货员；receptionist
接待员。根据文章首句可知作者是生意人，
所以此处指的是顾客让自己抓狂。故选
B。
(二)重视语境语义
完形填空主要考查考生对语境的理解。所谓语境，就是指
文章的上下文，它包括文章语气的一致性、意思的连贯性、表
述的合理性、论证的逻辑性等。因此，考生在做题时一定要从
整体上把握文章内容，进行连贯性思考，要把每个空白处的含
义与前后句的意思联系起来理解，进行合乎逻辑的推理判断，
从而选出最符合语境的答案。对于比较明显的、自己最有把握
的题目可先做，对于暂时不能确定答案的题目，可先跳过这一
空格，继续往下做。因为有些答案是必须依据下文才能做出判
断，且前后信息还有相互提示的作用。
例
(2020
年新课标Ⅰ卷·完形填空)
Since
our
twins
began
learning
to
walk,
my
wife
and
I
have
kept
telling
them
that
our
sliding
glass
door
is
just
a
window.The
__41__
is
obvious.If
we
__42__
it
is
a
door,
they'll
want
to
go
outside
__43__.It
will
drive
us
crazy.The
kids
apparently
know
the
__44__.But
our
insisting
it's
__45__
a
window
has
kept
them
from
__46__
millions
of
requests
to
open
the
door.
I
hate
lying
to
the
kids.One
day
they'll
__47__
and
discover
that
everything
they've
always
known
about
windows
is
a
__48__.
I
wonder
if
__49__
should
always
tell
the
truth
no
matter
the
__50__.I
have
a
very
strong
__51__
that
the
lie
we're
telling
is
doing
__52__
damage
to
our
children.Windows
and
doors
have
__53__
metaphorical
(比喻)
meanings.I'm
telling
them
they
can't
open
what
they
absolutely
know
is
a
door.What
if
later
in
__54__
they
come
to
a
metaphorical
door,
like
an
opportunity
(
机
会
)
of
some
sort,
and
__55__
opening
the
door
and
taking
the
opportunity,
they
just
__56__
it
and
wonder,
“What
if
it
isn't
a
door？”
That
is,
“What
if
it
isn't
a
__57__
opportunity？”
Maybe
it's
an
unreasonable
fear.But
the
__58__
is
that
I
shouldn't
lie
to
my
kids.I
should
just
__59__
repeatedly
having
to
say,“No.We
can't
go
outside
now.”Then
when
they
come
to
other
doors
in
life,
be
they
real
or
metaphorical,
they
won't
__60__
to
open
them
and
walk
through.
【文章大意】本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者认为家长们不
要害怕告诉孩子们真相，这样，他们才可以在生活的道路上勇
往直前。
41.A.relief
B.target
C.reason
D.case
解析：选
C
句意：原因是明显的。relief
安慰；
target
目
标；reason
原因；case
情况。根据下文“If
we
__42__
it
is
a
door,
they'll
want
to
go
outside
__43__.”可知这里作者在解释把门说
成窗户的原因。故选
C。
42.A.admit
B.believe
C.mean
D.realize
解析：选
A
句意：如果我们承认它是一扇门，他们就会
不断地想出去。admit
承认；believe
相信；mean
意味着；realize
意识到。故选
A。
43.A.gradually
C.temporarily
B.constantly
D.casually
解析：选
B
句意同上。gradually
逐步地；constantly
不断
地；temporarily
临时地；casually
随便地。故选
B。
44.A.result
B.danger
C.method
D.truth
解析：选
D
句意：孩子们显然知道这个真相。result
结果；
danger
危险；method
方法；truth
真相。下文提到作者阻止了他
们无数次尝试打开这扇门的要求，和下文的“I
hate
lying
to
the
kids.”可知孩子们是知道真相的。故选
D。
45.A.merely
C.hardly
B.slightly
D.partly
解析：选
A
merely
只不过；slightly
轻微地；hardly
几乎
不；partly
部分地。“我”在搪塞孩子们，所以轻描淡写地说，
它不过是一扇窗户而已。故选
A。
46.A.reviewing
C.receiving
B.approving
D.attempting
解析：选
D
review
回顾；approve
赞成；receive
收到；
attempt
尝试。根据下文可知孩子们是想尝试打开门。故选
D。
47.A.win
out
C.wake
up
解析：选
C
B.give
up
D.stand
out
句意：有一天，他们会开始了解真相，并且
发现一直以来他们所知道的关于窗户的一切，是一个谎言。win
out
最后获得成功；give
up
放弃；wake
up
开始了解真相；stand
out
站出来。故选
C。
48.A.dream
C.fantasy
B.lie
D.fact
解析：选
B
句意同上。dream
梦想；lie
谎言；fantasy
幻
想；fact
事实。故选
B。
49.A.parents
C.colleagues
B.twins
D.teachers
解析：选
A
句意：我想知道父母是否应该说出真相，无论
结果如何。parents父母；twins双胞胎；colleagues同事；teachers
老师。根据下文“to
our
children”，可知作者指的是父母。故选A。
50.A.restrictions
C.differences
B.explanations
D.consequences
解析：选
D
句意同上。restriction
限制；explanation
解释；
difference
差异；consequence
结果。故选
D。
51.A.demand
C.desire
解析：选
B
B.fear
D.doubt
句意：我有一种强烈的害怕，害怕我们正在
说的谎言会对孩子们造成心灵上的伤害。demand
要求；fear
害
怕；desire
欲望；doubt
怀疑。故选
B。
52.A.physical
C.spiritual
B.biological
D.behavioral
解析：选
C
physical
身体的；biological
生物的；spiritual
心灵的；behavioral
行为的。故选
C。
53.A.traditional
C.double
B.important
D.original
解析：选
B
traditional
传统的；important
重要的；double
双重的；original
原来的。下文说假如他们将来在生活中遇到比
喻的门，就像某种机会，他们不是打开门，抓住机会，而是凝
视着它，想知道“假如它不是一扇门，将会怎么样”。由此可
知，窗户和门的比喻意义是非常重要的。故选
B。
54.A.life
C.reply
B.time
D.history
解析：选
A
life
生活；time
时间；reply
回答；history
历
史。根据“Then
when
they
come
to
other
doors
in
life”可知这里指
在生活中遇到比喻的门。故选
A。
55.A.by
comparison
with
C.regardless
of
B.in
addition
to
D.instead
of
解析：选
D
by
comparison
with
与……相比；in
addition
to
除……之外；regardless
of
不管；instead
of
而不是。对孩子们撒
谎，今后，孩子们面对生活中的“门”时，会观望，而不是打
开“门”。故选
D。
56.A.get
hold
of
C.knock
on
B.stare
at
D.make
use
of
解析：选
B
get
hold
of
抓住；stare
at
凝视；knock
on
敲击
(门、窗)；make
use
of
利用。孩子们遇到机会，不是马上抓住
它，而是在考虑很多问题。由此可知，孩子们在凝视着“机会”。
故选
B。
57.A.real
C.similar
解析：选
A
B.typical
D.limited
句意：也就是说，假如它不是一个真的机会，
将会怎么样？real
真的；typical
典型的；similar
相似的；limited
有限的。孩子们面对机会，犹豫不前，是在质疑机会的真实性。
故选
A。
58.A.safety
rule
C.bottom
line
B.comfort
zone
D.top
secret
解析：选
C
safety
rule
安全守则；comfort
zone
舒适带；
bottom
line
底线；top
secret
绝密的。根据“I
shouldn't
lie
to
my
kids.”可知这是“我”的底线。故选
C。
59.A.delay
C.enjoy
B.regret
D.accept
解析：选
D
句意：当我告知孩子们真相时，我也不得不
重复地说：“不，我们现在不能去外面。”这是一个现实，我只
能接受。delay
推迟；regret
后悔；enjoy
享受；accept
接受。故
选
D。
60.A.hurry
C.hesitate
B.decide
D.intend
解析：选
C
句意：然后，当他们遇到生活中的其他“门”
时，或真实或比喻，他们将毫不犹豫地打开它们，然后走过去。
hurry
匆忙；decide
决定；hesitate
犹豫；intend
打算。故选
C。
(三)巧用词汇复现
在做完形填空题时，考生必须借助对上下文的理解才能得
出答案，有时首段的信息甚至会决定尾段设空题目的答案。有
些词语常常重复出现在语篇之中，而词汇复现使得语篇中的句
子相互衔接和连贯，从而构成一个完整的意义整体。此外，文
章中时常会隐藏着一些与设空处意义紧密相连的同义词或近义
词。因此，考生必须注意上下文的连贯性及逻辑性，结合全文
的语境并运用逻辑思维进行答题。词汇复现主要有：同词复现、
同义或近义词复现以及反义词复现。
1.同词复现是指前后句的重合信息是用同一个词语来表达
的情况。
2.同义或近义词复现是指前后句的重合信息是用同义或近
义词词语来表达的情况。
3.
