高中英语语法全套课件(561张PPT)
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(共560张PPT)
2010年高考语法复习
名 词
1、名词的单、复数;
2、可数与不可数名词的转换；
3、名词作定语；
4、名词的搭配;
5、词语辨析；
高考考点分析
问题1：
--- How many does a cow have
--- Four.
A．stomaches B．stomach
C．stomachs D．stomachies
以 s, sh, ch, x等结尾的名词变复数时加 –es；但如果以 –ch 结尾的名词发音为 [k]时，只加 –s。
另外，以辅音字母 +y 结尾的名词变复数时，需将 y 变成 i，再加 -es；以元音字母 +y 结尾的则直接加 -s。以辅音字母加 y 结尾的专有名词变复数时，也直接加 -s。
问题2：
The ______ of the building are covered with lots of ______.
A．roofs; leaves B．rooves; leafs
C．roof; leaf D．roofs; leafs
以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词变复数时： a. 加 s，如：serf --- serfs belief---beliefs roof---roofs
chief --- chiefs safe---safes gulf---gulfs； b. 去 f, fe 加 ves，如：half---halves knife---knives
leaf---leaves wolf---wolves wife---wives
life---lives thief---thieves； c. 均可, 如：handkerchief ---
handkerchiefs / handkerchieves
问题3：
When the farmer returned home he found three ______ missing.
A．sheeps B．sheepes C．sheep D．sheepies
当sheep; deer; fish表示数量时，单复数同形；如果表示不同种类，则需加 –s 或 –es。 单复数同形的名词有：
deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese, Swiss
works, means, head
问题4：
Some ______ visited our school last Wednesday.
A．German B．Germen
C．Germans D．Germens
国家人的名词需要记住三种情况：
1、单复数同形：Chinese; Japanese; Swiss
2、需要变形：English - Englishman
3、加 –s 或 -es：German – Germans
详见下表。
1.6 不同国家的人的单复数
名称 总称(谓语用复数） 一个人 两个人 中国人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese 瑞士人 the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss 澳大利亚人the Australians an Australian two Australians 俄国人 the Russians a Russian two Russians 意大利人 the Italians an Italian two Italians 希腊人 the Greek a Greek two Greeks 法国人 the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen 日本人 the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese 美国人 the Americans an American two Americans 印度人 the Indians an Indian two Indians 加拿大人 the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians 德国人 the Germans a Germans two Germans 英国人 the English an Englishman two Englishmen 瑞典人 the Swedish a Swede two Swedes
问题5：
_______ will make a trip around the world during the coming Christmas. (1993 上海)
A. The Evens B. The Evens’
C. The Evenses D. The Evenses’
专有名词的复数与定冠词连用，常用来表示“一家人”或一家之中的两个或几个重要的人。如：
--- Who did you spend last weekend with
--- _____. (98上海)
A Palmer’s B The Palmers’
C The Palmers D The Palmer’s
问题6：
Mr Smith has two ______, both of whom are teachers in a school.
A．brothers-in-law B．brother-in-laws
C．brothers-in-laws D．brothers-in law
以连字符号连接的合成名词一般将中心名词变成复数，如：managers-in-chief; fathers-in-law。如果没有中心名词就在该合成词的最后加 –s。如：grown-ups。
问题1：
He gained his _____ by printing _____ of famous writers. (NMET95)
A. wealth; work B. wealths; works
C. wealths; work D. wealth; works
抽象名词和物质名词被称为不可数名词。本题中 wealth 为不可数名词，works 作“作品”解，属单复数同形的可数名词。
问题2：
Can you give us some ______ about the writer
A．informations B．information
C．piece of informations D．pieces information
大多数不可数名词都不可能转化为可数名词，常见的有：information; news; advice; progress; fun ……如：
This is not a match. We’re playing chess for _____.
A habit B hobby C fun D game (2001上海春季)
问题3：
Many people agree that ____of English is a must in international trade today. (NMET96)
A. a knowledge B. knowledges
C. knowledge D. the knowledge
有些抽象名词和物质名词也可转化为可数名词，用来表示某种特定的意义。a knowledge of …表示“对……有所了解“。又如：
This meeting is a great success.
请看下面的可数与不可数名词的转化：
a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时。 Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一种食物。 (U) These cakes are sweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃。 (C) b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，名词可数。 This factory produces steel. (U) We need various steels. (C) c. 当物质名词表示份数时，可数。 Our country is famous for tea.
Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。
d. 抽象名词有时也可数。 four freedoms 四大自由 the four modernizations 四个现代化
many interests 许多兴趣
问题1
The ______ is just around the corner and you won’t miss it. (01北京春季)
A. bicycle’s shop B. bicycle shop
C. bicycles shop D. bicycles’ shop
名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。 1) 用复数作定语。 如：sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室 talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages department 外语系 2) 有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。 如：goods train (货车) arms produce 武器生产 customs papers 海关文件 clothes brush衣刷
问题2
It took us quite a long time to get here. It was ________ journey. （05北京春季）
A. three-hour B. a three hour
C. a three-hour D. three hours
“数词+名词”构成的合成词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。 如： a ten-mile walk； a five-year plan 但是如果不用连字符，就需用复数的所有格。
The village is far away from here indeed. It’s _____ walk. （04上海春季）
A. a four hour B. a four hour's
C. a four-hours D. a four hours'
问题3：
There are only twelve _____ in the hospital.
A．woman doctors B．women doctors
C．women doctor D．woman doctor
man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。 如：a man worker → men workers
a woman teacher → women teachers a gentleman official → gentlemen officials
问题1
We’ve missed the last bus. I’m afraid we have no ______ but to take a taxi. (N 19993)
A. way B. choice C. possibility D. selection
可以将“ have no choice but to do … ”视为一个结构，现在考查这类搭配的题有很多，如：
I am sure David will be able to find the library — he has a pretty good _______ of direction.（05浙江卷）
A．idea B．feeling C．experience D．sense
类似的题还有：
1. Here’s my card. Let’s keep in __________. (N 1994) (A)
A. touch B. relation C. connection D. friendship
2. You can take as many as you like because they are free of
_______. (1998 上海) (B)
A. fare B. charge C. money D. pay
3. The manager has got a good business _______ so the
company is doing well. （03北京春季）（B）
A．idea B．sense C．thought D．Thinking
4. I keep medicines on the top shelf, out of the children’s
______. （04天津）(A)
A reach B hand C hold D place
问题2
A rough estimate, Nigeria is__________ Great Britain. （05上海卷）
A. three times the size as
B. the size three times of
C. three times as the size of
D. three times the size of
注意名词用来表示比较的特殊用法。它的结构为“倍数+the +名词+ of + 对象”。常用在该结构中的名词为：the size of; the weight of; the length of …….
问题1
Bill was doing a lot of physical exercise to build up his_______. （05天津卷） (C)
A. ability B. force C. strength D. mind
高考试卷中考查名词词义辨析的题目越来越多了，这就要求我们在平时的学习过程中注意同类词的比较和辨析，同时尽可能从阅读过程中汲取更多的知识。本题的意思是参加体育锻炼的目的是增强体质和力气。
2010年高考语法复习
主谓一致
1、用and连接两个并列成分；
2、介词with 伴随主语；
3、就近原则；
4、各种代词的主谓一致;
5、短语和从句作主语；
6、定语从句中的主谓一致。
高考考点分析
问题1：
When and where to build the new factory ____ yet. （1991 NMET）
A. is not decided B. are not decided
C. has not decided D. have not decided
这个句子看上去是and连接的两个并列短语充当主语，本应用复数形式的谓语，但这两个短语表达的是同一事件的两个方面，可以看成是一个整体，因此使用单数的谓语动词；而从句意可判断此句谓语动词需使用被动语态，
归纳一：
1．两个或两个以上做主语的单数名词用and连接，谓语用复数．
Tom and Dick are good friends.
但若表示一个集合体时则用单数。
A singer and dancer was present at the party.
The worker and writer is talking to the students。
Bread and butter tastes good.
类似的表达式有：
( a needle and thread, a horse and cart, a watch and chain, a coat and tie, truth and honesty, medical help and cure)
2．用 and 连接的两个名词若被 no, each, every, many a 修饰，则谓语动词用单数。
No bird and no beast is seen in the bare island.
Many a boy and many a girl has made such a funny experiment.
At Christmas each boy and each girl is given a present.
3. 如果 and 后面加 no 或 not, 谓语也用单数形式，
My friend, and not hers, is chosen to join the army.
All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
问题2：
A library with five thousand books ____ to the nation as a gift . （1990NMET）
A. is offered B. has offered
C. are offered D. have offered
主语后有as well as, like, with, together with, but, except, besides,等，谓语应于前面主语保持一致．
A professor, together with some students, was sent to help in the work.
No one but the teachers is allowed to use the room.
问题3：
Not only I but also Jane and Mary ___ tired of having one examination after another. (1989 )
A. is B. are C. am D. be
以连词or, either…or , neither …nor, there be, not only…but also 连接的复合主语，其谓语与其相邻的那个名词的数保持一致。
Eg. You or I am to be invited.
问题4：
Nobody but Jane _____the secret. (1986)
A. know B. knows C. have known D. is known
either, neither, each, every 或no + 单数名词和由some, any, no, every 构成的复合不定代词都作单数看待。
Each of us has a new pen .
Everything around us is matter.
问题5：
The number of people invited _______ fifty, but a number of them ________ absent for different reasons . (1996 NMET)
A. were, was B. was , was
C. was, were D. were; were.
a number of 表示“很多”的意思，修饰可数名词的复数。The number of表示“数量，号码”作主语，其谓语动词用单数形式。
问题6：
_____ of the southern hemisphere (南半球) _____ with water.
A. Four-five; is covered B. Four-fifths; is covered
C. Four-fifth, are covered D. Four-fifths, are covered.
由“a lot of , (lots of, plenty of, the rest of ) +名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数＋名词”构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。
Three-fourths of the surface is sea .
问题7：
All but one_____here just now . (1997 NMET)
A. is B .was C. have been D. were
what, who, which, any, more, most, all 等代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要依意思而定。
Which is your pen 哪是你的笔？
Which are your pens 哪些是你们的笔？
B) All can be done has been done .
All have gone to the park .
问题8：
He is the only one of the students who ____ a winner of scholarship for three years. (02上海春) A. is B. are C. have been D. has been
who, which, that 作定语从句的主语时，其谓语取决于先行词。
Those who want to go should sign your names here.
He is one of the students who have passed the exam.
He is the only one of the students who has passed the
exam.
问题9：
Mathematics ____ the language of science. (1978 )
A. is B. are going to be C. are
以-ics结尾的学科名词，如“mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, 等，形式上为复数，实际为单数，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。
另外：复数名词用作书，电影、戏剧、报刊、国家等名称时，谓语动词用单数。
His “selected Poems”____ first published in 1965. (78)
A. were B. was C. has been
问题10
His family ___ all football fans. A. is B. has been C. are being D. are
一些集体名词做主语，如果看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数；如果指其中的成员，谓语用复数．但people, police, cattle等只能用复数．
My family is a big family.
My family are listening to the radio.
The police are trying to catch the thief.
问题11
The rich ___ not always happy. A. is B. has C. have D. are
形容词加定冠词 the 表示一类人时，谓语动词用复数。
What a life the poor were living!
The young are happy to give their seats to the old.
问题12
1. Growing vegetables ____ constant watering. A. need B. are needed C. is needed D. needs 2. What I say and think ____ no business of yours. A. is B. are C. were D. both A and B
当动名词短语、不定式短语和从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如果用 and 连接两个从句或短语作主语，则需看是表示一个整体还是不同的两件事。题（2）中的 “What I say and think” 既可理解为同一件事也可理解为不同的两个动作。
（注意：从句作主语时有时需根据表语来定。）
2010年高考语法复习
代 词
1、人称代词的替代和转换;
2、物主代词的性；
3、else 的用法；
4、不定代词的用法比较;
5、it 的用法；
高考考点分析
人称代词的指代问题
问题1：
It was ____ who did it, but it was ____ that we are talking about.
A. he … she B. him … her C. him … she D. he … her
解析： 人称代词的主格在句子中作主语或表语，例如： John waited a while but eventually he went home. 约翰等了一会儿，最后他回家了。 人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语，但在口语中也能作表语，第一人称在省略句中，还可以作主语，例如： I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.
问题中前后两个分句都是强调句，前面的代词作 did it 的主语，而后面的代词作 talking about 的宾语。
D
2）在使用人称代词时，要注意其人称、数和格的一致。如：
Jim and I saw the man passing by.
Between you and me, he stole a lot of money from somewhere.
(私下跟你说吧，不知他从哪里偷了一大笔钱呢。)
He asked three of us, John, Joan and me, to have dinner with
him.
Meat and fish are more expensive than they used to be.
不定代词 anybody，everybody，nobody，anyone，
someone， everyone，no one， 及 whoever 和 person 在正
式场合使用时，可用 he, his, him 代替。 Nobody came, did he 谁也没来，是吗
2. 人称代词之主、宾格的替换
问题2：
— Susan, go and join your sister cleaning the yard.
— Why John is sitting there doing nothing.
