高三英语一轮复习达标课件包（20打包）语法篇

(共45张PPT)
非 谓 语 动 词
Non-predicate Verbs
1.(2011高考英语陕西卷,20) More highways have
been built in China,_____ it much easier for people to travel from one place to another.
A. making B. made C. to make D. having made
【答案】A
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2.(2011高考英语陕西卷,14) Chaire had her luggage ______ an hour before her plane left.
A. check B. checking
C. to check D. checked
【答案】D
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3.(2010高考英语上海秋季卷,33) Lucy has a great sense of humor and always keeps her colleagues ______ with her stories.
amused B. amusing
C. to amuse D. to be amused
【答案】A
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4.(2011高考全国卷,27)
The next thing he saw was smoke _____ from behind the house.
A. rose B. rising C. to rise D. risen
【答案】B
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什么是非谓
语动词啊？
“非谓语非谓语”,就是不是谓语的动词呗!
那“不是谓语”
是什么呢？
……
英语一个简单句只能有一个主谓结构
如果出现更多主谓结构，可以用以下
方法：
加入并列连词，构成并列句（and / but / so…）
放入从句，构成主从复合句
变为非谓语动词，构成动词短语加句子
主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补语
1、什么叫非谓语动词？与谓语动词有什么区别？
2 、非谓语动词有哪些？ 有哪些具体的不同形式？
3、 不同的非谓语动词表示的动作与谓语动词表示
的动作的先后关系是什么？
4、 非谓语动词在句中通常作什么成分？
一、要点知识检查及重难点强调与提醒
非谓语动词就是不能作句子谓语而具有其他语法功能的动词。
1、什么叫非谓语动词？与谓语动词有什么区别？
非谓语动词的三种形式
-ing形式
-ed形式
to do不定式
非谓语动词
同谓语动词的区别
谓语动词——只能做谓语；有人称和数的变化；有时态、语态和语气的变化。
非谓语动词——不能做谓语，也没有人称和数的变化；仍具有动词的特点，有时态和语态的变化；如果是及物动词(vt.)后面可接宾语。
① At last, we found ourselves in a pleasant
park with trees providing shade and _____
down to eat our picnic lunch. (2005上海）
A. sitting B. having sat
C. to sit D. sat
D
② Prices of daily goods _____ through a computer can be lower than store prices.
A. are bought B. bought
C. have been bought D. buying
B
非谓语
不定式（to do)
过去分词(-ed)
- ing 分词
-ed 分词
2 非谓语动词有哪些？
非谓语动词的时态和语态
　　　 (以动词make为例)
　　时态
语态 主动语态 被动语态
-ing 一般式
完成式
-ed 一般式
　
to do 一般式
完成式
进行式
making
being made
having made
having been made
/
made
to make
to be made
to have made
to have been made
to be making
/
3 非谓语动词所表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作的先后关系是什么？
非谓语表示的动作 非谓语动词的形式
在谓语表示的动作之后
与谓语表示的动作同时发生
在谓语表示的动作之前
to do/to be done
to do/to be done /to be doing ; doing/being done ;
done; to have done/to have been done ; having done/having been done
弄清非谓语动词表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作
之间的先后关系是解题的关键所在
动词-ing：主，谓, 宾，定, 状, 表，补
动词-ed： 主，谓, 宾，定, 状, 表，补
不定式： 主，谓, 宾，定, 状, 表，补
√
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4、 非谓语动词在句中通常作什么成分？
二、几个重要区别
1、不定式和ing分词均能作主语，二者有何区别？
2、 不定式和动名词都可作宾语, 有何区别？
3、 不定式和分词作宾语补足语表达的意义有何不同？
4、不定式、ing 分词和过去分词都可以作定语，
主要区别是什么？
5、能作状语的有不定式、现在分词和过去分词。
作什么样的状语取决于什么因素？
6、现在分词和过去分词作表语的区别是什么？
7、动名词的复合结构是什么？
1.表示某一具体的动作时，多用不定式；表示比较抽象的一般行为倾向的，多用动名词。
2.动名词作主语 时通常位于句首；不定式作主语时常置于句末，用it作形式主语放在句首。
1) Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here.
2) It is not very good for you to smoke so much.
(抽象)
(具体)
Seeing is believing.
To see is to believe.
若主语和表语都是非谓语动词, 应保持形式
上的一致。
1、不定式和ing分词均能作主语，二者有何区别？
1). It’s necessary to be prepared for a job
interview. ________the answers ready
will be of great help.
A. To have B. Having had
C. Have D. Having
2). In fact _____ is a hard job for the police
to keep order in an important match.
A. this B. that C. there D. it
D
D
下列句型中常用动名词作主语:
It is/was
no use/good
not any use/good
of little use/good
useless
+doing sth.
2、不定式和动名词都可作宾语, 有何区别？
2）. 有些动词后只跟动名词作宾语
3）.有些动词后既可以跟不定式又可以跟动名词作宾语，意义上无多大区别
4）.有些动词后既可以跟不定式，又可以跟动名词作宾语，但意义上有明显差别
1）. 有些动词后只跟不定式作宾语
1）. 有些动词后只跟不定式作宾语，如：
…… manage, promise, pretend, plan, offer, agree, ask, dare, choose, fail, help(帮助)，want(想要) ,refuse等。
2）. 有些动词后只跟动名词作宾语，如：
……practise, appreciate, dislike, excuse, forgive, keep, resist, risk, deny, advise, fancy, complete, forbid, permit, allow, stand, refer to, give up, lead to, take to, set about, get down to, object to, succeed in, have difficulty in...
1) I can’t stand ______ with Jane in the same
office. She just refuses _____ talking while
she works.
A. working; stopping B. to work; stopping
C. working; to stop D. to work; to stop
2) He got well-prepared for the job interview,
for he couldn’t risk ____ the good opportunity.
A. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost
C
B
3）.有些动词如begin, start; love, like, hate, prefer后既可以跟不定式又可以跟ing分词作宾语，意义上无多大区别(但ing分词一般表示经常性的行为；不定式表示具体的行为)。
I like __________ very much, but I don't
like _________ this afternoon.
　　 A. swimming, swimming
B. to swim, to swim
C. swimming, to swim
D. to swim, swimming
C
Little Jim should love __________ to the theatre this evening
A. to be taken B. to take
C. being taken D. taking
如果like, love, prefer前有would/
should, 后面则应该接动词不定式。
A
A
would like 还有哪些用法？
4）.有些动词后既可以跟不定式，又可以跟动名词作宾语，但意义上有明显差别。
讨论：有哪些单词或短语？
go on (stop/remember/regret)to do/doing
can’t help to do / doing
be used to do / doing
( get used to doing)
(used to do)
Children should be allowed ______ their own decisions.
A. making B. to make
C. make D. having made
　　
B
My advisor encouraged _____ a summer
course to improve my writing skills.
A. for me taking B. me taking
C. for me to take D. me to take
D
3. 不定式和分词作宾语补足语表达的意义不同。
① I heard her ______( sing) an English song just now.
② I heard her ________ (sing) an English song when I passed by her room yesterday.
③ I heard the English song ______( sing) many times.
(4) I heard the English song ____________( sing) when I passed by her room yesterday.
sing
singing
sung
being sung
4、不定式、ing 分词和过去分词都可以作定语，主要区别在于它们的时态意义和语态意义。
不定式作定语和被修饰的名词具有 “动宾关
系”, 即被修饰的名词是不定式的动作的承受
者; 如果不定式是不及物动词，就要在不定式
动词后加上相应的介词
The beautiful scenery,_____ with delicious
food and lovely weather, made our visit to
Hawaii pleasant and unforgettable.
to combine B. combined
C. combining D. having combined
The film _______ （导演）by Chaplin was
very interesting .
B
directed
还记得这两个题吗？
分词作定语与动词不定式作定语的区别是：
现在分词表示主动、进行之意；过去分词表
示被动与完成；而不定式表示在谓语动词表
示的动作之后即将发生的动作。例如：
①The question __________ (discuss) at the meeting yesterday is of quite importance.
②The question _____________ (discuss) at the meeting now is of quite importance.
③The question ______________ (discuss) at the meeting tomorrow is of quite importance.
discussed
being discussed
to be discussed
5、能作状语的有不定式、现在分词和过去分词。作什么样的状语往往取决于它们的位置和在句中的意义。
Practise
1). When _______(heat) water will be changed into vapour.
While _______ (heat) water, we can change it into vapour.
2) ______(see) from the hill, the city looks beautiful.
_______ (see) from the hill, you will find the city beautiful.
3) Generally speaking, when ________(take) according to the directions, the drug has no side effect.
If ________(take) the drug according to the directions, you will be better soon.
heated
heating
Seen
Seeing
taken
taking
2.(2010高考英语上海秋季卷,33) Lucy has a great sense of humor and always keeps her colleagues ______ with her stories.
amused B. amusing
C. to amuse D. to be amused
【答案】A
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3.(2010年高考北京卷)I’m calling to enquire
About the position_____ in yesterday’s China
Daily.
A. advertised B. advertising
C. being advertised C. to advertise
A
doing…
being done
having done…
having been done
一般式(doing)表示主动的
一般性的动作或者正在进行的动作；
被动式(being done)表示正在进行的
被动的动作；
完成式(having done)表示发生在谓语动作之前
的主动的动作；
完成被动式(having being done)
表示发生在谓语动作之前的被动的动作。
作状语可以表示时间、原因、
条件、让步、
结果、方式
或伴随情况。
分词作状语时的逻辑主语问题
分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须同句子的主语一致；如果不一致，需在分词前加一个逻辑主语，分词和它的逻辑主语合称独立主格结构或用状语从句。
1) Being an orphan, the nurse treated him kindly.
2) He being an orphan, the nurse treated him
kindly.
3) As he was an orphan, the nurse treated him
kindly.
F
T
T
(True or false)
现在分词与不定式作结果状语时的区别
1). European football is played in 80 countries , _________ it the most popular sport in the world . (NMET 1998)
A. making B. makes C. make D. to make
2). He hurried to the station only ________ that the train had left . (2005广东)
A. to find B. finding C. found D. to have found
现在分词作结果状语往往表示“正常出现的、自
然而然的或意料之中”的结果。不定式作结果状语
时通常表示“偶然的、出乎意料的”一种结果
A
A
非谓语动词 主语 宾语 宾补 主补 定语 状语 表语
不定式
-ing分词
过去分词
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　表示心理状态的动词如excite, interest等都是及物
动词，汉语注解不是“激动”、“高兴”，而是“使得激
动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、
“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高
兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式，凡
是表示“感到 ……”都用-ed形式。换句话说，若人
对……感兴趣，就是somebody is interested in...，
若人/物本身有趣时，就是sb./sth. is interesting。
6、现在分词和过去分词作表语的区别
delighting　令人高兴的——delighted　感到高兴的
disappointing 令人失望的——disappointed 感到
失望的
encouraging 令人鼓舞的——encouraged 感到鼓
舞的
pleasing 令人愉快的——pleased 感到愉快的
puzzling 令人费解的——puzzled 感到费解的
satisfying 令人满意的——satisfied 感到满意的
surprising 令人惊异的——surprised 感到惊异的
worrying 令人担心的——worried 感到担心的
7、动名词的复合结构
动名词的复合结构由物主代词或人称代词宾
格、名词所有格或普通格加动名词构成。
1) LiPing’s/ My helping her moved her deeply.
2) I appreciate your/you/LiPing’s/ LiPing coming
to see me.
3) Is there any hope of our team winning the
match
4) What made me angry was many students
failing in the exam.
(动名词结构作宾语, 其逻辑主语用宾格或所有格均可)
(动名词结构作主语, 其逻辑主语用所有格)
(逻辑主语是无生命名词时, 只用普通格)
(以-s 结尾的名词, 只用普通格)
1) I would appreciate _____ back this afternoon .
A. you to call B. you call
C. your calling D. you’re calling
2) ________ made her mother very angry.
A. Mary marrying Jim
B. Mary’s married Jim
C. Mary’s marrying Jim
D. Mary’s being married Jim
C
C
独立主格结构
练习：
造一个含有独立主格结构的句子
All flights_____ because of the snowstorm, we decided to take the train. A. were canceled B. had been canceled C. having canceled D. having been canceled
2. _____ for a long time, most of the crops in this area died from lacking water. A. Being no rain B. There was no rain C. To be no rain D. There being no rain
3. Everything _______ into consideration, they believed themselves more and returned to their positions.
A. to take B. taken C. to be taken D. taking
D
D
B
Thank you!(共62张PPT)
The Father and His Son
Father: You know, Tom, when Lincoln ___(be) your age, he ___(be) a very good pupil. In fact, he ___(be) the best pupil in his class.
Tom: Yes, Father. I ____ (know) that. But when he ____(be) your age, he____ (be) President of the United States.
was
was
was
was
was
know
专题7　动词的时态和语态
Period 1
◆ 动词的时态和语态是历年高考英语测试的重中之重，每年试题一般不低于两道。
命题思路有三种：
一是直接给出标志性时间状语，考生能根据其作出选择；
二是给出时间状语，但所给时间状语有较强的干扰性，考生不能直接根据时间状语作出选择，而需要结合语境进行判断；
三是没有任何时间状语，需要借助于上下文语境，才能作出正确判断。
一、命题特点
◆在历年有关被动语态的考题中，共涉及了8种基本时
态的被动语态，其中以现在完成时、一般现在时、一般
过去时和现在进行时考得最多。被动语态由“助动词be+
过去分词”构成，时态通过be动词表现出来。
◆ 高考命题中更多地侧重于时态的交叉使用和时态干扰。
◆ 考生答题时要寻找尽可能多的“时间参照信息”。关于被动语态题，做题时应首先根据主语与谓语的关系确定是否是被动关系，然后再根据有关时间信息确定用哪种时态。
◆ 还要注意的是不及物动词是不能用于被动语态当中。
二、应考策略
基础回归
一般现在时: am/are/is / do / does
一般过去时: was / were / did
一般将来时: will + V （动词原形）
过去将来时: would + V （动词原形）
现在进行时: am/are/is+ Ving
过去进行时: was/ were + Ving
现在完成时: have/ has+ p.p.
过去完成时:had + p.p.
谓语（各种时态）的主动形式
一般现在时: be( am/are/is) + p.p.( 过去分词)
一般过去时: be(was/ were) + p.p.
一般将来时: will be + p.p.
过去将来时: would be + p.p.
现在进行时: be( am/are/is)+ being+ p.p.
过去进行时:be(was/ were )+ being+ p.p.
现在完成时: have/ has+ been + p.p.
过去完成时:had + been + p.p.
谓语（各种时态）的被动形式
一、对一般现在时的考查
1.考查其基本概念：一般现在时表示一个习惯性、经常性的动作。常与表示习惯的副词always, every time, now and then, occasionally, often, seldom, sometimes, usually 等连用。但近几年，对一般现在时的考查常用过去时态或现在完成时态对考生进行干扰。
1) Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across the open sea, which ___the Pacific, and we met no storm.（2005年辽宁卷）
was called B. is called
C. had been called D. has been called
（2010高考英语重庆卷,29)The palace caught fire three times in the last century, and little of the original building _______now.
remains B. is remained
C. is remaining D. has been remained
【答案】A
【解析 】考查时态。remain在这儿意思是“剩下，余留”，为不及物动词，不能用于被动语态；又因为语境是对现在事实的陈述，所以用一般现在时。选 A项。
2.考查一般现在时的替代用法：
在以when, till/ until, as soon as, by the time, after, before等引导的时间状语从句，在以if, unless, once等引导的条件状语从句和以no matter, however, even if 等词引导的让步状语从句中，如果主句中的动词用一般将来时，从句中的动词通常用一般现在时或现在完成时代替一般将来时。
—What would you do if it __ tomorrow
—We have to carry it on ,since we’ve got everything ready. （2005年全国卷）
A. rain B. rains C. will rain D. is raining
“主将从现”
二、对一般过去时的考查
一般过去时表示在过去某时某刻发生的动作或存在的状态，它常与表过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last year, last night, the other day, just now, then, two days ago, in 1999, at that time等。但是一般过去时也经常用在没有说明过去的时间状语的句子中，这是高考的命题方向。
I bought a new car three days ago.
More than a dozen students in that school ____ abroad to study medicine last year.（2005年上海卷） A. sent B. were sent
C. had sent D. had been sent
now
bought
(2010高考英语重庆卷,24)The book has been translated into thirty languages since it ______on the market in 1973.
A. had come B. has come C. came D. comes
【答案】C
【解析】考查时态。since引导的从句作状语时，主句通常用完成时，而从句用一般过去时，所以选C项。
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三、对现在进行时的考查
由上下文语境表示时间。
1)— What’s the terrible noise？
— The neighbors ____ for a party（2004年北京卷） A. have prepared B. are preparing
C. prepare D. will prepare
2)Because the shop _____, all the T-shirts are sold at half price. （2004年浙江卷34题）
has closed down B. closed down
C. is closing down D. had closed down
四、对过去进行时的考查
I was walking down the street when it began to rain.
When it began to rain
I was walking
now
1.把过去进行时放在when, while, as 等引导的时间状语从句中考查。如果主句谓语和从句谓语都发生在过去，动作时间长的用过去进行时，表达谈话背景；动作时间短的用一般过去时。
—You were out when I dropped in at your house.
—Oh, I ____ for a friend from England at the airport. （2004年福建卷） A. was waiting B. had waited
C. am waiting D. have waited
2.把过去进行时放在某特定的语境中考查。
—Has Sam finished his homework today
—I have no idea. He ____ it this morning. （2004年全国卷） A. did B. has done
C. was doing D. had done
五、对现在完成时的考查
1.现在完成时表示过去的动作对现在的影响或表示经验。
2.现在完成时表示过去的动作一直延续至今并可能继续下去，常与for或since 等短语连用。
I_________(graduate) in 1993 and in that year I _______(begin) to teach English in a middle school. I ______(teach) there for five years . Five years later ,I _______(move) to Pinghu. I______________ (teach) senior English in Danghu High School for nearly 9 years ever since then.
graduated
began
taught
moved
have taught/have been teaching
1993
now
1998
9 years
5 years
(2010高考英语浙江卷,15)For many years, people ______ electric cars. However, making them has been more difficult than predicted.
A．had dreamed of B．have dreamed of
C．dreamed of D．dream of
【答案】B
【解析】考查动词的时态。从for many years可知，此处谓语动词用完成时态；排除C项和D项；又因后一句用的是现在时态，故排除A项。据此答案应该选B项“现在完成时态”。
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3)—The window is dirty.
— I know. It ____ for weeks.（2004全国卷）
hasn’t cleaned B. didn’t clean
C. wasn’t cleaned D. hasn’t been cleaned
The CCTV has been broadcasting English programs ever since 1977.
1977
now
六、对现在完成进行时的考查
构成: have / has been+ doing
概念: 表示从过去某一时刻发生的动作，一直延续到现在，并且还可能继续下去。
现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别如下：
现在完成时与现在完成进行时
I have written an article. 　　　　
I have been writing an article. 　
强调：　已完成性
强调：持续性，
未完成性
(2010高考英语天津卷,4)We ______on this project for four hours. Let’s have a rest.
are working B. have been working
C. worked D. had worked
【答案】 B
【解析】考查动词时态。根据句意可知语境是现在，又有for four hours这个时间状语，可以判断动作一直持续到现在并在持续进行当中，故选B。
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1)Now that she is out of a job, Lucy____going back to school, but she hasn’t decided yet.（2004年北京卷）
had considered B. has been considering
C. considered D. is going to consider
2) --- Hi, Tracy, you look tired.
“--- I am tired. I ____ the living room all day.
A. painted B. had painted
C. have been painting D. have painted
七、对过去完成时态的考查
过去完成时，经常以“过去”为背景，要想表达比这一背景更早的动作，即“过去的过去”，常用此时态。
Eg. When we got to the theatre, they had sold all the tickets. What a pity!
had sold
got
Now
过去的过去
— George and Lucy got married last week. Did you go to their wedding
—No, I ___. Did they have a big wedding （2004年湖北卷）
A. was not invited
B. have not been invited
C. hadn’t been invited
D. didn’t invite
常见考点有：
①把过去完成时放在含有when, before, after, until, as soon as等引导的时间状语从句的复合句中考查。
1) When the old man ___ to walk back to his house, the sun ___ itself behind the mountain.（2005年湖北卷） A. started; had already hidden
B. had started; had already hidden
C. had started; was hiding
D. was starting; hid
②把过去完成时放在by + 过去时间点或by the time + 从句（一般过去时）的句子里考查。
By the end of last year, another new gymnasium ___ in Beijing.（2003年上海春）
A. would be completed
B. was being completed
C. has been completed
D. had been completed
Period 2
一般现在时表示经常性、习惯性的动作或永久性的状态，而现在完成时则强调过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响。
1．考查一般现在时和现在完成时的区别
[典例1]　(2011年高考新课标全国卷)Planning so far ahead ________no sense——so many things will have changed by next year.
A．made B．is making
C．makes D．has made
[解析]　由于受so far的影响会误选D，其实这儿的so far不是表示“到目前为止”的那个短语so far，此处so是用来修饰短语far ahead的，far ahead很早。[答案]　C
2.(2010高考英语上海秋季卷, 28) Every few years, the coal workers ______ their lungs X-rayed to ensure their health.
A. are having B. have C. have had D. had had
【答案】B
【解析】本题考查时态。根据时间状语every few years,可判断本句应为一般现在时，因此答案选B。
前者强调按计划或安排而发生的事情；后者不强调行为的计划性，多指临时的决定或安排。
2．考查be going to do和will＋do构成的将来时的区别
[典例3]　—Did you tell Julia about the result
—Oh，no. I forgot. I ________ her now.
A．will be calling B．will call
C．am going to call D．am to call
[解析]　分析四个选项可知，只有B项可表示临时作出的决定或产生的想法。A项表示将来某一时刻正在发生的事；C项可表示预先安排好的要发生的事情；D项表示早就有的打算。[答案]　B
3．考查过去时和现在完成时的区别
现在完成时表示过去发生的动作对现在造成
的影响；而过去时仅说明过去发生的动作，与
现在毫无关系。
[典例4]　The book has been translated into thirty languages since it ________on the market in 1973.
A．had come B．has come
C．came D．comes
[解析]　since引导的从句作状语时，主句通常用完成时，而从句通常用一般过去时，所以选C项。[答案]　C
过去时往往有明确的过去时间状语，说明是发生在过去的动作；而过去完成时表示过去某个时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作或存在的状态，强调“过去的过去”，句中常有by，before，等词引导的时间状语。
4．考查一般过去时和过去完成时的区别
(2011四川卷)－What a mistake !
－Yes. I________ his doing it another way, but without success.
A．was suggesting B．will suggest
C．would suggest D．had suggested
[解析]　根据语境可知suggest动作应发生在犯错误之前，即“过去的过去”，应使用过去完成时。[答案]　D
现在完成进行时强调的是在一段时期内某项活动的持续性，强调的是动作本身；现在完成时则是强调动作产生的结果或影响，而不是动作本身。
5．考查现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别
(2011年高考辽宁卷) I'll go to the library as soon as I finish what I________.
A．was doing B．am doing
C．have done D．had been doing
[解析]　我一完成我正在做的事情，就去图书馆。本题语境为现在时态，所以根据句意应用现在进行时态，表示现在正在做的事情。 [答案]　B
6．考查一般过去时和过去进行时的区别
一般过去时仅说明动作发生在过去，不强调动作的延续性；而过去进行时则强调在过去某一时间正在进行或持续进行的动作。
I walked slowly through the market，where people ________all kinds of fruits and vegetables. I studied the prices carefully and bought what I needed.
A．sell B．were selling
C．has sold D．have sold
[答案]　B
现在进行时除表示现在外，还可以表示将来。现在进行时表将来时常有“安排”或“打算”之意，所用动词多是非延续性动词，如marry，die，leave，join等。
7．现在进行时表将来
[典例8]　An airbus has begun taking orders from Chinese customers on the mainland and ________more this year.
A．is expecting B．expected
C．will expect D．is expected
[解析]　此处应用一般将来时，但expect一词习惯上用进行时表示将来。
[答案]　A
被动语态
1．被动语态的谓语形式 (以动词give为例)
一般现在时态：am/is/are given
一般过去时态：was/were given
一般将来时态：shall/will be given
过去将来时态：should/would be given
现在进行时态：am/is/are being given
过去进行时态：was/were being given
现在完成时态：has/have been given
过去完成时态：had been given
被动语态?
1. 英语中被动语态常用于下列几种场合：
不知道动作的执行者；不必提到动作的执行者；强调或侧重动作的承受者;动作的执行者很模糊；有些动词习惯上常用被动语态。
It’s suggested that we put the meeting off.? 有人建议我们延期举行会议。?
2. “It+be+过去分词+从句”结构的被动结构
It is known that...众所周知?
It is suggested that...有人建议?
It is believed that...有人相信?
It is hoped that...大家希望?
It is thought that...大家认为?
3. 被动语态与系表结构的区别
被动语态中的过去分词是动词，表示动作；系表结构中的过去分词相当于形容词，表示状态。
These things are sold quickly.（被动语态）?
这些东西卖得很快。?
These things are all sold out.（系表结构）?
这些东西已经卖完了。??
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常使用系表结构的词有：be seated坐着，be hidden躲藏，be lost迷路，be drunk喝醉，be dressed穿着，be devoted to致力于；献身，be determined决定，be compared比较。?
4. 不使用被动语态的几种情况?
（1）当feel,look,smell,taste,sound等系动词后面接形容词时。?
（2）break out,take place,go off,run out,give out,give in,work out,come out,come into being,run out,give in,happen,take place,break out?
（3）want, require, need, worth, deserve后面的动名词用主动形式表示被动意义。?
These flowers want/require/need watering.
这些花需要浇水。
（4）有时尽管不定式与其逻辑主语是被动关系，但不定式仍用主动语态。不定式作状语，如果句子中存在light, heavy, difficult, easy, comfortable等词时就应该用不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。
（5）当cut, read, sell, wear, write, wash, cook,
lock, shut, dry, drink, wash等表示某种性质且动词带状语修饰语时。?
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(2011年高考湖南卷)In the near future, more advances in the robot technology ________ by scientists.
A．are making B．are made
C．will make D．will be made
[答案]　D
1.(2010高考英语上海秋季卷,31)The church tower which ______ will be open to tourists soon. The work is almost finished.
A. has restored B. has been restored
C. is restoring D. is being restored
【答案】D
【解析】本题考查时态和语态。restore意思为修复，因此为正在修复中，并且the tower和restore之间是被动关系，所以选D。
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4．主从句谓语动词的时态一致性
主从句的时态要对应，即要保持时态的一致性。这使考生在做题中既可以根据主句的时态来确定从句的时态，也可以根据从句的时态来确定主句的时态。
[典例6]　The church tower which ________will be open to tourists soon.The work is almost finished.
A．has restored B．has been restored
C．is restoring D．is being restored
[解析]　因此此处强调正在修复中，且要用被动语态。故选D。[答案]　D
2．固定句型中的固定时态
在某些固定句型里往往有固定的时态要求，请体会下列句子中时态的运用：(1)This/It is the first/second...time I have done sth.
That/It was the first/second...time I had done sth.
(2)It is two years since he went abroad./It was two years since he had gone abroad.
(3)I was about to go out when the telephone rang.
(4)Hardly had I got home when the telephone rang.
(5)No sooner had I got home than the telephone rang.
(6)It won't be long before he comes back./It wasn't long before he came back.
(7)I didn't manage to understand it until he had explained it again.
(8)祈使句＋and(or，or else，otherwise)＋并列分句
1．(2011年高考新课标全国卷)When Alice came to，she did not know how long she ______ there.
A．had been lying 　　　　B．has been lying
C．was lying D．has lain
解析：由 she did not know how long...可知应用过去完成进行时，表示持续发生的动作。
答案：A
2．(2011年大纲全国卷)If you don't like the drink you________， just leave it and try a different one.
A．ordered B．are ordering
C．will order D．had ordered
答案：A
3．(2011年高考山东卷)When I got on the bus，I________I had left my wallet at home.
A．was realizing B．realized
C．have realized D．would realize
答案：B
4．(2011年高考福建卷)Last month, the Japanese government expressed their thanks for the aid they ________ from China.
A．receive B．are receiving
C．have received D．had received
答案：D
Thank you!(共49张PPT)
高考链接 体验
考点梳理 精讲
要点知识 点拨
第9讲 情态动词
考纲解读
每年的高考英语的单选题(15个)中就有一、二个是对情态动词和虚拟语气的测试。试题的特征主要为： 立意不偏不怪，
情景逼近真实
设问综合细微。
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重点：
1、情态动词表示推测和可能性的用法；
2、情态动词与虚拟语气；
3、情态动词表达“情感、态度、语气等”，
情态动词数量不多，但用途广泛，主要有下列： can (could), may (might), must, need, ought to, dare (dared), shall (should), will (would) .
本质探究
情态动词是一种本身有一定的词义，不能单独作谓语动词用，要与动词原形及其被动语态一起使用，给谓语动词增添情态色彩，表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法，可以表示“可能”、“可以”、“需要”、“必须”或“应当”等之意。
情态动词没有人称和数的变化。必须和不带to的不定式连用构成谓语动词。只有情态动词ought要和带to的动词不定式连用，在句中作谓语用。
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高考链接 体验
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1.（2010高考英语天津卷）Mark have hurried. After driving at top speed .he arrived half an hour early.
A. needn’t B. wouldn’t C. mustn’t D. couldn’t
【答案】A
【解析】考查情态动词。马克没有必要做某事，但是实际上他已经这么做了，是needn’t have done的含义，故选A。
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2.（2010高考英语陕西卷）May I take this book out of the reading room
No, you . You read it in here.
A. mightn’t B. won’t C. needn’t D. mustn’t
【答案】D
【解析】考查情态动词。英语中用could，might表示询问或征求意见的问句中，肯定性应答要用can或may来代替could或might，而may或might征求意见的问句否定应答时要用mustn’t，故本题选D。
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3.（2010高考英语山东卷）I_______ have watched that movie —it’ll give me horrible dreams.
A. shouldn’t B. needn’t
C. couldn’t D. mustn’t
【答案】 A
【解析】考查情态动词的用法。句意应为“我本来不应该看那部电影的。” 用shouldn’t have done, 所以A项正确。
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4.（2010高考英语江西卷）I have told you the truth. ______ I keep repeating it
A Must B Can C May D Will
【答案】A
【解析】既然我已经说了, 我还必须重复一遍吗？答案为A.
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5.（2010高考英语湖南卷）You buy a gift, but you can if you want to.
must B. mustn't
C. have to D. don't have to
【答案】 D
【解析】考查情态动词。don't have to意为没有必要，符合语境。
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6.（2010高考英语大纲全国II卷）I’m afraid Mr. Harding ____ see you now . He’s busy.
A. can’t B. mustn’t C. shouldn’t D. needn’t
【答案】 A
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7.（2010高考英语安徽卷）Jack described his father, who a brave boy many years ago，as a strong-willed man.