反义词复现是指和前文中词义相反的单词在原文中出
现，以达到文章衔接的目的。我们可以利用文章的这一衔接手
段在文章中寻找要填入单词的反义词。
例
(2019
年浙江卷·完形填空)
There
are
lots
of
ways
to
raise
awareness
for
a
cause.Usually,
the
36.stranger
the
idea
is,
the
more
it
gets
noticed.And
that's
precisely
why
one
37.garbage
?
eating
Frenchman
has
caught
our
attention.
Baptiste
Dubanchet
is
biking
across
Europe
，
surviving
38.entirely
on
discarded
(丢弃)
food.The
three-month,
1，900?mile
journey
from
Paris
to
Warsaw
is
Dubanchet's
__39__
of
raising
awareness
of
food
waste
in
Europe
and
throughout
the
world.
...
39.A.purpose
C.opinion
解析：选
B
B.way
D.dream
根据文章的第一句“There
are
lots
of
ways
to
raise
awareness
for
a
cause”
可知此处指引人注目的“方法”。
way
意为“方法；方式”。故选
B。
(四)紧抓逻辑关系
语篇一般指比句子长的语言单位，如句群、段落、篇章等。
语篇与语篇之间往往有表明其内在联系的词语，这些词语被称
为“语篇标志词”。表示上下文逻辑关系的语篇标志词涉及文
章的起承转合、上下连贯，如表示并列关系的词
and,
or
等；表
示
转
折
关
系
的
词
或
短
语
but,
however,
though,
whereas,
nevertheless,
yet,
on
the
contrary,
otherwise,
on
the
other
hand
等；
表示顺序关系的词或短语
before,
after,
to
begin
with,
first,
firstly,
second,
secondly,
then,
next,
finally
等；表示解释关系的词或短语
that
is
to
say,
in
other
words
等；表示因果关系的词或短语
so,
therefore,
thus,
because,
as
a
result,
consequently,
hence,
for
this
reason,
since
等；表示让步关系的词或短语
although,
though,
despite,
in
spite
of,
after
all,
even
though/if
等；表示条件关系的词
或短语
if,
unless,
provided
that,
in
case
(of)等；表示附加说明、例
证
的
词
或
短
语
likewise,
similarly,
for
example,
for
instance,
incidentally,
indeed,
in
fact,
in
particular,
that
is
等；表示概括总结
的
词
或
短
语
in
brief,
in
short,
in
conclusion,
in
a
word,
on
the
whole,
generally
speaking,
to
sum
up,
to
summarize,
to
conclude
等。对于有些设空，抓住这些关键词和关键短语，理清前后关
系就能找出正确选项。
例
(2020
年浙江卷·完形填空)
I've
been
farming
sheep
on
a
hillside
for
54
years.I
use
a
small
tractor
to
get
about.My
dog
Don
always
sits
beside
me
in
the
passenger
seat.
One
morning
I
36.spotted
a
lost
lamb
when
I
was
in
the
top
field
，near
where
a
motorway
cuts
through
my
land.The
lamb
had
become
separated
from
its
37.mother,
so
I
jumped
out
of
the
tractor
to
38.tend
to
it
while
Don
stayed
in
his
seat.
Lamb
and
mother
39.reunited,
I
turned
back
to
the
tractor
only
to
see
it
move
suddenly
away
from
me.This
was
so
__40__
because
I
had
put
the
handbrake
on
when
I
jumped
out.41.Obviously
Don
had
somehow
made
the
42.vehicle
move.
My
heart
froze
in
my
chest
as
I
43.saw
the
tractor
heading
towards
the
44.motorway.I
ran
desperately
but
failed
to
__45__.It
crashed
through
a
wooden
fence
and
disappeared.The
46.last
thing
I
saw
was
Don's
face,
looking
calmly
back
at
me.
...
40.A.unexpected
C.embarrassing
B.dangerous
D.difficult
解析：选
A
句意：这太出乎意料了，因为我跳下车时已
经拉上了手刹。unexpected
出乎意料的；dangerous
危险的；
embarrassing
使人尴尬的；difficult
困难的。上文说“我”看见
拖拉机突然离开了“我”，下文说“我”跳下车时已经拉上了
手刹，所以这是让人出乎意料的事情。故选
A。
45.A.take
off
C.hold
back
B.catch
up
D.get
out
解析：选
B
句意：我拼命地跑，但没能追上。take
off
起
飞；catch
up
追上；hold
back
阻止；get
out
出去。由空前
but
表转折，以及下文“It
crashed
through
a
wooden
fence...”，可知
“我”没有追上拖拉机。故选
B。
(五)注意习惯用语和固定搭配
答题时可以通过分析习惯用语、固定搭配和句子结构，进
行有效推理判断，从而选出正确选项。因此，考生平时要有意
识地识记一些常用的习惯用语、固定搭配，学会分析句子结构，
不仅要记忆这些搭配，还要学会灵活运用，准确判断。
例
(2020
年江苏卷·完形填空)
Being
good
at
something
and
having
a
passion
for
it
are
not
enough.Success
__36__
fundamentally
on
our
view
of
ourselves
and
of
the
37.events
in
our
lives.