（03全国卷）
A．him B．he C．I D．me
解析： 在简短对话中，当人称代词单独使用或在 not 后，
多用宾格。 ---- I like English. --我喜欢英语。 ---- Me too. --我也喜欢。 ---- Have more wine --再来点酒喝吗 ---- Not me. --我可不要了。
D
问题3：
--- May I speak to John --- This is _____ speaking.
A. he B. his C. him D. himself
解析：a. 在介词 but，except 后，有时可用主格代替宾格。
All but _____ to the concert tomorrow.
A. he and I am going B. he and I are going
C. he and me are going D. his and me am going b. 在电话用语中常用主格。 ---- I wish to speak to Mary. --- 我想和玛丽通话。 ---- This is she. --- 我就是玛丽。
A
B
3. 物主代词的性
问题4：
--- Is this camera like Bill’s and Ann’s
--- No, but it’s almost the same as ______. (1994) A. her B. yours C. them D. their
B
解析：形容词性的物主代词修饰名词，不能独用; 名词性的物主代词在用法上相当于省略了中心名词的-’s所有格结构，例如： That is my book. That book is mine.
Theirs is a very large university.
另外，在动名词前常加上形容词性的物主代词构成动名词的复合结构。如：
Would you mind my opening the window
4. 反身代词
问题5：
You will find as you read fiats book that you just can't keep some of these stones to ______. You will want to share them with a friend. （05湖南）
A. itself B. yourself
C. himself D. themselves
B
反身代词通常作宾语、表语和同位语。 a. 作宾语：有些动词需有反身代词 absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt,
introduce, behave, help, dress, keep, … We enjoyed ourselves very much last night.
Please help yourself to some fish.
b. 作表语； be oneself:
I am not myself today. 我今天不舒服。
c. 作同位语 The thing itself is not important. 事情本身并不重要。
A、some / any
问题1
There’s______ cooking oil left in the house. Would you go to the corner store and get______ （04北京）
A. little; some B. little; any
C. a little; some D. a little; any
问题2
I asked him for some oil, but he hadn’t ___. (1986) A. any B. some C. no D. anything
A
A
说明：
some “一些”，一般用于肯定句中。
1) 可与复数名词及不可数名词连用。 2) 当做“某一”解时，也可与单数名词连用。(= a certain) You will be sorry for this some day. A certain (some) person has seen you break the rule. 注意：some 用于其他句式中:
a. 肯定疑问句中：说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的，
或期望得到肯定回答时。 Would you like句式中，表委婉请求或建议，如： Would you like some coffee b. 在条件状语从句中表示确定的意义时，如： If you need some help，let me know.
c. some 位于主语部分, Some students haven’t been there before. d. 当否定的是整体中的部分时，some可用于否定句。如：I haven’t heard from some of my old friends these years. 这些年我没有收到一些老朋友的信
any “一些”，多用于否定句和疑问句和条件句中。 当表示 “任何一个” 的意思时，any 可用于肯定句。 Here are three novels. You may read any.
这有三本小说，你可任读一本。
问题3：
We haven’t enough books for ; some of you will have to share. （05全国卷1）
A．somebody B．anybody C．everybody D．nobody
问题4：
--- One week’s time has been wasted.
--- I can’t believe we did all that work for . (04重庆）
A. something B. nothing C. everything D. anything
C
B
注意：some, any, every 所构成的合成不定代词不能与 of 连用，只有分开才可接 of 短语。如：
some one of us; every one of them
但要注意：none of them ( no one 后不接 of 短语)
B、 one，that 和 it
问题1： Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment, _____ I will always treasure.（02N）
Ａ．that Ｂ．one Ｃ．it Ｄ．what
问题2： The Parkers bought a new house but _____ will need a lot of work before they can move in. (2001 N)
A. they B. it C. one D. which
问题3： I prefer a flat in Inverness to ______in Perth, because I want to live near my Mom’s. （05天津卷）
A. one B. that C. it D. this
问题4： Cars do cause us some health problems — in fact far more serious _______ than mobile phones do. (05江西卷)
A．one B．ones C．it D．those
B
B
A
B
说明：
one 表示泛指，that 和 it 表示特指。that与所指名词为同类，但不是同一个，而 it 与所指名词为同一个。 I can’t find my hat. I think I must buy one. (不定) 我找不到我的帽子了。我想我该去买一顶。 The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought.
(同类但不同个) 你买的那顶帽子比我买的大。 I can't find my hat. I don' t know where I put it. ( 同一物) 我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了
C、 another / other / the other / others / the others
问题1：Young people may grow quickly in some ways and more slowly in ____. (1993 上海)
A. the other B. some other C. others D. these others
问题2： One of the sides of the board should be painted yellow, and ____. (2000 北京春季)
A. the other is white B. another white
C. the other white D. another is white
问题3： No progress was made in the trade talk as neither side
would accept the conditions of _______. （05上海卷）
A. others B. the other C. either D. another
C
C
B
说明：
one… the other 只有两个 one… another，another… some… others，others… others = other people / things the others = the rest 剩余的全部 1) 泛指另一个用another。 2) 一定范围内两人(物)，一个用 one，另一个用 the other。 3) 一定范围内三者，一个用 one，另一个用one (another)，
第三个可用the other，a third。 4) 一定范围内，除去一部分人/物，剩余的全部用the
others。 5) 除去已有的，表示“还有多少”，一般有三个结构：
① another + 数量 + 名词；② 数量 + other + 名词；
③ 数量 + more + 名词。
D、 anyone / any one；no one / none；nothing
问题1： Playing tricks on others is _____ we should never do.
（04湖南）
A. anything B. something C. everything D. nothing
问题2： We haven’t enough books for ; some of you will have to share. （05全国卷1）
A．somebody B．anybody C．everybody D．nobody
问题3： She doesn’t know anyone here. She has got______to talk to. （04广东）
A. anyone B. someone C. everyone D. no one
B
C
D
1. anyone 和 any one anyone 仅指人,不与 of 连用；any one 既可指人,也可指物。
2. no one 和 none a) none 后跟 of 短语，既可指人又可指物，而 no one 只
单独使用，只指人。
b) none 作主语，谓语动词用单，复数均可，而 no one 作
主语，谓语动词只能是单数。 None of you could lift it. 你们中没有人可举起它。 ---- Did any one call me up just now ---- No one.
none 和 nothing
none 只指量，指所指的一类人或物中一个都没有；
nothing 泛指，什么东西都不存在。后面不接 of 短语。如： --- Are there any eggs in the fridge
--- None. In fact, there is nothing in the fridge.
E、every 和each
问题：
____ he goes out for some food.
A. Every a few days B. Every few days C. Each few days D. Every several days
B
说明：
1) every 强调全体的概念， each强调个体概念。 Every student in our school works hard.
Each student may have one book..
2) every 指三个以上的人或物(含三个)，each指两个以
上的人或物 (含两个)
3) every 只作形容词，不可单独使用。each可作代词或形
容词。 Every student has to take one. Each boy has to take one. Each of the boys has to take one. 4) every不可以作状语，each可作状语。
We each have a glass to drink water with. 5) every 有反复重复的意思，如 every two weeks等； each
没有。 6) every 与not 连用，表示部分否定； each 和not连用表
示全部否定。 Every man is not honest. 并非每个人都诚实。 Each man is not honest. 这儿每个人都不诚实
F、 both, either, neither, all, any, none
问题1： I invited Joe and Linda to dinner, but ____ of them
came. （04北京）
A. neither B. either C. none D. both
问题2： --- Do you want tea or coffee
--- _____. I really don’t mind. (2000 北京春季)
A. Both B. None C. Either D. Neither
问题3： --- Which of the three ways shall I take to the village
--- _________ way as you please. （04福建）
A．Each B．Every C．Any D．Either
问题4： 26. I had to buy _________ these books because I
didn’t know which one was the best. （04上海）
A. both B. none C. neither D. all
A
C
C
D
1）both (两者都)，either (两者中任何一个)， neither (两者都不)。以上词使用范围为两个人或物。 Neither of the two boys is clever. 两个男孩都不聪明。 注意 both，either 的用法区别： both与复数连用，either与单数连用。 Both the boys are clever. Either of the two boys is clever.
There are flowers on both sides of the street.
There are flowers on either side of the street. 2）all (所有的，全部的人或物)，any (任何一个)， none (都不)。 以上词使用范围为三者以上。 All the flowers are gone. 所有的花都谢了。 I don’t like any of the flowers. 这些花我都不喜欢。 I like none of the flowers. 这些花我都不喜欢。 注意：all 与 none 用法一样。跟单数名词，用单数动词；跟复数名词，用复数动词。 All of the students are there. All (of) the milk is there.
G、few, little, a few, a little, a bit
问题: Although he’s wealthy，he spends ___ on clothes. A. little B. few C. a little D. a few
A
spend 所指的是钱，不可数，只能用 little 或 a little. 本句为 although 引导的让步状语从句，由句意知后句为否定含义，因此应用 little 表示几乎不。
(a) few + 可数名词, (a) little + 不可数名词 a few / a little 为肯定含义，还有一点 few / little 为否定含义，没有多少了。
a bit of + 不可数名词
not a little = much; not a bit = not at all He has a few friends. 他有几个朋友。 He has few friends. 他几乎没有朋友。 We still have a little time. 我们还有点时间。 There is little time left.几乎没剩下什么时间了。
There is only a bit of ink in the bottle.
We are not a little tired because we have been working for
almost twenty hours.
Although he had walked a long way, he didn’t feel tired a bit.
考题点击：
--- Did you go on many of the hunting trips --- No, _____.
A. not much B. little at all C. fewer D. very few
2) --- Are you feeling tired after the game
--- _____. In fact, I feel quite relaxed.
A. Not a little B. Not a bit C. Not little D. Not bit
3) Tom never goes out to eat because he has ____ money.
A. few B. little C. a little D. a few
_____ friends Betty had made there were all invited to her
birthday party. (1997 上海)
A. Few of B. Few C. The few D. A few
D
B
B
C
问题1
--- Victor certainly cares too much about himself.
--- Yes. He’s never interested in what ______ is doing.
（05重庆卷） (B)
A. no one else B. anyone else
C. someone else D. nobody else
else 常与不定代词连用，用来表示“别的……人或物”，近几年已成为高考中的热点。 no one else = nobody else，表示“没别的人”，someone else 表示“别的某个人”, anyone else 表示“别的任何人”。
问题2
If this dictionary is not yours，_____can it be (NMET2001) A．what else B．who else
C．which else’s D．who else’s
除了不定代词外，另一种可以与else连用的词就是疑问词。else 结构的所有格是在else后加-’s。
1. it作人称代词,代替前面提到的事物.
2. it指代时间,季节,距离.
3. it作形式宾语,常用在6123结构中.(think , find, make, believe, …)
4. it作形式主语. 当动名词,不定式,从句作主语时,常用it作形式主语.
5. It is … that….的强调句型.
内容提要
1．代替上文中提到过的人或事物。指代人时，一般用于小孩或身份不十分明朗的人。 例如：
－Who is the baby －It’s my teacher’s son．
－Who is that gentleman
－It’s my friend, Tom．He (不可用It) wants to see you．
【典型例题】 (NMET2001)
The Parkers bought a new house but _____ will
need a lot of work before they can move in.
A. they B. it C. one D. which
B
2．用于表达天气、环境、时间、距离、季节等。
◆ It’s half an hour’s walk from here to our school．
◆ It’s nice and warm here．But it’s two o’clock now, and it’s time for us to go to school．
注意下列几种表示时间的句型
①.It is time ( about time ,high time ) that ...
◆ It’s high time that we left.
②.It is the first ( second ... ) time that ...
◆ It’s the first time that I have been praised.
③.It is .... since ...
◆ It’s three years since they got married.
④.It is / was ... when ...
◆ It was 1949 when the PRC was founded.
⑤.It is / was ... before ...
◆ It will be two years before we meet again.
3. We think it important to learn a foreign language. 该句型中的it 作形式宾语。为了记忆方便我们可称该句型为“6123结构”。 6 指主句中常用的动词：think, believe,
make, find, consider, feel； 1 指的是形式宾语 it； 2 指的是宾补的两种形式：形容词或名
词； 3 指的是真正宾语的三种形式：不定式短
语, 动名词短语或 that 引导的宾语从句。
4. It is necessary ( for sb. ) to do sth. 此句型中的真正主语是不定式短语，主句中的形容词通常是表示重要性，紧迫性，频繁程度，难易，安全等情况的形容词，常见的形容词有：① important, necessary, natural ② easy ,
safe , common , normal , hard , difficult ,
dangerous , unusual, rare , impossible , pleasant
在①中的形容词作表语可以用从句改写，
如：It is important for her to come to the party.
= It is important that she (should ) come to
the party
It作形式主语时的几个常见句型:
①. It is kind ( of sb. ) to do sth. 该句型中的不定式如果须要逻辑主语，则
须要前置介词 of, 而句型中的形容词必须是
能表示逻辑主语特征的形容词，常见的有：
bad , brave , careless, clever , cruel , foolish ,
good （好心的）, honest , horrible , kind ,
lazy , modest , naughty , nice（有教养的）,
polite, rude , silly , stupid , wise , wrong
这个句型可以改写为：sb. is kind to do sth.
②. It takes sb. ... to do sth. “做…要花某人…”
◆ It took me ages to repair my computer.