A. would be B. would have been
C. must be D. must have been
【答案】D
【解析】考查情态动词。must have done 表示对过去的肯定推测。句意：杰克将他的父亲描写成一个意志刚强的人，许多年前他的父亲一定是一个勇敢的孩子。
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情态动词考点透析
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情态动词的基本含义，一直是高考考查的重要内容。例如：
1. The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone ______ get out.
A. had to B. would C. was able to D. could
【解析】考查情态动词的基本含义。had to：不得不； would：表示意愿或过去常常；could:倾向于表示经过长期训练而获得的能力；was able to 表示经过努力而能够做到的事或成功地做了某事。因此，答案是C。
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考点一、情态动词基本含义的考查
对情态动词表示推测的用法，是高考考查情态动词的一个重要方面。例如：
2. Sorry, I’m late. I ______ have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again .
might B. should C. can D. will
答案是：A。
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二、情态动词表示推测的考查
3. My sister met him at the Grand Theatre yesterday afternoon, so he______your lecture.
couldn’t have attended
B. needn’t have attended
C. mustn’t have attended
D. shouldn’t have attended
答案是：A。
分析：高考对表示推测的情态动词集中在must, can, could, may, might上，准确掌握它们使用的场合，是解决问题的关键。
1)Must 用于肯定陈述句，表示肯定推测；
2)can, could用于疑问或否定陈述句，表示可能性推测；
3)may, might用于陈述句，表示可能性推测；
用于否定陈述句中，can’t （不可能）的语气比may not（可能不）强。
此外，还要注意有对过去和对现在两种情况的推测,对过去推测用情态动词+have done ，对现在推测用情态动词+ 动词原形。
情态动词＋have+过去分词也是高考单项选择题涉及到情态动词的一个重要方面。
1. There was a lot of fun at yesterday’s party. You ______ come, but why didn’t you
A. must have B. should
C. need have D. ought to have
【解析】ought to have done 表示本来应该做某事而实际没做，should do 表示现在应该做某事，与题中 at yesterday’s party 表示的时间不一致。所以选D。
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三、情态动词+ have + done形式的考查
2.I was really anxious about you. You ______ home without a word
A. mustn’t leave B. shouldn’t have left
C. couldn’t have left D. needn’t leave
【解析】shouldn‘t have done 表示本来不应该做而实际上做了。答案是：B。
3.Oh, I’m not feeling well in the stomach. I ______ so much fried chicken just now.
A. shouldn’t eat B. mustn’t have eaten
C. shouldn’t have eaten D. mustn’t eat
【解析】”刚才我不因该吃那么多炸鸡，而实际上是吃了那么多”，可以判断用shouldn’t have eaten. 答案是 C。
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分析：高考对情态动词+ have + done形式的考查近几年来主要侧重should （not）have done 这一句式上，表示本来该做却未做或本来不该做却做了的事。在复习时，还应关注其它几种虚拟形式，如need (not)have done 表示本来需要做而未做或本来不需要而做的事等等，以做到有备无患。
1.Tom, you didn’t come to the party last night
—I______, but I suddenly remembered I had homework to do .(NMET2007全国卷II，20)
A. had to B. didn’t C. was going to D. wouldn’t
【解析】had to:不得不；didn’t:没来；was going to：打算来；wouldn’t:不愿来。句意：——汤姆，昨晚你没来参加舞会吗？——我本打算来，但我突然记起有作业要做。but是关键词，所以答案是：C。
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考点四、情态动词与助动词混合考查
Your phone number again I ______ quite catch it .
—It’s 86184867.
A. didn’t B. couldn’t C. don’t D. can’t
【解析】记住电话号码并非难事，未完全听清楚电话号码并非能力的事，此处只是说没有完全听清楚电话号码，所以，应选A。
要点知识 点拨
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情态动词
（1）表示能力。?
（2）表示客观的可能性。?
（3）表示请示和允许。?
（4）表示请示，口语中常用could代替can，使语气更婉转。?
（5）指理论上的可能性，并不涉及是否真的发生。?
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1.can与could的用法
Peter be really difficult at times even though he’s a nice person in general.
A. shall B. should
C. can D. must
选项C中的情态动词can除了表示能力，意为“能够”时还可以表示“（有时）可能”的含义，这是can的一个很重要的用法。
（2011浙江卷,11) ——How’s your new babysitter ——We ______ ask for a better one. All our kids love her so much. A. should B.might C. mustn‘t D. couldn’t
答案 D
（1）表示允许、许可。否定回答时，一般要用mustn’t,表示“禁止，阻止”之意，但也可以用may not，表示“不可以”。?
—May I watch TV after supper ?
—No, you may not (you mustn’t).? 不，你不能。?
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2.may与might的用法
1、（2010高考英语上海春季卷）It is important to know about the cultural differences that _ cause problems.
A．must B．dare C．need D．may
【答案】D
【解析】此处may用来表示可能；这里选D项。
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（2）在表示请示、允许时，might比may更委婉一些。
用May I... 比较正式，用Can I... 更为常见。表示可能性的推测，含有“或许、大概、可能”之意，用might代替may时，则语气显得更加不肯定（不用于疑问句）may用于祈使句中表示祝愿。?
May you succeed!祝你成功！?
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2.（2010高考英语四川卷）— I take the book out
—I'm afraid not.
A. Will B. May C. Must D. Need
【答案】B
【解析】考查情态动词。表请求可用情态动词can，may，could，might；表允许用can，may。句意为：“我可以将这本书带出去吗 ”“恐怕不行。”故应选表示请求的情态动词may。正确答案为B。
3、（2011北京卷,24） ——I don’t really like James. Why did you invite him ——Don’t worry. He ______ come. He said he wasn’t certain what his plans were. A. must not B. need not C. would not D. might not
答案 D
must表示“必须，应该”之意，语气比should, ought to强。其否定形式mustn’t表示“不准，不应该，禁止”等意。在回答带有must的问句时，否定回答常用needn’t或don’t have to，表示“不必”，而不用mustn’t。表示有把握的推测，意为“一定，准是，想必”，只用于肯定句中。
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3. must与have to的用法
1、（2011福建卷,25） ——Shall I inform him of the change of the
schedule right now ——I am afraid you ______, in case he comes
late for the meeting . A. will B. must C. may D. can
答案 B
解析：考查情态动词的用法。must (表示必要、
命令或强制)必须,得。根据后半句，选B。
must表示的是说话人的主观看法，而have to则往往强调客观需要。must只有一种形式，而have to则涉及人称、时态等方面的变化形式。两者的否定意义不同，mustn’t表示“禁止，不许”，don’t have to表示“不必” 。?
2、(2011辽宁卷,21) If you ______ go, at least wait until the
storm is over. A. can B. may C. must D. will
答案 C
(2011全国卷II,8) If you ______ smoke, please go outside. A. can B. should C. must D. may
答案 C
解析：考查情态动词的用法。句意为“如果你非得要抽烟，请到外面去抽。”must (表示主张)一定要，坚持要。根据后一句please go outside的要求。
（1）shall用于第一、第三人称疑问句中，征求对方的意见和向对方请示。?
（2）shall用于第二、第三人称陈述句中，表示说给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁。?
（3）should用于表示劝告和建议，作“应该”讲。?
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4. shall与should的用法
1.（2010高考英语江苏卷）---I haven’t got the reference book yet, but I’ll have a test on the subject next month.
---Don’t worry. You______ have it by Friday.
A. could B. shall C. must D. may
【答案】B
【解析】本题考查情态动词的用法。shall在第二人称中表示允诺，还可表示强制，命令，威胁，警告等，还有在法律条文中的要求和规定。
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2、（2011陕西卷,24） ——Will you read me a story ,Mummy ——OK. You ______ have one if you go to bed as soon as possible. A. might B. must C. could D. shall
答案 D
（4）should用于表示推测，表示某个情况是合理的，正常的，符合逻辑的。
(5）should表示说话人对某事不能理解，感到意外惊异的意思，意为“竟会”。?
（1）用于表示意志或意愿。will指现在，would指过去。?
（2）表示请示、建议等，用would比用will委婉、客气些。?
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5.will与would的用法
1、——Why didn’t you come to Simon’s
party last night —— I wanted to ,but my mom simply ______ not let me out so late at night. A. could B. might C. would D. should
答案 C
解析：would愿意，偏要，表示意志；should应该，表示建议、命令、决定等。根据题意选C。
2、（2011上海春招,27） Some young people these days just ______ go out of their homes to contact the real world. A. mustn’t B. won’t C. mightn’t D. shouldn’t
答案 B
解析：won’t不愿意，就是不，偏不，具有主观性。根据句意选B。
（3）表示习惯性动作，译作“总是，惯于”。will指现在，would指过去。?
（4）表示预料或猜想，表示“大概会……”。?
（5）用于否定句中，表示“不肯，不乐意”。?
注意：would与used to之区别：would可用来表示过去反复出现的动作，但不能表示过去存在的状态，而used to则着眼于今昔对比。
?
（1）表示“应该”之意。?
（2）表示推测，表示某个情况是合理的，符合逻辑的，注意与must表示推测时的区别。?
7. ought to的用法
（1）must have done对过去某事的十分肯定猜测?
（2）may/might have done对过去某事的可能性猜测?
（3）can’t/couldn’t have done对过去某事的否定猜测?
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8. “情态动词+have done”的用法
1、What a pity! Considering his ability and experience, he_____ better.
A. need have done B. must have done
C. can have done D. might have done
答案 D
2、(2011全国卷,32) They ______ have arrived at lunchtime but
their flight was delayed. A. will B. can C . must D . should
答案 D
Thank you!(共52张PPT)
复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句 + 从属连词 +简单句
He worked
in that factory
three years ago.
地点状语
时间状语
where his
father worked
in that factory
where I lived
when he
lived there
His father worked there.
I lived there.
He lived there
three years ago.
复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句 + 从属连词 +简单句
Put the book
on the desk.
where you took it.
where it was.
地点状语
where you found it.
You can’t camp
here.
where there are
a lot of trees.
wherever you like.
1. When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.
2. We must camp where we can get water.
3. You shouldn’t get angry just because some
people speak ill of you.
4. If it doesn't rain tomorrow, we will go to the zoo.
5. Although he is very old, he is quite strong.
状语从句
What are “ Adverbial Clauses”
在复合句中担任____成分的从句称为状语从句，修饰主句的谓语动词，形容词或副词等,或________ _____的从句叫做 “状语从句”。
状语
修饰整个
主句
状语从句分类
1. 时间状语从句
2. 地点状语从句
3. 原因状语从句
4. 条件状语从句
5. 让步状语从句
6. 目的状语从句
7. 结果状语从句
8. 方式状语从句
9. 比较状语从句
1. The moment he comes, I will tell him.
2. I won’t know where he is until I get a letter from him.
3. No sooner had she gone than it happened.
时间状语从句
常用连词：
_____________: when, while, as,
_____________: since
_____________: before
_____________: till, until, not…until
_____________: as soon as, immediately,
the moment, the minute, once
directly, the instant, instantly,
_____________: no sooner …than…,
hardly/scarcely…when…
_____________: each/every time, next time
…
直到…
当…的时候
自从… 以来
还没…就…
一…就…
在…之前
刚…就…
每次…, 下次…
When he was watching TV, he heard the door bell ring.
When I was young, I liked dancing.
When I got home, he was having supper.
When he has finished his work, he takes a short rest.
I. when
when+持续性动词/非持续性动词
强调特定时间
1. when, while, as
when 不可被as, while 替代的情况
1. when, while, as
We were about to go out when the teacher came in.
1.when 也可作为并列连词，连接两个并列句，
“那时”，“这时”=and then , and at that time.
Why did you walk there when you have a car
2. when 还可译为 “在…的情况下”
3)While he was walking in the street, he met Tim.
(分词短语）
While walking in the street, he met Tim.
Walking in the street, he met Tom.
1) He learned to speak English while he was here.
While I slept, a thief broke in.
Father looked after the children while mother was away.
II while
while+持续性动词
2)I like tea while she likes coffee
1. when, while, as
.(表示对比)
As he became poorer, he had fewer friends.
As the sun rose, the fog dispersed.
As times goes, it’s getting colder.
As he walked along the street, he sang happily.
III. as
1. when, while, as
强调主从句动作同时发生
有 “随着”或 “一边…一边”的意思
★当主句的是非持续动词, 从句的谓语动词是持续性动词时, when, while, as 可互相替换.
1. when, while, as
While/When/As we were still laughing, the teacher came in.
_____________ I was walking down the street, I noticed a police car in front of the store.
_______ John arrived, I was cooking lunch.
_______ he grew older, he lost interest in everything except gardening.
How can he get good grades _______ he won’t study
I was wandering through the street_________ I caught sight of a tailor’s shop.
While/When/As
When
when
when
As
Exercise
1）“还未…就…;不到…就…;”
We had sailed four days and four nights
before we saw land.
我们航行了4天4夜才看到陆地.
We hadn’t run a mile before he felt tired.
我们跑了还不到一英里他就累了.
Before I could get in a word, he had
measured me.
我还没来得及插话他就给我 量好了尺寸.
2. before, since
I. before
2） 从句中谓语不用否定式
Before they reached the station, the train
had gone.
他们还没到火车站，火车已开走了。
3） It will be+一段时间+ before…多久之后才…
It will be half a year before I come back.
还得呆半年我才能回来.
It won’t be long before we meet again.
没多长时间我们就会见面了.
2. before, since
1）从句的谓语动词一般是非延续性动词,
主句的谓语动词是延续性的或者是反
复发生过的动作. Since 从句的时态若
是一般过去时, 从句时态是现在完成时
或现在完成进行时.
I have written home four times since
I came here.
自从我来到这儿, 我给家写了四封信.
She has been working in this factory
since she left school.
她离开学校以来就在这个工厂工作。
II. since
2. before, since
2） It is+一段时间+since从句
时间从since从句的动作完成或状态结束时
算起.
It is three years since the war broke out.
自战争爆发以来有三年了.
It is three years since I stopped smoking
a cigar
我不吸烟有三年了.
It is three years since I began to smoke.
我吸烟有三年了.
2. before, since
1. The research will take Joan and Paul
about five months; it will be a long time
______ we meet them again.
A. after B. before C. since D. when
2. We have never seen her again_____ she
went to work in another city.
A. when B. as C. since D. while
3. He was told that it would be at least three more months ______ he could recover and return to work.
A. when B. before C. since D. that
Exercise
Until 比till更正式
Until可以放句首,till不可以
I won’t leave until/till he comes back.
I will stay her until/till he comes back.
Until he comes back, I won’t go.
It was _____________________ that I left.
Not until_______________________.
not until he came back
he comes back will I leave
3. till, until, not…unitl
4. as soon as, immediately, the moment,
the minute, directly, the instant, instantly,
no sooner…than, hardly/scarcely…when
As soon as he entered the classroom, the bell rang.
He had _____________________ when the bell rang.
He had ________________________ than the bell rang.
hardly entered the room
no sooner entered the room
Hardly/Scarely ___________________ when the bell rang.
had he entered the room
5. each/every time, next time, the first/last time,
any time, all the time, by the time
Each time I was in trouble, he would come to help me out.
Be sure to call me next time you come here.
He was ill the last time I visited him.
By the time I graduate from this school, I will have been here for three years.
功能 引导词
时间 when, while, as,
since, before,
till, until, not..until,
as soon as , immediately, the moment, the minute, once, directly, the instant, instantly
no sooner…than, hardly/scarcely…when,
every time, each time, next time,
the first time, any time, all the time,
Summary
1. I was so familiar with him that I recognized his voice ______ I picked up the phone.
while B. after
C. In case D. the minute
2. How long do you think it will take _______ our product becomes popular with the consumers
when B. until
C. before D. since
Exercise
3. ______ the day went on, the weather got worse.
With B. since C. As D. While
4. He was halfway through his meal ____ a familiar voice came to his ears.
why B. where C. when D. while
5. Hardly ______ into the village ______ it began to rain.
we had got; when B. we got; than
C. had we got; when D. did we get; than
Exercise
Practice
　1. — How long has this bookshop been in business -____________ 1999.
　　A. After B. In C. From D. Since
2. Mother was worried because little Alice was ill, especially _____________ Father was away in France.
　　A. as B. that C. during D. if
3. --- I am going to the post office.
　---____ You’re there, can you get me some stamps
　　A. As B. While C. Because D. If
4. Someone called me up in the middle of the night, but they hung up ____________ I could answer the phone.
　　A. as B. since C. until D. before
D
A
B
D
5. — Did you remember to give Mary the money you owed her
　　— Yes, I gave it to her ____________ I saw her.
　　A. while B. the moment C. suddenly D. once
6. A good storyteller must be able to hold his listeners’ curiosity ____________ he reaches the end of the story.
　　A. when B. unless C. after D. until
7. Generally speaking, ____________ according to the directions, the drug has no side effect.
　　A. when taking B. when taken C. when to take D. when to be taken
B
D
B
8. — Was his father very strict with him when he was at school
　　— Yes. He has never praised him ____________ he became one of the top students in his grade.
　　A. after B. unless C. until D. when
9. He made a mistake, but then he corrected the situation ____________ it got worse.
　　A. until B. when C. before D. as
10. Scientists say it may be five or six years ___ it is possible to test this medicine on human patients.
　　A. since B. after C. before D. when
11. It was evening ________ we reached the little town of Winchester .
　　A. that B. until C. since D. before
C
C
C
D
12. _____ modeling business is by no means easy to get into, the good model will always be in demand.
　　A. While B. Since C. As D. If
13. We were swimming in the lake _______ suddenly the storm started.
A. when B. while C. until D. before
14. We were told that we should follow the main road ____ we reached the central railway station .
　　A. whenever B. until C. while D. wherever
A
A
B
2. 地点状语从句
地点状语从句用连接副词 where或wherever (在任何地方) 引导。
e.g. a. Just stay where you are.
b. You can put the book wherever you want to.
When he reads a book, his habit is to make a mark _______ the meaning is unclear to him.
A. there B. wherever
C. the place D. in which
2. If you are travelling ______ the customs are totally different from your own, you may feel a cultural shock.
A. in the place B. which
C. in which D. where
3. 原因状语从句
原因状语从句表示主句中的某一动作或状态所发生的原因。引导这种从句 常用的连接词是：because, since, as, for, now that 及 considering等。
e.g. He didn’t come to school because he was ill.
c.f. He might be ill, for he didn’t come to school.
表示“直接”原因。
表示“间接的推断”原因.
不可出现在句首。
Jenny was very sad over the loss of the photos she had shot at Canada, ______ this was a memory she especially treasured.
A. as B. if C. when D. where
2. Some people believe that ______ oil is running out, the fate of the motor industry is uncertain.
A. / B. though C. for D. since
4. 条件状语从句
条件状语从句表示主句中的某一动作或状态是在什么情况或条件下发生的。条件状语从句中通常用一般现在时表示将来。
条件状语从句由从属连词引导：if, unless (除非), as / so long as (只要), on condition (只要), in case (假使) , providing / provided (that) 等。
e.g. a. We’ll come over to see you on Saturday if we have time.
b. We should serve the people as / so long as we live.
1. We will be able to get there on time, _____
our car doesn’t break down on the road.
as soon as B. as far as
C. as long as D. as well as
2. In time of serious accidents, _____ we know some basic things about first aid, we can save lives.
whether B. until
C. if D. unless
3. ______ you have tried it, you can’t imagine how pleasant it is.
A. Unless B. Because
C. Although D. When
4. The official soon realized that, ______, things would get worse.
unless dealt with properly
if not properly dealing with it
unless properly dealt with
if dealt not properly with
5. 让步状语从句
在复合句中表示让步概念的状语从句被称为让步状语从句。通常由下列词语引导：though, although, even if, even though, while, no matter who/… , however 等。
由wh-词 + ever构成的连接代词或连接副词也可以引导让步状语从句。
让步状语从句可以位于主句前、后，有时插在主句中间。
e.g. a. I will go, whatever he may say. b. Their tent, though (it was) light as a feather, remained firm.
c. Though / Although he was old, he worked hard. = He was old but he worked hard.
注意一个典型的中国错误： though / although 切不可与but连用。
______ I accept that he is not perfect, I do actually like the person.
While B. since
C. Before D. Unless
2. The workers are determined to go through with their railway project, ____ the expenses have risen.
as long as B. even though
C. now that D. as though
3. ______, he knows more than other children of his age.
A. However young child he is
B. Child as he is
C. No matter how young child is
D. What a young child he is
4. I really want the match, however much ______.
A. does it cost B. costs it
C. will it cost D. it costs
5. ______ we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work.
For now B. Now that
C. By now D. until
6. ______, the idea of having to work under a woman defeated him.
Wanting the job very much
Although wanting the job badly
Though he wanted the job very much
He wanted the job badly
6. 目的状语从句
引导目的状语从句的连词:
in order that …
用于正式文体中，所引从句可于主句前或后。
so that
a. 较常用，一般用于主句后,有时可分开，so 有时可省; 从句中要有情态动词，否则, 就成为下一种句型：
b. 无情态动词则引导结果状语从句。
for fear that; in case; lest (以免)等。
e.g. a. We’ll sit nearer the front so we can hear better. b. I shall write it down lest I should forget.
注意：当从句与主句的主语一致时，可用so as to do … 或 in order to do …
e.g. He ran fast so that he might arrive there before ten o’clock. →
He ran fast so as to arrive there before ten o’clock.
7. 结果状语从句
结果状语从句常位于主句之后，由so, so … that, such … that; so that 等引导。
e.g. a. So quickly did he run that I couldn’t catch up with him.
b. The bus broke down so that we had to walk home.
★c. He got to the station finally, only to find the train had left.
8. 方式状语从句
描述主句动作进行方式的状语被称为方式状语。通常用下列词语引导：as, just as, as if, as though, according to 等。
e.g. a. We must do as the Party tells us.
b. Leave the things as they are.
c. Most plants need sunlight just as they need water.
d. It sounds as if it is raining.
9. 比较状语从句
比较状语从句常由下列词语引导： as …as, not so / as … as, more…than, less … than, the more + adj. / adv., the more + adj. / adv.
e.g. a. He is not so / as healthy as his brother. b. They jumped up and down as hard as they could. c. John is less clever than Peter.
Roses need special care ______ they can live through winter.
because B. so that
C. even if D. as
2. If things are left ______ they are, the problems will never be settled, I’m afraid.
how B. as C. what D. where
3. Careful surveys have pointed out that as many as 50 percent of the patients do not take drugs _____ directed.
like B. so C. which D. as
4. I dare not go there ______ my parents will see me.
in case of B. for fear of
C. in order that D. for fear that
误区警示(共57张PPT)
高考链接 体验
考点梳理 精讲
要点知识 点拨
误区警示 透析
第06讲 介词及介词短语
高考链接 体验
返回目录
例1：(2010·天津卷) My father warned me ______ going to the West Coast because it was crowded with tourists.
A. by B. on
C. for D. against
【解析】D　本题考查动词与介词的习惯搭配。warn sb. against doing sth. 相当于warn sb. not to do sth., 意思是“警告某人不要干某事”。句意：我父亲警告我不要去西海岸，因为那里挤满了游客。
例2：(2011·湖北卷) When asked about their opinions about the schoolmaster, many teachers would prefer to see him step aside ______ younger men.
A. in terms of B. in need of 　
C. in favor of D. in praise of
【解析】C　考查介词词组。根据句意，“当在问及对这个学校的校长有什么看法时，很多老师支持年轻人，希望他让位。”in praise of 表扬；in terms of 就……而言；in need of 需要。
例3：(2011·北京卷)With new technology, pictures of underwater valleys can be taken ______color.
A. by B. for　
C. with D. in
【解析】D　考查介词的用法。in color以彩色照片或图片的方式摄制，固定搭配。take pictures in color拍彩色照片。
例4：(2010·北京卷)Would you mind not picking the flowers in the garden They are ______ everyone's enjoyment.
A. in B. at　
C. for D. to
【解析】C　for sb.'s enjoyment是习惯用语，意思为“为了某人的快乐”，其中sb.'s也可以省去，变为for enjoyment，例如：We work in the garden for enjoyment. 我们为寻求乐趣而在园子里劳作。
例5：(2010·重庆卷)The dictionary is what I want, but I don't have enough money ______ me.
A. by B. for　
C. in D. with
【解析】D　本题考查介词的搭配额。此处with me相当于on me 表示“身上带有”。I don't have enough money with me 意思是“我没有随身带那么多钱”。
【高考考查趋势】
介词主要考查：
1、常用介词用法辨析；
2、介词短语辨析；
3、动词、名词、形容词与介词的固定搭配辨析。
考点梳理 精讲
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考点梳理
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2.
________ giving a general introduction to computer, the course also provides practical experience.
In terms of B. In addition to
C. In case of D. In spite of
解析：选B。考查介词短语的辨析。in addition to
除……之外；in terms of 就……方面而言；
in case of 防止；in spite of 虽然，
尽管。根据句意，应选B。
3.
4.
牢记下列常见的复合介词：
in addition to＝ besides除……以外，还有
in case of 万一发生……
in common with与……有共同之处，与……相同
in face of 面对……
in danger of 处于……的危险中
in need/want of 需要……
in short of 缺……
in favour of有利于……
in exchange for 以交换……
in memory of 为了纪念……
in honour of 为了表示对……的崇敬
in praise of 为了赞美……
in charge of 负责……
in the charge of 由……负责
in possession of 拥有……
in the possession of由……拥有
in search of 为了寻找……
in preparation for为…… 作准备
in place of 代替，而不是
in hopes for/in the hope of 希望……
in front of 在……的前面
in the front of 在……的前部
in the form of 以……的形式
in the name of 以……名义
in relation to 与……相关；和……相联系
in response to/in answer to作为对……的回应
in return for 作为对……的回报
in spite of 尽管……
in terms of 就……而言
in harmony with 与……和谐
according to… 依据，根据……
owing to/because of/on account of/ due to… 因为……
thanks to… 多亏了……
by means of… 凭借……
as for/to… 至于……
apart from… 除……以外
except for…除了……(整体的某个不足的部分)
regardless of… 不管……
contrary to… 与……相反
on behalf of… 代表……
but for… 要不是由于……
out of curiosity 出于好奇
考点5：注意下列带介词的词组：
(1)介词to可表示“一一对应”关系，其搭配如下：
①与名词搭配：
on the way to…在去……的路上
the solution to the problem问题的解决方法
the key to the door门的钥匙
the answer to the question问题的答案
to the point切中要害，中肯
to one's taste合某人胃口
to one's surprise/ joy/ delight令人吃惊/高兴/快乐的是
②与动词搭配：
devote…to… 为……作贡献
dance to music 伴着音乐跳舞
adapt…to… 适应……
adjust…to… 调节……以适应
attach…to… 把……粘贴到……上
owe…to… 把……归功于……
(2)on的搭配难点词组：
depend/ rely on 依赖于
be hard on sb. 对某人苛刻
be on a research team 研究队中的一员
take on雇佣；呈现
(3)over可以表示“在某事/活动进行的过程中”，如：
over a cup of coffee 在喝咖啡的时候
over lunch 在吃中餐的时候
(4)考生要熟悉多个“形容词＋介词”的词组以及“be done＋介词(done已经形容词化，表示状态)”；如：
be conscious of意识到
be aware of意识到；明白
be worthy of值得；配得上
be absent from缺席
be present at出席
be busy with/in doing忙于……
be anxious about为……担心
be ashamed of因……而惭愧
be suspicious of怀疑……
be different from与……不同
be similar to与……相似
be familiar with sth. 熟悉某物
be fond of喜爱
be strict with sb. 对某人严格
be strict in sth. 在某方面严格
be popular with受到……的欢迎
be tired of厌倦……
be lost in迷失在……；专心于……
be related to与……有关
be devoted to致力于……
be satisfied with对……满意
be crowded with挤满了……
be stuck in陷入(某种困境)
要点知识 点拨
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?

普通介词（如:at,by,for,in,over,to,
up等）
合成介词（如:onto,into,within,
without）
分词介词（如：concerning,
considering, including等）
介
词
简
单
介
词
定义：
是由
一个
单词
构成
的介
词。
返回目录
1.按结构分
介词的分类
双重介词：是由两个简单的介词重叠使用而构
成的 （如：from behind, from among）
短语介词：两个或两个以上的词所组成的短语
构成的，一般来说，这个短语的最后一个词是
简单介词。
（如：in case of, according to, out
of, because of, by means of, in spite
of, instead of）?
介
词
表示时间的介词：at, on, in，
after, for, since, by, till, until, during
表示地点、位置的介词：
in, at, round, around, beyond,on,
beneath,over,under,above,below,up,down,
before,behind,between,among
表示方向、方位的介词：to,in,for,at
表示空间运动的介词：
along,across,through,over,up,
down,from,to,into,out of
介
词
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2.按意义和用法分
表示工具、方法和手段的介词：
with, by, in, through, on
表示原因的介词：because of, owing
to, due to(一般不位于句首)，on account
of, at, for, from, with, of，without，
besides, except, except for, but,
（意思较广）
表示让步的介词：in spite of, despite, after
all, for all, with all
介
词
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介词是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的虚词，在句中不能单独作句子成分。
介词后面一般有名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词类，短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组，在句中作状语、表语、定语或宾语补足语。介词可分为时间介词、地点介词、方式介词、原因介词和其他介词。
①Nothing in the world could live without air or water.(状语)
②This machine is in good condition.(表语)
③Where is the key to my bike (定语)
④She always thinks herself above others.（宾补）
热门考点梳理
【即学即练】
单项填空
①It was a pity that the great writer died _____ his works unfinished.
A. for B. with C. from D. of
解析：选B。works 与unfinish之间为动宾关系，所以用过去分词表示被动。如果名词或代词与后面的动词是主谓关系，则用现在分词表示主动。
【考点一】考查with/without复合结构
（1）by, in, on三词都可表示旅行的方式
①用by，名词前不加冠词。如by sea, by water, by land, by air等。
②涉及交通工具的名词时用by，如by bike, by train, by spaceship等。
③当旅行方式涉及确定特指的交通工具时，用on或in，名词前加修饰语。leave on an early train，go to school on my bike等。
注意：步行、骑马、骑骆驼均用on。如on foot，on horseback，on a horse，on the camel。
【考点二】考查工具、手段、方式介词
（2）with, by, in三词均意为“用”，表示行为的工具、手段或方式。
①with用于有形的工具或身体某些器官之前。
We see with our eyes, hear with our ears, and walk with our legs.
②by, in, on, over, through等介词多用于无形的工具或方式手段之前。如by hand, in ink, on the telephone, over the radio, through the telescope等。
注意：1）使用语言、原料、材料时，用in表示，如in English/Japanese；in blue ink等。
2）表达“用……方法/式”时，所用介词有：
in this/that/the same way，
by means of，by this/that means，
with this/that method等。
“of+抽象名词”的用法与形容词相近，在句中可作表语、定语、补语。
of+great/much +抽象名词=very+名词的形容词形式
of+no+抽象名词=not+名词的形容词形式
It is of great value.=It is very valuable.
It is of no use.=It is useless.
【考点三】考查of+抽象名词的用法
by 表示“增加了……”；to表示“增加到……”；beyond表示“范围, 限度超出”。
【即学即练】
②Sorry, Madam. You’d better come tomorrow because it’s ______ the visiting hours.
A. during B. at C. beyond D. before
解析：选C。考查介词的用法。beyond（时间）晚于，迟于。
【考点四】考查表示程度的介词by, to, beyond
have no choice but to do 只得做某事；
can’t help but do 不得不做……；
but for 要不是……
I have no choice but to accept his conditions.
There was no taxi that day, I couldn’t choose but stay there for
【考点五】考查介词but的固定搭配
to 与情感类名词连用，
to＋one’s＋delight/surprise/horror
/sorrow/joy/regret
＝to the delight/surprise/horror/sorrow
/joy/regret of sb.
用作状语，通常置于句首
To his disappointment, he failed again.
【考点六】考查to one’s+情感类名词
【考点七】考查名词与to构成的固定搭配
key, approach, solution, answer, entrance, visit, attitude等与to构成固定搭配：
The key / approach / solution/answer/entrance
/visit/attitude to...
It is said that they have adopted a new approach to teaching English.