36.A.depends
C.keeps
B.holds
D.reflects
解析：选
A
句意：成功从根本上取决于我们对自己和对
生活中所发生事情的看法。depends
依靠；holds
握，持有；keeps
保持；reflects
反映。depend
on
取决于，为固定搭配。故选
A。
(六)联系文化背景和生活常识
完形填空题作为独立的语篇，以其自身的内容提供完整的
语篇信息，但其中也渗透着文学、科学、历史地理、风俗民情
等领域的知识。考生在做题时，若能积极调动自己的文化背景
知识和生活常识，特别是有关中西文化差异的知识，并巧妙地
加以运用，将会大大简化复杂的分析过程与判断过程，节省宝
贵的时间，顺利地沿着作者的思路阅读下去。
例
(2017
年新课标Ⅲ卷·完形填空)
A
Toronto
man
is
offering
a
free
round
?the
?world
air
to
the
right
woman.But
41.restrictions
apply.You
must
be
named
Elizabeth
Gallagher
and
have
a
Canadian
__42__.
...
“I
just
want
to
see
the
ticket
go
to
good
use
and
for
someone
to
48.experience
a
lot
of
joy
，”
said
Axani.He
posted
his
49.offer
on
a
social
networking
website,
and
received
thousands
of
e?mails,
including
thirty
from
actual
Elizabeth
Gallaghers
with
the
50.right
passports,
“More
51.interesting,
there
are
hundreds
of
Canadians
who
are
interested
in
52.changing
their
name
to
Elizabeth
Gallagher，”
Axani
said...
42.A.origin
C.accent
解析：
选
B
B.passport
D.friend
由第三段中的“including
thirty
from
actual
Elizabeth
Gallaghers
with
the
50.right
passports”可知，申请者除
了名字是
Elizabeth
Gallagher
外，还需要有加拿大的护照。origin
来源；passport
护照；accent
口音；friend
朋友。故选
B。(共55张PPT)
专题五
语法填空
一、题型要求
语法填空题是在一篇
200
词左右的短文中留出
10
个空白，
部分空白的后面给出单词的基本形式，要求考生根据上下文在
空白处填写
1
个适当的单词或所给单词的正确形式。该题型强
调在语篇环境中考查考生加工处理语言信息、分析句子结构、
熟练运用语法知识和词汇知识的能力。
语法填空题同时具有单项选择和完形填空两种题型的特
点，主要考查学生对基本语法知识、词汇、习语和较为简单的
表达方式的把握情况，着重在语篇层面上考查学生的语法分析
能力。语法填空题型具有以下特点：
1.在语篇层面上考查语言知识，符合新课标倡导的语言学
习理念；
2.试题设计采用填空方式，而不是单项选择，真正激活了
学生的语言知识以及应用能力，对中学英语教学有较好的指导
作用；
3.考试内容不仅涉及句子的语法结构，还包括构词法、篇
章连贯和句意对句子结构的制约作用，符合语言真实性的要求，
让学生在更加真实的语境中应用自己的语言知识。
二、命题分析
根据近几年高考新课标全国卷语法填空的命题特点，分为
有提示词填空和无提示词填空两类。
1.有提示词填空有
7
处，给出的提示词主要是动词、形容
词、副词和名词等几大词类，要求用括号里所给词的正确形式
填空。考查的知识点包括动词的时态和语态、主谓一致、非谓
语动词、形容词和副词的比较级、名词的单复数、代词(人称、
物主、反身代词等)、词性转换和词形变化等。
2.无提示词填空有
3
处，以考查冠词、介词、连词、代词(不
定代词、it)、助动词和从句的引导词以及固定搭配为主，每空
只填一词。
一、解题步骤
第一步：通读全文，理解文章大意
越过空格，通读全文，了解文章的大意，理清文章的脉络。
第二步：分析句子，确定词性和词形
分析句子结构及句意，确定所填词在句中所做的成分或所
属的词类，再根据上下文语境、时态和逻辑关系进一步确定所
填词的正确形式。
第三步：代入检查，确保语义连贯
答案基本确定后，代入原文再次通读，认真检查语义是否
连贯、语法是否正确、逻辑是否合理。
第四步：消除疏漏，注意单词“三写”
检查是否存在漏填和错填，确保单词拼写正确、书写规范、
大小写准确。
二、解题技巧
(一)有提示词
1.提示词是名词
名词的形式变化主要有单数、复数、所有格的变化。当设
空处后的括号中给出的提示词是名词时，一般考查其复数形式
和名词所有格等，或考查转换成其他词类，如转换成形容词或
动词。其解题方法为：
(1)判断词性
根据题干的语法结构，特别是空前的限定词判断词性，冠
词、代词、数词、形容词等后应用名词。
(2)确定名词的形式
确定词性为名词后，再确定名词是否可数，用单数还是复
数，用名词的所有格还是其他形式。如果是可数名词，则要根
据设空处前的修饰语、谓语动词的形式或语境确定是用单数还
是复数。
例
1
(2020
年新高考Ⅰ卷·语法填空)
Many
people
have
the
hobby
of
collecting
things,
e.g.stamps,
postcards
or
antiques.In
the
18th
and
19th
centuries,
__36__
(wealth)
people
travelled
and
collected
plants,
historical
objects
and
works
of
art...
36.解析：填
wealthy
考查词形变化。此处修饰名词
people，
应使用形容词做定语。故填
wealthy。
例
2
(2020
年新高考Ⅱ卷·语法填空)
...At
the
same
time,
computer
games
are
becoming
increasingly
popular
as
major
publishing
houses
continue
to
develop
__57__
(education)
computer
programs
for
children
in
preschool...
57.解析：填
educational
考查词形变化。修饰名词
computer
programs，应使用形容词做定语。故填
educational。
例
3
(2020
年浙江卷·语法填空)
...By
about
6000
BC,
people
61.had
discovered
the
best
crops
to
grow
and
animals
to
raise.Later,
they
learned
to
work
with
the
__62__
(season),
planting
at
the
right
time
and,
in
dry
areas,
63.making
use
of
annual
floods
to
irrigate
(灌溉)
their
fields...
