重庆市北大附中重庆实验学校高三英语高考英语语法课件：名词、数词与主谓一致

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专题二 名词、数词与主谓一致
名词 专有名词
普通名词 个体名词 可数
集体名词
物质名词 不可数
抽象名词
一、名词的分类
二、数词分基数词和序数词两类
基数词表示数目。其作用相当于名词和形容词，它在句子中可充当主语，宾语，表语和定语。
序数词用来表示数词的顺序。序数词第一、第二和第三为first, second和third，其他序数词的构成是在基数词后加?th；fifth, eighth, ninth和twelfth在拼法上有变化；二十、三十等基数词变为序数词时，要把y变成ie再加?th，如：twenty →twentieth；基数词几十几变成序数词时，表示几十的数词不变，只把表示几的基数词变成序数词。如：twenty-one → twenty-first。
三、主谓一致
主谓一致是指谓语动词与主语在人称和数上保持一致。主谓一致通常遵循三原则：语法一致原则；意义一致原则；就近一致原则。
语法一致原则：指主语是单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语也用复数形式。
Tom is a good student.
They often play football on the playground.
意义一致原则：指主语形式上为单数，但意义为复数，因此谓语动词用复数形式；或主语形式上为复数，但表示单数意义，这时谓语动词用单数形式。
My family are having lunch now.
Twenty dollars is too expensive for the book.
就近一致原则：指谓语动词用单数形式还是用复数形式，取决于最靠近它的主语。常用于由not only... but also; neither...nor; either...or; not...but; or 连接的并列主语及there be句型中。
Not only the teacher but also his students like playing football.
There is a pen and some books on the desk.
一、名词常考考点
【考点一】考查可数名词的单、复数形式及相关问题
名词变复数形式有一定的规则，同学们在书上都曾学过，这里仅讲述一些例外的而且常被作为考点的情况。
(1)以“o”结尾的名词变复数可稍微记一下。有些名词词尾加“?es”表复数：hero→heroes; tomato→tomatoes; potato→potatoes; Negro→Negroes; echo→echoes。有些在词尾加“s”表示复数:photo→photos;piano→pianos;radio→radios;zoo→zoos。
(2)单复同形的名词
①某些动物、鸟类、鱼类。如:deer（鹿），sheep（羊）。
②某些表示国籍的名词，如:a Chinese（一个中国人）；a Swiss（一个瑞士人）；a Vietnamese（一个越南人）。
注意：某些鱼类等的名称，可以有规则的复数形式，fish（鱼）是fish（单数）的一般复数形式，但当指鱼的种类时，可以用fishes表示。
(3)单数和复数意义不同的名词
air（空气）→airs（神气） ash（灰烬）→ashes（骨灰）
content（内容）→contents（目录）
custom（习惯）→customs（海关）
look（脸色）→looks（容貌）
manner（态度）→manners（礼貌）
work（工作）→works（工厂/著作）
water（水）→waters（水城）
time（时间）→times（次数）
arm（手臂）→arms（武装，手臂）
cloth（布）→clothes（衣服）
wood（木）→woods（树林）
good（善行）→goods（货物）
(4)复合名词及其复数
①将其中主要的名词改为复数，如:boyfriend→boyfriends；
match box→matchboxes等。
②与介词或副词构成的复合名词应在主体名词部分加?s，如passer?by→passersby, brother?in?law→brothers?in?law, son?in?law→sons?in?law。
③当man和woman作定语修饰另一个名词时，前后两个名词都要变复数，如：man doctor→men doctors, woman driver→women drivers。
④没有主要名词的复合名词，在词尾加?s，如：stand-by→stand-bys（旁观者），grown-up→grown-ups（成年人）
【考点二】考查不可数名词
(1)表示不可数名词的复数形式时，需要另外加量词，通常有piece, bit等。
Tom has eaten three loaves of bread, but he wants to eat more.
(2)有些名词根据用法可以是可数名词也可以是不可数名词。主要有下面几种情况：
①有些名词既可被看成“个体”，又可被看作“物质”。如：a chicken （可数，小鸡）→chicken（不可数，鸡肉）
②有些名词当可数名词使用时，指的是用这种材料做成的或者我们认为是由这种原料做成的一种东西。当把它们当不可数名词使用时，仅仅指材料。如：glass（玻璃）→a glass（玻璃杯）；ice（冰）→an ice（冰淇淋）；paper（纸）→papers（报纸）等。
③不可数名词在表示特殊情况时可以转化成可数名词，这时，通常在名词前加上形容词。如：a nice wine（一种好葡萄酒）；或者加上某种说明，如：a wine of high quality（一种优质葡萄酒）。有很多关于饮料的词，当把它们看作一种物质时，是不可数名词，然而，也可以用a/an来表示a glass of （一杯）等的意思，或用beer, coffee的复数形式，如在餐厅点菜时，就常会说：
A（or One）beer, please.