(1)by+地点名词。表示方位，意为“在……旁边”。
注意：表示“从……旁边经过”时,多与动词go/walk/pass等词连用。
(2)by+时间名词，意为“到……时（已发生某事）；最晚,不迟于……,在……之前”,此时谓语多用完成时。
(3)by+名词。可用来表示方法、方式、手段等。
①by+the+可数名词(时间、长度、重量等),意为“按……计算;按……买(卖)”。
②by+表示时间、长度、重量等总称的不可数名词（名词前不加冠词）,意为“按……计算，按……买(卖)”。
【考点八】考查介词by的用法
③by+表示交通工具、交通方式名词（名词前不加冠词，不用复数）,意为“通过……；由……；乘……”。
④by+抽象名词或具有抽象意义的普通名词（名词前不加冠词，不用复数），意为“靠……；通过……；由……所致”。
⑤by+地点或工具等具体名词。表示路线、途径，意为“通过（某物、某地）；取道……”。
⑥by+动词-ing，意为“通过……；靠……；凭……”。
(4)by+数量词。
①表示升降、增减的程度。
②表示距离和面积、体积中的尺寸及乘除法中的运算。
(5)by+身体部位/衣服类名词。表示被抓住身体/衣物的某一部分，常与catch/seize/take/hold/grab等动词连用。
It takes a long time to go there by train; it’s quicker by road.
The man entered the room by the back door.
The demand for organic food is increasing by about one third every year.
Milk is sold by the pint, butter by the pound, and eggs by the dozen.
选词填空（except/besides/expect for/that/but）
①Your article is quite good ______ several spelling mistakes.
②Nobody knew his name ______ me.
③Some people choose jobs for other reasons ______ money these days.
④I would buy the suit, ______ it costs too much.
⑤Who ______ a fool would do such a thing
【考点九】 except, besides, except for/that, but
①选except for表示修正；②选except表示排除在外；
③选besides表示“除……之外，还”；
④选except that其后跟从句；⑤选but，常用于疑问词后
解析：except指从整体中除去一部分,排除或不包括在内；besides意为“除……之外（还有）”，表示包括besides之后的内容，含有“尚有”之意；
except for 表示部分地修正主句的内容，带有一种惋惜的语气；
except that 与except for意义相同，只是except that后面接从句；
but与except意思相近, 常用在no, all, nobody, anywhere, everything等不定代词和疑问词后面。
注意：but前面的谓语动词是实义动词do时，后接省略“to”的不定式作宾语；反之，则后接带to的不定式作宾语。
She had no choice but to wait.
He did nothing but read a novel yesterday.
What can you do but take back what you said.
重温高考
1.(2010高考英语上海秋季卷,25)Sean has formed the habit of jogging______ the tree-lined avenue for two hours every day.
A. between B. along C. below D. with
【答案】B
【解析】考查介词的用法，根据句意“Sean已经形成了每天沿着绿荫大道慢跑两小时的习惯”，表示“沿着”时，应该选B。
4.(2010高考英语浙江卷,7)I guess we’ve already talked about this before but I’ll ask you again just ______.
A．by nature B．in return C．in case D．by chance
【答案】C
【解析】本题考查介词短语。分析四个选项的意思：by nature 天生地；in return作为回报，作为交换；in case 万一，以防；by chance偶然地。根据句意：我想我之前已经跟你谈论过这件事，但是以防万一，我再问你一次。
6.(2010高考英语四川卷,5)Tired, Jim was fast asleep with his back ______ a big tree.
A. in B. below C. beside D. against
【答案】D
【解析】考查介词。句意为：“累了，吉姆背倚着树，很快就睡着了。” against此处意为：“倚着，靠着”； below“在……的下方”； beside“在……的旁边”；in“在……的里面或时间……之后”。
7.(2010高考英语上海春季卷,25)Were planning to send out a thousand invitations ______ Expo-volunteers.
A．over B．in C．on D．to
【答案】D
【解析】考查介词。语意：我们打算送1000张邀请函给世博会志愿者。send sth to sb意为送某物给某人，据此选D项。
8.(2010高考英语辽宁卷,31)I agree to his suggestion _______ the condition that he drops all charges.
A. by B. in C. on D. to
【答案】C
【解析】考查固定搭配。语意为：我同意接受他的提议，条件是他撤销全部的诉讼。on （the） condition that与连词if同义，表示“在……条件下”，后接条件状语从句。根据语意选C项。(共45张PPT)
非 谓 语 动 词
Non-predicate Verbs
1.(2011高考英语陕西卷,20) More highways have
been built in China,_____ it much easier for people to travel from one place to another.
A. making B. made C. to make D. having made
【答案】A
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2.(2011高考英语陕西卷,14) Chaire had her luggage ______ an hour before her plane left.
A. check B. checking
C. to check D. checked
【答案】D
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3.(2010高考英语上海秋季卷,33) Lucy has a great sense of humor and always keeps her colleagues ______ with her stories.
amused B. amusing
C. to amuse D. to be amused
【答案】A
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4.(2011高考全国卷,27)
The next thing he saw was smoke _____ from behind the house.
A. rose B. rising C. to rise D. risen
【答案】B
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什么是非谓
语动词啊？
“非谓语非谓语”,就是不是谓语的动词呗!
那“不是谓语”
是什么呢？
……
英语一个简单句只能有一个主谓结构
如果出现更多主谓结构，可以用以下
方法：
加入并列连词，构成并列句（and / but / so…）
放入从句，构成主从复合句
变为非谓语动词，构成动词短语加句子
主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、补语
1、什么叫非谓语动词？与谓语动词有什么区别？
2 、非谓语动词有哪些？ 有哪些具体的不同形式？
3、 不同的非谓语动词表示的动作与谓语动词表示
的动作的先后关系是什么？
4、 非谓语动词在句中通常作什么成分？
一、要点知识检查及重难点强调与提醒
非谓语动词就是不能作句子谓语而具有其他语法功能的动词。
1、什么叫非谓语动词？与谓语动词有什么区别？
非谓语动词的三种形式
-ing形式
-ed形式
to do不定式
非谓语动词
同谓语动词的区别
谓语动词——只能做谓语；有人称和数的变化；有时态、语态和语气的变化。
非谓语动词——不能做谓语，也没有人称和数的变化；仍具有动词的特点，有时态和语态的变化；如果是及物动词(vt.)后面可接宾语。
① At last, we found ourselves in a pleasant
park with trees providing shade and _____
down to eat our picnic lunch. (2005上海）
A. sitting B. having sat
C. to sit D. sat
D
② Prices of daily goods _____ through a computer can be lower than store prices.
A. are bought B. bought
C. have been bought D. buying
B
非谓语
不定式（to do)
过去分词(-ed)
- ing 分词
-ed 分词
2 非谓语动词有哪些？
非谓语动词的时态和语态
　　　 (以动词make为例)
　　时态
语态 主动语态 被动语态
-ing 一般式
完成式
-ed 一般式
　
to do 一般式
完成式
进行式
making
being made
having made
having been made
/
made
to make
to be made
to have made
to have been made
to be making
/
3 非谓语动词所表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作的先后关系是什么？
非谓语表示的动作 非谓语动词的形式
在谓语表示的动作之后
与谓语表示的动作同时发生
在谓语表示的动作之前
to do/to be done
to do/to be done /to be doing ; doing/being done ;
done; to have done/to have been done ; having done/having been done
弄清非谓语动词表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作
之间的先后关系是解题的关键所在
动词-ing：主，谓, 宾，定, 状, 表，补
动词-ed： 主，谓, 宾，定, 状, 表，补
不定式： 主，谓, 宾，定, 状, 表，补
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
4、 非谓语动词在句中通常作什么成分？
二、几个重要区别
1、不定式和ing分词均能作主语，二者有何区别？
2、 不定式和动名词都可作宾语, 有何区别？
3、 不定式和分词作宾语补足语表达的意义有何不同？
4、不定式、ing 分词和过去分词都可以作定语，
主要区别是什么？
5、能作状语的有不定式、现在分词和过去分词。
作什么样的状语取决于什么因素？
6、现在分词和过去分词作表语的区别是什么？
7、动名词的复合结构是什么？
1.表示某一具体的动作时，多用不定式；表示比较抽象的一般行为倾向的，多用动名词。
2.动名词作主语 时通常位于句首；不定式作主语时常置于句末，用it作形式主语放在句首。
1) Smoking is prohibited(禁止)here.
2) It is not very good for you to smoke so much.
(抽象)
(具体)
Seeing is believing.
To see is to believe.
若主语和表语都是非谓语动词, 应保持形式
上的一致。
1、不定式和ing分词均能作主语，二者有何区别？
1). It’s necessary to be prepared for a job
interview. ________the answers ready
will be of great help.
A. To have B. Having had
C. Have D. Having
2). In fact _____ is a hard job for the police
to keep order in an important match.
A. this B. that C. there D. it
D
D
下列句型中常用动名词作主语:
It is/was
no use/good
not any use/good
of little use/good
useless
+doing sth.
2、不定式和动名词都可作宾语, 有何区别？
2）. 有些动词后只跟动名词作宾语
3）.有些动词后既可以跟不定式又可以跟动名词作宾语，意义上无多大区别
4）.有些动词后既可以跟不定式，又可以跟动名词作宾语，但意义上有明显差别
1）. 有些动词后只跟不定式作宾语
1）. 有些动词后只跟不定式作宾语，如：
…… manage, promise, pretend, plan, offer, agree, ask, dare, choose, fail, help(帮助)，want(想要) ,refuse等。
2）. 有些动词后只跟动名词作宾语，如：
……practise, appreciate, dislike, excuse, forgive, keep, resist, risk, deny, advise, fancy, complete, forbid, permit, allow, stand, refer to, give up, lead to, take to, set about, get down to, object to, succeed in, have difficulty in...
1) I can’t stand ______ with Jane in the same
office. She just refuses _____ talking while
she works.
A. working; stopping B. to work; stopping
C. working; to stop D. to work; to stop
2) He got well-prepared for the job interview,
for he couldn’t risk ____ the good opportunity.
A. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost
C
B
3）.有些动词如begin, start; love, like, hate, prefer后既可以跟不定式又可以跟ing分词作宾语，意义上无多大区别(但ing分词一般表示经常性的行为；不定式表示具体的行为)。
I like __________ very much, but I don't
like _________ this afternoon.
　　 A. swimming, swimming
B. to swim, to swim
C. swimming, to swim
D. to swim, swimming
C
Little Jim should love __________ to the theatre this evening
A. to be taken B. to take
C. being taken D. taking
如果like, love, prefer前有would/
should, 后面则应该接动词不定式。
A
A
would like 还有哪些用法？
4）.有些动词后既可以跟不定式，又可以跟动名词作宾语，但意义上有明显差别。
讨论：有哪些单词或短语？
go on (stop/remember/regret)to do/doing
can’t help to do / doing
be used to do / doing
( get used to doing)
(used to do)
Children should be allowed ______ their own decisions.
A. making B. to make
C. make D. having made
　　
B
My advisor encouraged _____ a summer
course to improve my writing skills.
A. for me taking B. me taking
C. for me to take D. me to take
D
3. 不定式和分词作宾语补足语表达的意义不同。
① I heard her ______( sing) an English song just now.
② I heard her ________ (sing) an English song when I passed by her room yesterday.
③ I heard the English song ______( sing) many times.
(4) I heard the English song ____________( sing) when I passed by her room yesterday.
sing
singing
sung
being sung
4、不定式、ing 分词和过去分词都可以作定语，主要区别在于它们的时态意义和语态意义。
不定式作定语和被修饰的名词具有 “动宾关
系”, 即被修饰的名词是不定式的动作的承受
者; 如果不定式是不及物动词，就要在不定式
动词后加上相应的介词
The beautiful scenery,_____ with delicious
food and lovely weather, made our visit to
Hawaii pleasant and unforgettable.
to combine B. combined
C. combining D. having combined
The film _______ （导演）by Chaplin was
very interesting .
B
directed
还记得这两个题吗？
分词作定语与动词不定式作定语的区别是：
现在分词表示主动、进行之意；过去分词表
示被动与完成；而不定式表示在谓语动词表
示的动作之后即将发生的动作。例如：
①The question __________ (discuss) at the meeting yesterday is of quite importance.
②The question _____________ (discuss) at the meeting now is of quite importance.
③The question ______________ (discuss) at the meeting tomorrow is of quite importance.
discussed
being discussed
to be discussed
5、能作状语的有不定式、现在分词和过去分词。作什么样的状语往往取决于它们的位置和在句中的意义。
Practise
1). When _______(heat) water will be changed into vapour.
While _______ (heat) water, we can change it into vapour.
2) ______(see) from the hill, the city looks beautiful.
_______ (see) from the hill, you will find the city beautiful.
3) Generally speaking, when ________(take) according to the directions, the drug has no side effect.
If ________(take) the drug according to the directions, you will be better soon.
heated
heating
Seen
Seeing
taken
taking
2.(2010高考英语上海秋季卷,33) Lucy has a great sense of humor and always keeps her colleagues ______ with her stories.
amused B. amusing
C. to amuse D. to be amused
【答案】A
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3.(2010年高考北京卷)I’m calling to enquire
About the position_____ in yesterday’s China
Daily.
A. advertised B. advertising
C. being advertised C. to advertise
A
doing…
being done
having done…
having been done
一般式(doing)表示主动的
一般性的动作或者正在进行的动作；
被动式(being done)表示正在进行的
被动的动作；
完成式(having done)表示发生在谓语动作之前
的主动的动作；
完成被动式(having being done)
表示发生在谓语动作之前的被动的动作。
作状语可以表示时间、原因、
条件、让步、
结果、方式
或伴随情况。
分词作状语时的逻辑主语问题
分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须同句子的主语一致；如果不一致，需在分词前加一个逻辑主语，分词和它的逻辑主语合称独立主格结构或用状语从句。
1) Being an orphan, the nurse treated him kindly.
2) He being an orphan, the nurse treated him
kindly.
3) As he was an orphan, the nurse treated him
kindly.
F
T
T
(True or false)
现在分词与不定式作结果状语时的区别
1). European football is played in 80 countries , _________ it the most popular sport in the world . (NMET 1998)
A. making B. makes C. make D. to make
2). He hurried to the station only ________ that the train had left . (2005广东)
A. to find B. finding C. found D. to have found
现在分词作结果状语往往表示“正常出现的、自
然而然的或意料之中”的结果。不定式作结果状语
时通常表示“偶然的、出乎意料的”一种结果
A
A
非谓语动词 主语 宾语 宾补 主补 定语 状语 表语
不定式
-ing分词
过去分词
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
√
　表示心理状态的动词如excite, interest等都是及物
动词，汉语注解不是“激动”、“高兴”，而是“使得激
动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、
“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高
兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人……的”都是-ing形式，凡
是表示“感到 ……”都用-ed形式。换句话说，若人
对……感兴趣，就是somebody is interested in...，
若人/物本身有趣时，就是sb./sth. is interesting。
6、现在分词和过去分词作表语的区别
delighting　令人高兴的——delighted　感到高兴的
disappointing 令人失望的——disappointed 感到
失望的
encouraging 令人鼓舞的——encouraged 感到鼓
舞的
pleasing 令人愉快的——pleased 感到愉快的
puzzling 令人费解的——puzzled 感到费解的
satisfying 令人满意的——satisfied 感到满意的
surprising 令人惊异的——surprised 感到惊异的
worrying 令人担心的——worried 感到担心的
7、动名词的复合结构
动名词的复合结构由物主代词或人称代词宾
格、名词所有格或普通格加动名词构成。
1) LiPing’s/ My helping her moved her deeply.
2) I appreciate your/you/LiPing’s/ LiPing coming
to see me.
3) Is there any hope of our team winning the
match
4) What made me angry was many students
failing in the exam.
(动名词结构作宾语, 其逻辑主语用宾格或所有格均可)
(动名词结构作主语, 其逻辑主语用所有格)
(逻辑主语是无生命名词时, 只用普通格)
(以-s 结尾的名词, 只用普通格)
1) I would appreciate _____ back this afternoon .
A. you to call B. you call
C. your calling D. you’re calling
2) ________ made her mother very angry.
A. Mary marrying Jim
B. Mary’s married Jim
C. Mary’s marrying Jim
D. Mary’s being married Jim
C
C
独立主格结构
练习：
造一个含有独立主格结构的句子
All flights_____ because of the snowstorm, we decided to take the train. A. were canceled B. had been canceled C. having canceled D. having been canceled
2. _____ for a long time, most of the crops in this area died from lacking water. A. Being no rain B. There was no rain C. To be no rain D. There being no rain
3. Everything _______ into consideration, they believed themselves more and returned to their positions.
A. to take B. taken C. to be taken D. taking
D
D
B
Thank you!(共41张PPT)
高考链接 体验
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语法专项训练(一)冠词和名词
1.（2010高考英语重庆卷，27）Everything comes with price; there is no such ___ thing as free lunch in the world.
A. a, a B. the, / C. the, a D. a, /
【答案】D
【解析】考查冠词。price意思是“代价”，为可数名词;第二空前边有no,后面的名词不用冠词，故选 D项。
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2.（2010高考英语浙江卷，2）Many lifestyle patterns do such great harm to health that they actually speed up weakening of the human body.
A．a; / B．/; the C．a; the D．/; /
【答案】B
【解析】本题考查冠词。句意：许多生活方式对人类的健康有害，他们加速了人类身体的衰退。本题考查冠词， “do harm to”意为“对……有害”，是固定短语，其中harm是不可数名词，中间无需冠词；第二空后面的weakening后面有介词短语修饰，所以用定冠词。
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3.（2010高考英语四川卷，2）In most countries, a university degree can give you ______flying start in life.
A. the; a B. the; 不填 C.不填; 不填 D.不填; a
【答案】D
【解析】考查冠词。 most countries此处表泛指，most前不加定冠词the.第二个空处应为“一个高起点的开始”，故用a ,正确答案为D。
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4.（2010高考英语山东卷，22）If we sit near _______ front of the bus, we’ll have _______ better view.
A. 不填；the B. 不填；a C. the; a D. the；the
【答案】 C
【解析】本题考查冠词在具体语境中的使用。句意为“如果我们坐在公共汽车的前部，就会有更好的视野。” 表示“某空间内部的前部”时，front前要加定冠词the;第二空考查了“a（n）+形容词+不可数名词”的结构，a 表示一种、一阵等；a better view指更好的一种风景。
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5.（2010高考英语辽宁卷，22）There are over 58, 000 rocky objects in _______ space, about 900 of which could fall down onto _______ earth.
A．the; the B. 不填; the C．the; 不填 D．a; the
【答案】B
【解析】考查冠词。句意：太空中有超过58,000的岩状物体，其中大约900有可能掉到地球上。第一空in space 是固定短语，不用冠词，第二空名词earth属于独一无二事物的名词，其前必须用定冠词。
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6.（2010高考英语北京卷，35）First impressions are the most lasting. After all, you never get __ second chance to make __ first impression.
A. a; the B. the; the C. a; a D. the; a
【答案】 C
【解析】考查冠词。句意为：“最初印象最深刻。毕竟你不会再有另一次机会来给形成第一印象。” 第一空a second chance表示再一次，又一次；第二空泛指第一印象。
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考点梳理 精讲
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问题一：1、什么是冠词？
2、冠词分为哪二类？
3、冠词有基本用法是什么？
考点梳理
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1. 不定冠词最基本的用法是泛指，表示“一个/一张/一本/一……”以及用于第一次出现的可数名词单数前。?
An umbrella is an article that keeps the rain out.?
?Ten years is a long time.
?
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2. 定冠词最基本的用法是表“特指”。重复出现的名词、形容词最高级、序数词、江河湖海、山脉群岛、海峡海岸、乐器名称、某些建筑物、姓氏前，都需有定冠词。?
The film I saw last night is the most moving one that I have ever seen.
The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.?
?
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问题二：你能讲讲冠词在序数词、最高级、人名、星期、一日三餐和比较级前有什么一般用法和特殊用法吗？
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要点点拨
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。
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a
1．用在世界上独一无二的人或物、自然现象、表示方位或表示发明物等的名词前。
The earth moves around the sun.
Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876.
要点点拨
定冠词的一些用法
【温馨提示】　有些物体虽然也是独一无二的，但习惯上却不用冠词。
space太空　nature自然　man人类
2．用在序数词和形容词最高级前面。
Yang Liwei is the first man who has been into space in China.
3．用在某些形容词、分词前表示一类人/物或用在姓氏复数前表一家人。
The Greens live a happy life.
The wounded were sent to the hospital immediately.
4．乐器名词前，特别是西洋乐器。
My brother is playing the violin while my sister is chatting on the Internet.
5．用在表示计量的名词前，如by the hour，by the day，by the dozen，by the yard等，但是如表示单位的名词为不可数名词，之前不用冠词，如by weight/height等。
I got paid by the hour.
6．用在the＋比较级的句型中。
The more you listen to English，the easier it becomes.
7．用在形容词very/only/right/following/same之前和just之后。
Don’t make the same mistake again.
That’s the very thing I’ve been looking for.
8．用在表示某世纪、年代、时期或朝代的名词前。
It is not rare in the 1990s that people in their fifties are going to university for further education.
问题三：什么叫零冠词？
在什么情况下不用冠词？
要点点拨
零冠词的用法
不用冠词的情况
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不用冠词的情况?
抽象名词表示一般概念时。?
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go to school 去上学
go to the school 到学校去
in hospital 住院
in the hospital 在医院里
in front of 在……前面
in the front of 在……的前部
英语中有不少名词前带不带冠词、带定冠词或带不定冠词意思完全不同。?
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要点知识 点拨
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【解题探究】 C。在冠词用法中，有一种表达事物
类别的用法，即“类指”用法。它有如下三种形式：
A tiger
The tiger can be dangerous.老虎可能是危险的。
Tigers
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返回目录(共68张PPT)
动词及动词短语
分析考点
动词、形容词以及它们的短语是高考中的热点，其中以动词和动词短语为最多。这些虽属语法范畴，但又似乎没有多少规律可循。关键是平时应该多多积累，灵活运用，把短语放到句子当中去理解它们的意思，注意比较记忆，联系记忆，归纳记忆的各种方法，解题的时候要重视对语境的理解。只有扎扎实实的学，才能做到各个击破。
1．(2011年高考大纲全国卷)Mary，I ________John of his promise to help you.
A．told　　　　　　　　　B．reminded
C．warned D．advised
解析：考查动词短语搭配。remind sb.of
warn sb.of sth.警告某人某事；
advise sb.of sth.“通知/(正式)告知某人某事”
答案：B
2．(2011年高考山东卷)They are broadening the bridge to ______ the flow of traffic.
A．put off B．speed up
C．turn on D．work out
解析：put off推迟，推延；speed up加快速度；turn on打开，接通；取决于；work out算出；弄懂；speed up“加快速度”。
答案：B
3．(2011年高考天津卷)I ________a bank account after I made $1,000 by doing a part time job during the summer vacation.
A．borrowed B．opened
C．entered D．ordered
解析：句意：我在暑假做兼职工作挣了1 000美元之后在银行开了个账户。答案：B
动词基本分类
动词高考高频动词用法
动词及动词短语高考考点
动词词组及固定搭配
动词及动词短语失分点透析
今日菜单
动词的分类
根据意义和句法作用，英语动词可分为四类：
1.行为动词（实义动词）
①及物动词 （带宾语）：study, develop
②不及物动词（不带宾语）work, swim, go, come
③状态动词（相对静止）contain, exist, own, prefer, belong
④动作动词 延续性（work, stay）；非延续性（marry, go, come）
动词基本分类
2.系动词
①表示人或事物的特征和状态：
be, feel, look, seem, taste, appear, sound
②表示状态的变化：turn, go, become, get, fall, grow
③表示某种状态的延续或持续：remain, keep, stay
3.助动词（与动词原形或分词构成复合谓语）：
be (am, is, are), do (does, did); have (has); will, would, shall, should
4.情态动词：can (could), may (might), must, shall (should)
1.可接双宾语的常用动词?
（1）双宾语易位时需要借助介词to的常用动词?
award(授予),bring(带来),hand(递),lend(借)，mail(邮寄)，offer(提供)，owe(欠)，pass(递)，pay(付钱)， post(寄)，read(读)，return(归还)，send(送)，sell（卖），show(展示)，teach(教)，tell(告诉)，throw(扔)，write(写)
He brought me a good magazine.
=He brought a good magazine to me.
他给我带了一本好杂志。
动词高考高频动词用法
（2）双宾语易位时需借助介词for的常用动词?
book(预订),buy(购买)，choose(选择)，cook(煮)，draw（画），fetch(去取)，find(找到)，fix(安装)，get(取得，带来)，make(做)，order(订购)，prepare(准备)，save(节省)，sing(唱)， spare(留出)
My father bought me a new bicycle.
=My father bought a new bicycle for me.
爸爸给我买了一辆新自行车。?
2. 可用于“动词+ sb. + of sth.”的常用动词
accuse(控告)，cheat(欺骗)，cure(治愈)，inform(通知)，remind(提醒)，rid(摆脱)，rob(抢劫)，warn（警告）?
This photo reminds me of my school days.?
这张照片让我想起了在学校的时光。?
1、系动词的比较；
2、动词的及物与不及物；短暂性与持续性；
3、意思相同或相近的动词比较；
4、同一动词构成的不同词组的用法比较；
5、意思相同或相近的动词短语的比较。
动词及动词短语高考考点
1、系动词的用法比较
考题点击： 1) Happy birthday, Alice! So you have ______ twenty-one already! （04天津）
A become B turned C grown D passed
B
become 强调变化过后的持续性；turn 表示从某种状态向其对应状态转化的自然现象，其后接名词不用冠词； go 往往表示情况变坏或恶化； fall 表示一下子进入一种状态 fall asleep / ill / silent；come 表示向好的方面转化； get 强调造成事件的施动者发挥的作用或变化的结果；
2、及物动词和不及物动词
考题点击
Why don’t you put the meat in the fridge It will fresh for several days. （03全国卷）
A．be stayed B．stay C．be staying D．have stayed
B
该句中的 stay 是系动词。表示状态的系动词，一般不用进行时。英语中有许多动词都有多重词性，如：sell，用作“销售”用时是及物动词，用作“销路”用时为不及物动词；feel，用作“摸索”解时为及物动词，用作“摸上去怎么样”解时为系动词。所以复习中需要注意动词的词性变化。
3、意思相同或相近的动词的比较
考题点击
1. --- Julia said she sent you a birthday card yesterday. Have you got it '
--- Oh, really! I haven’t ____ my mailbox yet. （05天津）
A. examined B. reviewed
C. tested D. checked
D
2. In our childhood, we were often _____ by Grandma to pay attention to our table manners. (05江苏卷)
A. demanded B. reminded
C. allowed D. hoped
B
有时还需考虑到固定搭配，如：
He is such a man who is always ______ fault with other people. （05安徽卷）
putting B. seeking
C. finding D. looking for
C
该题中 “find fault with sb.” 为固定短语，意为“抱怨别人、挑剔”。在做动词题时，需要读懂句子的意思，分析句子结构，善于发现习惯用语和固定短语。
4. 动词短语的用法比较　
考题点击　
1、The Internet has brought _____ big changes in the way we work. （05北京春季）
　A. about B. out
C. back D. up
考点是同一动词与不同的介词和副词的搭配
A
5、意思相同或相近的动词短语的比较　
考题点击：
1、The president spoke at the business meeting for nearly an hour without _________ his notes. （05浙江卷）
A．bringing up B．referring to
C．looking for D．trying on
只需要正确理解句意就不难发现答案。
B
2、What shall we use for power when all the oil in the world has ______ （05山东卷）
A. given out B. put out
C. held up D. used up
A
第二题的干扰项是D，但 use up 需用被动。
give out 表示“… 用尽了”，相当于 run out。
动词词组及固定搭配
试试身手！
请圈出正确的表达，以使句子完整
1. As the popular saying says / tells / goes, “Laugh and the whole world laugh with you. Cry and you cry alone.”
2. “Goodbye, then,” she said, without even looking away/looking up/looking at from her book.
3. Why don’t you just care/mind/consider your own business and leave me alone
4. he computer system broke out/broke up/broke down suddenly while he was searching for information on the Internet.
动词词组构成分类 动词＋介词/副词
短　　语 例　　句
ask for请求 The boy asked for more food.
care for喜欢；照料 He doesn’t care for playing football.
come across偶然碰到 I came across an old friend in the street.
call up打电话 I shall call her up soon.
call for叫(人) He will call for you in the evening.
call on号召 The Party called on us to study hard.
give up放弃 Never give up hope.
get over克服，渡过 You’ll soon get over your shyness.
get on进展 He is getting on well with the work.
get in收进 The peasants got in the wheat in May.
go through通过；细察 She went through the book before buying it.
go over复习，看一遍 She went over the lessons for three times.
go without放弃，没有也行 He had to go without food.
head for 朝……去 The ship is heading for the nearest port.
look up查寻；向上看 He is looking up a new word in the dictionary.
look through翻阅；浏览 The boy looked through the picture book.
put up挂起 She put up a picture on the wall.
put off推迟 The match is put off owing to the rain.
run over辗过去 The bus ran over his legs.
result from由……引起 His illness results from overeating.
result in导致 Overeating results in his illness.
set about着手干 They set about the work at once.
set out出发 They set out at dawn.
see to保证 See to it that the work is done well.
send for派人请 We have sent for the doctor.
stand for代表 What does “U.S.” stand for？
turn to翻到，转向 Please turn to page 10.
take off脱去 She asked him to take off the coat.
turn out结果是 The day turned out fine.
turn up出现 He didn’t turn up until eleven o’clock.
过去分词＋介词(这类短语常同连系动词连用)
短　　语 例　　句
be absorbed in全神贯注于 He is absorbed in reading.
be dressed in穿着 She is dressed in red.
be engaged to与……订婚 Mary is engaged to John.
be joined to连接，结合 One pipe is joined to another.
be made up of由……构成 A car is made up of many different parts.
be prepared for准备好 They are prepared for the journey.
be tired of(with)对……厌烦 He is tired of this kind of life.
动词＋副词＋介词
短　　语 例　　句
add up to总计为 The income adds up to 1,000 dollars.
break away from改掉，与……脱离关系 He has broken away from the bad habit.
catch up with赶上 I can catch up with them.
get down to开始认真做 Let’s get down to business.
get on(along)with进展，相处 He got on well with people here.
go in for参加，爱好 He has gone in for the long jump.
go ahead with进行，继续下去 He went ahead with the work and got it done.
keep away from与……脱离关系，改掉 You should keep away from those bad children.
keep up with跟上 She can’t keep up with others.
live up to不辜负 We shall live up to his teachings.
look out for提防，照看 Look out for cars when crossing the street.
look back upon回顾 He likes to look back upon his school days.
look down upon轻视，不重视 Don’t look down upon him.
look forward to盼望 He looks forward to seeing her.
put up with忍受，容忍 I just can’t put up with that kind of man.
run out of用完 I have run out of ink.
watch out for当心，提防 Watch out for thieves in the street.
动词＋介词＋名词
短　　语 例　　句
come into use开始使用，实施 The new tool came into use two years ago.
come into power当权，执政 The king came into power last year.
come into effect开始生效 The new rule will come into effect soon.
come into being产生，建立 The custom came into being long long ago.
put sth.to use使用，利用 You should put the dictionary to a good use.