62.解析：填
seasons
考查名词单复数。
句意：后来，他
们学会了因地制宜，在适当的时间播种。season
为可数名词，
结合句意可知应用复数形式。故填
seasons。
2.提示词是动词
动词的形式变化比较多，有谓语的变化(时态、语态、语气)，
有非谓语的变化(不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词)，也
有词性上的转变。
当设空处后的括号内所给提示词为动词原形时，应先判断
设空处为谓语动词还是非谓语动词。首先将有横线的部分以句
子为单位进行划分，然后标出句子中的动词。
(1)若句中缺少谓语动词，则主要考查动词的时态、语态或
主谓一致等。
①根据语境或句中的时间标志词确定时态。
②分析主语与所给动词之间的关系，是主动还是被动，并
结合该动词的具体用法确定语态。
③注意主谓一致。根据主语的形式或表示的单复数含义来
确定谓语动词的数，使其与主语保持一致。
(2)若句中已有谓语动词，且设空处不是并列谓语，则应考
虑非谓语动词形式。
①根据非谓语动词在句中所做的句子成分、句式要求等，
确定应用动名词、现在分词、过去分词，还是不定式。如做目
的状语一般用不定式形式；做伴随状语一般用现在分词形式；
做主语或宾语用动名词形式或不定式形式；当做
enjoy,
finish，
put
off
，delay,
suggest
，admit,
avoid,
appreciate,
permit,
escape,
forbid
等词或短语的宾语时常用动名词形式；当做
wait，want，
wish，hope,
attempt,
desire,
decide,
promise,
ask,
determine,
refuse
等词的宾语时常用动词不定式形式。
②分析逻辑主语与所给动词之间是主动关系还是被动关
系，决定非谓语动词用主动式还是被动式。
③分析谓语动词的动作与非谓语动词的动作发生的先后顺
序，确定用一般式还是完成式。
(3)有时，还会考查动词转换为名词或形容词。
①分析句子结构，确定所要填的词在句中充当的句子成分。
②根据构词法，将括号中的词转化为需要的词类。如在句
中放在名词前做定语、在系动词后做表语或在如
see/let/make/have
等动词后做宾语补足语时，应用形容词等。
例
1
(2020
年新课标Ⅰ卷·语法填空)
...Chinese
researchers
hope
to
use
the
instruments
onboard
Chang'e
?4
__66__
(find)
and
study
areas
of
the
South
Pole-Aitken
basin.“This
really
excites
scientists，”
Carle
Pieters,
a
scientist
at
Brown
University,
says,
“because
it
__67__
(mean)
we
have
the
chance
to
obtain
information
about
how
the
moon
__68__
(construct).”
66.解析：填
to
find
考查非谓语动词。句意：中国的研究
者希望使用嫦娥四号上的设备来发现和研究南极艾特肯盆地。
此处表示目的，应使用动词不定式做目的状语。故填
to
find。
67.解析：填
means
考查时态和主谓一致。根据上文“This
really
excites
scientists”可知，此处也应使用一般现在时。主语是
it，所以空处谓语动词使用第三人称单数形式。故填
means。
68.解析：填
is
constructed
考查时态、语态和主谓一致。
分析句子可知，主语
the
moon
与谓语动词
construct
之间是被动
关系，应使用被动语态；再由上下文可知此处应使用一般现在
时，主语
the
moon
是单数，故填
is
constructed。
例
2
(2020
年新课标Ⅱ卷·语法填空)
Chinese
New
Year
is
a
__61__
(celebrate)
marking
the
end
of
the
winter
season
and
the
beginning
of
spring.This
is
why
decorating
with
plants,
fruits
and
flowers
__62__
(carry)
special
significance.They
represent
the
earth
__63__
(come)
back
to
life
and
best
wishes
for
new
beginnings...
考查词形变化。不定冠词
a
后接
61.解析：填
celebration
名词。故填
celebration。
62.解析：填
carries
考查主谓一致。句意：这就是使用植
物、水果和鲜花装饰是具有特殊意义的原因。从句主语为
“decorating
with
plants,
fruits
and
flowers”，所以谓语动词用单数
形式。故填
carries。
63.解析：填
coming
考查非谓语动词。名词
earth
与come
back
to
之间为主动关系，所以用现在分词。故填
coming。
例
3
(2020
年新高考Ⅰ卷·语法填空)
...The
80，000
objects
collected
by
Sir
Hans
Sloane,
for
example,
__38__
(form)
the
core
collection
of
the
British
Museum
39.which/that
opened
in
1759.
The
parts
of
a
museum
open
to
the
public
__40__
(call)
galleries
or
rooms.Often,
only
a
small
part
of
a
museum's
collection
__41__
(be)
on
display.Most
of
it
is
stored
away
or
used
for
research.
...
38.
解析：填
formed
考查动词时态。根据时间状语“in
1759”可知，句子时态应为一般过去时。故填
formed。
40.解析：填
are
called
考查动词时态及语态。此处描述客
观用途，应使用一般现在时；主语与
call
是被动关系，应使用
被动语态，且主语是复数。故填
are
called。
41.解析：填
is
考查时态及主谓一致。此处描述的是客观
事实，应使用一般现在时，主语“a
small
part
of
a
museum's
collection”是单数概念，谓语动词应使用第三人称单数形式。
故填
is。
3.提示词是形容词或副词
英语中大部分形容词和表方式的副词都有原级、比较级和
最高级等的变化。构成比较级和最高级的方式，或通过加后缀
-er
和-est，或在词前加
more/less
和
most/least，且形容词的最高
级前还要加定冠词
the。
如果设空处后的括号内所给提示词是形容词或副词，一般
会考查形容词或副词的比较级或最高级，或词性转换，如形容
词与副词相互转换、形容词转换为名词或变为其反义词等。
(1)考查词性转换或词形变化
①分析句子结构，确定所要填的词在句中充当的句子成分。
②根据构词法，将括号中的词转化为需要的词类。如修饰
动词、形容词、副词或整个句子要用副词；在句中放在名词前
做定语、在系动词后做表语或在如
see/let/make/have
等动词后做
宾语补足语时，用形容词。当词性不一定要变时，若设空处需
要用与该词意义相反的词逻辑才通顺，就要在该词前面或后面
加表示否定或相反意义的词缀，此时要注意与词根意义相反的
派生词，如在所给提示词前加前缀
un-，im?，in?，il?，dis?，
mis?等。
(2)考查形容词或副词的比较级
考生可根据句中出现的标志词
than
或“the
＋比较级，the
＋比较级”及句中隐含的比较意义确定用比较级还是用最高
级。
例
1
(2020
年新高考Ⅰ卷·语法填空)
...At
the
Jorvik
Centre
in
York,
the
city's
Viking
settlement
is
recreated,
and
people
experience
the
sights,
sounds
and
smells
of
the
old
town.Historical
__44__
(accurate)
is
important
but
so
is
entertainment...
44.解析：填
accuracy
考查词形变化。句意：历史的准确
性和娱乐性都很重要。此处做主语，位于形容词
historical
之后，
应使用名词。故填
accuracy。
例
2
(2020
年新课标Ⅰ卷·语法填空)
...The
unmanned
Chang'e
?4
probe
(
探测器)—the
name
was
inspired
by
an
ancient
Chinese
moon
goddess
61.touched
(touch)
down
last
week
in
the
South
Pole-Aitken
basin.Landing
on
the
moon's
far
side
is
__62__
(extreme)
challenging...
62.