③. It is no good (use ) doing sth. 该句型中的真正主语是动名词短语，主句中的表语可以是 no good , no use , no value, no importance …
◆ It’s no use crying over the spilt milk.
④. It doesn’t matter whether ( if ) ... ＂不论（是否）…没关系…
◆ It doesn’t matter whether he is for my plan or not.
⑤. It happens (seems, appears ) that...
◆ It happened that I had seen this problem in some book.
⑥. It is said (reported, learned....) that ... “据说”（据报道，据悉．．．）
◆ It is said that he has gone to New York to attend a medical meeting.
⑦. It is a pity ( a shame ... ) that ...
◆ It is a pity that we have lost the match with a close score.
⑧. It is important ( necessary, right, strange, natural...) that ... 记住that 后的从句应用虚拟语气（should + 动词原形），should 可以省去．
⑨. It is suggested ( ordered ... ) that ... that 后的从句要用虚拟语气（should + 动词原形），should 可以省．常译为＂据建议；有命令…）
⑩. It is up to sb. to do sth.
该句型为“该由某人做…”。该句型中 up
后的to是介词。
◆ It is up to him to clean our classroom today. 今天应由他做教室清洁。
◆ It is up to parents to teach their children manners. 该由父母教孩子礼貌。
5. It is + 被强调部分 + that ... 将被强调的部分放在前面，其它部分置
于 that 之后．被强调部分可以是主语，宾
语，表语或状语．强调的主语如果是人，
that 可以由 who 换用．如果把这种句型结构
划掉后，应该是一个完整无缺的句子．这也
是与其 它从句区别判断的方法．
注意: It is not until + 被强调部分 + that ... 强凋“直到…才…”，需将 not 置于
until 之前
It was about 600 years ago ______ the first clock with face and an hour hand was made． (NMET97，单项填空) A．that B．until C．before D．when
____computers play such an important part in our daily life A．Why it is that B．Why is it that C．Why was it that D．Why is it
B
A
3. It was only when I reread his poems recently ____I began to appreciate their beauty．
A．until B．that C．then D．so
4. It was how the young man had learned five foreign languages______ attracted the audience’s interest.
A. so that B. that C. what D. in which
B
B
2010年高考语法复习
定 语 从 句
1. 定语从句考点
1、关系代词 that – which; whose; which – as 的用
法比较；
2、关系代词和关系副词的用法比较；
3、介词加关系代词引导的定语从句；
4、定语从句与并列句的区别。
1、关系代词的用法比较
问题1： 1、Jim passed the driving test, ______ surprised everybody in
the office. （05浙江卷）
A．which B．that C．this D．it
2、Luckily, we’d brought a road map without ______ we
would have lost our way. （04北京春季）
A. it B. that C. this D. which
A
当先行词为物时，关系代词可以用 that 也可用 which，但在介词后面以及在非限制性定语从句中，只能用 which，不能用 that。
D
但在下列情况中，只能用 that，不用 which：
①当先行词是 all, a lot, (a) little, few, much, none, anything, something, everything, nothing 等词时。如：
All that can be done has been done.
In this factory I saw little / much that was different from ours.
②当先行词被 all, any, no, much, little, few, every 等限定词所修饰时。如：
We heard clearly every word that he said.
③当先行词是序数词或被序数词所修饰时。如：
The first thing that should be done is to get the tickets.
When people talk about Hangzhou, the first that comes to mind is the West Lake.
④当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级所修饰，以及先行词被序数词和形容词最高级同时修饰时，如：
Is that the best that you can do
That’s the most expensive hotel that we’ve ever stayed in.
This novel is the second best one that I have ever read.
⑤当先行词被 the very, the only, the next, the last等所修饰时。如：
This is the very book that I want to find.
⑥当先行词为指人和指物的两个并列名词词组时。如：
The guests spoke highly of the children and their performances that they saw at the Children’s Palace.
She described in her compositions the people and places that impressed her most.
⑦当主句是以 which 开头的特殊疑问句时。如：Which is the car that killed the boy
问题2： 1) Last month, part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods, from
_______effects the people are still suffering. （05天津卷）
A. that B. whose C. those D. what
2) George Orwell, ______ was Eric Arthur, wrote many political
novels and essays. (04北京）
A. the real name B. what his real name
C. his real name D. whose real name
B
D
“whose +名词中心词”这一结构在定语从句中既能作主语（如题2），又能作宾语（如题1）。whose 的先行词常用来指人（如题2），但有时也可以用来指具体事物或抽象概念（如题1），这时可以与of which 结构互换，词序是：“名词+of which” 。题1可变为：from the effects of which …
问题3： 1、_____ is often the case, we have worked out the production
plan. （04江苏）
A. Which B. When C. What D. As
2、John said he’d been working in the office for an hour,
_______ was true. （01北京春季）
A．he B．this C．which D．who
D
非限制性定语从句一般采用 which 或 as 来引导。使用这两个词时要注意三点： （1）as 引导的从句可以放在主句之前，而which 引导的从句只能放在主句之后。（2）从意义上讲，which 指前面主句的内容；而 as 指代的是作为一般人都知道的常识性的东西，因此常译成“就象……那样、正如所……的”。 （3）如果定语从句的内容对主句的内容起消极作用，则用 which，而不用 as，
C
问题4： What surprised me was not what he said but he said it. （04湖北）
A．the way B．in the way that
C．in the way D．the way which
A
该句的意思是“使我感到惊奇的不是他说了些什么，而是他表达的方法。”句中“what he said”和“the way he said it”是并列结构作表语。假如 the way 在从句中作状语，其中的关系词有三种不同的表达方式。1) the way + that; 2) the way 后省略关系词; 3) the way + in which。根据句意可以排除B、C；答案D which 前缺少介词 in，所以答案为A。
2、关系代词和关系副词的比较
问题1：
1、Do you still remember the chicken farm _____ we visited
three months ago （05北京春季）
A. where B. when C. that D. what
2、There were dirty marks on her trousers ______ she had wiped
her hands. （04全国II）
A. where B. which C. when D. that
C
A
当先行词是表时间的 time, day 等和表地点的 place, house 等时，一定要注意分析从句的结构。如果缺少主语或宾语，关系词应该用 which 或 that, 缺少时间状语或地点状语时，才能用 when 或 where。题1中的 farm 作 visited 的宾语，故选C；题2中的 trousers 作 wiped 的地点状语，故选A。
使用关系副词应注意下列几点：
1、关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的介词 + which结构：
when = on (in, at, during…) + which;
where = in (at, on…) + which;
why = for which. 如：
I was in Beijing on the day when (= on which) he arrived.
The office where (= in which) he works is on the third floor.
This is the chief reason why (= for which) we did it.
2、当先行词是表时间和表地点的 词时，一定要注意分析从句的结构，如果缺少主语或宾语时，关系词应该用 which 或 that, 缺少时间状语或地点状语时，才能用 when 或 where，试比较：
I’ll never forget the day when my hometown was liberated.
I’ll never forget the days which / that we spent together last summer.
His father works in a factory where radio parts are made.
His father works in a factory which / that makes radio parts.
3、 when 和 where 既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。而 why 只能引导限制性定语从句。
3、介词加关系代词引导定语从句
问题1：
1、The place ____ the bridge is supposed to be built should be
___ the cross-river traffic is the heaviest. (05江苏卷)
A. which; where B. at which; which
C. at which; where D. which; in which
2、He was educated at a local grammar school, ____ he went
on to Cambridge. （05山东卷）
A. from which B. after that C. after which D. from this
C
C
题1中 the place 在定语从句中作 to be built 的地点状语，此处的 at which 相当于 where; 后面是表语从句，表示建在某地。题2表示读完当地的语法学校后去剑桥深造，故选C。
介词加关系代词引导定语从句是近几年高考中
的热点，复习中需注意以下几个问题：
关系代词作介词宾语，不论是在限制性定语从句中，还是在非限制性定语从句中，当介词前置时，只能用 whom 指人，which 指物；但如果介词后置，则不受这种限制，关系代词还可以省去，特别是在口语中。如：
Do you know the boy to whom she was talking
Do you know the boy (that) she was talking to
The pencil (which / that) he was writing with
suddenly broke.
2. 要确认关系代词前用什么介词，需根据从句中的动词与先行词的关系来确定。所以解题时需分析从句与主句之间的关系。
巩固练习：
American women usually identify their best friend as
someone _____ they can talk frequently. （04上海）
A. who B. as C. about which D. with whom
2. The English play ______ my students acted at the New
Year’s party was a great success. （04全国I）
A for which B at which C in which D on which
3. There are altogether eleven books on the shelf, ______ five
are mine. （04全国IV）
A on which B in which C of which D from which
4. The journey around the world took the old sailor nine
months, _____ the sailing time was 226 days. （04广西）
A. of which B. during which C. from which D. for which
A
D
C
C
4. 非限制性定语从句与并列句的区别
问题1：
There are two buildings, stands nearly a hundred feet high. （04湖北）
A．the larger B．the larger of them
C．the larger one that D．the larger of which
要区别是并列句还是非限制性定语从句，关键是看两个
句子之间是否有连词，若有表示并列关系的连词或分号破折
号，那就是并列句；如果两句之间没有这些连接符号，那就
是非限制性定语从句，此时就需考虑使用适当的关系代词或
关系副词了。
D
巩固练习：
The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year,
80% are sold abroad. （04辽宁）
A．of which B．which of C．of them D．of that
2. I have many friends, some are businessmen.
（05全国卷1）
A．of them B．from which C．who of D．of whom
A
D
题2也可以改为：some of whom are businessmen. 如果在之
前加上连词 and，就只能用 some of them，而且不能倒装。
5、注意 the same … as / such … as 的使用问题
当先行词被 the same 所修饰时，关系词既可以用 as，也可以用 that。在表示具体事物时，有时两者有一定的区别。一般说来，表示同一种类多用 as，表示同一事物多用 that。如：
This is the same instrument that I used yesterday. 这就是我昨天用过的那台仪器。
This is the same instrument as I used yesterday. 这台仪器跟我昨天用过的那台一样。
在抽象概念上，同种类和同一事物是没有绝对区别的，所以两个词可换用：
I have the same opinion as / that you have.
这里要注意的是：
(1) 使用 as 时，它引导的定语从句中的动词可以省略，但使用 that 时，定语从句中的动词不可省略。如：
Women received the same pay as men.
Women received the same pay that men received.
(2) 在 “the same…that” 结构中，that只是用来加强语气，强调“相同”。that可以省去而不改变句子原意，甚至连名词前的 same 也可以省去。如：
This is the same instrument that I used yesterday.
= This is the same instrument I used yesterday.
= This is the instrument I used yesterday.
但在 “the same…as” 结构中，same 和 as 都不能省略。
(3)当 “the same…that” 结构中的 that 作为关系副词用时，不可以直接与 as 互换。如：
He lives in the same building that I live.
= He lives in the same building as / that I live in.
Shall we meet at the same place that we last
met
= Shall we meet at the same place that / as we last
met at
(4) 当先行词前有 such, so, as 时，关系词应当用as。如：
A wise man seldom talks about such things as he doesn’t understand.
He spoke in such easy English as everybody could understand.
At this time of the day, all buses and trolleys have to carry as many passengers as they can.
It is so easy a book as every schoolboy can read.
Let’s discuss such things as we can talk of freely.
另需注意：
This book is written in such easy English as beginners can understand.（定语从句）
This book is written in such easy English that beginners can understand it.（结果状语从句）
2010年高考语法复习
虚 拟 语 气
1. 虚拟语气的考点
1、条件句中的虚拟语气的用法；
2、条件句中虚拟语气的倒装；
3、名词性从句中虚拟语气的用法；
4、几种特殊结构中虚拟语气的用法；
5、虚拟语气与陈述语气的判定。
1、陈述语气与虚拟语气
典型例题 1) The volleyball match will be put off if it _____. A. will rain B. rains C. rained D. is rained
2) --- Would you have called her up _____ possible
--- Yes, but I _____ busy doing my homework.
A. had it been … was B. if it was … were
C. if it had been … had been D. if it were … would be
B
该句为陈述语气，因为主句用的是 will be put off。真实条件句主句为将来时，从句用一般现在时代将来时。
问句中用的是虚拟语气，主句用 would have called, 从句中与过去相反的动词形式为 had done；答句中表示的是真实的情况，所以该用陈述语气。
A
2、条件句中的虚拟语气
时 间 If 条件句 主 句
过 去 had done would have done
现 在 did / were would do
将 来 should do
were to do
did / were would do
高考题点击 1) You didn’t let me drive. If we ____ in turn, you ____ so tired.
（96 N）
A. drove…didn’t get B. had driven…wouldn’t have got
C. drove…wouldn’t get D. were driving…wouldn’t get
2) It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I
_____ in love, at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox
Library in my hometown. (02 上海)
A. wouldn’t have fallen B. had not fallen
C. should fall D. were to fall
前句用的是陈述语气，表示过去发生的事；后句是虚拟语气，表示与过去相反。
B
B
该句主句中用的是与现在相反的虚拟语气，而从句中使用的是与过去相反的虚拟语气。全句意思为“如果我不在七岁时迷上了我们家乡的 Melinda Cox Library，我真不能想象我今天会做什么。”
3、条件句中虚拟语气的特殊情况
虚拟倒装句
What would have happened, _____ as far as the river bank
(01 上海)
Bob had walked farther B. if Bob should walk farther
C. had Bob walked farther D. if Bob walked farther
2) 错综条件句
If you _____ him yesterday, you _____ what to do now.
asked … would know B. had asked … would have known
C. asked him … know D. had asked … would know
C
D
3) 介词短语表条件
But for your help, we couldn’t have succeeded.