动词是历年高考试题中动词所占比例最大，设题时往往给出四个不同的动词或短语来测试考生在具体语境中对动词短语意义的理解和运用能力。主要出现在单项选择和完形填空中，考纲要求在复习备考中要掌握以下几个方面
1.常用动词的用法；
2.熟记16个高频动词构成的短语用法：
(break, bring, call, come, cut, give, go, get, hold, look, make, put, set, take, turn, keep等)
动词词组及常见固定搭配
5.熟记16个高频动词构成的短语用法
1.break
break away 摆脱；逃跑
break down （机器）出故障；中断；分解
break into 闯入；打断；突然中断
break off 中断；折断；突然停止
break out 突然发生；爆发
break through 突破；克服；挣脱而出
break up 打碎；中断；分解
break in 破门而入；打断（谈话）；插嘴
2.bring
bring about 引起；造成
bring down 使倒下；使下降；使受挫折
bring forward 提出；提前(=put forward)
bring out 显示出来；出版；生产
bring up 提出；教育；培养；吐出
bring back 把…送回；使想起；恢复
bring in 引进，赚得
3. call
call for 需要；要求；邀请
call off 取消；停止
call on 拜访(某人)；看望；号召
call up 打电话；使人想起；召集
call at 访问(某地)
call in 请来；召集
call back 回电话；召回
4.come
come across 偶遇；碰到；讲清楚
come along 进展；成功；一道走
come into effect 生效
come on 快点；走吧；有进展
come out 出来；结果是出版
come through 经历；获得成功
come to 苏醒；达到；总数为
come up against 碰到（困难）
come up with 赶上；提出
come back 回来；反驳
come true 变为现实
come about 发生
5. cut
cut across 绕道穿过；超越；遮住
cut back 削减；终止；急忙返回
cut down 削减；减少
cut in 插嘴；打断；突然出来
cut off 切断；中断；隔绝
cut out 删掉；戒掉
cut short 中断；打断；缩短
6. give
give away 赠送；颁发；泄露；告发；失去
give out 分发；公布；公开；用完耗尽(vi)
give off 发出；放出
give up 放弃
give in 屈服；投降；让步；上交；呈交
7. go
go down 下降；下沉；下跌
go for 去；选择；想要；
go in for 从事；爱好；参加（选拔赛、考试等）
go into 研究；调查，从事
go off 离开；爆炸；断电；熄灭；
go on 继续进行；发生；
go out 离开；熄灭；过时
go over 浏览；仔细查看；检查；审查
go through 通过；经历（苦难）；仔细检查
go up 上升；增长；涨价
go along 进展；陪同前往
go by 时间过去；经过；遵守
8. get
get through 浏览；翻阅；经历困难(痛苦)；做完
get in 收割；收获；收集；购买；买进；
get over 克服；战胜；熬过；做完；结束；
get on 继续；进行；上车
get round 传播；散播；说服某人；回避；避开
get about 四处走动；传开
get across 传达；使…让人理解
get along/on (with) 进展；相处
get down 记下；下来；下车；使…人忧愁
get down to 开始认真干
get back 恢复；回来；收回
9. hold
hold back 阻碍；阻止；控制；抑制；隐瞒；保留；犹豫不决
hold up 举起；抬起；拿起；支撑；耽搁；使停顿；举出，提出
hold out 维持；坚持；伸出；拿出
hold off 拖延；延迟
hold on
10. look
look after 照顾；关心
look out 看；当心；
look back 回头看；回顾
look down on/upon 轻视；看不起
look for 寻找；寻求；
look forward to 盼望；期待
look in 顺便看望；顺便拜访
look into 调查，深入了解
look on 观看； 旁观
look over 翻阅；浏览
look through 浏览；详细调查
look up 查阅；查出
11. make
make for 向…前进，快速走向
make out 理解，领悟；辨认出，写出
make up 组成，占…比例；弥补，补偿；捏造
make up for 弥补，补偿
make up of 由…组成；包含有(常用被动)
make it
12. put
put aside 放在一边；储存；保留
put away 放好；收好
put down 写下；记下；镇压
put forward 提出；推荐；把…提前
put in 伸进；提出；提交；申请，请求
put in for 申请；正式要求
put off 延期；推迟；关掉；阻止，妨碍
put on 穿上；戴上；上演；增加(体重)
put out 熄灭；关灯；生产出，出版
put up 举起；修建；提供
put up with 忍受；容忍
put through (把电话)接通；做完；使经受…的考验
13. set
set about 开始做，着手(doing)
set apart 使分离；使显得突出
set aside 留出；拨出
set back 推迟，阻碍；使花费
set down 记下，写下
set off 动身出发；引起；使爆炸
set out 动身出发；引起；着手做(to do)
set up 建立；创立；引起
14. take
take after 与…相似
take apart 拆卸（机器）
take away 拿走；时离开；消除（病痛等）
take down 记下来；拆掉
take for （错）当作；（误）认为
take in 吸收；摄取；领会；欺骗
take off 起飞；匆匆离去；脱下；成功
take one’s time 不要着急，慢慢地做
take over 接收，接管，取代
take up 占据，占（时间、空间）从事
15. turn
turn down 关小，调低，拒绝
turn off 关上/掉；
turn out 结果是；原来是；证明是
turn over （使）翻转/身；移交；周转；仔 细考虑
turn to 求助于；（使）转向；（把注意力等）转向；翻书到
turn up 开大；被发现，被找到；到达；露面
16. keep
keep away (from) 使远离
keep back 扣除，保留；隐瞒
keep off 避开；不接近
keep on 继续
keep out 挡在外边；(警示语)请勿靠近
keep up 保持，不低落；持续，继续
keep up with 跟上
一、近义动词易错点?
I will ask for leave to call on you tomorrow if you can me the time.
A. share B. save
C. spend D. spare
【解题探究】 D。share分享；save节省；spend花费；spare匀出，抽出。句意为：如果你能够抽出时间的话，明天我请假去拜访你。故正确答案为D。
动词及动词短语失分点透析
动词同义词辨析题解题技巧
从四个方面考虑：
①词义；
②搭配(与介词或名词搭配)；
③用法；
④词性(及物动词还是不及物动词)
常见近义动词辨析
1. win, defeat, beat和gain；
2. fit, suit和match；
3. cost, spend, take和pay；
4. hurt, wound, injure和harm；
。。。。。。
【例1】 God is believed, in terms of religion, to have ________ the universe out of darkness and chaos.
A.created B.invented
C.discovered D.produced
[解题关键] 解此题的关键是要弄清楚这四个单词的确切词义。
根据题意“根据宗教的说法，是上帝在黑暗和混沌中创造。
造出了宇宙。”可知答案为A。
A
【例2】 He has been ________ of murdering his wife.
A.charged B.blamed
C.accused D.arrested
[解题关键] 解此题的关键是要弄清楚这四个单词与介词的搭配。charge“控告，指控”，常与介词with搭配：charge sb. with
sth；blame sb. for sth.“因某事而责备某人”。；accuse sb. of sth；arrest sb. for sth.“因某事而逮捕某
人”。答案为C，
c
热点二：
几组常错常考动词
hang hanged hanged (绞死)
hang hung hung (悬挂)
lay laid laid (放置)
lie lied lied (说慌)
lie lay lain (平卧)
find found found (发现)
found founded founded (建立)
fall fell fallen(跌倒)
fail failed failed（失败）
实为及物动词却常被误为不及物动词：
enter(误为enter into)
marry(误为marry with)
reach(误为reach to)
mention(误为mention about)
serve(误为serve for)
approach(误为approach with)
fit(误为fit for)
benefit (误为benefit to)
主动形式表示被动含义型
此类常见的动词或短语有：
read, sell wash, write, open, draw, wear, happen, take place, break out ,last ,go out ,run out ,cost, spread等。
二、多义词易错点
The book is helpful as it many of the problems we have come across in our study.
A. covers B. refers
C. reports D. improves
【解题探究】 A。一看到cover考生马上会想到“覆盖”
的意思，可是要注意它还有“包括；涉及；报道”等意思；
三、同一动词构成的短语易错点
Mrs. Black told her children to for bones when they were eating fish.
A. look on B. look into
C. look up D. look out
【解题探究】 D。look into意为“往……里面看；调查”；look up意为“抬头看；查阅”；look on意为“呈现”；look out for意为“小心……,当心……”。句意为：布朗太太告诉她的孩子们在吃鱼时要小心鱼刺。故正确答案为D。
Thank you(共48张PPT)
专题11 简单句
和并列句
句子成份
★ 句子一般由两个部分组成：
主语部分（ subject group）
谓语部分（ predicate group）
★ 句子成份：
主·
谓·
宾·
表
补
定·
状·
Members of sentence:
S --- subject
P --- predicative
O --- object
Attri.---attribute
Adv.--- adverb
Oc --- object complement
主
宾
表
补
定
状
1) 主语（subject）
I like football.
The boy needs a pen.
句子的主体，全句述说的对象。一般由
担任,常置于句首。
2) 谓语（predicate）
说明主语的动作或状态。由 担任。常置于主语后。
The train leaves at 6 o’clock.
I want a ticket.
动词不定式,动名词 或从句
名词,主格代词
动词
3) 宾语（object）
4) 表语（predicative）
He won the game. On the desk
表示vt.的动作对象或prep.所联系的对象。
由n.或相当于n.的词担任。置于vt.或prep.后。
Tome lost his life in the big fire.
He is a student.
用以表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。
由n.或adj.担任。置于系动词之后。
除了be 系动词外，还有一些动词也可以用作系动词，
1)表感官的动词:
2) 表转变变化的动词:
3)表延续的动词
feel, smell, taste, sound, look, appear, seem 等。
become, get, grow, turn, go,等
remain, keep, hold, stay, rest等。
5) 宾补（objective complement）
补充说明宾语的情况 。
由n. /adj. /介宾 /分词 /不定式等担任。
They made him king.

I consider the book too expensive.

6) 定语（attributive）
对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用‘……的’表示,通常位于被修饰的成分前。
The black bike is mine.
( )
说明1：当定语修饰不定代词如：nothing , anything , everything , something 等时，定语要放在其后作后置定语
我告诉他一些有趣的事情。
I tell him something interesting .
说明2：不定式、短语或从句作定语时，也放在被修饰的名词之后。(后置定语）
这间屋子里的男孩子们是10班的。
The boys in the room are in Class Ten.
7) 状语（adverbial）
用以修饰adj. /v. /adv.及全句,位置灵活。
1、通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首；
2、修饰形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；
3、表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，
4、一些表示不确定时间（如：often）或程度（如：almost）的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。
I am very sorry.
We often help him. When I grow up , I am going to be a teacher .
（从句作时间状语)
句子类型
简单句
并列句
复合句
Ⅰ.简单句
1. Things changed.
2. Trees are green.
3. We don’t beat children.
4. He gave his sister the piano.
5. I found the book easy.
主 + 谓
主 + 谓 + 表
主 + 谓 + 宾
主 + 谓 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语

主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补
Nobody went.
She became a doctor.
The car caught fire.
I will write you a long letter.
I will let him go.
Practice

主 + 谓
主 + 谓 + 表
主 + 谓 + 宾
主 + 谓 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语
主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补
Ⅱ.并列句
This is me and these are my friends.
They must stay in water, or they will die.
It’s not cheap, but it is very good.
It was late, so I went to bed.
and
or
but
so
He knocked at the door; there was no answer.
名词性从句
状语从句
定语从句
主语从句
表语从句
宾语从句
同位语从句
Ⅲ.复合句
A plane is a machine that can fly.
He said that he didn’t like her.
1.You are sitting on the train home.
3. She is an English teacher.
4. Tom teaches Chinese.
主+谓
主+系 +表
主+谓 +宾
判断下列句子属于何种句式．
5. There existed a nation in the ocean.
6. Our neighbors gave us a baby bird yesterday.
7. We think it our duty to study well.
There be 句型
主+谓 +间宾 +直宾
主+谓 +宾 +补
判断下列句子属于何种句式．
★1）主+系 +表（SVP）
Things are getting better.
She turned doctor.
表状态存在的系动词：be, seem, appear,
prove, look, smell, taste, sound, feel
表状态延续：remain, stay, keep, continue
表状态变化：become, grow, get, come, go, turn
★难点一
主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语
Who can find the eraser for me
Pass the eraser to me.
bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass,
return, send, show, teach, tell, write,
ask, buy, call, cook, choose, draw,
find, sing, save等。
常跟双宾语的动词：
Who can find me the eraser
Pass me the eraser.
★难点二
★难点三 主+谓 +宾 +补（SVOC）
I saw him come into the house yesterday.
能带宾补的动词：
1、感官动词：see, watch, look at, observe,
notice, hear, listen to
2、使让动词：have, make, let,
3、其它：want, wish expect, allow, permit,
forbid, ask, order, advise，get,
force ，feel, find, etc.
We saw him jump into the box.
We saw them dancing.
We saw him knocked down.
5.主语+及物动词+宾语+宾补(S+Vt+O+C)
注：可用作宾补的词有：名词、形容词、
副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词。
She was glad to see her child well _______ (take) care of.
2. We are pleased to see the problem _______ (settle) so quickly.
3. I could feel the wind _________ (blow)on my face from an open window.
taken
settled
blowing
2. Paul doesn’t have to be made _____. He always works hard.
learn B. to learn
C. learned D. learning
3. A computer does only what thinking people _____.
A. have it do B. have it done
C. have done it D. having it done
B
A
Exercises
What lovely children are !
2.What a fine weather it is !
3.There used to have an old temple over there.
4. Come here a moment, do you
改错：
they are !
be
will
Exercises
1.To try some of this juice--- perhaps you’ll like it .
2. May you happy!
3. Tom, cleans the window this afternoon.
4. He looked sad at me.
改错：
be happy !
clean
sadly
Revision
1 英语句子必须有谓语动词。
他像他爸爸。
这本书值得一读。
我反对你的意见。
五种基本句型的推导：
2 一个句子内有且只有一个动词充当谓语（并列谓语除外），其余动词应为非谓语或从句的谓语。
他给我一些水喝。
He is like his father.
The book is worth reading.
I’m against you.
He gave me some water to drink.
1. He learns German.
2. Both Tom and Jack enjoy country
music.
3. We sang and danced yesterday
evening.
4. My brother and I go to school at half
past seven in the morning and come
back home at five in the afternoon.
（一个主语和并列谓语）
（并列主语和并列谓语）
（并列主语和一个谓语）
（一个主语和一个谓语）
3 英语的任何句子都由五种基本句型构成。它是我们判断句子正确与否的标准，是英语写作、阅读的基础。
4 注意基本句型与习惯表达。
今天我玩得很开心。
时间不够了。
Today I played happily.
I had a good time today.
Time was not enough.
We had not enough time.
并 列 句
把两个或几个简单句用并列连词连接起来的句子。
四种类型
1. 由and, not only …but also…, neither…nor…, then…连接；表同等概念。
Not only do the nurses want a pay increase, but also they want reduced hours.
2. 由either…or…, or, otherwise等连接；
表选择
Either she leaves or I will.
四种类型
3. 由but, still, yet, however, while, when等连接；表转折。
My mother likes coffee but my father likes tea.
Exercises :
注意逻辑关系
1. Give him an inch he’ll take an ell.
A. but B. and C. for D. so
2. did the students dance, their teacher sang.
A. Neither… or… B. Either …or…
C. Both…and…
D. Not only…but also…
Exercises :
注意逻辑关系
3. Feathers fall to the ground slowly
stones fall much faster.
A. and B. while C. but D. yet
4. We must get up early tomorrow,
we’ll miss the first bus to the Great.
A. however B. but
C. or D. so
6. I thought we’d be late for the concert, ______ we ended up getting there ahead of time.
7. Search the website of the Fire Department in your city, _____you will learn a lot about Firefighting.
8. They were surprised that a child should work out the problem _____they themselves couldn’t.
but
and
while
5. He worked hard, he failed.
A. while B. and C. so D. but
9. I was just about to lie down to rest _____ I saw a snake in the grass.
when
句子的连接和标点符号
1、句号连接两个并列句子，第二个句子的首字母大写。My name is Tom. I am five.
2、分号连接两个并列分句，第二个句子的首字母不大写。 Tom is five; he studies in a primary school.
3、引号前用逗号而不用冒号，英语中没有书名号。Tom said, “ The movie Titanic is wonderful!”
2. 逗号加连词相当于句号，连接两个并列句子。
I am five, and I study in a primary school.
复合句 = 主句 + 从句
复合句
复合句是在简单句的基础上，通过从属连词将两个或两个以上简单句连接在一起而构成。从属连词所引导的从句起形容词、名词、副词的作用。复合句主要包含以下类型从句：
1. 主语从句 2. 宾语从句
3. 表语从句 4. 定语从句
5. 状语从句 6. 同位语从句
英文写作中最常使用的从句
宾语从句
状语从句
定语从句
复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句 + 从属连词 +简单句
He told me
the news.
that the match had
been cancelled.
宾语
how much he was prepared
to pay for my car.
that I could have the
money without delay.
how much he was prepared to
pay for my car and that I could
have the money without delay.
when he was
leaving for Paris.
that his father
was working in
that school.
宾语从句
复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句 + 从属连词 +简单句
I don’t know
him.
He has finished his work
that he has finished his work.
whether he has finished his work.
宾语从句
He is leaving for Washington.
that he is leaving for Washington.
when he is leaving for Washington.
why he is leaving for Washington.
how he is leaving for Washington.
whether he is leaving for Washington.
复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句 + 从属连词 +简单句
the people
surprised
That
What he said
what he did
主语
That he didn’t
know the answer
in the room.
定语
who were sitting in the room.
who were present.
whose sons were at war.
who had signed the contract.
复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句 + 从属连词 +简单句
That
is
the fact.
表 语
what he needs.
what he gave me.
why he was late.
because he was ill.
what has happened.
复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句 + 从属连词 +简单句
He worked
in that factory
three years ago.
地点状语
时间状语
where his
father worked
in that factory
where I lived
when he
lived there
His father worked there.
I lived there.
He lived there
three years ago.
复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句 + 从属连词 +简单句
Put the book
on the desk.
where you took it.
where it was.
地点状语
where you found it.
You can’t camp
here.
where there are
a lot of trees.
wherever you like.
指出下列各从句的类型
I believe that everything is going on well.
She was reading a novel when I came in.
She is the girl who sings best in my class.
宾语从句
状语从句
定语从句
Practice(共36张PPT)
2012年 高考总复习
高考链接 体验
考点梳理 精讲
要点知识 点拨
名词性从句
名词性从句
名词性从句是由if, whether, that 和各种疑问词充当连接词所引导的从句，其功能同名词一样。
返回目录
1. What was most important to her，she told me，was her family.
2. China is no longer what she used to be.
3. A modern city has been set up in what was a wasteland ten years ago.
4. It is obvious to the students that they should get well prepared for their future.
5. The hope that he may recover is not gone yet.
6. The problem whether we should continue to do the experiment has been solved.
主语从句
表语从句
宾语从句
主语从句
同位语从句
同位语从句
7. The news you told me yesterday was really disappointing.
8.The problem is that we don’t have much time left.
9. That’s where they are mistaken.
10.The poor young man is ready to accept whatever help he can get.
11. The how－to book can be of help to whoever wants to do the job.
定语从句
表语从句
表语从句
宾语从句
宾语从句
高考 体验
返回目录
1.(2010高考英语上海秋季卷,37)When changing lanes, a driver should use his turning signal to let other drivers know______.
A. he is entering which lane
B. which lane he is entering
C. is he entering which lane
D. which lane is he entering
【答案】B
【解析】本题考查宾语从句。which引导的句子做know的宾语，句子用陈述语序。
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2.(2010高考英语浙江卷,9)It is uncertain ______ side effect the medicine will bring about, although about two thousand patients have taken it.
A．that B．what C．how D．whether
【答案】B
【解析】考查名词性从句。 It是形式主语, 空格处引导主语从句，从句中主语需要加上修饰此what才完整，所以这里选B项。
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3.(2010高考英语天津卷,14)As a new graduate, he doesn’t know ______ it takes to start a business here.
A. how B. what C. When D. which
【答案】B
【解析】考查名词性从句。句意为：“作为新毕业生，他不知道在这儿开创事业都需要什么。” 宾语从句暗含it takes…to do sth句型，因此应用what引导宾语从句并充当从句中动词take的宾语。
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4.(2010高考英语上海春季卷,38)There is no obvious evidence ______ there is life on any other planet in the solar system.
A．which B．that C．how D．where
【答案】B
【解析】名词性从句。此处是that引导同位语从句对evidence进行具体的说明。语意：没有明显的证据表明在太阳系能其他行星上有生命存在。据此选B项。
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5.(2010上海春, 33)Tina was hesitation about the job offer as she did not know ______ the company was an established one.
A．whether B．what
C．until D．although
【答案】A
【解析】考查名词性从句。语意：Tina对所提供的工作正在犹豫中，因为她不知道这家公司是不是一家地位稳固的公司。此处whether引导宾语从句，作know的宾语。
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6. (2010高考英语陕西卷,18)It never occurred to me _______ you could succeed in persuading him to change his mind.
A. which B. what C. that D. if
【答案】C
【解析】考查固定句型。我从来没有想到你能成功地说服他改变主意。It occurs to sb that…的意思为“某人突然想到……”其中that引导主语从句，it为形式主语，指代that从句的具体内容。
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考点梳理 精讲
返回目录
引导主、宾、表语从句时，what要充当主语、宾语或表语等句子成分，that不作任何成分，只在语法上起连接的作用。例如
____ we can’t get seems better than ____ we have.
What; what B. What; that
C. That; that D. That; what
解析：本句包含一个主语从句和一个宾语从句，且两个从句都缺乏宾语 答案是A。
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考点一、连接词what与that的用法区别。
____ caused the accident is still a complete mystery.
A. What B. That C. How D. Where
答案是A，what在主语从句中作主语，即作谓语动词caused的执行者。
试对比下面句子：
That the former Iraq president Saddam was captured has been proved.
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通常，引导主语从句、表语从句、介词宾语从句
同位语从句时，要用连词whether，不用if；习惯
也只能说whether or not，而不说if …or not。
例如：
____ the 2000 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing is not known yet.
A. Whenever B. If C. Whether D. That
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考点二 连接词whether和if的用法区别。
与别的从句一样，名词性从句必须用陈述语序。
You can’t imagine ____ when they received these nice Christmas presents.
A. how they were excited B. how excited they were
C. how excited were they D. they were how excited
解析：答案是B。须注意，从句的引导词必须始终置于从句句首，而且how和被修饰的词excited不能分裂开。
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考点三、名词性从句的语序。
当主语从句较长，而谓语较短时，常常将从句后置，而用it作为形式主语，置于句首。
动词后接复合宾语，也可用it作形式宾语。例如:
____ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.
A. There B. This C. That D. It
答案是D。
think, find, consider, believe, feel等动词后常带复合宾语。例如：
Many people think it possible that a trade war between EU and the States will happen.
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考点四、形式主语、形式宾语。
一般说来，what/who等含有特指意义，而whatever/whoever
等含泛指意义，意为“无论什么/无论谁”。例如：
It is generally considered unwise to give
a child ____ he or she wants.
however B. whatever C. whichever
D. whenever
解析：答案是B，想一想？
这里whatever能改用no matter what吗？
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考点五、Who / whoever, what / whatever
等的用法区别。
Where, when, why等连接副词也可以引导名词性
从句，使用的关键是：这个词必须符合句子的逻辑意义要求。例如：
I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
Is that ____ you had a few days off
A. why B. when C. that D. where
解析：答案是A，之所以选why，而不是when或 where等，唯一的依据便是句子的逻辑含义，及语境。
考点六、Where, when, why等连接副词
引导的名词性从句。
介词后面的引导词用主格还是宾格，决定于它在宾语从句中作主语还是宾语。例如：
It was a matter of ____ would take the position.
A. who B. whoever C. whom D. whomever
解析：答案是A。
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考点七．“介词+who(m)/……引导的宾语从句”
引导宾语从句时，that通常可以省略，但引导主语、表语和同位语从句时，that不能省。例如：
China’s success in manned-spacecraft travel shows ____ our country has become one of the greatest powers in space research.
A. what B. which C. 不填 D. it that
解析：答案是C。
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考点八、连接词that的省略。
要点知识 点拨
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一．主语从句
主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。
1. It 作形式主语和it构成强调句的比较
It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it构成强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如：
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It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film.
It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.
It is in the morning that the murder took place.
It is John that broke the window.
2. 用it 作形式主语的结构
(1) It is ＋ 名词 ＋ 从句
It is a fact that … 事实是…
It is an honor that …非常荣幸
It is common knowledge that …是常识
(2) It is ＋ 形容词 ＋ 从句
It is natural that… 很自然…
It is strange that… 奇怪的是…
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(3) It is ＋ 不及物动词 ＋ 从句
It seems that… 似乎…
It happened that… 碰巧…
It appears that… 似乎…
(4) It ＋ 过去分词 ＋ 从句
It is reported that… 据报道…
It has been proved that… 已证实…
It is said that… 据说…
4. what 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别
what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语．宾语．表语，而that 则不然。例如：
1) What you said yesterday is right.
2) That she is still alive is a consolation.
It is right what you said yesterday.
It is a consolation that she is still alive.
×
√
二．宾语从句
宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词 (及物动词) 或介词之后。
1. 作动词的宾语
(1) 由that引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略), 例如：
I heard that he joined the army.
(2) 由what, whether (if) 引导的宾语从句，例如：
She did not know what had happened.
I wonder whether you can change this note for me.
(3) 动词＋间接宾语＋宾语从句。例如：
She told me that she would accept my invitation.
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2. 作介词的宾语，例如：
Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.
3. 作形容词的宾语，例如：
I am afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake.
注意：that 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：
anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句。
4. it 可以作为形式宾语
it 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。 例如：
We think it necessary that he should improve his pronunciation.
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5. 否定的转移
若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如：
I don’t think this dress fits you well. 我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。
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三．表语从句
表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语＋连系动词＋表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外，常用的还有the reason is that… 和It is because 等结构。例如：
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1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.
3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.
4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.
四．同位语从句
1. 同位语从句的功能
同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，例如：
1) The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.
2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.
同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。
2. 同位语在句子中的位置
同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如：
He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.
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3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别
(1) 定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语），而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。
(2) 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如：
1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。）（第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语）
2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。）（同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分）
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高考链接 体验
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第02讲 名词
1.(2010高考英语浙江卷,16)The school advisers help you talk through your problem but they don’t give you any direct ______.
A. solution B. target C. measure D. function
【答案】A
【解析】考查名词辨析。
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2.(2010高考英语天津卷,3)James took the magazines off the little table to make ______ for the television.
A. room B. area C. field D. position
【答案】A
【解析】考查名词辨析。句意为：詹姆斯从小桌上拿走杂志为电视腾个地方。make room for意为“让出地方给……；腾出空位”，固定搭配，故选A。
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3.(2010高考英语山东卷,33)Those who suffer from headache will find they get ______ from this medicine.
A. relief B. safety C. defense D. shelter
【答案】 A
【解析】考查名词在具体语境的使用。句意应为“那些头痛的人会发现这种药物能使头痛缓解。” 所以A项意义符合句意, relief 表示“缓解，减轻，解除”。 safety表示“安全，保险”；defense 表示“防御，防护”； shelter表示“掩蔽，保护”。
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4.(2010高考英语江西卷,35)Last year the number of students who graduated with a driving license reached 200,000, a (n) ______ of 40,000 per year.
A average B number C amount D quantity
【答案】A
【解析】考查名词辨析。句意：去年毕业时拿到驾照的学生人数达到了20万，平均每年4万。
an average of 平均数。
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5.(2010高考英语江苏卷,22)The doctor is skilled at treating heart trouble and never accepts any gift from his patients, so he has a very good_____.
A. expectation B. reputation
C. contribution D. civilization
【答案】B
【解析】考查名词辨析。A项表示“期望”，C项表示“贡献”，D项表示“文明”，都不符合语意。
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6.(2010高考英语湖北卷,22)After the earthquake, the first thing the local government did was to provide ____________for the homeless families.
accommodation B. occupation
C. equipment D. furniture
【答案】 A
【解析】考查名词辨析。A项accommodation表示“住处”，符合语境。B项occupation占有，职业；C项equipment设备，装备，器材；D furniture家具，均不和语境。
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7.(2010高考英语湖北卷,21)This restaurant has become popular for its wide_________ of foods that suit all tastes and pockets.
A. division B. area C. range D. circle
【答案】C.
【解析】考查名词辨析。
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8.(2010高考英语安徽卷,25)I haven’t seen Sara since she was a girl，and she has changed beyond ______ .
hearing B. strength
C. recognition D． measure
【答案】C
【解析】考查名词。hearing听力；strength力量；recognition认出，别人；measure尺寸；beyond recognition意为“辨认不出，面目全非”，
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考点梳理 精讲
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1、 At the meeting they discussed three different _______to the study of mathematics。
A．approaches B．means C．methods D．ways
【答案】D。
【解析】在会议上他们讨论了三种不同的学习数学的方法。way意为“方式，方法”，可指具体的方法，也可指抽象的方法。approach意为“接近，靠近，方式，方法”，指接近某人或某事，也可指对待或处理事情的方式或方法。mean意为“方式，方法”，用于抽象意义；用于具体意义，常指为达到某一目的所使用的工具、材料、机器、用具、车船等。method意为“方式，方法”，指具体的、系统的、有步骤的方法，强调条理性及高效率。
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考点一、对同义词、近义词的考查
【备考提示】面对英语学习中的大量近义词，仅凭母语我们往往无法把它们真正理解和解释清楚。要尽可能地多翻阅英语词典，注意并比较它们的基本义，用英语的思维方式和语言来解释和理解它们。
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2、Always read the _______ on the bottle carefully and take the right amount of medicine.
A. explanations B. instructions
C. descriptions D. introductions
【答案】B。
【解析】 从选项中名词的拼写来看，不但形式相似，都是以tions为后缀，而且instructions 和introductions读音也相似，本句的意思是“必须仔细阅读药瓶上的说明，按量服用”。答案是B。
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考点二、对近形词的考查
名词固定搭配得到较多的考查。特别是短语介词
3、______achievement，last week’s ministerial meeting of the WTO here earned a low, though not failing，grade．
A．In terms of B．In case of
C．As a result of D．In face of
【答案】A。
【解析】语境为：就成绩而言，上周WTO在这里的部长级会议得分不高，尽管还不至于不及格。B项表“如果”，C项表“因为”，D项表“面对……”，A项表“关于、至于”，符合题意。
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考点三、易错的名词固定搭配
4、You have been sitting on my hat and now it is badly out of______。
A．date B．shape
C．order D．balance
【答案】B。
【解析】你坐在我帽子上，帽子已严重变形了。out of shape意为“变形”；out of date意为“过时”：out of order意为“混乱”；out of balance 意为“失衡”。
【备考提示】面对教材里的词组、搭配，我们要注意收集和整理，并尤其要加强新出现的固定搭配的记忆和分类汇总。
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5、To make members of a team perform better, the trainer first of all has to know their _____ and weaknesses．
A．strengths B．benefits C．techniques D．values
【答案】A。
【解析】语境为：要使队员表现得更好，教练员首先得清楚每个队员的优点和缺点。B项表“利益、好处”，不合题意。而A项除表体力外，还可引申为“优点、强项”，符合语境。
【备考提示】平时多翻阅英语词典，加强英语材料的接触，拓展熟词“新义”。
考点四、考查单词基本义的引申和拓展
要点知识 点拨
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问题一：1、名词是什么？
2、名词分什么类别？
3、你知道名词单数变复数的规律吗？
一、名词?
1.名词的数?
（1）可数名词有单复数之分。规则变化后常加s或es,如book—books，box—boxes，leaf—leaves，city—cities。?