Two teas and four coffees，please.
④education, light, noise等，作为可数名词时，指的是特殊的东西。
试比较：I have had a good education.
Education is very important for development.
I need a light by my bed.
Light travels faster than sound.
【即学即练】
单项填空
①Having studied in American for many years, he had______ of English.
A. good knowledge B. good knowledges
C. a good knowledge D. a knowledge
解析：选C。意思是：他在美国生活多年，因此通晓英语。
【考点三】考查名词与所有格
名词的所有格一般有两种：’s型（有生命的所有格）与of型（无生命名词所有格）。要点如下：
(1)在以’s结尾的单数名词后加’s，如an actress’s career（一个女演员的生涯）。
(2)在规则的复数名词的s后边加省字号“’”，如boys’ school（男校）。
(3)复合名词中’s放最后一个词后。
My sister-in-law’s father is a teacher.
注意：也可能同时有两个所有格。
My brother’s neighbor’s sister is a teacher.
(4)在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如：the barber’s（理发店）。
(5)双重所有格：通常’s所有格表示所有关系，of所有格表示部分与整体的关系。如：a friend of my father’s表示“我父亲朋友中的一个”。
(6)of one’s own表示“某人自己的”，不可用“of＋反身代词”。This is the house of my own.
【考点四】考查名词作定语
作定语的名词往往是说明中心名词的材料、用途、时间、地点、内容、类别等。作定语的名词有以下三种形式：
(1)一般用单数形式。如：a stone bridge(石桥)；a meeting room(会议室)；morning exercise(早操)；London Airport(伦敦机场)；a story book(故事书)；a shoe shop(鞋店)。
(2)man, woman要与所修饰的名词的数一致。如：a woman teacher(一位女教师)；two women teachers(两位女教师)。
(3)sports, sales, clothes, goods, arts, customs等只用复数形式。如：a sports meet(运动会)；a goods train(货车)；customs house(海关)；a sales manager(营业主任)。
【即学即练】
单项填空
②The _____ is just around the corner and you won’t miss it.
A. bicycle’s shop B. bicycle shop
C. bicycles shop D. bicycles’s shop
解析：选B。表示类别直接用单数名词作定语。
【考点五】考查名词的修饰语
(1)只能修饰可数名词的有：each, either, neither, another, these, those, both, (a) few, several, many, a great/good many, a large number of, scores of, dozens of等。
(2)只能修饰不可数的有：(a) little, much, a bit of, a great deal of, a large amount of等。
(3)既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词的有：some, any, half, most, all, a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large quantity of, quantities of等。
【即学即练】
单项填空
③I hear _____ boys in your school like playing football in their spare time, though others prefer basketball.
A. quite a lot B. quite a few
C. quite a bit D. quite a little
解析：选B。因为boys是复数可数名词，排除D；又quite a lot和quite a bit后不直接接名词，排除A和C。故选B。
二、数词的常考考点
【考点一】考查序数词、分数、年代、年龄等的惯用表达法
(1)在表达分数时，分子用基数词，分母用序数词，分数的分子超过“一”时，分母须加s。如：one tenth（1/10）， three tenths（3/10）。
(2)英语中表示年代的直接在年份前加定冠词the， 再在年份后面加s或’s，如：“20世纪80年代”可表示为the 1980s或the 1980’s。
(3)用“in one’s+整十数的复数”表示大致年龄。如：“在我20多岁时”可表示为in my twenties；“在他10多岁时”可表示为in his teens。
【考点二】考查序号表示法
(1)单纯的序号，可在基数词前加number,简写为No.。如No.1（第一号）。
(2)事物名词的序号表达法有所不同：
①对于一些小序号可用序数词也可用基数词表达，形式分别为：the+序数词+名词；名词+基数词。
第一次世界大战可以表示为the First World War或World War One。
②对于一些大序号我们通常只用一种表达法，即名词+数词。
501号房间表示为Room 501；538路公共汽车表示为Bus 538。
【考点三】考查倍数、分数作程度状语
(1)分数表示法的构成：
①基数词代表分子，序数词代表分母。分子大于1时，分子的序数词用单数，分母序数词用复数。如：1/3 读作one-third；337读作three and three-sevenths。
②分子与分母之间加in, 分子在前，分母在后，分子分母都用基数词。如：one in ten（十分之一）。
③分子与分母之间加out of , 分子在前，分母在后，分子分母都用基数词。如：one out of ten（十分之一）。
(2)倍数表示法
①主语+谓语+倍数(或分数)+as+adj.+as。
I have three times as many as you.