They wouldn’t have reached the agreement so easily without that common ground.
4) 情境中提供虚拟语气
Suppose there were no gravitational force, objects would not fall to the ground when dropped.
She wasn’t feeling very well. Otherwise she wouldn’t have left the meeting so early.
高考题点击：
Jack ____ yet, otherwise he would have phoned me. (N 97)
A. mustn’t have arrived B. shouldn’t have arrived
C. can’t have arrived D. needn’t have arrived
C
5) 比较if only与only if
only if 表示“只有”；if only 则表示“如果……就好了”。
If only 也可用于陈述语气。 I wake up only if the alarm clock rings.
只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。 If only the alarm clock had rung.
当时闹钟响了，就好了。 If only he comes early.
但愿他早点回来。
4. 名词性从句中的虚拟语气
A、宾语从句中的虚拟语气
在动词 suggest, order, demand, request, desire, insist, require, decide, determine, advise, recommend, deserve (值得提及) 后需用 should 型的虚拟语气。
考题点击：
The teacher demanded that the work _____ before 4 o’clock.
A. finished B. be finished C. should finish D. finish
2. --- What did the doctor say about your mother’s illness
--- He suggested that she _____ an operation at once.
A. must have B. had C. have D. had had
B
C
B、主语从句中的虚拟语气
基本句型：
It is suggested, ordered, proposed, required, demanded, requested, insisted； + (should) do
It is important, necessary, natural, desirable, strange, advisable, imperative…
It is a pity, a shame, no wonder
考题点击：
1. Is it necessary that he _____ the examination
A. takes B. has to take C. must take D. take
2. It is strange that he _____ you this.
A. would tell B. should tell C. had told D. has told
D
B
C、表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气
在 suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice 等名词后面
的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即（should）+动
词原形。 My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference. I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.
考题点击：
His suggestion that you _____ once more sounds reasonable.
A. try B. tries C. must try D. can try
A
5. 虚拟语气在其它情况下的使用
1) wish 后的虚拟语气：
高考题点击：
How I wish every family _____ a large house with a beautiful garden! (02 上海) A. has B. had C. will have D. had had
2) as if 从句：
高考题点击：
When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it ____. (95 N)
A. breaks B. has broken
C. were broken D. had been broken
B
C
3) It’s time 从句：
It is (high) time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。 It is time that the children went to bed. It is high time that the children should go to bed.
类似的结构为 would rather 从句：
I would rather you attended the meeting this afternoon.
考题点击：
--- Do you mind if I leave the window open
--- Well, I’d rather you _____ .
A. don’t B. didn’t C. won’t D. mustn’t
2. It’s half past eleven. It’s high time _____ home.
A. we’ll B. we’d C. we’re going D. we went
B
D
2010年高考语法复习
形容词和副词
考 点 分 析
1、形容词和副词的基本用法；
2、形容词和副词的位置；
3、形容词和副词的级别；
4、常见形容词和副词的用法比较。
形容词的基本用法
1、形容词的词义
问题1：
--- I’m very ________ with my own cooking. It looks nice
and smells delicious.
--- Mm, it does have a ________ smell. (2002北京)
A. pleasant, pleased B. pleased, pleased
C. pleasant, pleasant D. pleased, pleasant
D
高考中关于形容词的词义的题考得不少，复习时需密切关注。该句中 pleased 表示“感到满意（高兴）的”；pleasant 表示“令人满意（高兴）的”。根据句意不难发现答案为D。
问题2： Their cheerful voice showed that they were having a
____ discussion. (1997上海)
A. noisy B. serious C. complete D. friendly
问题3： If it is quite _______ to you, I will visit you next
Tuesday. （05天津卷）
A. convenient B. fair C. easy D. comfortable
D
该句中 cheerful 是重要的提示词，意为“欢快的”。noisy; serious 以及 complete 显然都与题义无关。是形容词，意为“友好的”，只有它符合题义。
It is convenient for sb. to do sth. 该句型意为：“某人方便（适合）做某事”；一般不说“sb. is convenient to do sth.” 其它三个词显然不符合句义。
A
2、后置定语问题
问题4：
All the people _____ at the party were his supporters. (02北京)
A. present B. thankful C. interested D. important
解析：形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是下列情况要后置：
proper (本身), present (在场的，出席的), involved
(有关的), concerned (相关的), left (剩下的), objecting
(反对的), mentioned (提及的), selected (当选的)等。
如 the students present (出席的学生)
the cost involved (所需费用)
A
f.
下列情况也要后置： a. some, any, no, every 构成的复合不定代词的修饰语要后
置．如：
something new; nothing serious; anything interesting b. else 修饰不定代词和疑问代词时，要后置。如：
Nobody else is so silly as you are. c. 不定式短语，动名词短语，分词短语，介词短语做定
语要后置。如：
Do you still remember the afternoon in the first year at
college when the professor gave us a chemistry lesson d. 以 a- 开头的形容词做定语要后置．如：alike, alive,
alone, asleep, afraid, awake… 如：
He is the only man awake at that time.
巩固练习：
I can’t get a good picture on my TV set. There must be something ____ with it.
A. bad B. matter C. the matter D. the wrong
2. _____ to take this adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills.
A. Brave enough students B. Enough brave students
C. Students brave enough D. Students enough brave
3. There is _____ to hold the water.
A. nothing big enough B. nothing enough big
C. big enough nothing D. enough big nothing
C
C
A
3、以-ly 结尾的形容词
问题5：
What he said sounds ________. (1993上海)
nicely B. pleasantly C. friendly D. wonderfully
解析：1） 大部分形容词加-ly 可构成副词。但 friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，manly, timely, worldly (老于世故的) 仍为形容词。 改错：(错） She sang lovely. （对） Her singing was lovely. （错） He spoke to me very friendly. （对） He spoke to me in a very friendly way. 2）有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词，也为副词。 daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early The Times is a daily paper. It is published daily.
C
多个形容词修饰名词的顺序
问题1
John Smith, a successful businessman, has a car. （04辽宁）
A．large German white B．large white German
C．white large German D．German large white
多个形容词修饰名词时，其顺序为： 限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色) --出处--材料性质，类别--名词
根据这个公式，就不难排列出：大小 + 颜色 + 出处，故选择B。
B
问题2: This _______ girl is Lind’s cousin. (05北京卷)
A. pretty little Spanish B. Spanish little pretty
C. Spanish pretty little D. little pretty Spanish
问题3：One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace. A. old Chinese stone B. Chinese old stone
C. old stone Chinese D. Chinese stone old
由“限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色) --性质--名词”的公式可知，描绘词 + 大小 + 出处的顺序，最符合答案。
根据排列顺序： 大小、形状 +年龄+颜色+来源+质地+用途+名词可选择A
A
A
常见形容词的比较
1). worth --- worthy --- worthwhile
2) alike --- like ---likely
3) dead --- deadly --- deathly
4) historic --- historical
5) live --- lively --- alive --- living
6) possible --- probable--- likely
7) valueless ---priceless
8) respectable (可敬的、高尚的) --- respectful (表示敬意的)
A respectable man is respectful to others.
9) healthy (健康的) --- healthful (有益于健康的)
The air at seaside is healthful to us. So all of us are healthy.
巩固练习：
The World Cup in France was the biggest _____ football match in the world.
A. alive B. live C. lively D. living
2. Anyone who has spent time with children knows the difference in the way boys and girls respond (反应) to the _____ situation.
A. likely B. same C. alike D. similar
3. It’s _____ to rain but not _____ before evening.
A. possible … probable B. probable … possible
C. possibly … probably D. probably … possibly
B
D
A
副词的基本用法
问题1：______, some famous scientists have the qualities of being both careful and careless. （04上海春季）
A. Strangely enough B. Enough strangely
C. Strange enough D. Enough strange
问题2： Can you believe that in _____ a rich country there should be _____ many poor people (1995 N)
A. such, such B. such, so C. so, so D. so, such
A
B
副词 enough 要放在形容词和副词的后面，形容词 enough 放在名词前后都可。
A: 基本句型：such + (a) + adj. + n. ; so + adj. + a + n.
B: such 后可加各种名词，而so后面只能加单数名词；
C: so 可加 many, much, few, little 等，而such不能。
问题3： We don’t care if a hunting dog smells ____, but we really don’t want him to smell _____. (1995上海)
A. well, well B. bad, bad C. well, badly D. badly, bad
问题4： Allen had to call a taxi because the box was _____
to carry all the way home. （03全国卷）
A．much too heavy B．too much heavy
C．heavy too much D．too heavy much
C
A
smell 有双重词性，作“闻起来”解是系动词，后接形容词作表语；作“嗅”解是形为动词，后接副词。该题的干扰项是B，“smells bad” 表示闻起来很臭，不可能同时放入两个空格。
much too 是副词，用来修饰形容词或副词；too much 是名词或形容词，可单独使用或修饰名词。
问题5： John is very lazy. He falls ______ behind in his
studies. (05(广东卷)
A. very B. far C. more D. still
问题6：— Must I turn off the gas after cooking
— Of course . You can never be careful with that .
(05江西卷)
A．enough B．too C．so D．very
B
B
副词的修饰关系是现今高考的热点之一，复习中应予以足够的重视。“far behind …”表示“远远地掉在后面”。
“can never be too …”是一种固定的表达方式，意为“越……就越好”
常用副词的比较
问题1： It was raining heavily. Little Mary felt cold, so she
stood ______ to her mother.( 2002北京)
A. close B. closely C. closed D. closing
问题2： We decided not to climb the mountains because it was
raining _______. (1996 N)
A. badly B. hardly C. strongly D. heavily
A
D
close to 离……近，此处 close 是副词；closely 表示“密切地”，与题意无关。
表示 “雨下得大”可用 rain hard; rain heavily 等，不用 badly 或 strongly。表示“刮大风”可用 strong wind。hardly 是否定词，与句意无关。
注意下面兼有两种形式的副词
close 与 closely close意思是“近”； closely 意思是“仔细地” He is sitting close to me. Watch him closely.
late 与 lately late意思是“晚”； lately 意思是“最近” You have come too late. What have you been doing lately
3) deep 与 deeply deep意思是“深”，表示时间和空间深度；deeply时常
表示感情上的深度，"深深地" He pushed the stick deep into the mud. He often works deep into the night.
Even father was deeply moved by the film.
high 与 highly high表示空间高度；highly表示程度，相当于much The plane was flying high. I think highly of your opinion.
5) wide 与 widely wide表示空间宽度；widely意思是“广泛地”，“在许多
地方” He opened the door wide. English is widely used in the world.
6) free 与 freely free的意思是"免费"；freely 的意思是"无限制地" You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like. You may speak freely; say what you like.
另外注意下列各组副词的用法区别
1) just --- just now
2) rather --- fairly
3) yet --- still --- already
4) hard --- hardly --- rarely --- scarcely
5) such a + adj. + n. --- so + adj. + a + n.
6) most --- mostly --- almost
7) especially --- specially
8) every day --- everyday
9) sometime --- sometimes ---some time
巩固练习：
It’s always difficult being in a foreign country, _____ if you don’t speak the language.
A. Extremely B. naturally C. basically D. especially
2. Would you be _____ do me a favor
A. kind enough B. so kind as to
C. so kind to D. kind as to
3. The guide told us that he would organize some businessmen from abroad to have a tour _____ the next month.
A. some time B. sometime
C. some times D. sometimes
4. It is ____ that his English is _____ perfect.
A. sure … very B. right … rather
C. exact … fairly D. certain … quite
D
B
B
D
形容词和副词的级别
1、as … as … 结构
问题1： John is the tallest boy in the class, _______ according to himself. （05安徽卷） (B)
A. five foot eight as tall as B. as tall as five foot eight
C. as five foot eight tall as D. as tall five foot eight as
问题2： What a table! I’ve never seen such a thing before. It is
______ it is long. （05湖北卷）
A．half not as wide as B．wide not as half as
C．not half as wide as D．as wide as not half
B
C
as tall as “高达…”, five foot eight = five feet eight inches
as wide as 是比较，所以倍数词应放在前面。
说明：
1）在否定句或疑问句中可用so… as。 He cannot run so/as fast as you. 2）当as… as 中间有名词时采用以下格式。 as +形容词+ a +单数名词 as + many/much +名词 This is as good an example as the other is. I can carry as much paper as you can.. 3）用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时，放在as的
前面。 This room is twice as big as that one. Your room is the same size as mine.
4) 倍数+ the + n + of <=>倍数+ as + adj. + as
This bridge is three times as long as that one. This bridge is three times the length of that one. Your room is twice as large as mine. Your room is twice the size of mine.
5) 数量词 + senior / junior + to
He is seven years senior to his wife.
I am three years junior to my elder sister.
２、 more than 结构
问题1：－Is your headache getting ______
－ No, it’s worse. （05全国卷3）
A．better B．bad C．less D．well
问题2： Mr. Smith owns ______ collection of coins than
anyone else I have ever met. （05山东卷）
A. larger B. a larger C. the larger D. a large
问题3： The number of people present at the concert was
_______ than expected. There were many tickets left.
（04福建）
A．much smaller B．much more
C．much larger D．many more
A
B
A
问题4： The dictionary gave me a better offer than ____.