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名词单数变复数口诀
(一)规则变化
名词单数变复数，直接加 -s 占多数；
book-books; pen-pens; apple-apples
s, x, z, ch, sh 来结尾，直接加上 -es；
dress-dresses; box-boxes; watch-watches; brush-brushes
词尾是 f 或 fe，加 -s 之前先变 ve；
leaf-leaves; wife-wives; knife-knives

辅音 + y 在词尾，把 y 变 i 再加 -es；
study-studies; baby-babies; city-cities
元音+y在词尾, 只加s就足够
boy – boys ; day – days; monkey – monkeys
词尾字母若是 o，常用三个已足够，
要加 -es 请记好，hero, tomato, potato。
美国黑人和英雄爱吃土豆和西红柿。
negro-negroes; hero-heroes; potato-potatoes; tomato-tomatoes
其余o结尾的词加s, photo-photos; piano-pianos
名词的数
1．单数名词变为复数名词常考点：
不规则变化
(1)单复数同形，如deer，sheep，Chinese，means等。
(2)单数形式复数内容，如people，police，cattle等。
(3)改变元音的词，如woman → women，tooth→ teeth等。
(4)变换词尾的词，如child→ children，ox →oxen，phenomenon → phenomena等。
【温馨提示】　复合名词变成复数时有3种情况：
①把结尾词变成复数，如grown－up→grown－ups，go－between→go－betweens。
②把主体名词变成复数，如sister－in－law→sisters－in－law，editor－in－chief→editors－in－chief，passer－by→passers－by。
③把两个组成部分都变成复数，这种复合名词的第一个名词需是man或woman，如man doctor→men doctors，woman engineer→women engineers。
问题二：1、不可数名词常见有哪些种类？
2、什么叫物质名词？什么叫
抽象名词？
3、这两种名词要注意什么特别的
用法？
一定要注意这两种名词可数和不可数
完全不同的含义！
2．不可数名词
不可数名词包括专有名词，物质名词和抽象名词，一般没有单复数之分，例如England, London, bread, rice, steel, knowledge，advice, health, wealth。但有些不可数名词在特定情景下可转化为具体名词。 ?
词类 不可数 可数
例词 意义 例词 意义
抽象名词 difficulty
experience
failure
knowledge 困难
经验
失败
知识 a difficulty
an experience
a failure
a good knowledge of 一件难事
一次经历
一位失败者
一件失败的事
对……懂/
了解/知晓
Failure is the mother of success.
失败是成功之母。
His new book was a great success.
他的新书获得巨大成功。
（1）experience表“经验”时是不可数名词，表“经历”时是可数名词。?
（2）常见的单复数意义不同的名词有value（价值），values（价值观）；manner（方式），manners（礼貌）；custom（风俗）,customs（海关）；damage（损害）,damages（赔偿金）;work（工作），works（著作）等，需特别注意。?
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3、单复数不同，含义不同的词
（3）team, group, committee, crew, family等集体名词强调整体时为单数，强调个体时为复数。?
His group is a big one and all group are very active in the activity.?
? The film attracted a large audience and most audience were moved to tears.?
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（4）名词作定语时，除man, woman有单复数变化外，其它名词一般用单数。?
three women doctors many coffee shops
4、名词的所有格?
（1）有生命的名词，其所有格一般在名词后加’s。例如：his mother’s friend。?
（2）无生命的名词，借用of表示所属关系。例如:the window of the room。
（3）如果一样东西为两个人共有，则只在后一个名词后加’s，如果不是共有的则两个名词后都要加’s。???
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That lady in a beautiful dress is Jane and Mary’s mother.?
Those two women are Jane’s and Mary’s mothers.?
（4）“a (two, some...)+名词+of+名词’s/名词性物主代词”构成双重所有格。?
a friend of my mother’s ; two photos of mine
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名词在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、同位语和称呼语等。下面重点讲一下名词在句子中作定语、宾语补足语、同位语的用法。
1．作定语
(1)表材料的名词作定语，说明被修饰的名词是什么原料制成的。
stone figures石像　gold medal金牌
名词的句法功能
(2)表示地点的名词作定语，说明被修饰的名词存在或发生的地点。
country music 乡村音乐　post office 邮局
school education 学校教育
(3)表示用途、性质的名词作定语。
coffee cup 咖啡杯　sports shoes 运动鞋
2．作宾语补足语
We made him monitor of our class.我们选他当我们的班长。
【温馨提示】　作宾语补足语的名词是表示职位、头衔的词(如monitor，chairman，president，head，king，captain等)时，这类名词前不加冠词。该情况也适用于表语和同位语。
3．作同位语
Mr.Smith，my first teacher，died yesterday.
史密斯先生，我的第一位老师，昨天去世了。
误区警示 透析
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名词的熟词新义
The head office of the bank is in Beijing, but it has all over the country.
A. companies B. branches
C. organizations D. businesses
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本题有可能误选D 项。A 项意为“公司”，B项
意为“树枝”或“分支机构”，C 项意为“组织”，D
项意为“公司”。根据句意可知，B 项正确。
【解题探究】 B。在高考英语中，有一种“熟词新义”
题型，即题目中所填的词是考生所熟悉的，但它所考
查的含义却是不常见的。
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(2010·济南二模) A lack of of cultural differences to local customs can create problems.
A. existence B. revolution
C. awareness D. evidence
解析 句意为：缺乏地方习俗之间存在文化差异的意识（awareness）可能会引发问题。
C
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2. (2010·潍坊二模) Mr. Brown thought it would be a good idea to have from his workers to improve his plan.
A. summaries B. enquiries
C. comments D. connections
C
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3.(2010·青岛一模) According to news
reports, personal of guns in the USA causes a lot of trouble.
A. wealth B. possession
C. matter D. problem
B
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4. （2010·烟台二模）An experienced doctor usually judges a patient’s illness according to the various .
A. signs B. symptoms
C. signals D. appearances
解析 考查名词的辨析。B项符合题意，
B
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5.（2010·杭州二次检测）According to a UN
report,30 percent of the world’s population
have no to clean drinking water and
health care.
A. means B. approach
C. channel D. access
解析 该题考查名词。access意思是“（使用或
见到的）机会，权利”，后面与介词to连用。
D
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解析 根据句子结构，此处应是一个能够用来修
饰名词walk的合成形容词，合成形容词中间应该
使用连字符，故答案为two-mile。
6.（2010·重庆一中月考）—How far is it from
your home to the lake
—It’s about a walk.
A. two mile’ B. two miles
C. two - mile D. two mile’s
C
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7.（2010·石家庄质量检测）The Beijing
Olympics are an important historical
in Chinese history.
A. event B. matter
C. affair D. incident
解析 考查名词辨析。表示对社会
有影响的大事件用?event。matter?事情，事
态；affair指小事，或用复数形式指“要事”；
incident表示“偶发事件”。
A
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8.（2010·济宁高三质量监测）His parents raise hundreds of ,including four .
A. cattle; cows B. cattles; cow
C. cattle; cow D. cattles; cows
答案 A
解析 cattle为集体名词，本身为复数形式；
cow是可数名词，后加-s构成复数形式。
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9.（2010·安庆高三第二次模拟）There are 10
assistants in that shop.
A. woman; shoe B. women; shoes
C. women; shoe D. woman; shoes
答案 C
解析 woman作定语修饰复数名词时，也需变为复
数形式；shoe shop鞋店，shoe用单数形式。
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10. （2010·石家庄质量检测）I have some______
in my pocket. In other words, I have ______ on me.
A. coin; change B. coins; change
C. coin; changes D. coins; changes
答案 B
解析 coin硬币，为可数名词；change零钱，
找头，为不可数名词，无复数形式。
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2012高考英语《语法》专题复习系列课件
高考链接 体验
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1.(2010高考英语上海秋季卷,26)It took us quite a long time to get to the amusement park. It was ______ journey.
three hour B. a three-hours
C. a three-hour D. three hours
【答案】C
【解析】此题考查由“数词+连字符+名词”构成的复合形容词, 连字符连接的词作名词定语且用单数。意为“三小时的路程”。
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2.(2010高考英语浙江卷,19)Playing on a frozen sports field sounds like a lot of fun. Isn’t it rather risky, ______
A. though B. also C. either D. too
【答案】A
【解析】考查副词辨析。此处though放在句末，表示“然而，可是”，是副词，而不是连词，符合语意。在结冰的运动场上玩听起来很有趣，然而，是不是太危险了呢
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3.(2010高考英语浙江卷,11)Do you think shopping online will______ take the place of shopping in stores
A．especially B．frequently C．merely D．finally
【答案】D
【解析】本题考查副词辨析。
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4.(2010高考英语浙江卷,6)I have been convinced that the print media are usually more ______ and more reliable than television.
A．accurate B．ridiculous C．urgent D．shallow
【答案】A
【解析】本题考查形容词辨析。
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5.(2010高考英语天津卷,5)People have always been ______ about exactly how life on earth began.
A. curious B. excited C. anxious D. careful
【答案】A
【解析】考查形容词辨析。
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6.(2010高考英语四川卷,12)The school was moved out of downtown as the number of students had grown too______ ．
A．small B．few C．1arge D．many
【答案】C
【解析】考查形容词的用法。
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问题一：
1、什么是形容词？什么是副词？
2、你知道高考考查什么吗？
问题二：
1、形容词在句中充当什么成份？
2、“the +形容词”充当什么功能？
2、你知道哪些形容词在句子中只能做表语？
问题三：
1、动词后加ed 和加ing构成形容词的区别是
什么？
2、你知道可构成形容词的后缀有哪些吗？
形容词用来修饰、说明名词或不定代词，表示人或物的性质、特征和状态。而副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或整个句子，有时也能修饰名词，表示时间、地点、方式、程度等。
高考重点要求：
1、形容词、副词比较级，最高级常用句型
2、形容词的倍数表达法和副词的位置
3、多个形容词修饰同一名词的前后顺序
4、分清常用同义、近义形容词、副词在表达中的语义差别
形容词和副词的定义
一、形容词
形容词在句子中的作用
1大部分形容词能作定语、表语或宾语补足语, 如：
a beautiful park 一座美丽的公园
The play Tea-house（茶馆）is both moving and interesting.
How long will the weather stay sunny
The silk clothes feel soft.
定冠词the + 形容词
定冠词the + 形容词”表示一类人或物，作“主语或宾语”，意思为“……的一种人”，“……的一类东西或事情”。
The new will take the place of the old . （新事物将代替旧事物。）
The young are fond of sports .(年轻人喜欢体育运动。)
The Living and the Dead is a horror film.
叙述形容词只能作表语，所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如：afraid 害怕的。
（错） He is an ill man.
（对） The man is ill.
（错） She is an afraid girl.
（对） The girl is afraid.
well，unwell，ill，faint，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake 等
表语形容词的功能
加-ed 和 –ing形容词的区别
加-ed的形容词表示“人感到如何”，加-ing的形容词则用来描写事物， 如：
We were excited when we heard the exciting news.
alarming, amusing, astonishing, charming,
daring, demanding, encouraging, confusing,
Disappointing ,discouraging, exciting,
interesting, pleasing, promising,
shocking, striking, surprising
形容词后缀知多少？
friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，：
Her singing was lovely.
He spoke to me in a very friendly voice.
有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词，也为副词。
daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early
The Times is a daily paper.
The Times is published daily.
形容词后缀
分两大类。一类是加到名词上的
㈠加到名词上的主要有：
1 -y，：bloody, dirty, healthy, juicy, muddy；
2 -ful：careful, helpful, peaceful, useful；
3 -less：careless, harmless, senseless, useless；
4 -ous/-ious：dangerous; courageous, mysterious；
5-ish：childish, foolish, selfish；
6 -ed/-en：skilled, horned, golden, wooden。
㈡加到动词上的有
① -ent/-ant，如：dependent, different,pleasant；
② -able/-ible，如： agreeable, comfortable,
③ -ive/-tive/-ative/-itive，如：active, attentive, imaginative, sensitive(敏感的;易受伤害的 )；
④ -ed/-en，如：stolen, swollen；
⑤ -ing，如：annoying, entertaining。
问题四：
1、形容词在句中处于什么位置？
2、几个（形容词）限定词修饰同一个名词
的顺序是什么？
3、形容词修饰像something这样的不定代
词位置在什么地方？
形容词在句子中的位置
形容词一般放在被修饰的名词之前。两个或两个以上形容词修饰一个名词时，形容词排列的次序一般应考虑下面二种情况。
（1）与被修饰名词关系比较密切的形容词位置靠近名词， 如：an exciting American film
（2）音节少的形容词位置在前，音节多的形容位置在后。
多个形容词作定语时的排序问题
This girl is Linda’s cousin.
A. pretty little Spanish
B. Spanish little pretty
C. Spanish pretty little
D. little pretty Spanish
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副词/形容词的词序
限定词（all, both, those, your…）+数词形容词( first, three, next…)+描绘性形容词(beautiful, fine, kind…)+大小(large, small, big…)、长短(long, short…)、高低等形体性形容词+新旧(new, old…)+颜色(red, green…)+国籍(Chinese…)+材料(iron, stone…)+被修饰的名词
The first beautiful little white Chinese wood bridge
顺口溜：1，县官行贿杀国才
【解题探究】A。在高考英语中，多个形容词作名词 的定语时的排序问题是常考问题。
有口诀如下：
限定描写大小高，形状年龄和新老。
颜色国籍出材料，作用类别往后靠。
1）修饰复合不定代词 something, anything, nothing等，
如：anything important, nothing easy
（2）同表示数量的词组连用， 如：twenty feet long, five years old
二、副词
问题五：
1、副词在句中有什么作用，充当什么成份？
2、副词一般分成什么类别，处于句子什么位
置？
副词基本定义
副词在句子中主要用作状语，许多副词皆由形容词加ly 构成，如：careful-carefully.
副词主要被分为以下几种：
1．时间副词，如：often，early，usually，frequently
2．地点副词，如：here，outside，below
3．方式副词，如：hard，fast，badly，well
4．程度副词，如：very，quite，much，still
5．疑问副词，如：how，when，why， where
副词在句子中的位置
①频度副词always, usually, often, never等
一般放在行为动词前，或者情态动词、助动词
或be动词之后。
②表示方式的副词通常放在“动词(+宾语)”之后；
③同时有表示时间、地点和方式的副词时，其
顺序一般为：方式＋地点＋时间。如：
三、形容词和副词比较级及最高级
形容词副词原级、比较级和最高级的用法
1 两者比较情况一样，常用“as+形容词原级+as”句型。
2 He is as tall as his monitor .
3 两者比较，表示一方在某方面不如另一方，常用“not so /as +形容词原级+as”句型。
A train doesn’t travel so fast as a plane .
4 三者或三者以上比较，表示某人某物“最……”时，用“the+形容词最高级+比较范围”句型。
Asia is by far the largest of the seven continents .
She writes (the) most carefully of the three .
5 比较级+and+比较级“越来越……”
It is getting cooler and cooler in autumn.
She is becoming more and more active in taking part in social activities.
6 the +比较级，the +比较级“越……越……”
The harder he studies , the greater progress he will make .
四、形容词和副词高考考点
1.(2010高考英语上海春季卷,27)Ernest visited the South Pole because he wanted to see one of the ______ regions in the world.
A．colder B．coldest C．more coldly D．most coldly
【答案】B
【解析】考查形容词的比较等级。
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2.(2010高考英语陕西卷,22)Studies show that people are more ______ to suffer from back problems if they always sit before computer screens for long hours.
A. likely B. possible C. probable D. sure
【答案】A
【解析】考查形容词辨析。四个选项中主语为人且和不定式连用的形容词只有likely和sure，likely表示“有可能的”，sure表示“必定，肯定”，根据句意应用likely。possible作表语时主语不能为人，可为物、不定式或不定式的复合结构；probable的主语只能是物。
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3.(2010高考英语山东卷,35)Mothers holding jobs outside the home should have ______ schedules to make it easier to care for their children.
A. heavy B. smooth C. flexible D. complex
【答案】 C
【解析】考查形容词意义辨析。
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4.(2010高考英语辽宁卷,27)We only had ＄100 and that was ______ to buy a new computer.
A. nowhere near enough B. near enough nowhere
C. enough near nowhere D. near nowhere enough
【答案】A
【解析】考查形容词、副词的排列顺序。enough修饰形容词、副词时，通常要放在被修饰词语的后面。’因此正确词序应为：nowhere near enough…nowhere near意为“差得远，远不及”。语意为：我们只有100美元。这笔钱远远不够买一台新电脑。根据语意选A项。
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3 She doesn't speak ________her friend, but her written work is excellent. (1993全国) A. as well as B. so often as
C. so much as D. as good as
4(7)______, some famous scientists have the qualities of being both careful and careless. (2004上海春) A. Strangely enough B. Enough strangely
C. Strange enough D. Enough strange
问题六：
1、形容词在什么情况下后置？
2、考查副词在句中的位置规律是什么？
一、考查形容词作定语的后置规律
1 _______to take this adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills. (2000全国) A. Brave enough students
B. Enough brave students C. Students brave enough
D. Students enough brave
2 All the people ______at the party were his supporters. (2002北京)
A. present B. thankful
C. interested D. important
形容词作定语一般位于所修饰的名词前，但下列三种情况形容词要后置：
①形容词短语作定语时；
②表语形容词作定语时；
③修饰复合不定代词时。
二、考查多个形容词作定语的排序
1、 John Smith, a successful businessman, has a ______car. (2004辽宁)
large German white B. large white German
C. white large German D. German large white
2、______ students are required to take part in the boat race. (2004浙江) A. Ten strong young Chinese
B. Ten Chinese strong young C. Chinese ten young strong
D. Young strong ten Chinese
多个形容词修饰名词时，其排序规律是：
(限定词+程度副词+) 描绘+大小(长短、高低)
+形状+年龄(新旧)+颜色+国籍或产地+物质材料+类别或用途+名词
三、考查副词在句中的位置规律
If I had ______, I'd visit Europe, stopping at the small interesting places. (1998全国) A. a holiday long enough
B. an enough long holiday
C. a holiday enough long
D. a long holiday enough
①频度副词always, usually, often, never等一般放在行为动词前，或者情态动词、助动词或be动词之后。②表示方式的副词通常放在“动词(+宾语)”之后；③同时有表示时间、地点和方式的副词时，其顺序一般为：方式＋地点＋时间。如：
四、考查–ed形容词和-ing形容词的区别
(1) Laws that punish parents for their little children’s actions against the laws get parents _____. (2004重庆) A. worried B. to worried C. worrying D. worry
(2)It is believed that if a book is ______, it will surely ______ the reader. (2003上海) A. interested; interest
B. interesting; be interested C. interested; be interesting
D. interesting; interest
五、考查两种不同形式的副词的用法差异
It was raining heavily. Little Mary felt cold, so she stood ______to her mother. (2002北京) A. close B. closely C. closed D. closing
3。意义相差很大的同根副词
close 接近地 closely 密切地
free 免费地 freely 自由地
hard 努力地 hardly 几乎不
late 晚 lately 近来
most 非常 mostly 主要地
wide 广阔地 widely 广泛地
high 高 highly 高度地
deep 深 deeply 抽象意义的“深”
问题七：
1、形容词和副词的比较级如何用？
你知道一些特殊的比较级结构吗？
2、比较级的修饰词有哪些吗？
六、考查形容词和副词的比较等级
(1)A typhoon swept across tiffs area with heavy rains and winds _____ strong as 113 miles per hour. (2006上海) A. too B. very C. so D. as
1. as+形容词/副词原级+as
2. not as/so+原级+as
(3) He speaks English well indeed, but of course not ______a native speaker. (2004上海) A. as fluent as B. more fluent than
C. so fluently as D. much fluently than (4)—Do you have a big library " —No, we don't─at least, not _ yours.
A. bigger as B. as big as
C. as big than D. as bigger than
3. as +形容词+(a/an+)名词+as
(5) Our neighbour has ______ ours. (2003北京) A. as a big house as B. as big a house as
C. the same big house as
D. a house the same big as
比较级+than
(6)–Did you take enough money with you –No, I needed _______ I thought I would. (2006全国II) A. not so much as B. as much as
C. much more than D. much less than
(7)Mr. Smith owns _____collection of coins than anyone else I have ever met. (2005山东
A. larger B. a larger
C. the larger D. a large
特殊比较级
有时省略或不点明被比较的对象，而是通过语境来暗示被比较的对象
(1)I wish you'd do ______ talking and some more work. Thus things will become better. (2006江苏) A. a bit less B. any less
C. much more D. a little more
否定式谓语+比较级：有最高级含义
1、 Your story is perfect; I’ve never heard _______ before. (2006全国II) A. the better one B. the best one
C. a better one D. a good one
2、Bob ran the 100 meters in 9.91 seconds, and I have not seen ______ this year. (2005浙江) A. the best B. better C. the most D. more
the+比较级, the+比较级
In recent years travel companies have succeeded in selling us the idea that the further we go, ______. (2001上海) A. our holiday will be better
B. our holiday will be the better C. the better our holiday will be
D. the better will our holiday be
其它含比较级的短语和句式
比较级+and+比较级；
no more than和……一样不 仅仅，；
more…than…与其说……倒不如……；
less than少于；
more than多于，不只是，非常；
more or less几乎，差不多，大约，或多或少；
sooner or later(迟早，早晚，总有一天)；
what’s more(而且，此外)；
no sooner…than…(一……就……)。如：
(1)After supper she would sit down by the fire, sometimes for ______ an hour, thinking of her young and happy days. (2003上海) A. as long as B. as soon as
C. as much as D. as many as (2)_____ I can see, there is only one possible way to keep away from the danger. (2004安徽春) A. As long as B. As far as
C. Just as D. Even if
(1)You're standing too near the camera. Can you move ______ (2000上海) A. a bit far B. a little farther
C. a bit of farther D. a little far
(2)－Are you feeling ________ －Yes, I'm fine now. (1992全国) A. any well B. any better
C. quite good D. quite better
七、考查比较等级的修饰语
1. 比较级前可用a bit, a little, rather, some(肯定句及请求或建议的问句中), any(否定句或疑问句中)表示“稍稍，一点”；
用much, far, a great/good deal, a lot, lots, a good bit等表示“……得多”。
(3)What a table! I’ve never seen such a thing before. It is_____ it is long. (2005湖北)
A. half not as wide as B. wide not as half as
C. not half as wide as D .as wide as not half
(4) It is re ported that the United States uses _____ energy as the whole of Europe. (2004广西) A. as twice B. twice much
C. twice much as D. twice as much half，倍数，以及分数或有关长度、时间、重量等表示确定程度的修饰语，通常放在比较级前，或as…as结构的第一个as前。
八、考查形容词such和副词so的用法
(1)We were in ______ when we left that we forgot the airline tickets.(2003上海) A. a rush so anxious
B. a such anxious rush
C. so an anxious rush
D. such an anxious rush
(2)It is ______ work of art that everyone wants to have a look at it. (1998上海)
A. so unusual B. such unusual
C. such an unusual D. so an unusual
九、 体现两句间逻辑关系的连接性副词
(1) Progress so far has been very good. _______, we are sure that the project will be completed on time. (2006浙江)
A. However B. Otherwise
C. Therefore D. Besides
(2)I’m certain Davel’s told you his business troubles. ______, it’s no secret that he owes a lot of money to the bank. (2006湖北) A. However B. Anyway
C. Therefore D. Though
however
　1. You should try to get a good night’s sleep _____ much work you have to do. 　　A. however B. no matter
C. although D. whatever 2. He tried his best to solve the problem, _____ difficult it was. 　　A. however B. no matter
C. whatever D. although
1. 用作副词
表示让步：意为“无论如何”“不管怎样”，用来修饰形容词或副词，其词序为：
however+形容词或副词+主语+谓语。
这样用的however其实具有连词的功能，用以引导让步状语从句　　
Phone me when you arrive, however late it is. 　
However much he eats, he never gets fat.
However cold it is, he always goes swimming.
②这样用的 however 与 no matter how 大致同义。如：
People always want more, however [no matter how] rich they are.
However [No matter how] hard I worked, she was never satisfied.
③有时从句谓语可用情态动词。如：
Don’t laugh, however funny it may be.
I’ll try to finish it in time, however hard it may be.
(2) 表示转折：尤其用于谈及一个既成事实时，表示转折，其意为“可是”“仍然”等。可放在句首、句中或句末，通常用逗号与句子其他成分隔开。
My father, however, did not agree.
My room is small; however, it’s comfortable.(共99张PPT)
语法专项训练---十五
1. 本专题内容知识性强，主要涉及语言形式。五年高
考考查的热点为倒装句和强调句，占本专题试题总
量的52%。
2．对倒装句的考查主要从以下几个方面入手：
(1)含有否定意味的词置于句首时，部分倒装；
(2)only位于句首时(主语前除外)，部分倒装；
(3)so/such...that句型中，so/such位于句首时，so/such
后的主句倒装，that从句不倒装。
3．对主谓一致的考查重点是：
(1)主语＋as well as/together with＋名词/代词；
(2)not only...but(also)．..，neither...nor...，either...or... 连接两个主语。
4．强调句型的考查重点是：
(1)强调句型的疑问句形式；
(2)对not until 的强调。
特殊句式一主谓一致
1.(2010高考英语四川卷,15)Such poets as Shakespeare widely read，of whose works，however，some difficult to understand．
A．are；are B．is；is C．are；is D．is：are
【答案】A
【解析】 考查主谓一致。主句中的主语应为poets,谓语动词用复数，其后的非限制性定语从句的主语应为some of whose works，谓语动词也应是复数。故选A。
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2.(2010高考英语陕西卷,24)It is reported that many a new house at present in the disaster area.
A. are being built B. were being built
C. was being built D. is being built
【答案】D
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3.(2010高考英语江苏卷,33)---Is everyone here
---Not yet……Look , there_______ the rest of our guests!
A. come B. comes C. is coming D. are coming
【答案】A
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4.(2010高考英语湖南卷,33)Listening to loud music at rock concerts caused hearing loss in some teenagers.
A. is B. are C. has D. have
【答案】 C
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Subject---Verb Agreement
主谓一致
语法一致原则
意义一致原则
就近一致原则
1.
2.
3.
(1)以“and ”或“both… and”连接的两并列主语,
通常作______用 。
有些and连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个
整体,如: bread and butter, knife and fork,
steel and iron
复数
语法一致原则
(2)Every … and (every)…, each …and (each)… , no …and (no)… , many a …and (many a)…连接两个单数名词作主语以及more than one...和many a...作主语时,谓语动词都用_________.
Eg: Every desk and every chair _____made of wood.
Many a boy and (many a) girl _____made the same mistake
单数
is
has
语法一致原则
(3) “a / an + 单名+ and a half”, “one and
a half +复名” 常接_____谓语；
①A year and a half _____passed .
②One and a half bananas____left on the desk.
has
is
单数
语法一致原则
(4) 不定代词each, either, neither, another, the other 等作主语通常用____谓语动词;
其中, each of + 复数代词，谓语动用_____。复数代词+each，谓语动词用_______。如
Each of us ______a dictionary.
We each _________a dictionary.
has
have
单数
单数
复数
语法一致原则
1.Serving the people _____ my great happiness.
2. When we’ll go out for an outing ___________ decided.
3. To get the most profits ______ the common aim of businessmen.
（5）不定式（短语），动名词（短语）或从句作主语时，谓语动词用_______，如：
is
has been
is
单数
语法一致原则
(6)当主语与谓语之间插有
with, along with, together with, as well as; but, except, besides, other than; rather than; like; including 等引起的短语时,谓语动词不受这些插入语的影响，依然与_______保持一致
主语
Come out, George Bush! I, as well as my people, going to fight you to death!
am
I
a) 不定数量的词组,如: part of, a lot of, plenty of等作主语时;以及百分数（或分数）+of+名词，谓语动词由______________________决定。
b) "a number of (许多)/ a variety of (各式各样) "+复数名词，
接______谓语动词。
但是，“the number(数目)/ the variety(种类)”
+ of + 复数名词，
接______谓语动词。
(7)…of 结构短语作主语
of后名词单复数
复数
单数
语法一致原则
c) a kind of, a pair of, a series of+…
或 the kind/pair of…
谓语动词用_____。
A pair of shoes _____on the desk.
is
This kind of men _____ liked by others.
= men of this kind _____ liked by others.
单数
is
are
语法一致原则
d) one of + 复数名词+ 定语从句
1.He was one of the boys who _______ praised.
2.He was the only one of the boys who _____praised .
were
was
1）定语从句的先行词通常是这个“复数名词”，因此从句的谓语用_____形式。
2）若“one”前加“the only ”等时，定语从句的关系词指代one，作从句主语时，接_____谓语。
复数
单数
语法一致原则
意义一致原则
（2）名词如：trousers, scissors, clothes, goods, glasses以及有些集合名词,如：“people , police , cattle (牛，牲口)，folk , youth ”，等作主语时，谓语动词必须用复数。
意义一致原则
The family very big.
subject: family
is
意义一致原则
subject: family
The family watching TV.
are
意义一致原则
(3) 集合名词 group, class, family, team, enemy, government, club, army, crowd 等作主语时,如果强调整体,谓语动词用_____形式;如果强调个体,则用_____形式。
单数
复数
意义一致原则
（4）形复意单名词如：-ics 结尾的physics, mathematics, economics等;以及专有名词,如国名,剧名,书名等作主语,如the United States,the New Times, Arabian Nights,the united Nations等谓语动词要用单数。如：
意义一致原则
(5) “works工厂，means方法，series系列，species物种, fish ,deer ,sheep , 等”等名词单、复数同形，要从_____________________来决定单、复数。
所有方法都已经试过,每种方法都不成功.
All means ______ been tried; every means is not successful.
上下文判断其具体意义
have
意义一致原则
(6)“the + 形容词/分词”作主语时,指“一类”人或
事物时，常用作_____用。
复数
意义一致原则
(7)表“时间、距离、金额、度量衡”等的词语，作“整体” 看时通常作单数用.
①Twenty years ____not a long time .
is
意义一致原则
(1)在 there be..句型中
There _____a pen, an eraser and some books on the desk.
is
就近一致原则
①What he does or what he says______
not concern me .
②Neither you nor I ____ wrong .
③Not you but your father ________ to blame .
④Not only you but(also) he ___ wrong .
does
am
is
is
(2)由下列词语连接的并列主语：“or ;
either …or; neither…nor；whether…or；
not…but; not only…but also” ; 等。
就近一致原则
特殊句式----强调句型
1．强调句的基本句型是“It is/was＋被强调的部分＋that/who＋其他部分”。被强调的部分可以是主语、宾语和状语等。
It is only children who make such stupid mistakes.
只有孩子才会犯这样愚蠢的错误。
强调句型
1.(2009江西，27)It was _____ he came back from Africa that year _________ he met the girl he would like to marry.
when; then B. not; until
C. not until; that D. only; when
【答案】C
【解析】本题考查的是强调句型。根据It is ……that 结构可知。
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2.(2009浙江卷，4)——I’ve read another book this week.
——Well, maybe is not how much you read but what you read that counts.
A. .this B. that C. there D. it
【答案】D
【解析】考查强调句型的用法。把“ is”和句中的that省略后，该句话依旧成立，由此可知该题是强调句型的结构，所以答案只能是it。如果不能准确区分句子结构是该题出错的主要原因。
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3.（2009浙江卷，7）－I’ve read another book this week.
－Well, maybe _____ is not how much you read but what you read that counts.
A. This B. that C. there D. it
【答案】 D　
【解析】句中“ not how much you read but what you read” 足以做动词count 的主语，所有选D 使之构成强调句型。
【考点定位】本题考查强调句型和名词性从句。
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It is what you do rather than what you say ________ matters.
A. that B. what C. which D. this
　
在例子中强调了主语从句what you do rather than what you say，难点还在于每个句子都包含着两个分句，并且由rather than引出。
答案：A　
还原为：What you do matters, not what you say matters。
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考点1、强调部分从短语向句子过渡。
强调句的否定句形式为：It is / was not + 被强调部分+ that / who ...
强调句的一般疑问句形式为：Is / Was it +被强调部分+ that / who ...
强调句的特殊疑问句形式为：疑问词 + is / was it + that / who ...
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考点2、 强调句从肯定句向否定句、
一般疑问句和特殊疑问句过渡。
（2）—________ that he managed to get the information
—Oh, a friend of his helped him.
A. Where was it B. What was it
C. How was it D. Why was it
答案：C
（1）. Was it in 1969________the American astronaut succeeded ________ landing on the moon
A. when; on B. that; on
C. when; in D. that; in
答案：D　
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David said that it was because of his strong interest in literature ________ he chose the course.