解析：填
extremely
考查副词。空处修饰形容词
challenging，应使用
extreme
的副词形式。故填
extremely。
例
3
(2020
年新课标Ⅲ卷·语法填空)
In
ancient
China
lived
an
artist
61.whose
paintings
were
almost
lifelike.The
artist's
reputation
had
made
him
proud.One
day
the
emperor
wanted
to
get
his
portrait
(
画像)
done
so
he
called
all
great
artists
to
come
and
present
their
__62__
(fine)
work,
so
that
he
could
choose
the
best...
62.解析：填
finest
考查形容词最高级。句意：有一天，
皇帝想让人给他画一幅肖像，于是他把所有伟大的画家都请来，
让他们展示自己最好的作品，以便他挑选最好的。结合句意可
知，皇帝想要“最好的”作品。故填
finest。
例
4
...As
the
small
boat
moved,
__68__
(gentle)
along
the
river
he
was
left
speechless
by
the
mountains
being
silently
reflected
in
the
water.
68.解析：填
gently
考查副词。此处修饰动词
moved
应用
副词
gently
做状语，表示“缓缓地”。故填
gently。
4.提示词是代词或考查代词(无提示词时)
代词形式变化通常是与人称变化有关的三大类五小类，即
人称代词(主格和宾格)、物主代词(形容词性和名词性)、反身代
词。另外还有几个不定代词的形式变化，如
no
one/none,
other/
another
等。
(1)有提示词时，应注意分析句子结构。若设空处在句中做
主语，则要填人称代词主格、指示代词、不定代词；若设空处
做动词或介词的宾语，则要填人称代词宾格、名词性物主代词；
若置于名词前做定语，应用形容词性物主代词；若设空处在句
中做宾语或同位语等成分，且与主语指同一人(或物)，则用反
身代词。
(2)无提示词时，若设空处在句中做形式主语或形式宾语，
或在强调句中做主语，则应填
it；若设空处做动词或介词的宾
语，在句中指代上下文的内容，则应填写指示代词。
例
1
(2020
年新课标Ⅰ卷·语法填空)
...Data
about
the
moon's
composition,
such
as
how
69.much
ice
and
other
treasures
it
contains,
could
help
China
decide
whether
__70__
(it)
plans
for
a
future
lunar
(月球的)
base
are
practical.
70.解析：填
its
考查代词。根据空后的名词
plans
可知，
此处应使用形容词性物主代词
its。故填
its。
例
2
(2020
年新高考Ⅰ卷·语法填空)
...Many
museums
are
lively
places
and
they
attract
a
lot
of
visitors.As
well
as
looking
at
exhibits,
visitors
can
play
with
computer
simulations
(模拟)
and
imagine
__42__
(they)
living
at
a
different
time
in
history
or
43.walking
(walk)
through
a
rainforest...
42.解析：填
themselves
考查反身代词。此处指代
visitors，
意为“他们自己”，应使用反身代词。故填
themselves。
例
3
(2018
年浙江卷·语法填空)
Few
people
I
know
seem
to
have
much
desire
or
time
to
cook.Making
Chinese
56.dishes
(dish)
is
seen
as
especially
troublesome.Many
westerners
57.who/that
come
to
China
cook
much
less
than
in
their
own
countries
once
they
realize
how
cheap
__58__
can
be
to
eat
out...
58.解析：填
it
考查
it
用法。正常语序应该是“it
can
be
cheap
to
eat
out”其中不定式
to
eat
out
是真正的主语，it
是形式
主语。故填
it。
5.提示词是数词
当设空处的括号中给出的提示词是数词时，一般考查基数
词转换为序数词，或加后缀?teen、-ty
的变化，甚至还有考查分
母用的序数词的单复数形式，以及
one/two
的特殊变化形式
once/twice
等。
例
...To
my
three
sons
I
leave
my
seventeen
horses.My
eldest
son
shall
take
a
half,
my
second
son
shall
take
a
________
(three)...
解析：填
third
考查序数词。从上下文可知，这是一个分
马的计划，大儿子分得
a
half，也就是“一半”或“二分之一”，
那么二儿子应该得“三分之一”，所以要填入分母的序数词
third。
(二)无提示词
1.考查冠词
在做主语、宾语或表语的名词或“形容词＋名词”前缺少
限定词时，通常填冠词。另外，在形容词最高级前通常填定冠
词。冠词只能是在
a，an，the
之间判定，往往考查固定短语或
搭配。
例
1
(2020
年新课标Ⅱ卷·语法填空)
...The
plum
trees
are
__70__
first
to
flower
even
as
the
snow
is
melting
(融化).
70.解析：填
the
考查冠词。句意：雪还在融化时，梅花
是第一个开花的。这里表示特指，所以序数词
first
前要加定冠
词
the。故填
the。
例
2
(2020
年浙江卷·语法填空)
...This
style
of
farming
lasted
for
quite
a
long
time.Then，with
__64__
rise
of
science，changes
began.New
methods
65.meant
that
fewer
people
worked
in
farming...
64.解析：
填
the
考查定冠词。with
the
rise
of
意为“随
着……的崛起”，是固定短语。故填
the。
例
3
(2017
年新课标Ⅰ卷·语法填空)
...As
__65__
result,
people
will
eat
more
food
to
try
to
make
up
for
that
something
missing...
65.解析：填
a
考查不定冠词。句意：结果是，人们将吃
更多的食物去弥补损失的东西。固定短语
as
a
result
表示“结果
是”。故填
a。
2.考查介词
设空处后如果是名词、代词、动名词或
what
从句，且它们
不做主语或动词宾语时，可能会填介词；或设空处前是动词，
设空处后为名词、动名词，设空处可能会填介词构成动词短语。
如果句子中不缺少主语或表语，动词后又不缺少宾语，则名词
或代词前一定是填介词。考生也可根据语境及介词与名词、动
词、形容词等的搭配，如
devote
to,
at
the
same
time，go
back
to,
be
full
of
等，判断是否应该填介词。常用的介词有
in,
on,
at,
with,
as(作为),
before,
after,
by,
from,
through,
to,
for,
during
等，通常考
查固定搭配。
例
1
(2020
年新高考Ⅰ卷·语法填空)
...Museums
must
compete
__45__
people's
spare
time
and
money
with
other
amusements.Most
museums
also
welcome
school
groups
and
arrange
special
activities
for
children.
考查介词。compete
for
意为“为了……
45.解析：填
for
而竞争”。故填
for。
例
2
(2020
年新课标Ⅱ卷·语法填空)
...Bamboo
plants
are
associated
__67__
health,
abundance
and
a
happy
home.They
are
easy
68.to
care
(care)
for
and
make
great
presents.
67.