(1999 上海)
A. that of Dick’s B. Dick’s
C. he gave Dick D. those of Dick
问题5： You’re standing too near the camera. Can you move
_____ (2000 上海)
A. a bit far B. a little farther
C. a bit of farther D. a little far
问题6： In that case, there is nothing you can do ______ than
wait. (2001 北京春季)
A. more B. other C. better D. any
C
B
B
1）要避免重复使用比较级。 (错) He is more cleverer than his brother. (对) He is cleverer than his brother. 2）要避免将主语含在比较对象中。 (错) China is larger that any country in Asia. (对) China is larger than any other country in Asia. 3）要注意对应句型，遵循前后一致的原则。 The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing. It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.
4）程度词 a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot,
lots, a great deal, any, still, even 等词可修饰比较级。除
外，还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。以
上词 (除by far) 外，必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前
面。而 by far 一般置于比较级之后和最高级之前。
３、of the two 结构
问题1： Of the two shirts, I’d like to choose _____ one. (94 上海)
A. the less expensive B. the most expensive
C. less expensive D. most expensive
问题2： If the manager had to choose between the two, he would
say John was ________ choice. (95 上海)
A. good B. the best C. better D. the better
说明：在 of the two 结构中，比较级前要加 the，但如果不在 of the two 结构中，要注意冠词的使用。后有名词的时候，前面才有可能有冠词。 比较：Which is larger, Canada or Australia Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia She is taller than her two sisters. She is the taller of the two sisters.
A
D
4、the + 最高级 + 比较范围
问题1：David has won the first prize in singing; he is still very excited now and feels________ desire to go to bed. (05江苏卷)
A. the most B. more C. worse D. the least
问题2： Greenland, ________ island in the world, covers
over two million square kilometers. (2000 上海)
A. it is the largest B. that is the largest
C. is the largest D. the largest
D
D
1)形容词最高级前必须用定冠词 the，副词最高级前可不用。
The shortest boy runs fastest in the 100-meter race.
形容词 most 前面没有 the，不表示最高级的含义，只表示“非常”。 It is a most important problem. = It is a very important problem. 注意： 使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比较范围内。 (错) Tom is the tallest of his three brothers. (对) Tom is the tallest of the three brothers.
2) 下列词可修饰最高级，by far, far, much, mostly, almost This hat is nearly / almost the biggest.
注意： a. very 可修饰最高级，但位置与much不同。 This is the very best. This is much the best. b. 序数词通常只修饰最高级。 Africa is the second largest continent. 3) 句型转换： Mike is the most intelligent in his class. Mike is more intelligent than any other student in his class. 4) “否定词语 + 比较级”，“否定词语 + so… as” 结构表示最
高级含义。 Nothing is so easy as this. = Nothing is easier than this. = This is the easiest thing.
5、和more有关的词组
1) the more… the more… 越……就越…… The harder you work，the greater progress you‘ll make. 2) more B than A 与其说A不如说B less A than B He is more lazy than slow at his work. = He is less slow than lazy at his work. 3) no more… than… 与……一样(不)……，不比……多 The officials could see no more than the Emperor. no less… than… 与……一样…… He is no less diligent than you. 4) more than 不只是，非常 She is more than kind to us all.
2010年高考语法复习
情 态 动 词
1. 情态动词的考点
1、can; may; must should; need 等表示判断及
推测；
2、shall; should 的特殊用法；
3、情态动词的应答策略；
4、对过去的判断或推测；
5、dare; need 的用法特点。
2. 情态动词的用法特点
1） 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事
情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生。 2） 情态动词 除 ought 和 have 外，后面只能接不带
to 的不定式。 3） 情态动词没有人称，数的变化，即情态动词第
三人称单数不加-s。 4） 情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式，分
词，等形式。
f.
3. 情态动词表示推测的用法
A. 对现在状态和动作的推测
高考题点击：
Helen ______ go on the trip with us, but she isn’t quite sure yet. （05安徽卷）
A. shall B. must C. may D. can
C
说明：must 加动词原形表示“必须做”；may 加动词原形表示“可能会做”；can 加动词原形表示“能够做”；can 表示“可能性”时一般用在问句和否定句中。该句的关键在于“but she isn’t quite sure yet”。
说明：needn’t 表示“不必”；mustn’t 表示“不准”；shan’t 用在二、三人称中表示“坚决不准”，含有强烈的警告和命令的语气。shouldn’t 表示“非常不可能”或“应该不会”。
2. There _________ be any difficulty about passing the road test since you have practiced a lot in the driving school. （05上海卷）
A. mustn’t B. shan’t
C. shouldn’t D. needn’t
C
3. It’s nearly 7:00. Jack __ be here at any moment. (N 1995)
A. must B. need C. should D. can
4. Johnny, you _____ play with the knife, you _____ hurt
yourself. (N 1996)
A. won’t, can’t B. mustn’t, may
C. shouldn’t, must D. can’t, should
C
B
must + be 表示“肯定会”；need + be 表示 “需要在”；should + 动词原形表示“非常有可能”；can 表示可能性只用在否定和疑问句中。
前句表示“你不能玩刀”，此处的 “不能”并非表示“能力”，而是表示“允许”，所以只能用“mustn’t”；后句表示“可能会伤着你自己”，故用 may。
5. ---- Are you coming to Jeff’s party
---- I’m not sure. I ___ go to the concert instead. ( N 2000)
A. must B. would C. should D. might
6. Mr. Bush is on time for everything. How _____ it be that he was late for the opening ceremony (2001上海春季)
A. can B. should C. may D. must
D
A
此句的关键在于“I’m not sure”，既然不能肯定，只能是一种“可能性”。
此句的意思为：“Bush 先生总是很守时，他怎么可能在出席开幕仪式时迟到呢？“ can 在否定句或疑问句中表示“可能性”。
7. --- Is John coming by train
--- He should, but he ______ not. He likes driving his car.
(N 2002)
A. must B. can C. need D. may
8. --- I heard they went skiing in the mountains last winter.
--- It _________ true because there was little snow there.
(N 2002北京)
A. may not be B. won’t be
C. couldn’t be D. mustn’t be
D
C
此句的关键是“He likes driving his car.” can 和 may 都可用于否定句中，can’t 表示“根本不可能”，语气很强；may not 表示“也许不可能”，语气较弱。
couldn’t 的语气比 can’t 弱。
B. 对过去动作或状态的推测
Tom ought not to _______ me your secret, but he meant no harm. (N1993)
A. have told B. tell C. be telling D. having told
2. I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I ______ for her. (N 1994)
A. had to write it out B. must have written it out
C. should have written it out D. ought to write it out
A
C
ought to 相当于 should；此句的关键是“He meant no harm”，显然指的是过去的事。
should have written 意指“本该写但实际上并没有写”。
3. --- There were already 5 people in the car but they managed to take me as well.
--- It ________ a comfortable journey. (N 1995)
A. can’t be B. shouldn’t be
C. mustn’t have been D. couldn’t have been
4. Susan_______ written a report like this. (1995上海)
A. can have B. mustn’t have
C. can’t have D. ought to not have
D
C
此句谈论的是过去的经历，故 A、B 不合题意；must 表示判断和推测只能用在肯定句中。
该句的意思为 Susan 不可能写出这样的报告来。ought to have done 的否定式为 ought not to have done。
5. Jack ____ yet, otherwise he would have phoned me. (N 97)
A. mustn’t have arrived B. shouldn’t have arrived
C. can’t have arrived D. needn’t have arrived
6. --- I stayed at a hotel while in New York.
--- Oh, did you You______ with Barbara. (N 1998)
A. could have stayed B. could stay
C. would stay D. must have stayed
C
A
此句的关键是后半句，“otherwise he would have phoned me”，此处为省略了条件句的虚拟语气，表示“如果到了他会打电话给我的”，由此可见，他肯定没到。
此句并不表示判断，而是一个虚拟语气。
4. shall; should 的特殊用法
1. It has been announced that candidates _______ remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected. (2002上海)
A. can B. will C. may D. shall
2. It’s nearly 7:00. Jack ___ be here at any moment. (N 95)
A. must B. need C. should D. can
D
C
该句的意思为：“通知说所有的考生必须坐在位置上直到考卷收完了才能离开。”考生坐在位置上不能用“能够、将要、可以”来表示。而 shall 在第二、三人称里面表示一种“命令、警告、承诺”等。
3. --- When can I come for the photos I need them tomorrow afternoon.
--- They __________ be ready by 12:00. (N 1998)
A. can B. should C. might D. need
4. You can’t imagine that a well-behaved gentleman _____ be so rude to a lady. (2001上海)
A. might B. need C. should D. would
B
C
此句应是店主对顾客的承诺。
should 与 how; why 等表示疑问或否定的词连用时，用来表示一种惊奇的心情，意思为“居然、竟然”
5. 情态动词的应答
1. --- Shall I tell John about it
--- No, you ______. I’ve told him already. (N 1994)
A. needn’t B. wouldn’t C. mustn’t D. shouldn’t
2. --- Could I call you by the first name
--- Yes, you__________. (1998上海)
A. will B. could C. may D. might
A
C
此句的关键是“I’ve told him already”，由此可见，你就不必再对他说了。
在回答 “Could I …”这类婉客气的请求时，只能回答“Yes, you can 或 may”。不能用 could 或 might。
3. --- Will you stay for lunch
--- Sorry, ____. My brother is coming to see me. (N 1999)
A. I mustn’t B. I can’t C. I needn’t D. I won’t
4. ---- Write to me when you get home.
---- __________. (2001北京春季)
A. I must B. I should C. I will D. I can
B
C
此句的关键是 “My brother is coming to see me.” 所以我不能在这儿吃饭。
在回答对方的请求或命令时，应该用 “Yes, I will.”而不能使用 would 或 should。
6. 情态动词的其它一些用法
I wonder how he _______ that to the teacher. (1996上海)
A. dare to say B. dare saying
C. not dare say D. dared say
2. The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone
______ get out. (N 1997)
A. had to B. would C. was able to D. could
3. When he was there, he _______ go to that coffee shop at
the corner after work every day. (1996上海)
A. would B. should C. had better D. might
D
C
A
注意比较 dare 和 need 的两种词性的不同用法。
注意比较 could 与 was able to 的用法区别。
would 在此处表示过去惯常的动作。
2010年高考语法复习
状 语 从 句
状语从句考点
1、各种从属连词的含义及用法比较；
2、no matter wh- 与 wh-ever 引导的从句的区别；
3、状语从句的时态问题；
4、状语从句的倒装问题；
5、状语从句与其它从句的区别。
1、时间状语从句
问题1： Don’t be afraid of asking for help it is needed. （03全国卷）
A．unless B．since C．although D．when
根据句意，此处只能为时间状语从句，故答案为D。
unless 引导条件状语从句，意为“除非”；although 引导让步状语从句，意为“虽然”；since 虽引导时间状语从句，但意思为“从…以来”，这些都与题意无关。引导时间状语的引导词很多，复习when 时要注意比较它与w
2010年高考语法复习
名 词
1、名词的单、复数;
2、可数与不可数名词的转换；
3、名词作定语；
4、名词的搭配;
5、词语辨析；
高考考点分析
问题1：
--- How many does a cow have
--- Four.
A．stomaches B．stomach
C．stomachs D．stomachies
以 s, sh, ch, x等结尾的名词变复数时加 –es；但如果以 –ch 结尾的名词发音为 [k]时，只加 –s。
另外，以辅音字母 +y 结尾的名词变复数时，需将 y 变成 i，再加 -es；以元音字母 +y 结尾的则直接加 -s。以辅音字母加 y 结尾的专有名词变复数时，也直接加 -s。
问题2：
The ______ of the building are covered with lots of ______.
A．roofs; leaves B．rooves; leafs
C．roof; leaf D．roofs; leafs
以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词变复数时： a. 加 s，如：serf --- serfs belief---beliefs roof---roofs
chief --- chiefs safe---safes gulf---gulfs； b. 去 f, fe 加 ves，如：half---halves knife---knives
leaf---leaves wolf---wolves wife---wives
life---lives thief---thieves； c. 均可, 如：handkerchief ---
handkerchiefs / handkerchieves
问题3：
When the farmer returned home he found three ______ missing.
A．sheeps B．sheepes C．sheep D．sheepies
当sheep; deer; fish表示数量时，单复数同形；如果表示不同种类，则需加 –s 或 –es。 单复数同形的名词有：
deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japanese, Swiss
works, means, head
问题4：
Some ______ visited our school last Wednesday.