A. that B. what C. why D. how
此句的强调句型出现在宾语从句中，考生须熟练掌握句子结构才能分辨出强调句型来。答案为A。
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考点3、从考查单一的强调句到把强调句置
于从句中，增加判断句子的难度。
考查强调句与非强调句的辨别
1. 设置陷阱，使考生将强调句误判为非强调句。如：
It might have been John ______ bought a present for Mary yesterday.
A. that B. when C. what D. which
【解析】答案选A，为强调句型，由于句中动词be采用了might have been这一复杂结构，所以许多同学们可能会看不出它是一个强调句型。
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考点4、干扰因素增多，增加了与其它相似句型的辨析，
尤其是it开头的句子。
2. 设置陷阱，使考生将非强调句误判为强调句。如：
It was evening ______ we reached the little town of Winchester.
A. that B. until C. since D. before
【解析】答案选D。有的考生一看到句首的it was，再联系到选项中的that，就以为这是考查强调句。其实错了。此题是考查连词before的用法。
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特殊句式----倒装
1.(2010高考英语重庆卷,33)At the meeting place of the Yangtze River and the Jialing River______, one of the ten largest cities in China.
lies Chongqing B. Chongqing lies
C. does lie Chongqing D. does Chongqing lie
【答案】A
【解析】考查倒装。表示方位的地点状语提前，句子完全倒装，所以选A项。
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2.(2010高考英语四川卷,9)We laugh at jokes，but seldom ______ about how they work．
A．we think B．think we
C．we do think D．do we think
【答案】D
【解析】考查倒装。seldom为否定副词放句首，所属句子用部分倒装，故选D。句意为“我们因笑话而笑，但很少去思考笑话怎样让我们笑。”
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3.(2010上海春, 37)Never______ Lisa would arrive but she turned up at the last minute.
A．did we think B．have we thought
C．we thought D．we have thought
【答案】A
【解析】考查倒装结构。当否定词never，not，hardly，seldom等放在句首的时候，所属句子要部分倒装，根据语意可知，应用一般过去时，因此选A项。
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4.(2010高考英语陕西卷,17)John opened the door. There ______ he had never seen before.
A. a girl did stand B. a girl stood
C. did a girl stand D. stood a girl
【答案】D
【解析】考查倒装。表示存在关系的句子，将表地点的副词或介词短语提至句首时，若主语为名词，应采用完全倒装语序。此题中将表地点的副词there提到了句首，而且主语为名词a girl，所以要采用完全倒装语序，所以选D项。
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5.(2010江西卷, 33)Not until he left his home ______ to know how important the family was for him.
A did he begin B had he begun
C he began D he had begun
【解析】考查倒装句。句意：直到离开家，他才开始意识到这个家对他来说是何等的重要。：not until引导的从句置于句首时，主句需用部分倒装。主从句的动作基本同时发生，故用一般过去时。
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1.完全倒装
(1)表示方式或方位的副词或介词短语，如here，there，now， then，up，down，in，away，off，out，in the room，on the wall等，置于句首时，完全倒装。
[2010·陕西]John opened the door. There stood a girl he had never seen before.
约翰打开门，他从来没见过的一位女孩站在那儿。
—What's all that noise
—Just in front of the bus ________ an injured man, all covered with blood.(2011·南京一模)
A．where lies B．lies
C．does lie D．lying is
答案：B
[注意]　上述情况中，若主语是人称代词，则不用倒装。
Away they went.
他们走了。
(2)表语位于句首时，其倒装结构为
“表语＋连系动词＋主语”。
Present at the meeting were some scientists from China.
Gone are the days when we were poor.
2．部分倒装
(1)only修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句，且放在句首时。
[2011·湖南]Only after they had discussed the
matter for several hours did they reach a decision.
答案：D
1．Only when he reached the tea house _______it was the same place he'd been in last year. (2011·新课标全国卷)
A．he realized　B．he did realize
C．realized he D．did he realize
(2)否定副词never，nor，not，hardly，little，seldom， scarcely，rarely及表否定意义的介词短语at no time，under/in no circumstances，in no case，by no means，on
no condition等置于句首时。
[2010·四川]We laugh at jokes, but seldom we think about how they work.
[2010·江西]Not until he left his home he began to know how important the family was for him.
did he begin
do we
请改错！
3．—It's nice. Never before________ such a special drink!
—I'm glad you like it.(2011·福建高考)
A．I have had B．I had
C．have I had D．had I
故选C项。
答案：C
(3)hardly...when...，no sooner...than...，not only...but also...等引导两个句子时，前一个句子用部分倒装，后一个句子不倒装。
Hardly/Scarcely had he heard the news when he began to cry.
他一听到这个消息就哭了。
[2009·全国卷Ⅰ]The computer was used in teaching. As a result，not only was teachers' energy saved，but students became more interested in the lessons.
(4)so/neither/nor置于句首，意为“也(不)”，表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一个人或事物时，要用部分倒装，其句型为：so/neither/nor
＋be/助动词/情态动词＋主语...。
Since my return to China, I haven't seen my host mother in America, nor have I heard from her.
自从我回到中国之后就没有见过我在美国的房东妈妈，也没有收到她的来信。
[注意]　so表示“是的，确实”时，主谓语不倒装。
—It is too hot.
—So it is.
——天太热了。
——是啊，的确很热。
4.　—Mary had a wonderful time at the party.
—_______, and so did I.
A. So she had B. So had she
C. So she did D. So did she
答案：C?
解析：So she did 是省略加强调。原句应该是She did have a wonderful time.她的确玩得很开心。
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2．Jane won't join us for dinner tonight and _____.(2011·全 国卷Ⅱ)
A．neither won't Tom B．Tom won't either
C．Tom will too D．so will Tom
答案：B
(5)在so...that...和such...that...句式中，如果so或such引导的 部分位于句首时，主句中的主语和谓语需要部分倒装。
So frightened was she that she could not say a word.
Such great progress did he make that he was praised.
(6)as, though引导让步状语从句时，可将表语、状语或谓语动词提前，构成倒装。句式为
表语、状语或动词原形＋as/though＋主语＋其他。
[2009·重庆]Unsatisfied though he was with the payment, he took the job just to get some work experience.
Try as he would, he might fail again.
4．________， his idea was accepted by all the people at the meeting.(2011·济南模拟)
A．Strange as might it sound
B．As it might sound strange
C．As strange it might sound
D．Strange as it might sound
答案：D
特殊句式----省略
1. 在when，while，whenever，till，as soon as, if，unless，as if，though，as等引导的状语从句中，若谓语部分含有be动词，而主语又与主句主语相同或主语是it时，从句的主语和be动词常被省略。
[2010·浙江]The experiment shows that proper amounts of exercise, if carried out regularly, can improve our health.
Get up early tomorrow，if not (you don't get up early)，you will miss the first bus.
明天早点起床，如果不的话，你会错过早班车。
if it is carried out
　_______ we move the couch over there. Don’t you think the room will look larger
A. What about B. What if
C. How far D. How come
答案：B?
解析：What if在这里相当于是What will the room look like if we move the couch的省略句。what about 后面要用动名词；how come怎么会。
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2．I‘m afraid，I think，I believe，I hope，I guess等作答句，后面跟so与not分别等于肯定或否定，宾语从句可省去。
—Do you think it will rain
—I hope not (that it will not rain)．
—Do you believe our team will win
—I guess so.
1．It sounds like something is wrong with the car's engine.________， we'd better take it to the garage immediately.(2011·江苏高考)
A．Otherwise B．If not
C．But for that D．If so
so代替前面句子中提到的情况。
答案：D
3．不定式省略，单独使用不定式符号to。
(1)用来代替动词不定式后被省略的动词，常在be afraid， glad，happy，expect，forget，hope，intend，like， love，mean，prefer，refuse，seem，try，want，wish等的后边。
I asked him to see the film，but he didn't want to.
我请他去看电影，但他不想去。
—Will you join in the game
—I'd be glad to.
——你愿意加入做游戏吗？
——我很高兴加入。
(2)如果不定式中含有be，have，have been，通常保留be， have和have been。
—Are you a sailor
—No，but I used to be.
——你是海员吗？
——不，但我过去是。
2．—Hi, are you an engineer in Lenovo Group
—No, but I ________.(2011联考)
A．want to B．want to be
C．want so D．want it
解析：考查省略。当不定式后有be时，be不可省略。
答案：B
3.　—Don’t forget to post the letter for me on your way.
—______.
A. I don’t B. I won’t
C. I can’t D. I haven’t
答案：B?
解析：对祈使句的回答用will/won’t,因为祈使句讲的是对将来的期望和要求，如:Be nice while you are here, will/won’t you 在这里的时候乖一点好吗？
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Thank you!(共57张PPT)
高考链接 体验
代词基本用法梳理
要点知识 点拨
第3讲 代词
代 词
代词：为了行文简洁，避免重复，人们常用一部分词来指代上文提到过的名词，名词词组或更高层次的语法结构，这部分词被称作代词。
代 词
高考链接 体验
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代 词
1.(2010高考英语上海秋季卷,27)If our parents do everything for us children, we won't learn to depend on _____
A. themselves B. them C. us D. ourselves
【答案】D
【解析】本题考查反身代词，主语为we，因此应为ourselves. depend on oneself:自力更生。根据句意，选D。
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代 词
2. (2010高考英语浙江卷,14) that’s important is that you are doing your best and moving in the right direction.
A．One B．All C．Everything D．Anything
【答案】B
【解析】考查代词辨析。此处All that's important相当于What's important，在主句中作主语，表示“重要的是……”，所以选B项。
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代 词
3.(2010高考英语四川卷,7)On my desk is a photo that my father took of when I was a baby.
A. him B. his C. me D. mine
【答案】C
【解析】考查代词。take a photo of sb意为给某人照相，此处应用人称代词的宾格。正确答案为C。
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代 词
代词基本用法梳理
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代 词
【高考要求】
代词是高考英语中一个十分重要的考点。
代词考点主要集中在替代词和不定代词的掌握上。
其中主要涉及不定代词的用法（约占所有代词考点的
90%以上）。
另外，代词it (包括it 的非代词用法)也是一个比较
重要的考点。
其它诸如人称代词、指示代词、反身代词、物主
代词、相互代词等，由于用法简单，则相对考的较少；
若偶尔考查，也主要涉及其特殊用法或固定搭配 。但
这些动词在写作中经常用到，所以要注意正确运用。
代 词
1 人称代词 主格 I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they
宾格 me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them
2 物主代词 形容词性 my, your, his, her, its, our, their
名词性 mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs
3 反身代词 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
代 词
4 指示代词 this, that, these, those, such, some
5 疑问代词 who, whom, whose, which, what, whatever, whichever, whoever
6 关系代词 that, which, who, whom, whose, as
7 不定代词 one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little,
other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either
代 词
Jim told ______(we / us / our) to leave _____(him / he / his) alone.
--- Who is knocking at the door
--- It’s_____ (I / me / you)
I wish to speak to Mary.
---This is______( she / I / her).
人称代词
代 词
_______classroom is on the second floor. (A. Our, B. We, C. Ours)
Please return _____books in time.
(A. they, B. their, C. theirs)
This is not____ book._____ is on the desk. A. your, Yours B. yours, Your; C. you; Yours
Our room is over ____.
(A. your B yours C. you)
A friend of ____ will come to see me.
A. me B. I C. my D. mine
A
B
A
B
D
反身代词
myself ourselves yourself yourselves
himself herself themselves
练习：
I can do it ＿＿＿＿＿＿.（自己做）
She bought a dress ＿＿＿＿.（为她自己）
I teach ＿＿＿＿＿＿ English.
He bought ＿＿＿＿＿ a car.
代 词
1. 人称代词的主格还是宾格 ？
1) Most of the homework was done by two members of the family, my mother and ______.
I B. mine C. me D. myself
C
代 词
4)Open the door, please. It’s _____(我).
what would you do if you were ______他.
5).It is _____( 他）who takes good care of me.
It is _______（我） that he loves most.
人称代词单独使用或作表语，用宾格
me
him
he
me
代 词
2. 名词性物主代词还是形容词性物主代词
？
1）Some of the stamps belong to me, while the rest are ______.
him and her B. his and hers
C. his and her D. him and hers
2) Our home is finer than _______.
yours or him B. you’s or his
C. you or his D. yours or his
B
D
代 词
3、表示“两者”的 不定代词
---There is coffee and tea; you can have ______.
---Thanks.
either B. each C. one D. it
2) I invited Joe and Linda to dinner, but ______ of them came.
neither B. either C. both D. none
3) We had three sets of garden tools and we seemed to have no use for ______.
A. none B. either C. any D. each
A
A
C
4. 表示“其它”的不定代词
other, others, the other, the others, another , else, the rest
Shanghai is really a fascinating city and we’ve decided to stay for ______ two weeks.
A. another B. other C. the other D. other’s
2) I have done most of the work. Could you please finish _______ in two days
the rest B. the other C. another D. the others
3) I got the story from Tom and ______ people who had worked with him.
every other B. others C. Other D. other than
A
A
C
代 词
4) First , it is important to recognize what kind of person you are and which special qualities make you different from ________.
everyone else B. the other
C.someone else D. the rest
5) If this dictionary is not yours , ______ can it be
what else B. who else C. which else
D. who else’s
6) One common family name is Smith; _____ is Brown.
A. another B. the other C. other one D. an other
A
D
A
代 词
5. 复合不定代词 somebody, anybody, nobody, everybody, something, anything, nothing, everything
Alan sold all of his belongings. He hasn’t got______ left in the house.
everything B. nothing C. something D. anything
2) After a long walk in the fields, I wanted to drink____.
A。cold something B. some cold things
C. something cold D. something to make cold
3) Playing tricks on others is ______ we should never do.
A. anything B. something C. everything D. nothing
D
C
B
代 词
4.The man has lived in the small town for 20 years. So he knows _____ here.
somebody B everybody
C. nobody D.nobody
5. We haven’t enough books for _______; some of you will have to share.
somebody B. anybody
C. everybody D. nobody
6. He is _______ of a musician.
A.anybody B. anyone
C.somebody D. something
B
C
D
代 词
The advertisements say 2046 is the most romantic film. But I am sure it won’t interest_____.
somebody B. anybody
C. everybody D. nobody
C
当all, both, each, every ( body, thing ) 等表示整体意义的代词与否定词连用时，一般只表示部分否定。
All of the students did not turn up.
代 词
如要表示全部否定，应该用 none, no one, neither, nobody, nothing 等对整体意义有否定作用的代词或副词。
No one turn up./ None of the students turn up.
代 词
no one, none
How many elephants did you see at the zoo ______.
_________ of them have left yet.
________ of this money is mine.
I want some milk, but there was ______ in the house. ___________ told us that he was there.
Who is still in the office now at twelve o’clock
__________.
None
None
None
none
No one
No one
How many/much.. -----None. /None of
Who.. ----No one .
What… ---Nothing.
Your hair looks too long. Have ____ cut, will you
He made ____clear that he would go at once.
3. --who is knock at the door
--I have no idea. I just pretended nobody was at home, so I didn’t ask who __ was.
A. that B. this C. it
6. It的用法
it
it
同名同物替代
that的从句
不知道性别，或是婴儿
4. I would appreciate ___ very much If you could change the plan a bit to make it more workable.
5.＿＿＿was in 1979＿＿I graduated from the university.
A. That; that B. It; that
C .That; when D. It; when
6.--Where was＿＿＿＿you picked up the wallet﹖
　--Just near the school gate.
A. it B. it that
C. the place D. the place that
7. It’s no use _________(read) without understand.
it
reading
强调句It was….that
疑问词+ was/is it that…
I like ______ in autumn when there are all kinds of fruit available.
_________ is no doubt that he is shoplifting.
_________ is a possibility it will become very cold tomorrow.
I find _____ impossible to forget all about it.
Let’s make ______a rule for every one of us to keep silent while studying.
there or it
？
it
There
There
it
it
7. 替代词( the ) one, ( the )ones, that，those, it
Mr. Smith gave me a very valuable present, ________ that I have never seen.
Mr. Smith gave me very valuable presents, _______ that I have never seen.
The book on the desk is better than _________ under the desk.
The books on the desk are better than ______________ __under the desk.
3.The Parkers bought a new house but ______ will need a lot of work before they can move in.
A. they B. it C. one D. which
one
ones
the one/
that
those/ the ones
B
--Where did the scholarship of this term you had got go, Lucy
--- On a computer, _______ on the desk over there.
it B. this C. one D. the one
2. Life in the city is quite different from __________ in the country.
3. The rules in our school are quite different from ____ of yours.
A. that B. this C. it D. those
.
the one
that
D
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代 词
none，no one，nothing，neither和no
1．none“没人，没有任何东西”，既可指人，也可指物。none后可接of短语，常用来回答how many/much的问题。
They were all tired，but none of them would stop to have a rest.
他们都累了，但没有一个愿意停下来休息。
(2009年高考上海卷)—Wow！You’ve got so many clothes!
—But none of them are in fashion now.
—How many of you have seen the film
—None (of us)．
2．no one表“没有人，谁也不”，只指人，作主语时，后跟单数动词。常可用来回答who引导的问句。
—Who can answer the question？谁能回答这个问题？
—No one.没人。
(2009年高考全国卷Ⅱ)Charles was alone at home，with no one looking after him.
查尔斯独自一个人在家，没有人照顾他。
3．nothing意为“没有东西”，一般回答what。
4．neither指“两个人或物中一个也不，两者都不”，表否定意义，作主语时谓语动词用单数。
Neither of you is fit for the job.
10.(2010高考英语江西卷,27)Swimming is my favorite sport. There is _______ like swimming as a means of keeping fit.
A. something B. anything
C. nothing D. everything
【答案】C
【解析】There is nothing like…意即”没有什么能像……了”。
(2010高考英语天津卷,6)________in my life impressed me so deeply as my first visit to the Palace Museum.
Anything B. Nothing
C. Everything D. Something
【答案】B
【解析】考查代词辨析。A项意为“任何一件事情”；B项意为“没有东西，没有事情”；C项意为“每一件事情”；D项意为“一些事情”。句意为：“在我一生中没有一件事情像我第一次游览故宫那样给我留下如此深刻的印象。”
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2. (2010高考英语重庆卷,23)He had lost his temper and his health in the war and never found of them again.
A. neither B. either C. each D. all
【答案】 B
【解析】考查代词。由his temper and his health表示两者可以排除C、D两个选项，由后面的never表否定，选either，never/not either是全部否定，相当于neither。
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As a matter of fact，there is no such person as you mentioned.
事实上没有你提到的那样的人。
1．other表示泛指，意为“另外的、其他的”，常与复数名词或不可数名词连用。
Would you please make it some other day(＝another day)
改日做此事好吗？
There are other ways to do this experiment.
做这个实验还可以用别的方法。
　other，others，any other，the other，another
2．others是other的复数形式，表示泛指，意为“别的人或物”，但不指全部。特指时在其前加定冠词；前面可加限定词以及数量词，常构成some...others...。
Some students are cleaning the classroom；others are playing on the playground.
3．any other表示一个之外的其他任何一个，而不是两个之中的另一个。
China is larger than any other country in Asia.
4．the other表示两者中的另外一个。可单独使用，也可接单数名词。
No agreement was reached in the discussion as neither side would give way to the other.
因为双方都不愿意屈服，所以讨论中没有达成一致。
(2010高考英语上海春季卷,26)It is said that two man-made structures are clearly visible from space. One is the Great Wall of China, and is Japans Kansai International Airport.
A．another B．other
C. the other D．either
【答案】C
【解析】考查代词的用法。两者中的一个用one，两者中的另一个用the other，上句有提示two man—made structures，所以用one…the other结构。
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5．another常用于指三者或三者以上中的“另外一个”，泛指单数。可单独使用，也可后接名词。如果其后接复数名词，则表示“又、再、还”。
This cap is too small for me. Show me another (one)．
这帽子太小了，给我看另外一顶。
He will stay here for another 3 days(＝3 more days)．
他还要在这里呆三天。
(2011年黑龙江检测)He paid 30% of the price for the house，and promised to pay ________by the end of the month.
A．those B．the others
C．the rest D．the other
解析：选C。考查指代。从句意“他支付了这座房子价格的30%并且承诺剩下的在月底支付。”可知，the rest表示“剩下的”，常用来指代前面提到的名词，选C项。
1．it指代前面提到过的同一事物，they为其复数形式。
—Have you found your pen？
—No，I haven’t found it. 还没有。
(2009年高考四川卷)I like this house with a beautiful garden in front，but I don’t have enough money to buy it.
但是我没有足够的钱去买它。
it，one，that
I haven’t had a computer. I want to buy one next year.
2．one代替单数可数名词，表示泛指，ones为其复数形式。the one替代前面的单数名词，表示特指，其后往往带定语，the ones为其复数形式。
我还没有电脑，明年我想买一台。
I like this book better than the one I read last time.
比起上次我读的那本书，我更喜欢这一本。
These shoes are not good enough. Show me some better ones.
8．(2010年青岛市第二次模拟)
—May I help you
—Yes，I’d like to try on some sports jackets just like ________ I’m wearing.
A．it B．one
C．the one D．that
解析：选C。考查代词。这里one代替上文提
到的sports jacket。I’m wearing是定语从句，
修饰one时，表特指，要加the。
【温馨提示】　one替代前边的名词，是前边名词的同位语，前边名词若是特指，要用the one；若是泛指则用one。
He is a kind student，one who always helps others.
He is the most excellent student，the one who wins the first prize.他就是那个最优秀的学生，那个赢得一等奖的学生。
8.(2010高考英语山东卷,32)Helping others is a habit, _______ you can learn even at an early age.
A. it B. that C. what D. one
【答案】 D
【解析】考查代词的用法。句意应为“帮助别人是一种习惯，一个你在很小时就能学会的习惯。”空格处与前句中的habit构成同位关系，所以选择D项。
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3．that既可以替代特指的单数可数名词，也可以替代特指的不可数名词，若替代特指的单数可数名词时，相当于the one。
The weather in Beijing is much colder than that in Nanjing in winter.
4．(2011年济南模拟)His advertisement income this year is about $36 million，over three times________of last year.
A．that B．what
C．those D．ones
解析：选A。考查代词。句意：他今年的广告收
入为3600万美元，是去年的三倍多。income是
不可数名词，故用that代指
7.(2010高考英语陕西卷,12)The cost of renting a house in central Xi’an is higher than ____ in any other area of the city.
A. that B. this C. it D. one
【答案】A
【解析】考查代词的用法辨析。在西安市中心租一套房子的费用比在该市任何其他地区租一套房子的费用都要高。根据句意可知，空处指代The cost of renting a house，应该用that。
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it的用法
①用作人称代词，指代前文提到过的事物。?
②用来代替指示代词this或that。
③起指示代词的作用，指一个人或事物。?
④指时间、距离、天气、环境等。?
⑤指代整个句子的内容。?
⑥作形式主语。当动词不定式、动名词或从句作 主语时，通常把它放在谓语之后，而用it作句子的形式主语。?
It’s very cold today.今天很冷。
It’s twenty miles to the zoo.到公园有20英里路。
Look at the baby.Isn’t it lovely
看那个小婴儿，它不可爱吗？
—Who is there？谁在那里？
—It’s only me.我。
1．指代事物、动物、婴儿或未知的人。
2．指天气、时间、距离、自然现象、环境等。
It felt funny watching myself on TV.
It’s no use arguing with him.
It is well known that China has the largest population in the world.
3．作先行代词代替不定式、v.－ing形式、名词性从句，
作形式主语或形式宾语。
9.(2010高考英语辽宁卷,33)The fact that she was foreign made _____difficult for her to get a job in that country
A. so B. much C. that D. it
【答案】D
【解析】考查代词辨析。题干中含有make it difficult for sb to do sth结构。形式宾语it代替后面的动词不定式短语to get a job in that country。
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4．用作look，seem，appear，happen等词的主语。
It seems that he lost his way.他好像迷路了。
It happened that she was not at home when I called.
我打电话时，碰巧她不在家。
5．表示“喜欢、恨”等心理方面的动词，后面接it，构成固定结构，这类动词有enjoy，prefer，love，like，hate，dislike，appreciate等。
I will appreciate it if you can give me a hand.
如果你能帮我一把，我会很感激。
I can’t help it if he is always late.
You may depend on it that they will support you.(共39张PPT)
高考链接 体验
考点梳理 精讲
要点知识 点拨
第10讲 虚拟语气
高考链接 体验
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1.（2010高考英语江苏卷）George is going to talk about the geography of his country, but I’d rather he_______ more on its culture.
A. focus B. focused C. would focus D. had focused
【答案】B
【解析】本题考查虚拟语气的用法。would rather后应用虚拟语气，表示与现在时间相反，用动词的过去式。
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2.（2010高考英语上海卷）---Sorry, Professor Smith. I didn't finish the assignment yesterday.
---Oh, you have done it as yesterday was the deadline.
A. must B. mustn't C. should D. shouldn't
【答案】C
【解析】本题考查的是虚拟语气。此处表示和过去事实相反的情况，应该用should + have + 过去分词。本来应该做，而未做。
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3.（2010高考英语浙江卷）Had I known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy .
A．would have been saved B．had been saved
C．will be saved
D．was saved
【答案】 A
【解析】 原形是：If I had known about this computer program, a huge amount of time and energy .故选择A。
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4.（2010高考英语天津卷）John went to the hospital alone.
If he me about it, I would have gone with him.
A. should tell B. tells C. told D. had told
【答案】D
【解析】主从句都是对过去发生事实的一种意愿表达，从句采用have done的结构，故选D。
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5.（2010高考英语陕西卷）If we ___ the other road, we might have arrived here in time for the meeting.
A. take B. had taken C. took D. have taken
【答案】B
【解析】主句的谓语动词形式might have arrived可知题干是与过去事实相反选B。
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might have arrived
6.（2010高考英语湖南卷）If he my advice, he wouldn't have lost his job.
A. followed B. should follow
C. had followed D. would follow
【答案】C
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7.（2010高考英语北京卷）--The weather has been very hot and dry.
--Yes. If it had rained even a drop, things would be much better now! And my vegetables _______.
A. wouldn't die B. didn't die
C. hadn't died D. wouldn't have died
【答案】 D
【解析】表示与过去事实相反的假设，故主句用would/could/might/should+have done，即D项正确。
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考点梳理 精讲
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1.与现在事实相反的虚拟语气，从句用一般过去时（be动词用were），主句动词的形式为should/would/could+动词原形。例如：
①If it were not for the fact that she ______ sing，I would invite her to the party.
couldn’t B. shouldn’t
C. can’t D. might not
解析： that从句为同位语从句，描述的是事实，用陈述语气。正确答案为C。
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考点一、虚拟语气在条件句中的用法
were
would invite
注意干扰信息！
2. 与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，if引导的从句动词用过去完成时主句动词的形式为 should /would /could/might have done。例如：
If the weather had been better，we could have had a picnic. But it ______ all day.
rained B. rains
C. has rained D. is raining
解析： 句子前半部分陈述的是与过去事实相反的事情，所以用了虚拟语气。“下了一天的雨”是事实，所以用陈述语气。因为是发生在过去的事实，所以正确答案为A。
注意干扰信息！
3.与将来事实相反的虚拟语气，从句中动词用一般过去时/should do/were to do，主句动词的形式为should/would/could/might+动词原形。例如：
If I ______ plan to do anything I want to，I’d like to go to Tibet and travel through as much of it as possible.
would B. could
C. had to D. ought to
解析： 句子描述的是与将来事实相反的事情，所以正确答案为B。
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虚拟语气用于非真实条件句
条件从句 主句 例句
与现在事实相反 If I (we，you，he，she，it，they)＋动词过去式(be的形式一律用were) I (we，you，he，she，it，they)＋would/should/could/might＋动词原形 If he were indoors，he wouldn’t feel so cold.
条件从句 主句 例句
与过去事实相反 If I (we，you，he，she，it，they)had＋过去分词 I (we，you，he，she，it，they)＋would/should/could/might＋have done If you had taken my advice，you wouldn’t have failed in the examination.
与将来事实相反 A式：If＋主语＋一般过去式
B式：If＋主语＋were to do
C式：If＋主语＋should do I (we，you，he，she，it，they) would/should/could/might＋动词原形 A：If he were here this evening，we would play cards.
B：If she were to marry Jack，she would be happy.
C：If she should know it，she would tell me.
在有些虚拟条件句中，主从句时间不一致，应根据不同情况区别对待。例如：
It’s hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I _____in love，at the age of seven，with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown.
A. wouldn’t have fallen B. had not fallen
C. should fall D. were to fall
解析： 句意为：如果不是我在七岁时爱上家乡的Melinda Cox图书馆的话，很难想象今天的我会是什么样子。主句描述的是与现在事实相反的事情，从句描述的是与过去事实相反的事情。正确答案为B。
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考点二、主从句时间不一致的虚拟条件句
条件句中表虚拟，时态后退是真理；
有be一律变成were
虚拟条件句型
虚拟条件句和主句动作如发生的时间不一致，主句和从句的谓语要根据各自所指的不同时间选用适当的虚拟语气形式，这种句子叫做错综时间条件句。
这样的虚拟句不含有if从句，而是以but for/without/or/otherwise等引导的句子代替if从句，主句的谓语动词的形式与前面虚拟语气的基本用法相同。例如：
Thank you for all your hard work last week. I don’t think we ______ it without you.
A. can manage B. could have managed
C. could managed D. can have managed
解析： 对过去发生的事实的虚拟，所以要用could have done，故应选B。
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考点三、含蓄虚拟条件句
without you
虚拟条件不直言， 都在上下文中联；
要不是没有就缺乏，要不然否则就假设，
but for要不是,
without没有,
in the absence of, 缺乏……时，
or else否则，不然的话
otherwise 否则
suppose 假设
providing如果，假设
含蓄条件句
but for要不是,
without没有,
1、在含有表示坚持、建议、命令、要求等含义的名词性从句中
2、在it做形式宾语或形式主语的复合句中，宾语补足语是：necessary / strange / essential / natural / a pity / a shame等表示“惊奇、惋惜或者理应如此”等含义时，从句中的谓语动词需用“should+动词原形”，其中should可以省略。例如：
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考点四、名词性从句中的虚拟语气
—Don’t you think it necessary that he ______ to Miami but to New York？
—I agree，but the problem is ______ he has refused to.
A. will not be sent；that
B. not be sent；that
C. should not be sent；what
D. should not send；what
解析： 问句的句意为：难道你不认为必须把他送到迈阿密而不是纽约吗？句子表示理应如此的意思。正确答案为B。
虚拟用在名从中，should do 结构要记清；
一个坚持两命令， 三个建议四要求；
It 做主后有形， 奇怪重要自然行；
should do / do 型
（strange; important; natural)
一个坚持：insist(坚决要求)
两个命令：order, command
三个建议：suggest, advise, propose
四个要求：demand, require ,ask, desire
具体说来其基本结构为：
wish/if only/would rather+主语+
1）动词一般过去时（与现在事实相反，其中be动词用were）
2）动词过去完成时（表示与过去事实相反）
3）would+动词原型（表示与将来事实相反）。例如：
Look at the trouble I’m in，if only I ______ your advice！
A. followed B. would follow
C. had followed D. should follow
解析： 描述的是与过去事实相反的事情。正确答案为C。
考点五wish/if only/would rather从句中的虚拟语气
Wish之后有宾从，虚拟时态退一层；
As if / if only/ would rather ,时态也要退一层；
It’s high time that sb did sth. 此种形式要记清。
虚拟条件句（if 从句）型
条件句中表虚拟，时态后退是真理；
有be一律变成were
Wish之后有宾从，虚拟时态退一层；
As if / if only/ would rather ,时态也要退一层；
It’s high time that sb did sth. 此种形式要记清。
虚拟用在名从中，should do 结构要记清；
一个坚持两命令， 三个建议四要求；
It 做主后有形， 奇怪重要自然行；
虚拟条件不直言， 都在上下文中联；
要不是没有就缺乏，要不然否则就假设，
要点知识 点拨
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虚拟语气用于非真实条件句
条件从句 主句 例句
与现在事实相反 If I (we，you，he，she，it，they)＋动词过去式(be的形式一律用were) I (we，you，he，she，it，they)＋would/should/could/might＋动词原形 If he were indoors，he wouldn’t feel so cold.