解析：填
with
考查介词。be
associated
with
意为
“与……相联系”。故填
with。
3.考查连词
当设空处前后都是句子(一个主谓关系算一个句子)，并且
这两个句子之间没有关联词，也没有句号或分号时，则设空处
需要填入并列连词或复合句的引导词。
(1)并列连词
若两个句子之间没有从属关系，而是并列关系，或连接两
个功能对等的单词或短语时，需要根据其表示的顺承或递进、
转折、因果或选择意义，分别填入相应的连词
and,
but,
however,
so,
or
等。常用的关联短语有
both...and...,
either...or...,
neither...
nor...,
not
only...but
also...等。
(2)从属连词
根据两句之间的意义和逻辑关系，或者根据句式结构，确
定是并列句还是复合句。如果是复合句，则根据各类从句的特
点，结合引导词的意义和用法，确定填具体的某个引导词。
①定语从句关系词
若设空处所引导的从句起形容词的作用(做定语)，则为定
语从句，常考查关系代词
that,
which,
who,
whom,
whose
及关系
副词
when,
where,
why
等。首先确定先行词(被从句修饰的名词
或代词)，然后分析关系词在从句中充当什么成分，结合关系词
的意义和用法，确定具体的关系词。
②名词性从句连接词
若设空处所引导的从句起名词的作用(如做主语/宾语/表语
/同位语)，则为名词性从句，常考查从属连词
that，if/whether,
who,
what,
where,
how
等。首先分析从句在句中所充当的成分，
确定从句是主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句还是同位语从句；
然后分析从句的结构，确定从句的引导词：若从句中缺少主语、
宾语或表语，则考虑用连接代词；若从句中缺少状语，则用连
接副词。
③状语从句引导词
若设空处所引导的从句起副词的作用(做状语)，则为状语
从句，常考查从属连词
because,
as,
since,
although,
though,
if,
unless,
when,
while,
before,
after，until，as
等。如果句中不缺少
主语、宾语、表语，则可能是缺少状语，然后根据设空处在从
句中是做时间状语、地点状语、方式状语还是原因状语等，确
定具体的引导词。
例
1
(2020
年新课标Ⅰ卷·语法填空)
...Because
the
moon's
body
blocks
direct
radio
communication
with
a
probe,
China
first
had
to
put
a
satellite
in
orbit
above
the
moon
in
a
spot
__63__
it
could
send
signals
to
the
spacecraft
and
to
Earth...
63.解析：填
where
考查定语从句。分析句子可知，先行
词是
a
spot，关系词在从句中做地点状语，应用
where
引导。故
填
where。
例
2
(2020
年浙江卷·语法填空)
...Over
thousands
of
years
，
they
began
to
depend
less
on
__57__
could
be
hunted
or
gathered
from
the
wild
，and
more
on
animals
they
had
raised
and
crops
they
had
sown...
57.解析：填what
考查名词性从句。宾语从句部分缺主语，
所以引导词应为连接代词。再根据句意，此处应表示“什么”。
故填
what。
例
3
(2020
年新课标Ⅲ卷·语法填空)
...Filled
with
64.curiosity
(curious),
the
artist
packed
his
bags
and
left.__65__
he
asked
the
villagers
on
the
banks
of
the
river
where
he
could
find
the
legendary
(传奇的)
artist,
they
smiled
and
66.pointed
(point)
down
the
river...
65.解析：填
When/As
考查连词。句子为时间状语从句，
表示“当……时候”；且从句中动词
asked
为非延续性动词，
故应用
when
或
as
引导。故填
When/As。
例
4
(2020
年新高考Ⅰ卷·语法填空)
...They
kept
their
collection
at
home
until
it
got
too
big
__37__
until
they
died,
and
then
it
was
given
to
a
museum...
37.解析：填
or
考查连词。句意：他们把自己的藏品留在
家里，直到收藏量变得太大或者自己去世，然后这些藏品就捐
给博物馆。根据语境可知，前后陈述的是两种可能性。故填
or。
例
5
(2019
年新课标Ⅰ卷·语法填空)
The
polar
bear
is
found
in
the
Arctic
Circle
and
some
big
land
masses
as
far
south
as
Newfoundland.While
they
are
rare
north
of
88
°，there
is
evidence
__61__
they
range
all
the
way
across
the
Arctic,
and
as
far
south
as
James
Bay
in
Canada...
61.解析：填
that
考查同位语从句。分析句子结构可知，
主句为
there
be
句型，且结构完整，空格后为同位语从句，解
释说明中心词
evidence
的内容。故填
that。
4.考查情态动词或助动词
若句中谓语动词为原形，在其前设纯空格题时，注意考虑
情态动词与助动词。然后根据句意或句式结构填入恰当的情态
动词或助动词。
分析句式结构，如果句子结构完整，设空处后的是动词原
形或
have
done
或
be
doing
等，或上下文时态或主谓不一致时，
可能要填情态动词或助动词。当确定设空处应填入情态动词或
助动词后，应根据主语的单复数或句子时态以及意义选用恰当
的情态动词或助动词。用于强调谓语动词或构成部分倒装语序
的助动词有
do，does，did
等；如表达特定的情感和意义，则选
择使用相应的情态动词。
例
One
morning,
I
was
waiting
at
the
bus
stop,
worried
about
61.(being)
late
for
school...Finally,
when
we
came
to
the
next
stop,
the
boy
ran
up
to
the
door
of
the
bus.I
heard
an
exciting
conversation.Then
the
driver
stood
up
and
asked，“__68__
anyone
lose
a
suitcase
at
the
last
stop？”...
68.解析：Did
考查动词时态和助动词。本句是直接引语，
是一个一般疑问句。因为询问的是过去发生的事情，所以使用
助动词
did。又因为位于句首，故填
Did。
5.考查特殊句式
主要考查强调句、祈使句、感叹句、there
be
句型及部分倒
装句中动词的时态。常考的特殊句式都有一定的规律和句式结
构，如强调句的基本
结构为“It
is/was
＋被强调部分＋that/
who...”，其判断方法为：若去掉
It
is/was
和
that/who
之后，句
子仍完整，则题干为强调句。
例
Stress:
Good
or
Bad?
Stress
used
to
be
an
almost
unknown
word,
but
now
that
we
are
used
to
talking
about
it.I
have
found
that
people
are
beginning
to
get
stressed
about
being
stressed.
In
recent
years,
stress
33.(has
been
regarded)
as
a
cause
of
a
whole
range
of
medical
problems,
from
high
blood
pressure
to
mental
illness.But
like
so
many
other
things,
it
is
only
too
much
stress
__34__
does
you
harm.It
is
time
you
considered
that
if
there
were
no
stress
in
your
life,
you
would
achieve
a
little...