A．German B．Germen
C．Germans D．Germens
国家人的名词需要记住三种情况：
1、单复数同形：Chinese; Japanese; Swiss
2、需要变形：English - Englishman
3、加 –s 或 -es：German – Germans
详见下表。
1.6 不同国家的人的单复数
名称 总称(谓语用复数） 一个人 两个人 中国人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese 瑞士人 the Swiss a Swiss two Swiss 澳大利亚人the Australians an Australian two Australians 俄国人 the Russians a Russian two Russians 意大利人 the Italians an Italian two Italians 希腊人 the Greek a Greek two Greeks 法国人 the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen 日本人 the Japanese a Japanese two Japanese 美国人 the Americans an American two Americans 印度人 the Indians an Indian two Indians 加拿大人 the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians 德国人 the Germans a Germans two Germans 英国人 the English an Englishman two Englishmen 瑞典人 the Swedish a Swede two Swedes
问题5：
_______ will make a trip around the world during the coming Christmas. (1993 上海)
A. The Evens B. The Evens’
C. The Evenses D. The Evenses’
专有名词的复数与定冠词连用，常用来表示“一家人”或一家之中的两个或几个重要的人。如：
--- Who did you spend last weekend with
--- _____. (98上海)
A Palmer’s B The Palmers’
C The Palmers D The Palmer’s
问题6：
Mr Smith has two ______, both of whom are teachers in a school.
A．brothers-in-law B．brother-in-laws
C．brothers-in-laws D．brothers-in law
以连字符号连接的合成名词一般将中心名词变成复数，如：managers-in-chief; fathers-in-law。如果没有中心名词就在该合成词的最后加 –s。如：grown-ups。
问题1：
He gained his _____ by printing _____ of famous writers. (NMET95)
A. wealth; work B. wealths; works
C. wealths; work D. wealth; works
抽象名词和物质名词被称为不可数名词。本题中 wealth 为不可数名词，works 作“作品”解，属单复数同形的可数名词。
问题2：
Can you give us some ______ about the writer
A．informations B．information
C．piece of informations D．pieces information
大多数不可数名词都不可能转化为可数名词，常见的有：information; news; advice; progress; fun ……如：
This is not a match. We’re playing chess for _____.
A habit B hobby C fun D game (2001上海春季)
问题3：
Many people agree that ____of English is a must in international trade today. (NMET96)
A. a knowledge B. knowledges
C. knowledge D. the knowledge
有些抽象名词和物质名词也可转化为可数名词，用来表示某种特定的意义。a knowledge of …表示“对……有所了解“。又如：
This meeting is a great success.
请看下面的可数与不可数名词的转化：
a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时。 Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一种食物。 (U) These cakes are sweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃。 (C) b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，名词可数。 This factory produces steel. (U) We need various steels. (C) c. 当物质名词表示份数时，可数。 Our country is famous for tea.
Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。
d. 抽象名词有时也可数。 four freedoms 四大自由 the four modernizations 四个现代化
many interests 许多兴趣
问题1
The ______ is just around the corner and you won’t miss it. (01北京春季)
A. bicycle’s shop B. bicycle shop
C. bicycles shop D. bicycles’ shop
名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。 1) 用复数作定语。 如：sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室 talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages department 外语系 2) 有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。 如：goods train (货车) arms produce 武器生产 customs papers 海关文件 clothes brush衣刷
问题2
It took us quite a long time to get here. It was ________ journey. （05北京春季）
A. three-hour B. a three hour
C. a three-hour D. three hours
“数词+名词”构成的合成词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。 如： a ten-mile walk； a five-year plan 但是如果不用连字符，就需用复数的所有格。
The village is far away from here indeed. It’s _____ walk. （04上海春季）
A. a four hour B. a four hour's
C. a four-hours D. a four hours'
问题3：
There are only twelve _____ in the hospital.
A．woman doctors B．women doctors
C．women doctor D．woman doctor
man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。 如：a man worker → men workers
a woman teacher → women teachers a gentleman official → gentlemen officials
问题1
We’ve missed the last bus. I’m afraid we have no ______ but to take a taxi. (N 19993)
A. way B. choice C. possibility D. selection
可以将“ have no choice but to do … ”视为一个结构，现在考查这类搭配的题有很多，如：
I am sure David will be able to find the library — he has a pretty good _______ of direction.（05浙江卷）
A．idea B．feeling C．experience D．sense
类似的题还有：
1. Here’s my card. Let’s keep in __________. (N 1994) (A)
A. touch B. relation C. connection D. friendship
2. You can take as many as you like because they are free of
_______. (1998 上海) (B)
A. fare B. charge C. money D. pay
3. The manager has got a good business _______ so the
company is doing well. （03北京春季）（B）
A．idea B．sense C．thought D．Thinking
4. I keep medicines on the top shelf, out of the children’s
______. （04天津）(A)
A reach B hand C hold D place
问题2
A rough estimate, Nigeria is__________ Great Britain. （05上海卷）
A. three times the size as
B. the size three times of
C. three times as the size of
D. three times the size of
注意名词用来表示比较的特殊用法。它的结构为“倍数+the +名词+ of + 对象”。常用在该结构中的名词为：the size of; the weight of; the length of …….
问题1
Bill was doing a lot of physical exercise to build up his_______. （05天津卷） (C)
A. ability B. force C. strength D. mind
高考试卷中考查名词词义辨析的题目越来越多了，这就要求我们在平时的学习过程中注意同类词的比较和辨析，同时尽可能从阅读过程中汲取更多的知识。本题的意思是参加体育锻炼的目的是增强体质和力气。
2010年高考语法复习
主谓一致
1、用and连接两个并列成分；
2、介词with 伴随主语；
3、就近原则；
4、各种代词的主谓一致;
5、短语和从句作主语；
6、定语从句中的主谓一致。
高考考点分析
问题1：
When and where to build the new factory ____ yet. （1991 NMET）
A. is not decided B. are not decided
C. has not decided D. have not decided
这个句子看上去是and连接的两个并列短语充当主语，本应用复数形式的谓语，但这两个短语表达的是同一事件的两个方面，可以看成是一个整体，因此使用单数的谓语动词；而从句意可判断此句谓语动词需使用被动语态，
归纳一：
1．两个或两个以上做主语的单数名词用and连接，谓语用复数．
Tom and Dick are good friends.
但若表示一个集合体时则用单数。
A singer and dancer was present at the party.
The worker and writer is talking to the students。
Bread and butter tastes good.
类似的表达式有：
( a needle and thread, a horse and cart, a watch and chain, a coat and tie, truth and honesty, medical help and cure)
2．用 and 连接的两个名词若被 no, each, every, many a 修饰，则谓语动词用单数。
No bird and no beast is seen in the bare island.
Many a boy and many a girl has made such a funny experiment.
At Christmas each boy and each girl is given a present.
3. 如果 and 后面加 no 或 not, 谓语也用单数形式，
My friend, and not hers, is chosen to join the army.
All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
问题2：
A library with five thousand books ____ to the nation as a gift . （1990NMET）
A. is offered B. has offered
C. are offered D. have offered
主语后有as well as, like, with, together with, but, except, besides,等，谓语应于前面主语保持一致．
A professor, together with some students, was sent to help in the work.
No one but the teachers is allowed to use the room.
问题3：
Not only I but also Jane and Mary ___ tired of having one examination after another. (1989 )
A. is B. are C. am D. be
以连词or, either…or , neither …nor, there be, not only…but also 连接的复合主语，其谓语与其相邻的那个名词的数保持一致。
Eg. You or I am to be invited.
问题4：
Nobody but Jane _____the secret. (1986)
A. know B. knows C. have known D. is known
either, neither, each, every 或no + 单数名词和由some, any, no, every 构成的复合不定代词都作单数看待。
Each of us has a new pen .
Everything around us is matter.
问题5：
The number of people invited _______ fifty, but a number of them ________ absent for different reasons . (1996 NMET)
A. were, was B. was , was
C. was, were D. were; were.
a number of 表示“很多”的意思，修饰可数名词的复数。The number of表示“数量，号码”作主语，其谓语动词用单数形式。
问题6：
_____ of the southern hemisphere (南半球) _____ with water.
A. Four-five; is covered B. Four-fifths; is covered
C. Four-fifth, are covered D. Four-fifths, are covered.
由“a lot of , (lots of, plenty of, the rest of ) +名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数＋名词”构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。
Three-fourths of the surface is sea .
问题7：
All but one_____here just now . (1997 NMET)
A. is B .was C. have been D. were
what, who, which, any, more, most, all 等代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要依意思而定。
Which is your pen 哪是你的笔？
Which are your pens 哪些是你们的笔？
B) All can be done has been done .
All have gone to the park .
问题8：
He is the only one of the students who ____ a winner of scholarship for three years. (02上海春) A. is B. are C. have been D. has been
who, which, that 作定语从句的主语时，其谓语取决于先行词。
Those who want to go should sign your names here.
He is one of the students who have passed the exam.
He is the only one of the students who has passed the
exam.
问题9：
Mathematics ____ the language of science. (1978 )
A. is B. are going to be C. are
以-ics结尾的学科名词，如“mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, 等，形式上为复数，实际为单数，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。
另外：复数名词用作书，电影、戏剧、报刊、国家等名称时，谓语动词用单数。
His “selected Poems”____ first published in 1965. (78)
A. were B. was C. has been
问题10
His family ___ all football fans. A. is B. has been C. are being D. are
一些集体名词做主语，如果看作一个整体，谓语动词用单数；如果指其中的成员，谓语用复数．但people, police, cattle等只能用复数．
My family is a big family.
My family are listening to the radio.
The police are trying to catch the thief.
问题11
The rich ___ not always happy. A. is B. has C. have D. are
形容词加定冠词 the 表示一类人时，谓语动词用复数。
What a life the poor were living!
The young are happy to give their seats to the old.
问题12
1. Growing vegetables ____ constant watering. A. need B. are needed C. is needed D. needs 2. What I say and think ____ no business of yours. A. is B. are C. were D. both A and B
当动名词短语、不定式短语和从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如果用 and 连接两个从句或短语作主语，则需看是表示一个整体还是不同的两件事。题（2）中的 “What I say and think” 既可理解为同一件事也可理解为不同的两个动作。
（注意：从句作主语时有时需根据表语来定。）
2010年高考语法复习
代 词
1、人称代词的替代和转换;
2、物主代词的性；
3、else 的用法；
4、不定代词的用法比较;
5、it 的用法；
高考考点分析
人称代词的指代问题
问题1：
It was ____ who did it, but it was ____ that we are talking about.
A. he … she B. him … her C. him … she D. he … her
解析： 人称代词的主格在句子中作主语或表语，例如： John waited a while but eventually he went home. 约翰等了一会儿，最后他回家了。 人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语，但在口语中也能作表语，第一人称在省略句中，还可以作主语，例如： I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.
问题中前后两个分句都是强调句，前面的代词作 did it 的主语，而后面的代词作 talking about 的宾语。
D
2）在使用人称代词时，要注意其人称、数和格的一致。如：
Jim and I saw the man passing by.
Between you and me, he stole a lot of money from somewhere.
(私下跟你说吧，不知他从哪里偷了一大笔钱呢。)
He asked three of us, John, Joan and me, to have dinner with
him.
Meat and fish are more expensive than they used to be.
不定代词 anybody，everybody，nobody，anyone，
someone， everyone，no one， 及 whoever 和 person 在正
式场合使用时，可用 he, his, him 代替。 Nobody came, did he 谁也没来，是吗
2. 人称代词之主、宾格的替换
问题2：
— Susan, go and join your sister cleaning the yard.
— Why John is sitting there doing nothing.
（03全国卷）
A．him B．he C．I D．me
解析： 在简短对话中，当人称代词单独使用或在 not 后，
多用宾格。 ---- I like English. --我喜欢英语。 ---- Me too. --我也喜欢。 ---- Have more wine --再来点酒喝吗 ---- Not me. --我可不要了。
D
问题3：
--- May I speak to John --- This is _____ speaking.
A. he B. his C. him D. himself
解析：a. 在介词 but，except 后，有时可用主格代替宾格。
All but _____ to the concert tomorrow.
A. he and I am going B. he and I are going
C. he and me are going D. his and me am going b. 在电话用语中常用主格。 ---- I wish to speak to Mary. --- 我想和玛丽通话。 ---- This is she. --- 我就是玛丽。
A
B
3. 物主代词的性
问题4：
--- Is this camera like Bill’s and Ann’s
--- No, but it’s almost the same as ______. (1994) A. her B. yours C. them D. their
B
解析：形容词性的物主代词修饰名词，不能独用; 名词性的物主代词在用法上相当于省略了中心名词的-’s所有格结构，例如： That is my book. That book is mine.
Theirs is a very large university.
另外，在动名词前常加上形容词性的物主代词构成动名词的复合结构。如：
Would you mind my opening the window
4. 反身代词
问题5：
You will find as you read fiats book that you just can't keep some of these stones to ______. You will want to share them with a friend. （05湖南）
A. itself B. yourself
C. himself D. themselves
B
反身代词通常作宾语、表语和同位语。 a. 作宾语：有些动词需有反身代词 absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt,
introduce, behave, help, dress, keep, … We enjoyed ourselves very much last night.