条件从句 主句 例句
与过去事实相反 If I (we，you，he，she，it，they)had＋过去分词 I (we，you，he，she，it，they)＋would/should/could/might＋have done If you had taken my advice，you wouldn’t have failed in the examination.
与将来事实相反 A式：If＋主语＋一般过去式
B式：If＋主语＋were to do
C式：If＋主语＋should do I (we，you，he，she，it，they) would/should/could/might＋动词原形 A：If he were here this evening，we would play cards.
B：If she were to marry Jack，she would be happy.
C：If she should know it，she would tell me.
4. 名词性从句中的虚拟语气
（1）在名词性从句中，常用来表示命令、建议、要求、愿望等的词后宾语从句和同位语从句中用虚拟语气，形式为：（should）+动词原形。常这样用的动词有：advise劝告，demand要求，desire渴望，command命令，insist坚持，prefer宁愿，urge主张，order命令，recommend推荐，request要求，require要求，suggest建议，以及这些词的名词形式。?
注意 suggest,insist等动词不表示建议、要求等解释时，其宾语从句中的谓语动词不需要用虚拟语气形式。?
（2）wish后面所跟宾语从句中的虚拟语气。
对现在情况的虚拟：wish+主语+动词过去式或were?
对过去情况的虚拟：wish+主语+had+过去分词
对将来情况的虚拟：wish+主语+would+动词原形
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5. 其他句型中的虚拟语气
（1）would rather句型中的虚拟语气表示愿望，意为“宁愿，但愿”。? I’d rather we didn’t go to see a film this evening.?
（2）It is (high/about)time(that)...句型中的虚
拟语气在句型“It is (high/about)time...”后面也可跟虚拟语气，从句中常用过去式。有时也用“should+动词原形”，意为“该是……的时候了”。?
It is time (that) we went home.我们该回家了。
（3）if only引导的感叹句中的虚拟语气?
在“if only”引导的感叹句中，要求用虚拟语气，表示愿望。用过去时或“would/could+动词原形”表示与现在或未来事实相反的愿望；用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反的愿望。?
If only I had not been ill last week!?
要是上周我没病该多好啊！
1.(2011全国卷,32) They ______ have arrived at lunchtime but their flight was delayed. A. will B. can C. must D. should
2.（2011北京卷,28） ——Where are the children The dinner’s going to be completely ruined. ——I wish they ______ always late. A. weren’t B. hadn’t been C. wouldn’t be D. wouldn’t have been
D
A
3.（2011北京卷,30） Maybe if I ______ science, and not literature then, I would be able to give you more help. A. studied B. would study C. had studied D. was studying
4.（2011天津卷,15） I ______ sooner but I didn’t know that they were waiting for me. A. had come B. was coming
C. would come D. would have come
D
C
5.（2011江苏卷,34） ——I left my handbag on the train, but luckily someone gave it to a railway official. ——How unbelievable to get it back! I mean, someone ______ it. A. will have stolen B. might have stolen
C. should have stolen D. must have stolen
B
6.（2011福建卷,34） ——Pity, you missed the lecture on nuclear pollution. ——I ______ it, but I was busy preparing for a job interview. A. attended B. had attended
C. would attend D. would have attended
D
7.（2011陕西卷,22） I _____ through that bitter period without your generous help. A. couldn’t have gone B. didn’t go
C. wouldn’t go D. hadn’t gone
A
8.（2011江西卷28）We _____ John’s name on the race list yesterday but for his recent injury. A. will put B. will have put
C. would put D. would have put
D
Thank you!语法专项7 时态和语态（共2课时） 师生活动/ 学习心得
【学习目标】：1. To master the grammar rules about various tenses and voices. 2.To be able to use them flexibly by cooperating actively. 3. Be aborbed in your study with extreme passion and enjoy the pleasure of success.【使用说明】： 本学案需30分钟课前预习, 并进行自我检测。 【预习任务】：1. 完成自学内容, 用红色笔标出自已不能解决的问题, 准备课堂内交流。 2. 自学后完成材料后的练习,统计错题情况并制定课堂学习重点。（预习内容）时态和语态知识要点：一、高考命题特点◆ 动词的时态和语态是历年高考英语测试的重中之重，每年试题一般不低于两道。 命题思路有三种：一是直接给出标志性时间状语，考生能根据其作出选择；二是给出时间状语，但所给时间状语有较强的干扰性，考生不能直接根据时间状语作出选择，而需要结合语境进行判断；三是没有任何时间状语，需要借助于上下文语境，才能作出正确判断。二、基础回归：1、请写出以下8种时态的谓语形式及相应的被动形式： 时态名称 主动语态 被动语态一般现在时: ____________________ _______________________一般过去时: ____________________ _______________________一般将来时: ____________________ _______________________过去将来时: ____________________ _______________________现在进行时: ____________________ _______________________过去进行时: ____________________ _______________________现在完成时: ____________________ _______________________过去完成时: ____________________ _______________________2、时态用法及相关练习：（1）对一般现在时的考查1.考查其基本概念：一般现在时表示一个习惯性、经常性的动作。常与表示习惯的副词always, every time, now and then, occasionally, often, seldom, sometimes, usually 等连用。但近几年，对一般现在时的考查常用过去时态或现在完成时态对考生进行干扰。1) Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across the open sea, which ___the Pacific, and we met no storm.（2005年辽宁卷） was called B. is called C. had been called D. has been called2）—What would you do if it __ tomorrow —We have to carry it on ,since we’ve got everything ready. （2005年全国卷） A. rain B. rains C. will rain D. is raining（2）对一般过去时的考查一般过去时表示在过去某时某刻发生的动作或存在的状态，它常与表过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last year, last night, the other day, just now, then, two days ago, in 1999, at that time等。但是一般过去时也经常用在没有说明过去的时间状语的句子中，这是高考的命题方向。(2010高考英语重庆卷,24)The book has been translated into thirty languages since it ______on the market in 1973.A. had come B. has come C. came D. comes（3）对现在进行时的考查表示此时此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作，具有暂时性、持续性、未完成性的特点。具体表示：? （1）表示说话时刻正在发生或进行着的动作。? （2）表示现在阶段正在进行的动作。1)— What’s the terrible noise？— The neighbors ____ for a party（2004年北京卷）
A. have prepared B. are preparing C. prepare D. will prepare2)Because the shop _____, all the T-shirts are sold at half price. （2004年浙江卷34题）has closed down B. closed down C. is closing down D. had closed down（4）对过去进行时的考查过去进行时则强调在过去某一时间正在进行或持续进行的动作。—You were out when I dropped in at your house.—Oh, I ____ for a friend from England at the airport. （2004年福建卷）
A. was waiting B. had waited C. am waiting D. have waited（5）对现在完成时的考查1.现在完成时表示过去的动作对现在的影响或表示经验。2.现在完成时表示过去的动作一直延续至今并可能继续下去，常与for或since 等短语连用。(2010高考英语浙江卷,15)For many years, people ______ electric cars. However, making them has been more difficult than predicted.A．had dreamed of B．have dreamed of C．dreamed of D．dream of（6）对现在完成进行时的考查构成: have / has been+ doing概念: 表示从过去某一时刻发生的动作，一直延续到现在，并且还可能继续下去。(2010高考英语天津卷,4)We ______on this project for four hours. Let’s have a rest.are working B. have been working C. worked D. had worked(7)对过去完成时态的考查过去完成时，经常以“过去”为背景，要想表达比这一背景更早的动作，即“过去的过去”，常用此时态。Eg. When we got to the theatre, they had sold all the tickets. What a pity!— George and Lucy got married last week. Did you go to their wedding —No, I ___. Did they have a big wedding （2004年湖北卷）A. was not invited B. have not been invited C. hadn’t been invited D. didn’t invite三、核心考点突破（对比用法）1、考查一般现在时和现在完成时的区别一般现在时表示经常性、习惯性的动作或永久性的状态，而现在完成时则强调过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响。1）(2011年高考新课标全国卷)Planning so far ahead ________no sense——so many things will have changed by next year.A．made B．is making C．makes D．has made2）(2010高考英语上海秋季卷, 28) Every few years, the coal workers ______ their lungs X-rayed to ensure their health.A. are having B. have C. have had D. had had2、考查be going to do和will＋do构成的将来时的区别前者强调按计划或安排而发生的事情；后者不强调行为的计划性，多指临时的决定或安排。—Did you tell Julia about the result —Oh，no. I forgot. I ________ her now.A．will be calling B．will call C．am going to call D．am to call除此之外，还可用be to do sth.表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作或表示吩咐、命令、禁止等。用be about to do sth.表示“即刻，就要”，后面不能接表示将来的具体的时间状语。3、考查过去时和现在完成时的区别现在完成时表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响；而过去时仅说明过去发生的动作，不强调与现在的关系。The book has been translated into thirty languages since it ________on the market in 1973.A．had come B．has come C．came D．comes4、考查一般过去时和过去完成时的区别过去时往往有明确的过去时间状语，说明是发生在过去的动作；而过去完成时表示过去某个时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作或存在的状态，强调“过去的过去”，句中常有by，before，等词引导的时间状语。(2011四川卷)－What a mistake !－Yes. I________ his doing it another way, but without success.A．was suggesting B．will suggest C．would suggest D．had suggested5、考查现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别现在完成进行时强调的是在一段时期内某项活动的持续性，强调的是动作本身；现在完成时则是强调动作产生的结果或影响，而不是动作本身。(2011年高考辽宁卷) I'll go to the library as soon as I finish what I________.A．was doing B．am doing C．have done D．had been doing6、考查一般过去时和过去进行时的区别一般过去时仅说明动作发生在过去，不强调动作的延续性；而过去进行时则强调在过去某一时间正在进行或持续进行的动作。I walked slowly through the market，where people ________all kinds of fruits and vegetables. I studied the prices carefully and bought what I needed.A．sell B．were selling C．has sold D．have sold7、现在进行时表将来现在进行时除表示现在外，还可以表示将来。现在进行时表将来时常有“安排”或“打算”之意，所用动词多是非延续性动词，如marry，die，leave，join等。An airbus has begun taking orders from Chinese customers on the mainland and ________more this year.A．is expecting B．expected C．will expect D．is expected四、被动语态1. 英语中被动语态常用于下列几种场合： 不知道动作的执行者；不必提到动作的执行者；强调或侧重动作的承受者;动作的执行者很模糊；有些动词习惯上常用被动语态。 It’s suggested that we put the meeting off.? 有人建议我们延期举行会议。?2. “It+be+过去分词+从句”结构的被动结构It is known that...众所周知? It is suggested that...有人建议?It is believed that...有人相信? It is hoped that...大家希望?3. 被动语态与系表结构的区别 被动语态中的过去分词是动词，表示动作；系表结构中的过去分词相当于形容词，表示状态。 These things are sold quickly.（被动语态）? These things are all sold out.（系表结构）? 常使用系表结构的词有：be seated坐着，be hidden躲藏，be lost迷路，be drunk喝醉，be dressed穿着，be devoted to致力于；献身，be determined决定， 4. 不使用被动语态的几种情况?（1）当feel,look,smell,taste,sound等系动词后面接形容词时。?（2）break out,take place,go off,run out,give out,give in,work out,come out,come into being,run out,give in,happen,take place,break out 等不及物动词短语。（3）want, require, need, worth, deserve后面的动名词用主动形式表示被动意义。（4）有时尽管不定式与其逻辑主语是被动关系，但不定式仍用主动语态。不定式作状语，如果句子中存在light, heavy, difficult, easy, comfortable等词时就应该用不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。（5）当cut, read, sell, wear, write, wash, cook,lock, shut, dry, drink, wash等表示某种性质且动词带状语修饰语时。?1）、(2011年高考湖南卷)In the near future, more advances in the robot technology ________ by scientists.A．are making B．are made C．will make D．will be made2）、(2010高考英语上海秋季卷,31)The church tower which ______ will be open to tourists soon. The work is almost finished.A. has restored B. has been restored C. is restoring D. is being restored 师生共同明确学习目标在使用预习案前应充分了解使用说明明确考试范围及该语法点的重要性，调动学习积极性。自主学习快速浏览自学内容，认真思考后用红笔标出自己不能解决的地方。巩固落实，总结反刍(共78张PPT)
The Father and His Son
Father: You know, Tom, when Lincoln ___(be) your age, he ___(be) a very good pupil. In fact, he ___(be) the best pupil in his class.
Tom: Yes, Father. I ____ (know) that. But when he ____(be) your age, he____ (be) President of the United States.
was
was
was
was
was
know
专题7　动词的时态和语态
◆ 动词的时态和语态是历年高考英语测试的重中之重，每年试题一般不低于两道。
命题思路有三种：
一是直接给出标志性时间状语，考生能根据其作出选择；
二是给出时间状语，但所给时间状语有较强的干扰性，考生不能直接根据时间状语作出选择，而需要结合语境进行判断；
三是没有任何时间状语，需要借助于上下文语境，才能作出正确判断。
一、命题特点
◆在历年有关被动语态的考题中，共涉及了8种基本时
态的被动语态，其中以现在完成时、一般现在时、一般
过去时和现在进行时考得最多。被动语态由“助动词be+
过去分词”构成，时态通过be动词表现出来。
◆ 高考命题中更多地侧重于时态的交叉使用和时态干扰。
◆ 考生答题时要寻找尽可能多的“时间参照信息”。关于被动语态题，做题时应首先根据主语与谓语的关系确定是否是被动关系，然后再根据有关时间信息确定用哪种时态。
◆ 还要注意的是不及物动词是不能用于被动语态当中。
二、应考策略
基础回归
一般现在时: am/are/is / do / does
一般过去时: was / were / did
一般将来时: will + V （动词原形）
过去将来时: would + V （动词原形）
现在进行时: am/are/is+ Ving
过去进行时: was/ were + Ving
现在完成时: have/ has+ p.p.
过去完成时:had + p.p.
谓语（各种时态）的主动形式
一般现在时: be( am/are/is) + p.p.( 过去分词)
一般过去时: be(was/ were) + p.p.
一般将来时: will be + p.p.
过去将来时: would be + p.p.
现在进行时: be( am/are/is)+ being+ p.p.
过去进行时:be(was/ were )+ being+ p.p.
现在完成时: have/ has+ been + p.p.
过去完成时:had + been + p.p.
谓语（各种时态）的被动形式
一、对一般现在时的考查
1.考查其基本概念：一般现在时表示一个习惯性、经常性的动作。常与表示习惯的副词always, every time, now and then, occasionally, often, seldom, sometimes, usually 等连用。但近几年，对一般现在时的考查常用过去时态或现在完成时态对考生进行干扰。
1) Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across the open sea, which ___the Pacific, and we met no storm.（2005年辽宁卷）
was called B. is called
C. had been called D. has been called
（2010高考英语重庆卷,29)The palace caught fire three times in the last century, and little of the original building _______now.
remains B. is remained
C. is remaining D. has been remained
【答案】A
【解析 】考查时态。remain在这儿意思是“剩下，余留”，为不及物动词，不能用于被动语态；又因为语境是对现在事实的陈述，所以用一般现在时。选 A项。
2.考查一般现在时的替代用法：
在以when, till/ until, as soon as, by the time, after, before等引导的时间状语从句，在以if, unless, once等引导的条件状语从句和以no matter, however, even if 等词引导的让步状语从句中，如果主句中的动词用一般将来时，从句中的动词通常用一般现在时或现在完成时代替一般将来时。
—What would you do if it __ tomorrow
—We have to carry it on ,since we’ve got everything ready. （2005年全国卷）
A. rain B. rains C. will rain D. is raining
“主将从现”
二、对一般过去时的考查
一般过去时表示在过去某时某刻发生的动作或存在的状态，它常与表过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday, last year, last night, the other day, just now, then, two days ago, in 1999, at that time等。但是一般过去时也经常用在没有说明过去的时间状语的句子中，这是高考的命题方向。
I bought a new car three days ago.
More than a dozen students in that school ____ abroad to study medicine last year.（2005年上海卷） A. sent B. were sent
C. had sent D. had been sent
now
bought
(2010高考英语重庆卷,24)The book has been translated into thirty languages since it ______on the market in 1973.
A. had come B. has come C. came D. comes
【答案】C
【解析】考查时态。since引导的从句作状语时，主句通常用完成时，而从句用一般过去时，所以选C项。
返回目录
三、对现在进行时的考查
由上下文语境表示时间。
1)— What’s the terrible noise？— The neighbors ____ for a party（2004年北京卷） A. have prepared B. are preparing
C. prepare D. will prepare
2)Because the shop _____, all the T-shirts are sold at half price. （2004年浙江卷34题）
has closed down B. closed down
C. is closing down D. had closed down
四、对过去进行时的考查
I was walking down the street when it began to rain.
When it began to rain
I was walking
now
1.把过去进行时放在when, while, as 等引导的时间状语从句中考查。如果主句谓语和从句谓语都发生在过去，动作时间长的用过去进行时，表达谈话背景；动作时间短的用一般过去时。
—You were out when I dropped in at your house.
—Oh, I ____ for a friend from England at the airport. （2004年福建卷） A. was waiting B. had waited
C. am waiting D. have waited
2.把过去进行时放在某特定的语境中考查。
—Has Sam finished his homework today
—I have no idea. He ____ it this morning. （2004年全国卷） A. did B. has done
C. was doing D. had done
五、对现在完成时的考查
1.现在完成时表示过去的动作对现在的影响或表示经验。
2.现在完成时表示过去的动作一直延续至今并可能继续下去，常与for或since 等短语连用。
I_________(graduate) in 1993 and in that year I _______(begin) to teach English in a middle school. I ______(teach) there for five years . Five years later ,I _______(move) to Pinghu. I______________ (teach) senior English in Danghu High School for nearly 9 years ever since then.
graduated
began
taught
moved
have taught/have been teaching
1993
now
1998
9 years
5 years
(2010高考英语浙江卷,15)For many years, people ______ electric cars. However, making them has been more difficult than predicted.
A．had dreamed of B．have dreamed of
C．dreamed of D．dream of
【答案】B
【解析】考查动词的时态。从for many years可知，此处谓语动词用完成时态；排除C项和D项；又因后一句用的是现在时态，故排除A项。据此答案应该选B项“现在完成时态”。
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3)—The window is dirty.
— I know. It ____ for weeks.（2004全国卷）
hasn’t cleaned B. didn’t clean
C. wasn’t cleaned D. hasn’t been cleaned
注：由终止性动词leave, arrive, come, go, return, begin, start, put, stop, start, put, stop, die, fall, buy, borrow, see等构成的完成时不能与for或since引导的时间状语连用。但这些终止性动词的否定式可以与for或since短语连用。
Eg. I haven’t met him for two years.
3.考查现在完成时与一般过去式的区别：
一般过去时着重说明动作发生的时间、地点、方式等，与现在不发生联系，且句中一般有表示过去的时间状语；而现在完成时只说明现在的情况，对现在有影响。
—Where _____the recorder I can’t see it anywhere.（98NMET）
— I ____ it right here. But now it’s gone. A. did you put; have put
B. have you put; put
C. had you put; was putting
D. were you putting; put
The CCTV has been broadcasting English programs ever since 1977.
1977
now
六、对现在完成进行时的考查
构成: have / has been+ doing
概念: 表示从过去某一时刻发生的动作，一直延续到现在，并且还可能继续下去。
现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别如下：
1.现在完成时与现在完成进行时
I have written an article. 　　　　
I have been writing an article. 　
2.有些延续性动词，如live, teach, work, study, learn, stay等因现在完成时与现在完成进行时差别不大。
I have lived here for ten years.
= I have been living here for ten years.
Notes：表短暂动作的动词（finish, marry, get up, come, go等）一般不能用现在完成进行时。
强调：　已完成性
强调：持续性，
未完成性
9.(2010高考英语天津卷,4)We ______on this project for four hours. Let’s have a rest.
are working B. have been working
C. worked D. had worked
【答案】 B
【解析】考查动词时态。根据句意可知语境是现在，又有for four hours这个时间状语，可以判断动作一直持续到现在并在持续进行当中，故选B。
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1)Now that she is out of a job, Lucy____going back to school, but she hasn’t decided yet.（2004年北京卷）
had considered B. has been considering
C. considered D. is going to consider
2) --- Hi, Tracy, you look tired.
“--- I am tired. I ____ the living room all day.
A. painted B. had painted
C. have been painting D. have painted
七、对过去完成时态的考查
过去完成时，经常以“过去”为背景，要想表达比这一背景更早的动作，即“过去的过去”，常用此时态。
Eg. When we got to the theatre, they had sold all the tickets. What a pity!
had sold
got
Now
过去的过去
— George and Lucy got married last week. Did you go to their wedding
—No, I ___. Did they have a big wedding （2004年湖北卷）
A. was not invited
B. have not been invited
C. hadn’t been invited
D. didn’t invite
常见考点有：
①把过去完成时放在含有when, before, after, until, as soon as等引导的时间状语从句的复合句中考查。
1) When the old man ___ to walk back to his house, the sun ___ itself behind the mountain.（2005年湖北卷） A. started; had already hidden
B. had started; had already hidden
C. had started; was hiding
D. was starting; hid
②把过去完成时放在by + 过去时间点或by the time + 从句（一般过去时）的句子里考查。
By the end of last year, another new gymnasium ___ in Beijing.（2003年上海春）
A. would be completed
B. was being completed
C. has been completed
D. had been completed
1.---Do you work here
----No, I don’t really work here. I ____ until the new secretary comes.
just help out
B. have just helped out
C. am just helping out
D. will just help out
举一反三破定势
造成思维定式的干扰因素：
comes
从现主将
误选Ｄ
just
完成时标志
误选B
题眼：
I don’t really work here
暂时性工作
正确选项 C
Just 的多义：１．刚　２．正　　３．只不过　　４．引起祈使句
一般现在时表示经常性、习惯性的动作或永久性的状态，而现在完成时则强调过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响。
1．考查一般现在时和现在完成时的区别
[典例1]　(2011年高考新课标全国卷)Planning so far ahead ________no sense——so many things will have changed by next year.
A．made B．is making
C．makes D．has made
[解析]　由于受so far的影响会误选D，其实这儿的so far不是表示“到目前为止”的那个短语so far，此处so是用来修饰短语far ahead的，far ahead很早。[答案]　C
[典例2]　(2011年高考安徽卷)—I didn‘t ask for the name list. Why________ on my desk
—I put it there just now in case you needed it.
A．does it land B．has it landed
C．will it land D．had it landed
[解析]　从对话中知道名单已经出现在桌子上了，所以需要用现在完成时。因此选B。
2.(2010高考英语上海秋季卷, 28) Every few years, the coal workers ______ their lungs X-rayed to ensure their health.
A. are having B. have C. have had D. had had
【答案】B
【解析】本题考查时态。根据时间状语every few years,可判断本句应为一般现在时，因此答案选B。
前者强调按计划或安排而发生的事情；后者不强调行为的计划性，多指临时的决定或安排。
2．考查be going to do和will＋do构成的将来时的区别
[典例3]　—Did you tell Julia about the result
—Oh，no. I forgot. I ________ her now.
A．will be calling B．will call
C．am going to call D．am to call
[解析]　分析四个选项可知，只有B项可表示临时作出的决定或产生的想法。A项表示将来某一时刻正在发生的事；C项可表示预先安排好的要发生的事情；D项表示早就有的打算。[答案]　B
3．考查过去时和现在完成时的区别
现在完成时表示过去发生的动作对现在造成
的影响；而过去时仅说明过去发生的动作，与
现在毫无关系。
[典例4]　The book has been translated into thirty languages since it ________on the market in 1973.
A．had come B．has come
C．came D．comes
[解析]　since引导的从句作状语时，主句通常用完成时，而从句通常用一般过去时，所以选C项。[答案]　C
过去时往往有明确的过去时间状语，说明是发生在过去的动作；而过去完成时表示过去某个时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作或存在的状态，强调“过去的过去”，句中常有by，before，when，until等词引导的时间状语。
4．考查一般过去时和过去完成时的区别
[典例5]　(2011四川卷)－What a mistake !
－Yes. I________ his doing it another way, but without success.
A．was suggesting B．will suggest
C．would suggest D．had suggested
[解析]　根据语境可知suggest动作应发生在犯错误之前，即“过去的过去”，应使用过去完成时。[答案]　D
一些动词的过去完成时的“特别”之意
intend，mean，hope，want，plan，suppose，expect，think等动词的过去完成时可用来表示过去未曾实现的设想、意图或希望等，含有某种惋惜之情。如：I had intended to call on you yesterday，but I had an unexpected visitor.我本来打算昨天去看你，但我有了一个不速之客。
现在完成进行时强调的是在一段时期内某项活动的持续性，强调的是动作本身；现在完成时则是强调动作产生的结果或影响，而不是动作本身。
5．考查现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别
[典例6]　(2011年高考辽宁卷) I'll go to the library as soon as I finish what I________.
A．was doing B．am doing
C．have done D．had been doing
[解析]　我一完成我正在做的事情，就去图书馆。本题语境为现在时态，所以根据句意应用现在进行时态，表示现在正在做的事情。 [答案]　B
6．考查一般过去时和过去进行时的区别
一般过去时仅说明动作发生在过去，不强调动作的延续性；而过去进行时则强调在过去某一时间正在进行或持续进行的动作。
[典例7]　I walked slowly through the market，where people ________all kinds of fruits and vegetables. I studied the prices carefully and bought what I needed.
A．sell B．were selling
C．has sold D．have sold
[答案]　B
现在进行时除表示现在外，还可以表示将来。现在进行时表将来时常有“安排”或“打算”之意，所用动词多是非延续性动词，如marry，die，leave，join等。
7．现在进行时表将来
[典例8]　An airbus has begun taking orders from Chinese customers on the mainland and ________more this year.
A．is expecting B．expected
C．will expect D．is expected
[解析]　此处应用一般将来时，但expect一词习惯上用进行时表示将来。
[答案]　A
被动语态
高考对被动语态的考查往往跟对时态的考查融合在一起，而且语境化特点非常突出。
语态用以表示主语和谓语之间的关系。英语的语态分为主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者；被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者 。
1．被动语态的谓语形式 (以动词give为例)
一般现在时态：am/is/are given
一般过去时态：was/were given
一般将来时态：shall/will be given
过去将来时态：should/would be given
现在进行时态：am/is/are being given
过去进行时态：was/were being given
现在完成时态：has/have been given
过去完成时态：had been given
(2011年高考湖南卷)In the near future, more advances in the robot technology ________ by scientists.
A．are making B．are made
C．will make D．will be made
[答案]　D
2．特殊结构的被动形式
(1)双宾动词的被动结构
双宾动词变为被动结构时，一般将主动结构中的间接宾语变为被动结构中的主语，直接宾语不变。这一保留不变的宾语叫做保留宾语。如将主动结构中的直接宾语变为被动结构中的主语，间接宾语之前则应加介词to(可省去)或for(一般不可省)。如：
[典例2]　She was ________the bike for 20 dollars，but she wouldn't take it.
A．provided B．supplied
C．offered D．gave
[解析]　offer作“出价，开价”讲，常有offer (sb.) money for sth. [答案]　C
(2)带复合宾语的动词的被动结构
带复合宾语的动词变被动时，一般将主动结构中的宾语变为被动结构中的主语，宾语补足语不变。
[典例3]　The missing boys were last seen ________near the river.
A．to sing B．singing
C．to be singing D．sing
[答案]　B
(3)“be＋过去分词＋不定式”的被动结构
She is said to know three languages.
据说她懂三种语言。
(4)“it＋be＋过去分词＋从句”的被动结构
It's said that she has some supernatural powers.
常见的结构还有：
It is known that...众所周知
It is suggested that....有人建议
It is believed that....据信
(5)get＋done构成被动语态
此种形式用来表示状态或情况，常考的形式如下：
get married结婚；get engaged订婚；get hurt/wounded受伤；get lost迷路；get drunk喝醉了；get caught/stuck/trapped被困；get dressed穿好衣服；get run over被(车)轧
[典例4]　Before she realized what happened，she got ________ on the head and lost consciousness.
A．hit B．to be hit
C．hitting D．hitted
[解析]　get hit表示“被打”，做题时考生应注意hit的原形、过去式、过去分词的形式是一样的，此处是其过去分词形式。[答案]　A
3．时态和语态的综合考查
高考单项填空中往往是把时态和语态结合起来考查，以增加试题的难度和综合性。
1.(2010高考英语上海秋季卷,31)The church tower which ______ will be open to tourists soon. The work is almost finished.
A. has restored B. has been restored
C. is restoring D. is being restored
【答案】D
【解析】本题考查时态和语态。restore意思为修复，因此为正在修复中，并且the tower和restore之间是被动关系，所以选D。
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4．主从句谓语动词的时态一致性
主从句的时态要对应，即要保持时态的一致性。这使考生在做题中既可以根据主句的时态来确定从句的时态，也可以根据从句的时态来确定主句的时态。
[典例6]　The church tower which ________will be open to tourists soon.The work is almost finished.
A．has restored B．has been restored
C．is restoring D．is being restored
[解析]　因此此处强调正在修复中，且要用被动语态。故选D。[答案]　D
2．固定句型中的固定时态
在某些固定句型里往往有固定的时态要求，请体会下列句子中时态的运用：(1)This/It is the first/second...time I have done sth.
That/It was the first/second...time I had done sth.
(2)It is two years since he went abroad./It was two years since he had gone abroad.
(3)I was about to go out when the telephone rang.
(4)Hardly had I got home when the telephone rang.
(5)No sooner had I got home than the telephone rang.
(6)It won't be long before he comes back./It wasn't long before he came back.
(7)I didn't manage to understand it until he had explained it again.
(8)祈使句＋and(or，or else，otherwise)＋并列分句
1．(2011年高考新课标全国卷)When Alice came to，she did not know how long she ______ there.
A．had been lying 　　　　B．has been lying
C．was lying D．has lain
解析：由 she did not know how long...可知应用过去完成进行时，表示持续发生的动作。
答案：A
2．(2011年大纲全国卷)If you don't like the drink you________， just leave it and try a different one.
A．ordered B．are ordering
C．will order D．had ordered
答案：A
3．(2011年高考山东卷)When I got on the bus，I________I had left my wallet at home.
A．was realizing B．realized
C．have realized D．would realize
答案：B
4．(2011年高考福建卷)Last month, the Japanese government expressed their thanks for the aid they ________ from China.
A．receive B．are receiving
C．have received D．had received
答案：D
Thank you!(共59张PPT)
《小芳》
村里有个姑娘叫小芳
长得好看又善良
一双美丽的大眼睛
辫子粗又长
在回城之前的那个晚上
你和我来到小河旁
……
There is a beautiful
and kind girl named
Xiaofang in the
village.
has a pair of
beautiful big eyes
and long thick hair.
She
who
I like the baby.
The baby is reading.
I like the baby who/that is reading .
I like the baby.
The baby is listening to music.
I like the baby who/that is listening to music .
I like the baby.
The baby’s eyes are big.
I like the baby whose eyes are big.
.
第13讲：定语从句
定语从句: 在复合句中, 修饰某一 或 的从句叫定语从句.
被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词叫做 “ ”.
引导定语从句的词叫“ ”
名词
代词
先行词
关系词
基础知识
I like the baby who/that is reading .
先行词
关系词
定语从句
The Restrictive Attributive Clause 限制性定语从句
The Non-Restrictive Attributive Clause 非限制性定语从句
基础知识
The accident happened at the
time when I left.