②主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+the size (amount, length...) of...。
=The size(amount, length...)+谓语+倍数(分数)+that of...
The earth is 49 times the size of the moon. (=The size of the earth is 49 times that of the moon.)
③主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+形容词(副词)比较级+than...。
The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year.
The production of grain has been increased by four times this year.
三、主谓一致
【考点一】由 many a 或 more than+单数名词作主语时，其谓语用单数形式。但是，“more+复数名词+than one”结构之后，谓语动词一般多用复数形式。
Many a foreigner has been to the Great Wall.
More than one student has visited the exhibition.
More members than one are against your plan.
【考点二】成对的名词，如：bread and butter涂黄油的面包，soda and water汽水，salt and water盐开水, heart and soul 心灵等，虽然有and连接，但仍表单一概念，作主语时，谓语用单数。
Truth and honesty is the best policy.
To love and to be loved is great happiness.
Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.
【考点三】由 and 连接的并列单数主语的前面分别有each, every或no修饰时，其谓语用单数形式。
No student and no teacher is invited to the party.
In our country every boy and every girl has the right to receive education.
Each book and each paper is found in its place.
【考点四】主语后跟有together with, along with，as well as，no less than，rather than， with, not, like, but, except, besides, including等引起的短语时，谓语动词要和句子真正的主语保持一致。
He as well as his sister is a League member.
He, like Tom and Mike, is very clever.
【考点五】表示度量、价格、时间的复数名词词组作主语时一般被看作一个整体，谓语用单数形式。但是如果说话人侧重于一个个的个体，谓语用复数。
Ten dollars is not enough.
A hundred miles is a long distance.
Three months have passed since he left.
【考点六】主语是family, team, group, crowd, class, public等集合名词时，如果作为一个整体看待，谓语用单数形式，如指的是全体人员时，谓语用复数。
His family are all music lovers.
My family is a large one.
【考点七】主语是“each of...；either of...；one of...”等时，其谓语用单数。“neither of...；none of...”谓语动词一般用单数，但后加复数名词时谓语动词也可用复数。
Each of us has a dictionary.
Each student has a dictionary.
The students each have a dictionary. (each用作同位语)
None of us has/have been to England.
【考点八】当人名是指一家人、夫妻俩或同性、同名的若干人时，则谓语动词用复数形式，此时主语前多加the。
The Smiths are on holiday.
【考点九】单个主语从句、动名词或动词不定式作主语，其谓语用单数形式。用what引导的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词要视情况而定。
Whether they will come or not is still a question.
Walking on the moon is very difficult.
When and where to build the new factory is not decided yet.
What he said is right.
What I want are more books.
What we need is money.
注意下面两个句子：
Reading and writing are two different skills.
What he says and what he does don’t agree.
【考点十】police, cattle等集合名词作主语时，谓语用复数。
The cattle are very well looked after.
The murderer has run away.
The police are searching for him.
【考点十一】单、复数同形名词作主语时，按意义一致的原则，用作单数意义时，谓语用单数，反之，谓语用复数。这类名词有：means(方法)，works (工厂)，species(种类)，Chinese, Japanese, deer, sheep等。当它们前面有a, such a, this, that, 修饰时谓语用单数； 有all, such, these, those修饰时，谓语用复数，但means, no means, the means等词前没有以上修饰词时，可用作单数，也可用作复数。
A new means of teaching is being used in that school.
This glass works was set up in 1980.
These glass works are near the railway station.
【考点十二】名词性物主代词作主语时，既可以用作单数，也可以用作复数，这取决于它所代替的是单数还是复数。such, the same 起指示代词作用时，应根据其所指的内容来决定单、复数。
Ours (Our party) is a party.
Your shoes are black, and mine (=my shoes) are brown.
Such is our plan.
Such are his words.
【难点一】a number of 与the number of
用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空
①A number of pupils ______ (like) reading picture-books.
②The number of the students in our class______ (be) 55.
解析：“a number of+名词复数”作主语，谓语用复数；“ the number of+名词复数”作主语，谓语用单数。所以第①题填like，第②填is。
【难点二】百分数或分数作主语
用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空
①Three-fourths of the surface of the earth______ (be) sea.
②40 percent of the students in our class ______(be) girls.