Please help yourself to some fish.
b. 作表语； be oneself:
I am not myself today. 我今天不舒服。
c. 作同位语 The thing itself is not important. 事情本身并不重要。
A、some / any
问题1
There’s______ cooking oil left in the house. Would you go to the corner store and get______ （04北京）
A. little; some B. little; any
C. a little; some D. a little; any
问题2
I asked him for some oil, but he hadn’t ___. (1986) A. any B. some C. no D. anything
A
A
说明：
some “一些”，一般用于肯定句中。
1) 可与复数名词及不可数名词连用。 2) 当做“某一”解时，也可与单数名词连用。(= a certain) You will be sorry for this some day. A certain (some) person has seen you break the rule. 注意：some 用于其他句式中:
a. 肯定疑问句中：说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的，
或期望得到肯定回答时。 Would you like句式中，表委婉请求或建议，如： Would you like some coffee b. 在条件状语从句中表示确定的意义时，如： If you need some help，let me know.
c. some 位于主语部分, Some students haven’t been there before. d. 当否定的是整体中的部分时，some可用于否定句。如：I haven’t heard from some of my old friends these years. 这些年我没有收到一些老朋友的信
any “一些”，多用于否定句和疑问句和条件句中。 当表示 “任何一个” 的意思时，any 可用于肯定句。 Here are three novels. You may read any.
这有三本小说，你可任读一本。
问题3：
We haven’t enough books for ; some of you will have to share. （05全国卷1）
A．somebody B．anybody C．everybody D．nobody
问题4：
--- One week’s time has been wasted.
--- I can’t believe we did all that work for . (04重庆）
A. something B. nothing C. everything D. anything
C
B
注意：some, any, every 所构成的合成不定代词不能与 of 连用，只有分开才可接 of 短语。如：
some one of us; every one of them
但要注意：none of them ( no one 后不接 of 短语)
B、 one，that 和 it
问题1： Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment, _____ I will always treasure.（02N）
Ａ．that Ｂ．one Ｃ．it Ｄ．what
问题2： The Parkers bought a new house but _____ will need a lot of work before they can move in. (2001 N)
A. they B. it C. one D. which
问题3： I prefer a flat in Inverness to ______in Perth, because I want to live near my Mom’s. （05天津卷）
A. one B. that C. it D. this
问题4： Cars do cause us some health problems — in fact far more serious _______ than mobile phones do. (05江西卷)
A．one B．ones C．it D．those
B
B
A
B
说明：
one 表示泛指，that 和 it 表示特指。that与所指名词为同类，但不是同一个，而 it 与所指名词为同一个。 I can’t find my hat. I think I must buy one. (不定) 我找不到我的帽子了。我想我该去买一顶。 The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought.
(同类但不同个) 你买的那顶帽子比我买的大。 I can't find my hat. I don' t know where I put it. ( 同一物) 我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了
C、 another / other / the other / others / the others
问题1：Young people may grow quickly in some ways and more slowly in ____. (1993 上海)
A. the other B. some other C. others D. these others
问题2： One of the sides of the board should be painted yellow, and ____. (2000 北京春季)
A. the other is white B. another white
C. the other white D. another is white
问题3： No progress was made in the trade talk as neither side
would accept the conditions of _______. （05上海卷）
A. others B. the other C. either D. another
C
C
B
说明：
one… the other 只有两个 one… another，another… some… others，others… others = other people / things the others = the rest 剩余的全部 1) 泛指另一个用another。 2) 一定范围内两人(物)，一个用 one，另一个用 the other。 3) 一定范围内三者，一个用 one，另一个用one (another)，
第三个可用the other，a third。 4) 一定范围内，除去一部分人/物，剩余的全部用the
others。 5) 除去已有的，表示“还有多少”，一般有三个结构：
① another + 数量 + 名词；② 数量 + other + 名词；
③ 数量 + more + 名词。
D、 anyone / any one；no one / none；nothing
问题1： Playing tricks on others is _____ we should never do.
（04湖南）
A. anything B. something C. everything D. nothing
问题2： We haven’t enough books for ; some of you will have to share. （05全国卷1）
A．somebody B．anybody C．everybody D．nobody
问题3： She doesn’t know anyone here. She has got______to talk to. （04广东）
A. anyone B. someone C. everyone D. no one
B
C
D
1. anyone 和 any one anyone 仅指人,不与 of 连用；any one 既可指人,也可指物。
2. no one 和 none a) none 后跟 of 短语，既可指人又可指物，而 no one 只
单独使用，只指人。
b) none 作主语，谓语动词用单，复数均可，而 no one 作
主语，谓语动词只能是单数。 None of you could lift it. 你们中没有人可举起它。 ---- Did any one call me up just now ---- No one.
none 和 nothing
none 只指量，指所指的一类人或物中一个都没有；
nothing 泛指，什么东西都不存在。后面不接 of 短语。如： --- Are there any eggs in the fridge
--- None. In fact, there is nothing in the fridge.
E、every 和each
问题：
____ he goes out for some food.
A. Every a few days B. Every few days C. Each few days D. Every several days
B
说明：
1) every 强调全体的概念， each强调个体概念。 Every student in our school works hard.
Each student may have one book..
2) every 指三个以上的人或物(含三个)，each指两个以
上的人或物 (含两个)
3) every 只作形容词，不可单独使用。each可作代词或形
容词。 Every student has to take one. Each boy has to take one. Each of the boys has to take one. 4) every不可以作状语，each可作状语。
We each have a glass to drink water with. 5) every 有反复重复的意思，如 every two weeks等； each
没有。 6) every 与not 连用，表示部分否定； each 和not连用表
示全部否定。 Every man is not honest. 并非每个人都诚实。 Each man is not honest. 这儿每个人都不诚实
F、 both, either, neither, all, any, none
问题1： I invited Joe and Linda to dinner, but ____ of them
came. （04北京）
A. neither B. either C. none D. both
问题2： --- Do you want tea or coffee
--- _____. I really don’t mind. (2000 北京春季)
A. Both B. None C. Either D. Neither
问题3： --- Which of the three ways shall I take to the village
--- _________ way as you please. （04福建）
A．Each B．Every C．Any D．Either
问题4： 26. I had to buy _________ these books because I
didn’t know which one was the best. （04上海）
A. both B. none C. neither D. all
A
C
C
D
1）both (两者都)，either (两者中任何一个)， neither (两者都不)。以上词使用范围为两个人或物。 Neither of the two boys is clever. 两个男孩都不聪明。 注意 both，either 的用法区别： both与复数连用，either与单数连用。 Both the boys are clever. Either of the two boys is clever.
There are flowers on both sides of the street.
There are flowers on either side of the street. 2）all (所有的，全部的人或物)，any (任何一个)， none (都不)。 以上词使用范围为三者以上。 All the flowers are gone. 所有的花都谢了。 I don’t like any of the flowers. 这些花我都不喜欢。 I like none of the flowers. 这些花我都不喜欢。 注意：all 与 none 用法一样。跟单数名词，用单数动词；跟复数名词，用复数动词。 All of the students are there. All (of) the milk is there.
G、few, little, a few, a little, a bit
问题: Although he’s wealthy，he spends ___ on clothes. A. little B. few C. a little D. a few
A
spend 所指的是钱，不可数，只能用 little 或 a little. 本句为 although 引导的让步状语从句，由句意知后句为否定含义，因此应用 little 表示几乎不。
(a) few + 可数名词, (a) little + 不可数名词 a few / a little 为肯定含义，还有一点 few / little 为否定含义，没有多少了。
a bit of + 不可数名词
not a little = much; not a bit = not at all He has a few friends. 他有几个朋友。 He has few friends. 他几乎没有朋友。 We still have a little time. 我们还有点时间。 There is little time left.几乎没剩下什么时间了。
There is only a bit of ink in the bottle.
We are not a little tired because we have been working for
almost twenty hours.
Although he had walked a long way, he didn’t feel tired a bit.
考题点击：
--- Did you go on many of the hunting trips --- No, _____.
A. not much B. little at all C. fewer D. very few
2) --- Are you feeling tired after the game
--- _____. In fact, I feel quite relaxed.
A. Not a little B. Not a bit C. Not little D. Not bit
3) Tom never goes out to eat because he has ____ money.
A. few B. little C. a little D. a few
_____ friends Betty had made there were all invited to her
birthday party. (1997 上海)
A. Few of B. Few C. The few D. A few
D
B
B
C
问题1
--- Victor certainly cares too much about himself.
--- Yes. He’s never interested in what ______ is doing.
（05重庆卷） (B)
A. no one else B. anyone else
C. someone else D. nobody else
else 常与不定代词连用，用来表示“别的……人或物”，近几年已成为高考中的热点。 no one else = nobody else，表示“没别的人”，someone else 表示“别的某个人”, anyone else 表示“别的任何人”。
问题2
If this dictionary is not yours，_____can it be (NMET2001) A．what else B．who else
C．which else’s D．who else’s
除了不定代词外，另一种可以与else连用的词就是疑问词。else 结构的所有格是在else后加-’s。
1. it作人称代词,代替前面提到的事物.
2. it指代时间,季节,距离.
3. it作形式宾语,常用在6123结构中.(think , find, make, believe, …)
4. it作形式主语. 当动名词,不定式,从句作主语时,常用it作形式主语.
5. It is … that….的强调句型.
内容提要
1．代替上文中提到过的人或事物。指代人时，一般用于小孩或身份不十分明朗的人。 例如：
－Who is the baby －It’s my teacher’s son．
－Who is that gentleman
－It’s my friend, Tom．He (不可用It) wants to see you．
【典型例题】 (NMET2001)
The Parkers bought a new house but _____ will
need a lot of work before they can move in.
A. they B. it C. one D. which
B
2．用于表达天气、环境、时间、距离、季节等。
◆ It’s half an hour’s walk from here to our school．
◆ It’s nice and warm here．But it’s two o’clock now, and it’s time for us to go to school．
注意下列几种表示时间的句型
①.It is time ( about time ,high time ) that ...
◆ It’s high time that we left.
②.It is the first ( second ... ) time that ...
◆ It’s the first time that I have been praised.
③.It is .... since ...
◆ It’s three years since they got married.
④.It is / was ... when ...
◆ It was 1949 when the PRC was founded.
⑤.It is / was ... before ...
◆ It will be two years before we meet again.
3. We think it important to learn a foreign language. 该句型中的it 作形式宾语。为了记忆方便我们可称该句型为“6123结构”。 6 指主句中常用的动词：think, believe,
make, find, consider, feel； 1 指的是形式宾语 it； 2 指的是宾补的两种形式：形容词或名
词； 3 指的是真正宾语的三种形式：不定式短
语, 动名词短语或 that 引导的宾语从句。
4. It is necessary ( for sb. ) to do sth. 此句型中的真正主语是不定式短语，主句中的形容词通常是表示重要性，紧迫性，频繁程度，难易，安全等情况的形容词，常见的形容词有：① important, necessary, natural ② easy ,
safe , common , normal , hard , difficult ,
dangerous , unusual, rare , impossible , pleasant
在①中的形容词作表语可以用从句改写，
如：It is important for her to come to the party.
= It is important that she (should ) come to
the party
It作形式主语时的几个常见句型:
①. It is kind ( of sb. ) to do sth. 该句型中的不定式如果须要逻辑主语，则
须要前置介词 of, 而句型中的形容词必须是
能表示逻辑主语特征的形容词，常见的有：
bad , brave , careless, clever , cruel , foolish ,
good （好心的）, honest , horrible , kind ,
lazy , modest , naughty , nice（有教养的）,
polite, rude , silly , stupid , wise , wrong
这个句型可以改写为：sb. is kind to do sth.
②. It takes sb. ... to do sth. “做…要花某人…”
◆ It took me ages to repair my computer.
③. It is no good (use ) doing sth. 该句型中的真正主语是动名词短语，主句中的表语可以是 no good , no use , no value, no importance …
◆ It’s no use crying over the spilt milk.
④. It doesn’t matter whether ( if ) ... ＂不论（是否）…没关系…
◆ It doesn’t matter whether he is for my plan or not.
⑤. It happens (seems, appears ) that...
◆ It happened that I had seen this problem in some book.
⑥. It is said (reported, learned....) that ... “据说”（据报道，据悉．．．）
◆ It is said that he has gone to New York to attend a medical meeting.
⑦. It is a pity ( a shame ... ) that ...
◆ It is a pity that we have lost the match with a close score.
⑧. It is important ( necessary, right, strange, natural...) that ... 记住that 后的从句应用虚拟语气（should + 动词原形），should 可以省去．
⑨. It is suggested ( ordered ... ) that ... that 后的从句要用虚拟语气（should + 动词原形），should 可以省．常译为＂据建议；有命令…）
⑩. It is up to sb. to do sth.
该句型为“该由某人做…”。该句型中 up
后的to是介词。
◆ It is up to him to clean our classroom today. 今天应由他做教室清洁。
◆ It is up to parents to teach their children manners. 该由父母教孩子礼貌。
5. It is + 被强调部分 + that ... 将被强调的部分放在前面，其它部分置
于 that 之后．被强调部分可以是主语，宾
语，表语或状语．强调的主语如果是人，
that 可以由 who 换用．如果把这种句型结构
划掉后，应该是一个完整无缺的句子．这也
是与其 它从句区别判断的方法．
注意: It is not until + 被强调部分 + that ... 强凋“直到…才…”，需将 not 置于
until 之前
It was about 600 years ago ______ the first clock with face and an hour hand was made． (NMET97，单项填空) A．that B．until C．before D．when
____computers play such an important part in our daily life A．Why it is that B．Why is it that C．Why was it that D．Why is it
B
A
3. It was only when I reread his poems recently ____I began to appreciate their beauty．
A．until B．that C．then D．so
4. It was how the young man had learned five foreign languages______ attracted the audience’s interest.
A. so that B. that C. what D. in which
B
B
2010年高考语法复习
定 语 从 句
1. 定语从句考点
1、关系代词 that – which; whose; which – as 的用
法比较；
2、关系代词和关系副词的用法比较；
3、介词加关系代词引导的定语从句；
4、定语从句与并列句的区别。
1、关系代词的用法比较
问题1： 1、Jim passed the driving test, ______ surprised everybody in
the office. （05浙江卷）
A．which B．that C．this D．it
2、Luckily, we’d brought a road map without ______ we
would have lost our way. （04北京春季）
A. it B. that C. this D. which
A
当先行词为物时，关系代词可以用 that 也可用 which，但在介词后面以及在非限制性定语从句中，只能用 which，不能用 that。
D
但在下列情况中，只能用 that，不用 which：
①当先行词是 all, a lot, (a) little, few, much, none, anything, something, everything, nothing 等词时。如：
All that can be done has been done.