34.解析：that
考查强调句句型。强调句型的基本结构为
“It
is/was＋被强调成分＋that/who＋其他成分”；其最大的特
点就是去掉
It
is/was...that/who...后句子仍然成立。要注意强调句
型能强调除谓语动词以外的所有的句子成分。本句强调的是句
子的主语
only
too
much
stress。故填
that。(共32张PPT)
第三部分
题型备战
专题一
听说考试
一、题型要求
2020
年广东省普通高考英语科听说考试考试说明的内容
为：
(一)语言知识
要求考生掌握并能运用英语语音、词汇、语法基础知识以
及所学功能意念和话题，要求词汇量为
3500
个词左右。
(二)语言运用
1.听力要求考生听懂所熟悉话题的简短独白和对话。考生
应能：
(1)理解主旨和要义；
(2)获取具体的、事实性信息；
(3)对所听内容做出推断；
(4)理解说话者的意图、观点和态度。
2.口语要求考生根据提示进行口头表达。考生应能：
(1)询问或传递事实性信息，表达意思和想法；
(2)做到语音、语调自然；
(3)做到语言运用得体；
(4)使用有效的交际策略。
二、命题分析
(一)考试形式
高考英语科听说考试的时间约
30
分钟。采用计算机辅助考
试，试卷满分
60
分。评卷采用人工评卷和计算机评卷相结合的
方式。
题序
题型
题量
赋分
时间
A
节
模仿朗读
1
20
约
30
分钟
B
节
角色扮演
1
16
C
节
故事复述
1
24
总
计
3
60
约
30
分钟
(二)试卷结构
注意：英语科听说考试最终计入总成绩的分值＝卷面成绩
(满分
60
分)×0.25，四舍五入取整数计分。
(三)题型说明
A
节
模仿朗读
要求考生观看一段大约一分钟的片段，然后考生开始模仿
训练：先阅读文字稿，再对照文字稿听录音。完成训练之后考
生开始模仿朗读：考生对照片段的字幕朗读，要求考生的语音、
语调和语速尽可能与片段保持一致。
B
节
角色扮演
要求考生观看一段大约两分钟的片段，明确自己拟要扮演
的角色以及要完成的任务。看完片段之后首先根据中文提示，
准备
20
秒钟后用英语提出三个问题，计算机将回答考生的提
问；然后计算机向考生提出五个问题，考生必须根据自己所听
的内容(包括片段和计算机的回答两部分)回答问题，回答问题
之前考生有
10
秒钟的准备时间。
C
节
故事复述
要求考生先听一段大约两分钟的独白，录音播放两遍。考
生准备一分钟之后开始复述所听的内容。要求考生尽可能使用
自己的语言复述，而且复述内容应涵盖尽可能多的原文信息点。
选取的独白的体裁主要以记叙文和议论文为主。
一、模仿朗读
在平时的英语学习中，考生必须加强模仿朗读，完善语音
语调，必须逐个突破语音关，学会处理句子的语调、意群、停
顿、爆破、连读以及流利性等口语基本技能，追求“洋腔洋调”。
可以选取现行教材中的重点段落录音进行强化性的模仿，先听
一遍标准朗读，不断模仿，力求语音、语调、节奏与原声一致；
然后对自己的朗读进行录音；最后把自己朗读的录音与原声进
行比较，琢磨出其中的差距。考生遵循“听—模仿—录音—比
较”的步骤，多次重复，语音语调会越来越规范。
训练时，要注意以下几方面：
1.发音。在口语中，最重要的是让对方获取自己表达的信
息，所以发音正确非常关键。因此，发音到位很重要，尤其要
注意不完全爆破音与爆破音的区别，平时可以通过一些绕口令
来锻炼自己的发音。如：
Pip
and
Pete
shipped
the
sheep
ships
cheaply.
My
father
ke(pt)
working
till
midnight.
注意：由于
kept
后有/w/，因此/pt/部分不完全爆破，不用
发音，只需停顿即可。
2.连读。在连贯地说话或朗读时，在同一个意群(即短语或
从句)中，如果相邻的两个词前者以辅音音素结尾，后者以元音
音素开头，就要自然地将辅音音素和元音音素相拼，构成一个
音节，这就是连读。连读时的音节一般不重读，只需顺其自然
地一带而过，不可以加音，也不可以读得太重。如：
注意：英语语音中的/j/和/w/是半元音，如果前一个词是以
辅音音素结尾，后一个词是以半元音(特别是/j/)开头，此时也要
连读。如：
3.重读。英语的重读现象可以分为单词重读和句子重读。
单词重读其实就是指重音，这个可以在平时学单词时多加留意，
但也可以掌握一些规律，这样即使遇到新单词也可以根据发音
规则正确读出来。单词重读一般是实词重读，虚词不重读；大
多数代词不重读，但指示代词和疑问代词要重读。如：
注意：在某些情况下，虚词也可以重读：
(1)要特别强调某些虚词时。
(2)be
动词、助动词和情态动词出现在句首，否定式以及在
作简略回答时。
(3)介词(to
除外)在句尾时。如：
4.语调。英语中的基本语调有：升调(↗)，降调(↘)，升降
调(∧)，降升调(∨)和平调(→)。其用法为：
(1)升调：主要用于一般疑问句，带有疑问语气；也可用于
祈使句，表示委婉、客气；或用于陈述句，表示疑问、不肯定
或不耐烦等。如：
Can
you
come
for
lunch？↗
You
know
her？↗
So
long！↗
(2)降调：主要用于陈述句、特殊疑问句、祈使句(表命令)
和感叹句。如：
The
birds
are
singing
in
the
trees.↘
When
shall
I
give
you
the
book？↘
Leave
the
book
on
the
desk.↘
What
a
beautiful
picture！↘
(3)前升后降调：
①选择疑问句。如：
Which
do
you
prefer,
tea↗
or
coffee?
↘
②以状语或状语从句开头的句子。如：
In
my
opinion，↗he
is
perfectly
right.↘
③计数或列举。如：
One，↗two,
↗three↗
and
four.↘
I
want
a
pen，↗
a
ruler
↗and
some
paper.↘
注意：and
连接的几个并列的词或短语，and
前面的都读升
调，其后的读降调。
(4)前降后升调：主要用于带有疑问语气的反意疑问句。如：
You
haven't
finished
it，↘have
you？↗
如果反意疑问句中的疑问成分很少，则全部用降调。如：
It's
a
nice
day,
↘isn't
it？↘
(5)平调：指说话声调维持在同一个高度，无升降。
5.意群停顿。在朗读长句子的时候，要使朗读流畅、自然、
有节奏感，常常需要停顿。但停顿不是随意的，只能在意群之
间进行。句子可以按照它的意思和语法结构分成小段，这样的
小段就叫意群。意群可以是一个词，一个短语，也可以是并列
句中的一个分句或复合句中的一个主、从句等。如：
Tony
only
walks
a
few
steps/from
his
office/to
the
place/where
his
wife
works.
二、角色扮演
这部分的话题一般贴近考生的实际生活，即涉及个人情况、
周围环境、日常活动、学校生活、兴趣和爱好等方面的内容。
语言材料大部分以对话形式出现，题目中有简短的情景提示，
长度一般在
280
个单词左右(包括提问部分的人机对话内容)。
训练时，要注意以下几方面：
1.提问时，要注意确定用一般疑问句还是特殊疑问句，注
意正确使用疑问词。如：
住学校宿舍是否比较便宜？→Is
it
cheaper
to
live
in
the
school
dormitory?