解析：“……的几分之几”和“……的百分之几”作主语时，其谓语用单数或复数取决于 of 后的名词。所以第①题填is，第②题填are。
【难点三】并列主语
用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空
①The black and white pig ______ (be) sleeping.
②The black and the white pig ______ (be) very fat.
解析：并列主语如果指的是同一人、同一物或同一概念，谓语动词用单数，这时and后面的名词前没有冠词。所以第①题填is，第②题填are。
【难点四】“one of+复数名词+定语从句”的主谓一致问题
用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空
①She is the only one of these women who _____ (play) the violin.
②He is one of the students who______ (have) been to Beijing.
解析：“one of+复数名词+定语从句”之前有the only, the very, the等限定词和修饰语时，定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。故第①题填plays，第②题填have。
【难点五】“one and a half+复数名词”与“one or two+复数名词”
用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空
①One and a half bananas_______ (be) left on the table.
②There _______(be) one or two things I’d like to know about.
解析：主语是表示数量的“one and a half+复数名词”，其谓语用单数形式。主语是“one or two+复数名词”，其谓语用复数形式。所以第①题填is，第②题填are。注意: “a+单数名词+or+two ” 结构多用单数谓语动词。
【难点六】the+形容词或分词作主语
用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空
①The blind ______ (study) in special schools.
②The beautiful ______ (be) not always the same as the good.
解析：the+形容词或分词作主语时，如指一类人，其谓语用复数；如指抽象概念或指个人，其谓语用单数。所以第①题填study，第②题填is。
【难点七】people用作主语
用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空
①The Chinese people_____ (be) a great people.
中华民族是一个伟大的民族。
②The Chinese people_______ (be) brave and hard-working.
③There _______ (be) 56 peoples in China.
解析：主语 people 作“人们，人民”解时，谓语动词用复数，作“民族”解时，有单复数之分。所以第①题填is，第②、③题填are。
【难点八】不定代词作主语
用括号内所给单词的适当形式填空
①Somebody is waiting for you,______ (be) they
②Everything is all right,______ (be) it
解析：陈述部分用everybody, everyone, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nobody, no one或 no+复数名词等作主语时，反意部分用they。而陈述部分用everything, something, nothing, anything时，反意部分代词则采用单数，用it。所以第①题填aren’t，第②题填isn’t。
1. I haven’t seen Sara since she was a girl, and she has changed beyond ______.(2010·安徽)
A. Hearing B. strength C. recognition D. measure
解析：选C。考查名词辨析。句意为：自从Sara长大后，我就一直没见过他，我简直认不出她来了。hearing听力；strength力气；力量； recognition认出；识别；认识； measure测量；措施。
2. Those who suffer from headache will find they get _____from this medicine. (2010·山东)
A. relief B. safety C. defense D. shelter
解析：选A。考查名词辨析。句意为：那些头痛的人会发现这种药物能使头痛缓解。所以A项意义符合句意。relief缓解，减轻，解除。 safety安全，保险；defense防御，防护； shelter掩蔽，保护。
3. This restaurant has become popular for its wide ______ of foods that suit all tastes and pockets. (2010·湖北)
A. division B. area C. range D. circle
解析：选C。考查名词辨析。句意为：这家餐馆很受欢迎，因为它有适合各种口味和各种消费层次的食物。division分开，分割；area范围，区域；range系列；circle圆形物，循环。
4. The school advisers help you talk through your problem but they don’t give you any direct______ .(2010·浙江)
A. solution B. target C. measure D. function
解析：选A。考查名词辨析。solution解决方法；target目标；measure措施；function功能。句意为：学校的建议者们帮助你分析问题，但是他们不会给你直接的解决方法。
5. James took the magazines off the little table to make ______ for the television. (2010·天津)
A. room B. area C. field D. position
解析：选A。考查名词辨析。句意为：詹姆斯把杂志从小桌子上拿下了，目的是为电视腾出空间。make room for是固定搭配，表示“给……让空”，其中的room是不可数名词。
6. The doctor is skilled at treating heart trouble and never accepts any gift from his patients, so he has a very good____ .（2010·江苏）
A. expectation B. reputation C. contribution D. civilization
解析：选B。考查名词辨析。reputation名声；expectation期望；contribution贡献；civilization文明。句意为：这位医生在治疗心脏病方面技术精湛，并且从不接受病人的礼物，所以他获得了好的名声。
7. After the earthquake, the first thing the local government did was to provide ______ for the homeless families. (2010·湖北)