His mother, whom he loved deeply, died ten years ago.
限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句
定语从句
对先行词起限定作用,与先行词关系十分密切。
不用逗号隔开,也不能省略,否则句意就不完整。
非限制性定从
限制性定从
只是对先行词做补充说明,与先行词的关系也比较松散。
常用逗号与主句隔开，如果省略,原句意义仍然完整。
引导定语从句的关系词
指代人
指代事物
所属关系
指地点
指时间
指原因
who, whom, that
which, that, as
whose, of which/whom
where
when
why
关系代词
关系副词
注：关系词在定语从句中作宾语时，通常可以省略。
1.that与which
2.关系副词的用法
3.介词+关系词
4.关系词as的用法
5.定从与其他复合句的区分
6.综合考查
考点
难点
.
考点一、
that or which
1.This is all____ I know about the matter.
A. that B. what C. who D. whether
2.Is there anything else_____ you require
A. which B. that C. who D. what
3.The last place _____we visited was the Great Wall.
A. which B. that C. where D. it
A
B
B
Choose the correct answers:
4.This is one of the best books_______.
A. that have ever been written
B. which have ever been written
C. that has written
D. that have written
5. The scientist and his achievements _____you told me about are admired by us all.
A. which B. that C. who D. whose
6 .Which of the books _____ were borrowed from him is the best
A. which B. what C. that D. whose
A
C
B
① 先行词是all, everything, nothing, anything,
little, much等不定代词时;
② 先行词被all, any, every, no, some, little,
much等词修饰时;
③ 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时;
④先行词被the only, the very(正是,恰是), the last
修饰时 ;
⑤ 当先行词既有人又有物,定语从句用that 引导
(that既可指人也可指物)
⑥若主句中有疑问代词who, which时，为了避免重复, 关系代词不再用who,which.
--- 结论1: 先行词有下列情况时,通常用关系代词 that：
1. I have lost my watch, _____I like very much.
2. Taiwan is part of China, ______ is known to all of us.
3.Can you lend me the book about ______ you talked last night
which
which
which
Choosing : that or which
结论 2. 引导非限定性定语从句时，用关系代词which, 不用that, 且不省略。
介词+关系词引导定语从句, 先行词是物时，只用which，不用that.
1.(2010 全国Ⅱ，16）I refuse to accept the blame for something____ was someone else’s fault.
A. who B. that
C. as D. what
高考真题链接
2.(2011 北京，26）Mary was much kinder to Jack than she was to the others , ______, of course, made all the others upset.
A. who B. which
C. what D. that
高考真题链接
Tips: 注意插入语
.
考点二、
关系副词的用法
关系副词when, where, why引导定语从句时，
when在从句中充当时间状语,
where在从句中充当地点状语，
why在从句中充当原因状语，
＝介词＋which
Do you still remember the day _______we joined the Party
= on which
when
This is the factory _____________ my father works
This is the factory ______________
we visited last week
That is the reason ______________you are always late.
That is the reason _____________he gave us.
which/that/---
which/that/---
where/ in which
why/for which
Blank-filling :
先行词为
时间、地点、原因的名词时
关系词在
定从中作
状语时
关系词在
定从中作
主语或者
宾语时
when
Where
why
=
介词
+
which
that / which
要点一：
1 .A.Pisa is a city, ___ has a leaning tower.
B.Pisa is a city,____there is a leaning tower.
a. which b. that c. where d. there
2 .A.We still remembered the days _____we travelled together.
B.We still remembered the days _____we spent together.
a. when b. which c. in that d. there
a
c
a
b
PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT
1. I’ve come to the point ______ I can’t stand him.
2. The country is in the situation ______a war
will break out at any time.
我已经到了无法容忍他的地步了。
国家正处在随时有可能爆发战争的局势中。
要点二、某些特殊词之后的where
解析：某些抽象地点名词如：point, stage, situation, case, condition, activity, celebration等做先行词时，定语从句常用where 引导，表示抽象化的地点。
where
where
1.(2010福建，24）Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planet_____ life has developed gradually.
A. that B. where
C. which D. whose
高考真题链接
2. (2011天津，10）The days are gone _____ physical strength was all you needed to make a living.
A. when B. that
C. where D. which
高考真题链接
3. (2011山东，32）The old town has narrow streets and small houses_____ are built close to each other.
A. they B. where
C. what D. that
高考真题链接
4. (2009浙江，14）I have reached a point in my life _____I am supposed to make decisions of my own.
A. which B. where
C. how D. why
高考真题链接
.
考点三、
介词 +关系词
This is the machine on _____ she spent 1000 dollars.
Xiao Wang ,with _____ I went to the concert, enjoy it very much.
which
whom
要点1： 紧跟介词的关系词，引导定语从句时, 指事物用which, 指人用whom。
用适当的关系词填空：
1.Do you know who lives in the building_____
there is a well
A. in front of it B. in front of whose
C. in front of which D. in front of that
2. I’ll never forget the day ____ I first met you.
A. on which B. in which C. which D. at which
3.The woman _____my brother spoke just now
is my teacher.
A. who B. to whom C. to who D whom
C
A
B
Choose the correct answers:
1）、看定语从句中动词或者形容词与介词的习惯搭配；
--- What were the things _______ which he was not so sure
2）、根据先行词判断，所用的介词与先行词的习惯搭配；
--- The speed ____ which you drive your car mustn’t be too high.
3）、可以通过句子的整体含义,结合生活实际来判断。
--- China has many rivers, ________ which the Yangtze River is the longest.
要点2：介词﹢关系代词引导的定语从句中, 介词如何选择
about
at
of/among
1. Jeanne was her old friend, ____ she borrowed a
necklace.
A. from who B. from whom
C. to that D. to whom
2. His glasses, _____ he was like a blind man, fell to the ground and broke its leg.
A. which B. with which C. without which D. that
3. She is a teacher of much knowledge, _____much can
be learned.
A. who B. that
C. from which D. from whom
B
C
D
PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT
1.(2010上海，38）Wind power is an ancient source of energy ____ we may return in the near future.
A. on which B. by which
C. to which D. from which
高考真题链接
2.(2009全国，28）She brought with her three friends, none of ____ I had ever met before.
A. them B. who
C. whom D. that
高考真题链接
.
考点四、
关系词 as 的用法
关系代词as既可以引导限制性定从，也可以引导非限制性定从，常用于以下情况：
1.先行词有so, such, the same修饰时，后面的定语从句常用as 引导，as 在从句中可充当主语，宾语，表语。
There is no such place ____ you dream of in this world.
世界上绝没有像你梦想的那样的地方。
I have the same trouble ____ you have.
我和你有同样的麻烦。
as
as
在非限制性定语从句中，as常 用于固定搭配。
As is known to all/ As we all know
　众所周知
As has been said/mentioned before
如前所述
As often happens/ As is often the case
正如经常发生的那样
在此用法中, as所引导的定语从句可放在主句的句首、 句中、句末。
1.______was natural, he married Jenny.
A. Which B. That C. This D. As
2.Such signs _____ we use in the experiment
______Greek letters.
A. as , are B. as, is C. that, are D. that, is
3.I passed him a large glass of whisky, _____ he
drank immediately .
A. that B. as C. which D. who
D
A
C
Choose the correct answers:
要点: 引导非限制性定语从句时，as 跟which的区别：
as “正如…
正像…”
句首，句中，句末
若关系词指代前面整句话，且位于主句之后，二者有时候可以互换.
which “这”
“这件事” 句中，句末
1.It was raining, _____was a pity.
A. what B. that C. the which D. which
2.______has been said above, grammar is not a set of dead rules.
A. Which B. What C. That D. As
3.We do the same work _____ they do.
A. which B. as C. than D. like
4.The earth is round, _____ is known to us all.
A. that B. which C. who D. as
D
D
B
D
PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT
1. ____is generally the case, those who care for the weakest members of society are respected.
A. Which B. That
C. What D. As
高考真题链接
2. Ted came for the weekend wearing only some shorts and a T-shirt ,_____is a stupid thing to do in such weather.
A. this B. that
C. what D. which
高考真题链接
.
考点五：
定语从句与其他 复合句的区分
1. 定语从句与同位语从句
① We all have heard the news _____our team won.
② We don’t believe the news ________he told us yesterday.
that
that/which
同位语从句，that从句表示的是news的内容，
that 在从句中不作任何成分。
定语从句，that引导的句子修饰前面的news，
that/which 在从句中充当宾语。
2. 定语从句与状语从句
① He left the key _____ he had been an hour before.
② He left the place______ he lived for many years.
where
where
where引导的是状语从句，表示地点；
相当于in the place where…
where 引导的是定语从句，修饰the place，where在从句中做状语。
易混淆句型
③ He is such a good teacher___ all of us love and respect.
④ He is such a good teacher_____ we all like him.
as
that
as 引导的是限制性定语从句，as 在从句中充当宾语。
that引导的是结果状语从句, 在句子中不作成分，
句型 such…that… 翻译成 “如此…以致…”
3．定语从句与主语从句
① ____ is known to us all, paper was first made in China.
② ____is known to us all that paper was first made in China.
As
It
as 引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句内容，
可置于句首，句中，句末。
it 做形式主语，指代that 引导的主语从句
4．定语从句与强调结构
① It is the house______ I met the young man.
② It was in the house_____ I met the young man.
where
that
(where 引导的是定语从句，修饰house，where在定语从句中作地点状语)
(本句为强调结构，去掉it was…that ,句子依然完整，
可还原为I met the young man in the house.)
1.A. The news ____he told us was very exciting.
B. He has brought us the news ____our team
has won the game.
a. what b. as c.that d. where
2. It is in a box ____ I have hidden my money.
We’ll go ___ we are needed.
a. that b. in which c. where d. in it
c
c
a
c
PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT
3. A. It is such a big stone _____ nobody can lift.
B. It is such a big stone _____ nobody can lift it.
a. which b. that c. as d. about which
4. A. All ____ I need is a good rest.
B. ____I need is a good rest.
a. What b. All what c. that d. Which
c
b
c
a
1.(2008 福建，27)____ is known to us
all is that the 2008 Olympic Games will take place in Beijing.
A. It B. What C. As D. Which
高考真题链接
2.The news came____ the British
Queen’s mother celebrated her 101th birthday in good health, ___ isn’t surprising, because she lives an easy life and gets the best medical care.
A. that; which B. which; which
C. that; that D. when; as
高考真题链接
3. The place ____ the bridge is supposed to be built should be_____ the cross-river traffic is the heaviest. （05 江苏）
A. which; where B. at which; which
C. at which; where D. which; in which
高考真题链接
Thanks for your attention!(共31张PPT)
第16讲 情景交际
高考链接 体验
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2.(2010高考英语重庆卷,26)----Honey, let’s go out for dinner.
-----______ I don’t have to cook.
Forgot it! B. That’s great!
C. Why D. Go ahead.
【答案】B
【解析】考查交际用语。句意为“亲爱的，我们出去吃饭吧。”“太好了，我不必做饭了。”所以选B。A. Forget it. 没关系 C. Why 为什么 D. Go ahead 随便 均不符合语境。
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3.(2010高考英语浙江卷,18)—According to my grandma, it is a good idea to eat chicken soup when you have a cold.
—_______, scientists agree with her.
A. Sooner or later B. Once in a while
C. To be exact D. Believe it or not
【答案】D
【解析】此处Believe it or not表示“信不信由你，确实”的含义，符合语境。sooner or later表示“迟早”；once in a while表示“时不时，偶尔，间或”；to be exact表示“确切地说”。
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4.(2010高考英语浙江卷,13)—Would she mind playing against her former teammates
—______ She is willing to play against any tough players.
A．I think so. B．I’m not surprised.
C．Of course. D．Not likely!
【答案】D
【解析】考查情景交际。从答语的第二句可知，她敢于挑战任何强大的对手，故“她不介意(与她的前队友比赛)”，所以只有D项“不见得”符合语境。
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5.(2010高考英语天津卷,7)Professor Johnson, I’m afraid I can’t finish the report within this week.
______ How about next week
Good for you B. It won’t bother me
C. Not at all D. That’s OK
【答案】 D
【解析】D项意为可以，那好吧。
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6.(2010高考英语天津卷,2)—Excuse me, I wonder if you can help me
—Sure. ______
What help B. What is this
C. What is it D. What do you want
【答案】C
【解析】考查交际用语。句意为“打扰你了，你能帮我个忙吗？当然。什么事情？”，A项意为中国式英语；B项意为“这是什么”；C项意为“到底是什么”；D项意为“你想要什么”。
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7.(2010高考英语四川卷,13)一I’m sorry．That wasn’t of much help．
一Oh，______ ．As a matter of fact，it was most helpful．
A．sure it was B．it doesn’t matter
C．of course not D．thanks anyway
【答案】A
【解析】考查日常用语。后句中的As a matter of fact, it was most helpful,可知是对前句表意的否定，所以A项合适。句意为：“对不起，那帮助不太大。当然不是了，实际上，它很有用。”
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8.(2010高考英语四川卷,1)—Here’s your change.
——______
A. Thank you. B. Don’t mention it.
C. No problem D. With pleasure.
【答案】A
【解析】考查日常用语。句意为：“这是找你的零钱。”“谢谢”。A符合语境。B用于回答道谢或道歉；C、D用于回答求助。
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9.(2010高考英语陕西卷,25)——What a fine day! Shall we go picnicking
——______ . But we need to be home before six o’clock for the football match.
A. Have a nice time. B. Pardon me
C. That’s great D. You are right
【答案】C
【解析】C项“好极了”符合语境。A项“祝你玩得开心”，表示祝愿；B项“原谅我”在请求对方原谅时用；D项”你说得对”表示同意对方的看法。
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10.(2010高考英语陕西卷,13)–What’s the noise It sounds as if it comes from upstairs.
—______ .It must be the window-cleaner working next door.
A. I’m not sure B. I hope not C. I’d rather not D. I don’t think so
【答案】D
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考点梳理 精讲
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【考点诠释】
英语交际型试题主要考查考生对英语知识的理解和应用能力，考查考生对中西方文化差异的掌握情况及对英语的使用和驾驭能力。在高考英语试题中，交际用语的考查点相对集中。主要考查社会交往中的一些日常交际用语。考查的方式以应答为主，提问为辅；以跨文化交际中差异明显的交际项目为重点考查对象。
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考点1 习惯应答类
许多情景对话中使用的是英美人的习惯用语。问候、告别、打电话、问路、看病、购物等常见的交际话题均有其较为固定的套语；感谢、道歉、祝愿、请求亦有其固定的应答用语。对于这类题目，我们要遵循他们的习惯进行回答。如：
1．常用于感谢的应答用语有：You are welcome．/Don’t mention it．/It is my pleasure(My pleasure)．/Not at a11．/That’s all right．/I’m glad(happy)that…/I’m glad you like(enjoy)it．
2．常用于道歉的应答用语有：Never mind．/It doesn’t matter．/Not at a11．/That’s all right．/That is nothing．
3．常见的祝愿和祝贺用语有：Good luck!/Best wishes to you．/Have a nice time．/Wish you a pleasant journey．/Congratulations!/Merry Christmas!/Happy birthday to you．而应答用语有：Thank you．/The same to you．/You too．
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4．接受请求和邀请的应答用语有：With pleasure．/I’d be happy (glad)to．/Yes，help yourself．/No problem．/Good idea/Sounds good/Why not 拒绝请求和邀请的应答用语有：Sorry，but…/I’d rather you…/Thank you，but…/No way!/Forget it。
5．其他场景习惯应答用语考生也应注意。问候的应答用语有：How do you do．/Fine，thank you．介绍的应答用语有：Very glad(pleased)to see you．接电话的习惯用语有：This is Li Ming speaking．道别的习惯用语有：Bye．/So long．/See you later．服务人员的应答用语有：Yes，Sir．/Yes，Madame．/Take your time．
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考点2 破交际定势类
汉语和英语在交际文化方面有许多共同之处，但也存在诸多差异。这些差异往往是考查的重中之重。我们要力求用英语思维，避免母语交际定势的干扰，要根据英语的文化交际习惯来应答。如：当中国人听到对方夸奖或赞美自己时，习惯上要说些表示谦虚的话；而英美人则不同。
一You’ve given us a wonderful Chinese dinner，Mrs．Wang．
---I’m glad you enjoyed it．我很高兴你们喜欢。
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典例：——Thank you very much for the gifts you sent me.
——_________.
A. No thanks
B. I’m glad you like it
C. Please don’t say so
D. No, it’s not so good
解析 答案为B。
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考点3 语言结构类
这类题要求考生根据对话情景和所掌握的正确语言结构来做出选择。以习惯用法和变异句(如省略句)居多。如当说话人对刚刚提出的说法或意见持肯定态度时，可以说：Yes, I think (suppose，believe) so．/Yes，I’m afraid so．对刚刚提出的说法或意见持否定态度，则说：No，I don’t think (suppose) so．/No，I don’t believe so．/No，I believe (suppose) not．/No，I hope not．/No，I am afraid not．“Do you mind… ”常用于表示请求对方允许。如果同意，则用“No，go ahead．/No，of course not．/No，not at a11．”等来回答；如果不同意，可用“I’m sorry I do．”来回答。
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考点4 情景用语类
根据不同的交际情景，说话者会采用不同的交际用语来表达自己的态度和情感。如表示不肯定或没把握，人们会说：I am afraid that…/It depends．表示不耐烦和催促的用语有：
Well，well．/Come on．/Hurry up!表示惊奇和有把握的用语有：No wonder…/No doubt…如：
一What do you want to do next We have half an hour until the basketball game．接下来你准备做什么 在篮球赛之前我们还有半小时。
一It’s up to you．Whatever you want to do is fine with me．这取决于你。你想做什么我都同意。
要点知识 点拨
常见的交际用语
1.Go ahead.(单独使用,表同意)行,可以。?
2.You guess it.你猜对了!?
3.Cheer up.相当于Come on.振作起来，高兴起来。?
4.Come on.?
（1）(用于命令）快！加油！?
（2）（表示知道了某人所说的话不正确）得了吧！?
5.No problem.?
（1）（表示乐于帮助或事情容易做）没问题。
（2）（回答别人的道歉或道谢）没什么。不客气，没关系。?
6.（1）That is very kind of you.=Thank you.? （2）Nothing of the kind.(强调情况与所说的不相同）决不是那么一回事，一点也不。?
7.（1）With pleasure.(客气地接受或同意）“当然了，很愿意，非常乐意（效劳）”，常用于对别人请求的回复。?
（2）My pleasure.?
①是高兴的事情。?
②不用客气。?
（3）It is a pleasure?
①很高兴……?
②对感谢的回答?
8.（1）So what？那又怎么样？（认为某事无关紧要，用于反驳别人的指责）
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（2）What ?
①（没听清或没听懂）什么？?
②（听到对方的话并问）什么事？?
③（惊讶或愤怒）什么？真的？?
（3）What for 为何目的？?
9.（1）Exactly表示赞同或强调正确，“一点不错，正是如此，完全正确。”?
（2）Not exactly.?
①(说反话时用）根本不，决不，一点也不。?
②纠正对方的话，不完全。?
10.Not really.不是，不全是。?
11.Absolutely.?
（1）强调同意或允许，“当然，对极了”。?
（2）Absolutely not.(用于强烈反对某事某人或者不同意某人的意见）当然不，绝对不行。?
12.The same to you.祝你也如此。?
13.Me too.我也有相同的感受。?
14.Good luck!祝你好运！?
15.Keep cool.不要生气。
16.Go for it.努力争取（实现）。??
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17.Throw light on it.使容易些。?
18.（1）Take it easy.别紧张，放松些，不要激动。
? （2）Take your time!别慌忙，慢慢来。?
19.（1）How about (What about) （询问消息）怎么样？如何？?
（2）How’s that 那是怎么回事？How come 为什么？怎么会？?
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（3）How did e to...？=How come (that)...？为什么会……？是怎样……？固定表达，要求对发生的事情作解释或说明理由。?
20.（1）Why not (提出建议或赞同建议）为什么不呢？好哇。?
（2）Why ever (用于问句，语带惊讶）究竟为什么？?
Why ever didn’t tell us all 究竟为什么没有告诉我们？?
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21. I couldn’t agree more.我十分同意，表示同意对方的观点。
22.Forget it.?
（1）（用来告诉某人某件事情是不重要的或者不必担心）没关系，不必在意。?
（2）（表示不想重复说过的话）别提了。?
（3）（表示否定）不可能。?
（4）住嘴，不要再烦人地说下去了。?
23.You can’t be serious.你不是认真的吧？
（说明说话人对某事难以置信）
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专题十四——状语从句
2012届高考英语复习
He worked
in that factory
three years ago.
地点状语
时间状语
where his
father worked
in that factory
where I lived
when he
lived there
His father worked there.
I lived there.
He lived there
three years ago.
状语从句
What are “ Adverbial Clauses”
在复合句中担任____成分的从句称为状语从句，修饰主句的谓语动词，形容词或副词等,或________ _____的从句叫做 “状语从句”。
状语
修饰整个
主句
考纲解读
高考对状语从句的考查主要体现在对连词的选择以及时态的正确使用上。根据语境选用合适的连词，注意主从句时态的呼应是正确解题的关键。不同的状语从句使用不同的连接词,有时同一个连接词可连接不同的状语从句,表示不同的意义。
考纲解读
考点：
1、根据历年高考试题, 考查热点在引导时间、地点、条件、让步、比较、原因状语从句的连词上。出现频率较高让步状语从句和原因状语从句， 时间状语从句因为连接词容易出现在一些常用结构里也经常出现。
2、 状语从句中的时态、语态、语气，
3、与其它从句、句型结合起来考查。
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状语从句分类
1. 时间状语从句
2. 地点状语从句
3. 原因状语从句
4. 条件状语从句
5. 让步状语从句
6. 目的状语从句
7. 结果状语从句
8. 方式状语从句
9. 比较状语从句
一、 时间状语从句
１ when / whenever
When I came into the room, he was writing a letter.当我进屋时，他正在写信。
We shall go there whenever we are free.我们什么时间有空，我们就去那里。
when指的是“某一具体的时间”。
whenever指的是“在任何一个不具体的时间”。
1．(2010·全国卷Ⅰ)Mary made coffee ________her guests were finishing their meal.
A．so that B．although
C．while D．as if
【解析】　while“当……的时候，虽然”，可以引导时间状语从句和让步状语从句
【答案】　C
1、When he returned, his wife was cooking.
2、While he was reading, his wife was cooking.
3、As he was reading, he was listening to the radio.
when / while/ as引导状语从句有何区别？
2 when / while/ as
When 既可指某一点时间,也可指一段时间;
while指“在某一段时间里”，“在…期间”，引导的动作必须是持续性的;
as强调主句和从句的动作同时发生。,翻译成”一边……一边……”
2．(2011·福建高考)It was April 29,2011 ________Prince William and Kate Middleton walked into the palace hall of the wedding ceremony.
A．that B．when
C．since D．before
【解析】　April 29,2011为定语从句的先行词，从句缺少时间状语，故用when引导。
【答案】　B
注意:
when / while都可以做并列连词,连接并列句,when表示 “就在这时”和 “was doing”, “had just done”和 “was about to do”连用; while则表示转折“然而”
1、I was walking in the street when suddenly
someone patted me on the shoulder from
behind.
2、My father was cooking while my mother
was playing cards.
3、 表示：“一……就……”
As soon as I arrive in Shanghai, I’ll write to you.
upon/ on+ arriving
Immediately +句子
The +时间名词(minute/moment ……)+句子
hardly…when…
no sooner…than…
我刚一到家，就下雨了。
I had hardly got home when it
began to rain.
=Hardly had I got home when it began to rain.
=No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.
It will be +一段时间+before从句(does) 要过……才能做
It will not be +一段时间+before从句 要不了…… 就能做
It was +一段时间+before从句(did)
过了……做了……
It was not+一段时间+before从句(did) 没过……做了……
4、 before
3．(2010·陕西高考)John thinks it won't be long ________he is ready for his new job.
A．when B．after
C．before D．since
【解析】　考查时间状语从句。
【答案】　C
4．(2011·四川高考)As is reported，it is 100 years ________ Qinghua University was founded.
A．when B．before
C．after D．Since
【解析】　It is some time since...为固定句型
【答案】　D
5、since
It is/ has been +一段时间＋since 从句(did)
It is 10 years since I smoked.(=I gave up smoking/dropped smoking)
自从我不抽烟已有三年了.
延续性动词:反过来翻译
短暂性动词:直译
We waited till (until) he came back .
She didn’t stop working until eleven o’clock .
如主句动词是延续性动作，常用肯定式，表示“直到…为止”;如主句动词是瞬间动词，常用否定式，表示“直到…才”
6、 till /until
Not until 句型
与强调句型结合
I didn’t go to sleep until he came back.
与倒装句式结合
It was not until he came back that I
went to sleep.
Not until he came back did I
go to sleep.
二
地
点
状
语
从
句
Where there is a will, there is a way.
有志者，事竟成。
You are free to go wherever you like.
你可以随意到你喜欢的任何地方去。
where与wherever意义基本相同，但后者语气较强，多用于书面语。
11．(2010·重庆高考)Today，we will begin ________we stopped yesterday so that no point will be left out.
A．when B．where
C．how D．what
【解析】　考查地点状语从句。
【答案】　B
三、 原因状语从句
because / since
because表示直接的原因,具有很强的因果关系,专门回答对 “why”的提问; Since=now that, 表示已知或显然的原因,翻译成“既然”，通常放句首;
Eg: It was because his mother was badly ill that he was unhappy.
Since everyone knows it, I will not say anything.
(2010·辽宁高考)The old man asked Lucy to move to another chair ________ he wanted to sit next to his wife.
A．although B．unless
C．because D．if
【解析】　由句意分析前后为因果关系，所以选because。
【答案】　C
for 不是从属连词，而是并列连词。它不是用来说明原因，而是用来表示一种附带或补充解释、说明，不放在句首。
The day breaks, for the birds are singing.
四 条件状语从句
1, 连接词：
if , unless( if---not),
so/as long as,
2, 注意点：
分清真实条件句和非真实条件句，非真实条件句中要用虚拟语气
If I were you, I would ask the police for help.
条件状语从句用一般现在时表示将来时
1．(2010·上海高考)________our manager objects to Tom's joining the club，we shall accept him as a member.
A．Until B．Unless
C．If D．After
【解析】　这里存在条件关系，
【答案】　B
2．(2010·江西高考)—Our holiday cost a lot of money.
—Did it Well, that doesn't matter ________you enjoyed yourselves.
A．as long as B．unless
C．as soon as D．though
【解析】　as long as“只要”
【答案】　A
3．(2010·山东高考)The school rules state that no child shall be allowed out of the school during the day, ________accompanied by an adult.
A．once B．when
C．if D．unless
【解析】　 “除非”。
【答案】　D
五 、目的状语从句
that/ so that/ in order that引
导目的状语从句,常用情态动词
may (might)/ can (could)
/should 等连用.
I raised my voice so that everyone
could hear me.
六 、结果状语从句
so that/so…that/such…that
I raised my voice, so that everyone
heard me.
He was so excited that he couldn’t
say a word.
She told us such an interesting story
that we all forgot the time.
so…that的so后面跟形容词或副词;such 在主句中修饰名词
Draw a cat as I taught you .
按照我教你的画一只猫。
Do as you are told.
按照人家告诉你做的去做。
七、方式状语从句
as，按照或正如
They treat the black boy as if (though) he were an animal.
他们对待这黑孩子仿佛他是一头牲口。
as if/as though好象,似乎
1．(2011·湖南高考)Jack wasn't saying anything，but the teacher smiled at him ________he had done something very clever.
A．as if B．in case
C．while D．though
【解析】　as if“好像” 【答案】　A
八、 让步状语从句
though/although不能与but连用, 但可与yet或
still连用
Although (Though) he was over sixty,
(yet) he began to learn French.
even if/even though“即使,纵使”有退一步设
想的意味，多用于书面语中。
I’ll go even if (though) it rains tomorrow.
即使明天下雨，我也要去。
1．(2010·安徽高考)The engineers are so busy that they have zero time for outdoor sports activities，________they have the interest.
A．wherever B．whenever
C．even if D．as if
【解析】　根据句意应用even if，意为“即使” 引导让步状语从句。
【答案】　C
2．(2010·上海高考)________you may have，you should gather your courage to face the challenge.
A．However a serious problem
B．What a serious problem
C．However serious a problem
D．What serious a problem
【解析】　however引导让步状语从句，直接修饰形容词或副词。【答案】　C
3．(2010·湖南高考)Tim is in good shape physically ________he doesn't get much exercise.
A．if B．even though
C．unless D．as long as
【解析】　even though＝even if “即使”，引导让步状语从句。
【答案】　B
4．(2011·全国卷Ⅱ)It was a nice meal, ________a little expensive.
A．though B．whether
C．as D．since
【解析】　though“尽管”，在此引导一个省略的让步状语从句。
【答案】　A
no matter +疑问词 /wh－ever
as 倒装句
Child as he is , he knows a lot .
尽管他是一个孩子，但他懂得很多。
Cold as it is, (= Though it is cold,) the children play outdoors.
尽管天气冷，但孩子们仍在户外玩。
Do it no matter what others say.
No matter how busy he was, he studied
English every day.
as引出的状语从句多用于书面语，它比用though引导的从句，语气强，更有表现力，从句常放在句首，语序部分倒装。
5．(2011·江西高考)Please call my secretary to arrange a meeting this afternoon，or ________it is convenient to you.
A．whenever B．however
C．whichever D．wherever
【解析】　whenever“无论何时” 【答案】A
以上三题均考查让步状语从句。让步状语从句作为高考中最常考的状语从句之一，近年来又有上升的趋势。一般说来，具有“尽管、不论、虽然、即使”等意思的从属连词均可引导让步状语从句。
九 比 较 状 语 从 句
as…as
not so …as
the same as
such…as
than
返回目录
His book is the same as mine.
他的书和我的一样。
Henry is not such a good worker as Peter .
享利这个工人不如彼得那样好。
返回目录
考点诠释
考点一、判断引导时间状语从句的连词
典型考例：
1.---Where’s that report
---I brought it to you ________ you were in Mr. Black’s office yesterday.（07北京）
A. if B. when C. because D. before
解析：B。
考点二、判断引导地点状语从句的连词
The village has developed a lot
________ we learned farming two years
ago.（07福建）
A. when B. which C. that D. where
返回目录
解析: D。
考点三、判断引导让步状语从句的连词
however应接原级形容词、副词，
1．_________ I really don’t like art, I find his work impressive. （07山东）
As B. Since C. If D. While
返回目录
解析：D。该空表示“尽管”，因此应填While引导让步状语从句。
考点四、判断引导条件状语从句的连词
I won’t call you, ________ something unexpected happens. （07全国卷I）
because B. whether
C. unless D. while
解析: C。由空档前后的语境逻辑可以推出该空表
示“除非”，因此应填unless引导条件状语从句。
返回目录
考点五、判断引导原因状语从句的连词
Parents should take seriously their children’s requests for sunglasses _________ eye protection is necessary in sunny weather.（NMET2004上海）
A. because B. through C. unless D. if
解析: A。分析语境逻辑可知，该空表示“因为”, 因此应填because引导原因状语从句。 友情提醒：引导原因状语从句的连词不可以再和并列连词so连用.
返回目录
考点六、判断引导目的状语从句的连词
1.Leave your key with a neighbor _______ you lock
yourself out one day.（07北京）
A. ever since B. even if
C. soon after D. in case
返回目录
解析：D。该空应填in case引导目的状语从句。
考点七、判断引导结果状语从句的连词
that Marie was able to set up new branches elsewhere.（07陕西）
A. So successful her business was
B. So successful was her business
C. So her business was successful
D. So was her successful business
B。句中so…that…结构置于句首引导结果状
语从句，因此应使用不完全倒装句型。