天气如何？→What
is
the
weather
like?
2.回答时，要符合实际交际，即问什么，答什么，不必多
答，更不能答非所问。不一定完全按照材料的原句回答，可以
简略回答。如：
Chelsea
Clinton
grew
up
before
the
country's
eyes.Just
12
years
old
when
her
father
took
office,
she
spent
more
than
half
her
life
in
the
public
eyes,
though
her
parents
took
great
pains
to
keep
her
out
of
the
spotlight.
Question:
How
old
was
Chelsea
when
Mr.Clinton
took
office?
Key:
12/Twelve
(years
old).(问的是年龄，直接报出数字即
可)
3.记录时，巧用符号，快速记录。考生可以在平时的训练
中形成某些特定符号，用最简洁的符号记录信息，如字母、箭
头、笔画、汉字、图形等；做简单笔记，记录必要的信息点，
如数量、时间、地点等。如：
China—Ch
organization—org
Japan—Jap
phenomenon—phe
4.利用各种技巧，沉稳解决新单词带来的问题。考生在视
频开始之前要认真阅读背景，利用视频信息来猜测生词的意思，
以此帮助理解对话内容；在平时的学习中，要掌握一定的构词
法知识和熟悉某些专有名词。如：
fool—foolish
(愚蠢的)
child—childish
(孩子气的)
5.注意在表达过程中使用的时态以及提问的语音语调。提
问时要根据听力材料里面的实际情况来选择正确的时态和语音
语调。如：
Vanessa:
Oh
absolutely!
I
mean,
that
was
in
1997,
and
I
remember
I
was
in
the
middle
of
making
an
album.
Question:
What
was
the
last
time
when
Vanessa
performed
in
Hong
Kong?
Key:
In
1997.(此处要捕捉的信息是时间)
6.回答问题的过程中语言表达要流利，避免长时间的停顿
和沉默，注意语气词的使用。不少考生在回答问题的时候由于
犹豫，往往会发出
“er”
“ah”之类的语气词，这种情况一定要尽
量避免，否则会影响得分。
三、故事复述
本部分的故事体裁一般为叙事和简单的夹叙夹议文章，长
度在
250
个单词左右。故事内容往往比较贴近生活，包括学校
生活、家庭生活、人际交往等。文章结构比较完整，易于通过
听来理解内容，并进行口头表述。
训练时，要注意以下几方面：
1.听取故事时，要从整体上关注故事大意，尤其注意开头
句，并记录关键词。如听清楚故事的标题，标题通常对故事情
节有概括作用；理清故事人物以及人物之间的关系；此外，还
要理清故事的起因、经过、结果以及蕴涵的中心意思。切忌盲
目记下整个句子或过多细节，以致错过其他故事情节。只要记
住故事的大致内容，在复述时，即使不能使用故事的原文表达，
也可发挥短时记忆的作用，用自己的语言重新讲述故事。
2.复述故事时，要明确复述时使用的人称或称谓；复述要
连贯，不要连续重复某个词或某句话，可以换用其他词句表达。
考生平时可以练习正确使用词的单复数、时态、句子转承时的
连词并多进行发散思维训练，多思考如何使用多种不同方式表
达同一意思。如：
(原文)“Before
we
went
in,
why
did
you
stop
by
the
tree？”
I
asked.“Oh,
that's
my
trouble
tree，”
he
replied,
“I
know
I
can't
help
having
trouble
on
the
job
and
in
my
life,
but
those
troubles
don't
belong
to
the
house
with
my
wife
and
children.I
know
I
can
control
one
thing
for
sure.I
can
hang
them
up
on
the
tree
every
night
before
I
come
home.Then
in
the
morning
I
pick
them
up
again
before
I
leave
for
work.”
“The
interesting
thing
is，”
he
smiled,
“when
I
come
out
in
the
morning
to
pick
them
up,
there
aren't
nearly
as
many
as
I
remember
hanging
up
the
night
before.”
(复述)My
curiosity
drove
me
to
ask
him
why
he
had
stopped
ahead
of
the
tree
before
he
went
in
the
house.He
smiled
and
told
me
that
he
didn't
want
to
bring
his
troubles
home
to
disturb
his
family.Therefore,
he
decided
to
hang
the
troubles
on
the
tree
and
pick
them
up
the
next
day.But
it
turned
out
that
the
next
morning
it
seemed
to
have
fewer
troubles
than
the
night
before.
3.故事的线索离不开“起因、经过、结果”，若含有对故
事中心思想的点拨，在复述时也要概括，这样才能体现故事的
完整性。概括中心思想时，可尝试抓住原文的名词或形容词。
复述时，可使用间接引语概括对话的主要内容，这样既客观又
简练。如：
(原文)That
day,
I
saw
the
patience
of
a
young
wife
describing
paintings
to
a
person
without
sight
and
the
courage
of
a
husband
who
would
not
allow
blindness
to
change
his
life.And
I
saw
the
love
shared
by
the
two
people
as
I
watched
this
couple
walk
away
hand
in
hand.
(复述)On
the
very
day,
I
learned
the
patience
of
a
young
wife,
the
courage
of
a
man
without
sight
and
the
love
shared
by
a
couple.
4.整合、简化句子。复述时，考生可根据因果、并列、递
进等关系，尝试用从句把相关联的句子整合，加强语言表达的
连贯性。在复述时，可用同位语从句整合多个句子，使表达简
练；也可多使用定语从句丰富时间、地点等细节，补充说明事
情。如：
(原文
1)
I
knew
Dad
would
be
angry
if
he
found
out
I'd
been
watching
movies.So
I
decided
not
to
tell
him
the
truth.When
I
hurried
there
I
apologized
for
being
late,
and
told
him
I'd
come
as
quickly
as
I
could,
but
the
car
had
needed
some
major
repairs.
(复述
1)In
order
not
to
make
Dad
angry,
I
told
him
a
lie
that
I
was
late
because
the
car
needed
repairs.
(
原
文
2)The
couple
gladly
invited
him
to
dinner
and
shared
the
scarce
food
with
him.At
night,
the
couple
invited
him
to
sleep
on
their
bed
while
they
used
the
shed.The
next
morning
the
merchant
said
goodbye
to
the
couple.When
he
arrived
home,
he
had
a
lovely
house
built
for
the
couple
in
return
for
their
kindness
and
hospitality.
(
复述
2)a.The
couple
gladly
shared
the
scarce
food
with
him
and
invited
him
to
sleep
on
their
bed,
which
greatly
impressed
him.
b.Their
kindness
and
hospitality
left
a
deep
impression
on
the
merchant,
because
of
which
he
had
a
beautiful
house
built
for
them
after
he
reached
home.
5.态度要客观，忠于原文。考生要客观地复述故事，以事
论事，不能增加原文没提及的信息，不能改变故事的发展情节，
不能对故事发表个人主观的意见或建议。但必须注意，若故事
以第一人称“I”进行复述，不必改写为“the
author”或“the
writer”。