A. accommodation B. occupation C. equipment D. furniture
解析：选A。考查名词辨析。句意为：地震过后，本地政府要做的第一件事就是为无家可归的家庭提供住处。accommodation住处，膳宿；occupation职业；equipment装备，设备；furniture家具，设备。
8. Last year the number of students who graduated with a driving license reached 200,000, a (n) ______ of 40,000 per year. (2010·江西)
A. average B. number C. amount D. quantity
解析：选A。考查名词辨析。a number of 许多；amount of 一般加不可数名词表金额； a quantity of 既可以加可数也可以加不可数，但没有平均每年增加的意思。
9. Barbara is easy to recognize as she’s the only one of the women who ______ evening dress. (2010·全国Ⅱ)
wear B. wears C. has worm D. have worm
解析：选B。考查主谓一致和时态。考查the only one of...为先行词的结构，定语从句修饰的是one，而不是后面的复数名词，谓语动词用第三人称单数；另外，表明通常习惯或存在的状态时要用一般现在时，故选B。
10. It is reported that many a new house _____ at present in the disaster area. (2010·陕西)
A. are being built B. were being built
C. was being built D. is being built
解析：选D。考查动词时态，语态及主谓一致。由时间状语at present可知此处动词表示的动作正在进行，主语与所填词是被动关系；many a+名词单数作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式，由此可知本题选D。
11. Such poets as Shakespeare ______ widely read, of whose works，however, some _____ difficult to understand.(2010·四川)
A. are；are B. is；is C. are；is D. is：are
解析：选A。考查主谓一致。主句中的主语应为poets，谓语动词用复数，其后的非限制性定语从句的主语应为some of whose works，谓语动词也应用复数。故选A。
12. Listening to loud music at rock concerts ______ caused hearing loss in some teenagers. (2010·湖南)
A. is B. are C. has D. have
解析：选C。考查主谓一致、时态和语态。句意为：听摇滚音乐会中的大声的音乐已导致一些青少年失聪了。动名词短语作主语句子谓语用单数形式。只有A、C两项是单数谓语动词。“is caused”是被动，句子意思不需要被动。
13. —Is everyone here
—Not yet...Look, there ____ the rest of our guests! （2010·江苏）
A. come B. comes C. is coming D. are coming
解析：选A。考查主谓一致及倒装。there放在句首时，句子谓语用完全倒装结构，由guests可知the rest指代复数内容，故谓语动词用复数形式。
14. What impressed me most in his report lies in the words to bring about an _______ of the conditions of the working men and
women. (2010·山东省临沂市高三五月模拟考试)
A. improvement B. advance C. increase D. achievement
解析：选A。考查名词辨析。improvement改善。
15. It can’t be a(n) ______ that four jewelry stores were robbed in one night. (2010·山东省烟台市高三诊断性测试)
A. accident B. incident C. chance D. coincidence
解析：选D。考查名词辨析。coincidence巧合；incident事件（常指小事），事变；chance机会，可能性；accident事故，意外。
16. Considering the injuries he’s had, there can be little _____ of him winning the race. (2010·山东省日照市高三5月阶段训练)
explanation B. expectation
C. qualification D. presentation
解析：选B。考查名词辨析。explanation解释；expectation期待，指望；qualification资格；presentation呈现。
17. He and his partner made a ______ to share the latest information in business. (2010·山东省实验中学第二次诊断性测试)
A. sense B. judgment C. headline D. bargain
解析：选D。考查名词辨析和固定搭配。make a bargain达成协议。
18. Until the start of the Industrial Revolution, mankind was poor, hungry, and constantly at the ______ of disease and natural disasters. (2010·浙江五校高三第二次联考)
A. power B. limit C. control D. mercy
解析：选D。考查名词辨析和固定搭配。at the mercy of 是固定搭配，意思是“受……支配，任凭……摆布”。
19. John Smith, a successful businessman, has a_______ car. (2010·陕西省高三第二次教学质量检测)
A. large German white
B. German large white
C. white large German
D. large white German
解析：选D。考查名词前定语的顺序。在英语中名词前一般先是限定词（冠词、物主代词、指示代词和数词等）后是修饰语，修饰词的顺序一般是：性质+大小+形状+新旧+颜色+产地+质地+功能。
20. —Have you heard that Jones, along with her parents, ______ to Hainan for the winter vacation
—Really No wonder I haven’t seen her these days. (2010·北京市海淀区高三第二学期期末考试)
A. has been B. have been C. has gone D. have gone
解析：选C。考查主谓一致和词义辨析。主语中心词是Jones，是单数，谓语动词用单数；根据答句中No wonder后的从句意思可知所填词的意思是“去了”，动词应用go。专题三代词（it的用法）