In this factory I saw little / much that was different from ours.
②当先行词被 all, any, no, much, little, few, every 等限定词所修饰时。如：
We heard clearly every word that he said.
③当先行词是序数词或被序数词所修饰时。如：
The first thing that should be done is to get the tickets.
When people talk about Hangzhou, the first that comes to mind is the West Lake.
④当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级所修饰，以及先行词被序数词和形容词最高级同时修饰时，如：
Is that the best that you can do
That’s the most expensive hotel that we’ve ever stayed in.
This novel is the second best one that I have ever read.
⑤当先行词被 the very, the only, the next, the last等所修饰时。如：
This is the very book that I want to find.
⑥当先行词为指人和指物的两个并列名词词组时。如：
The guests spoke highly of the children and their performances that they saw at the Children’s Palace.
She described in her compositions the people and places that impressed her most.
⑦当主句是以 which 开头的特殊疑问句时。如：Which is the car that killed the boy
问题2： 1) Last month, part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods, from
_______effects the people are still suffering. （05天津卷）
A. that B. whose C. those D. what
2) George Orwell, ______ was Eric Arthur, wrote many political
novels and essays. (04北京）
A. the real name B. what his real name
C. his real name D. whose real name
B
D
“whose +名词中心词”这一结构在定语从句中既能作主语（如题2），又能作宾语（如题1）。whose 的先行词常用来指人（如题2），但有时也可以用来指具体事物或抽象概念（如题1），这时可以与of which 结构互换，词序是：“名词+of which” 。题1可变为：from the effects of which …
问题3： 1、_____ is often the case, we have worked out the production
plan. （04江苏）
A. Which B. When C. What D. As
2、John said he’d been working in the office for an hour,
_______ was true. （01北京春季）
A．he B．this C．which D．who
D
非限制性定语从句一般采用 which 或 as 来引导。使用这两个词时要注意三点： （1）as 引导的从句可以放在主句之前，而which 引导的从句只能放在主句之后。（2）从意义上讲，which 指前面主句的内容；而 as 指代的是作为一般人都知道的常识性的东西，因此常译成“就象……那样、正如所……的”。 （3）如果定语从句的内容对主句的内容起消极作用，则用 which，而不用 as，
C
问题4： What surprised me was not what he said but he said it. （04湖北）
A．the way B．in the way that
C．in the way D．the way which
A
该句的意思是“使我感到惊奇的不是他说了些什么，而是他表达的方法。”句中“what he said”和“the way he said it”是并列结构作表语。假如 the way 在从句中作状语，其中的关系词有三种不同的表达方式。1) the way + that; 2) the way 后省略关系词; 3) the way + in which。根据句意可以排除B、C；答案D which 前缺少介词 in，所以答案为A。
2、关系代词和关系副词的比较
问题1：
1、Do you still remember the chicken farm _____ we visited
three months ago （05北京春季）
A. where B. when C. that D. what
2、There were dirty marks on her trousers ______ she had wiped
her hands. （04全国II）
A. where B. which C. when D. that
C
A
当先行词是表时间的 time, day 等和表地点的 place, house 等时，一定要注意分析从句的结构。如果缺少主语或宾语，关系词应该用 which 或 that, 缺少时间状语或地点状语时，才能用 when 或 where。题1中的 farm 作 visited 的宾语，故选C；题2中的 trousers 作 wiped 的地点状语，故选A。
使用关系副词应注意下列几点：
1、关系副词在意义上都相当于一定的介词 + which结构：
when = on (in, at, during…) + which;
where = in (at, on…) + which;
why = for which. 如：
I was in Beijing on the day when (= on which) he arrived.
The office where (= in which) he works is on the third floor.
This is the chief reason why (= for which) we did it.
2、当先行词是表时间和表地点的 词时，一定要注意分析从句的结构，如果缺少主语或宾语时，关系词应该用 which 或 that, 缺少时间状语或地点状语时，才能用 when 或 where，试比较：
I’ll never forget the day when my hometown was liberated.
I’ll never forget the days which / that we spent together last summer.
His father works in a factory where radio parts are made.
His father works in a factory which / that makes radio parts.
3、 when 和 where 既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。而 why 只能引导限制性定语从句。
3、介词加关系代词引导定语从句
问题1：
1、The place ____ the bridge is supposed to be built should be
___ the cross-river traffic is the heaviest. (05江苏卷)
A. which; where B. at which; which
C. at which; where D. which; in which
2、He was educated at a local grammar school, ____ he went
on to Cambridge. （05山东卷）
A. from which B. after that C. after which D. from this
C
C
题1中 the place 在定语从句中作 to be built 的地点状语，此处的 at which 相当于 where; 后面是表语从句，表示建在某地。题2表示读完当地的语法学校后去剑桥深造，故选C。
介词加关系代词引导定语从句是近几年高考中
的热点，复习中需注意以下几个问题：
关系代词作介词宾语，不论是在限制性定语从句中，还是在非限制性定语从句中，当介词前置时，只能用 whom 指人，which 指物；但如果介词后置，则不受这种限制，关系代词还可以省去，特别是在口语中。如：
Do you know the boy to whom she was talking
Do you know the boy (that) she was talking to
The pencil (which / that) he was writing with
suddenly broke.
2. 要确认关系代词前用什么介词，需根据从句中的动词与先行词的关系来确定。所以解题时需分析从句与主句之间的关系。
巩固练习：
American women usually identify their best friend as
someone _____ they can talk frequently. （04上海）
A. who B. as C. about which D. with whom
2. The English play ______ my students acted at the New
Year’s party was a great success. （04全国I）
A for which B at which C in which D on which
3. There are altogether eleven books on the shelf, ______ five
are mine. （04全国IV）
A on which B in which C of which D from which
4. The journey around the world took the old sailor nine
months, _____ the sailing time was 226 days. （04广西）
A. of which B. during which C. from which D. for which
A
D
C
C
4. 非限制性定语从句与并列句的区别
问题1：
There are two buildings, stands nearly a hundred feet high. （04湖北）
A．the larger B．the larger of them
C．the larger one that D．the larger of which
要区别是并列句还是非限制性定语从句，关键是看两个
句子之间是否有连词，若有表示并列关系的连词或分号破折
号，那就是并列句；如果两句之间没有这些连接符号，那就
是非限制性定语从句，此时就需考虑使用适当的关系代词或
关系副词了。
D
巩固练习：
The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year,
80% are sold abroad. （04辽宁）
A．of which B．which of C．of them D．of that
2. I have many friends, some are businessmen.
（05全国卷1）
A．of them B．from which C．who of D．of whom
A
D
题2也可以改为：some of whom are businessmen. 如果在之
前加上连词 and，就只能用 some of them，而且不能倒装。
5、注意 the same … as / such … as 的使用问题
当先行词被 the same 所修饰时，关系词既可以用 as，也可以用 that。在表示具体事物时，有时两者有一定的区别。一般说来，表示同一种类多用 as，表示同一事物多用 that。如：
This is the same instrument that I used yesterday. 这就是我昨天用过的那台仪器。
This is the same instrument as I used yesterday. 这台仪器跟我昨天用过的那台一样。
在抽象概念上，同种类和同一事物是没有绝对区别的，所以两个词可换用：
I have the same opinion as / that you have.
这里要注意的是：
(1) 使用 as 时，它引导的定语从句中的动词可以省略，但使用 that 时，定语从句中的动词不可省略。如：
Women received the same pay as men.
Women received the same pay that men received.
(2) 在 “the same…that” 结构中，that只是用来加强语气，强调“相同”。that可以省去而不改变句子原意，甚至连名词前的 same 也可以省去。如：
This is the same instrument that I used yesterday.
= This is the same instrument I used yesterday.
= This is the instrument I used yesterday.
但在 “the same…as” 结构中，same 和 as 都不能省略。
(3)当 “the same…that” 结构中的 that 作为关系副词用时，不可以直接与 as 互换。如：
He lives in the same building that I live.
= He lives in the same building as / that I live in.
Shall we meet at the same place that we last
met
= Shall we meet at the same place that / as we last
met at
(4) 当先行词前有 such, so, as 时，关系词应当用as。如：
A wise man seldom talks about such things as he doesn’t understand.
He spoke in such easy English as everybody could understand.
At this time of the day, all buses and trolleys have to carry as many passengers as they can.
It is so easy a book as every schoolboy can read.
Let’s discuss such things as we can talk of freely.
另需注意：
This book is written in such easy English as beginners can understand.（定语从句）
This book is written in such easy English that beginners can understand it.（结果状语从句）
2010年高考语法复习
虚 拟 语 气
1. 虚拟语气的考点
1、条件句中的虚拟语气的用法；
2、条件句中虚拟语气的倒装；
3、名词性从句中虚拟语气的用法；
4、几种特殊结构中虚拟语气的用法；
5、虚拟语气与陈述语气的判定。
1、陈述语气与虚拟语气
典型例题 1) The volleyball match will be put off if it _____. A. will rain B. rains C. rained D. is rained
2) --- Would you have called her up _____ possible
--- Yes, but I _____ busy doing my homework.
A. had it been … was B. if it was … were
C. if it had been … had been D. if it were … would be
B
该句为陈述语气，因为主句用的是 will be put off。真实条件句主句为将来时，从句用一般现在时代将来时。
问句中用的是虚拟语气，主句用 would have called, 从句中与过去相反的动词形式为 had done；答句中表示的是真实的情况，所以该用陈述语气。
A
2、条件句中的虚拟语气
时 间 If 条件句 主 句
过 去 had done would have done
现 在 did / were would do
将 来 should do
were to do
did / were would do
高考题点击 1) You didn’t let me drive. If we ____ in turn, you ____ so tired.
（96 N）
A. drove…didn’t get B. had driven…wouldn’t have got
C. drove…wouldn’t get D. were driving…wouldn’t get
2) It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I
_____ in love, at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox
Library in my hometown. (02 上海)
A. wouldn’t have fallen B. had not fallen
C. should fall D. were to fall
前句用的是陈述语气，表示过去发生的事；后句是虚拟语气，表示与过去相反。
B
B
该句主句中用的是与现在相反的虚拟语气，而从句中使用的是与过去相反的虚拟语气。全句意思为“如果我不在七岁时迷上了我们家乡的 Melinda Cox Library，我真不能想象我今天会做什么。”
3、条件句中虚拟语气的特殊情况
虚拟倒装句
What would have happened, _____ as far as the river bank
(01 上海)
Bob had walked farther B. if Bob should walk farther
C. had Bob walked farther D. if Bob walked farther
2) 错综条件句
If you _____ him yesterday, you _____ what to do now.
asked … would know B. had asked … would have known
C. asked him … know D. had asked … would know
C
D
3) 介词短语表条件
But for your help, we couldn’t have succeeded.
They wouldn’t have reached the agreement so easily without that common ground.
4) 情境中提供虚拟语气
Suppose there were no gravitational force, objects would not fall to the ground when dropped.
She wasn’t feeling very well. Otherwise she wouldn’t have left the meeting so early.
高考题点击：
Jack ____ yet, otherwise he would have phoned me. (N 97)
A. mustn’t have arrived B. shouldn’t have arrived
C. can’t have arrived D. needn’t have arrived
C
5) 比较if only与only if
only if 表示“只有”；if only 则表示“如果……就好了”。
If only 也可用于陈述语气。 I wake up only if the alarm clock rings.
只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。 If only the alarm clock had rung.
当时闹钟响了，就好了。 If only he comes early.
但愿他早点回来。
4. 名词性从句中的虚拟语气
A、宾语从句中的虚拟语气
在动词 suggest, order, demand, request, desire, insist, require, decide, determine, advise, recommend, deserve (值得提及) 后需用 should 型的虚拟语气。
考题点击：
The teacher demanded that the work _____ before 4 o’clock.
A. finished B. be finished C. should finish D. finish
2. --- What did the doctor say about your mother’s illness
--- He suggested that she _____ an operation at once.
A. must have B. had C. have D. had had
B
C
B、主语从句中的虚拟语气
基本句型：
It is suggested, ordered, proposed, required, demanded, requested, insisted； + (should) do
It is important, necessary, natural, desirable, strange, advisable, imperative…
It is a pity, a shame, no wonder
考题点击：
1. Is it necessary that he _____ the examination
A. takes B. has to take C. must take D. take
2. It is strange that he _____ you this.
A. would tell B. should tell C. had told D. has told
D
B
C、表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气
在 suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice 等名词后面
的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即（should）+动
词原形。 My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference. I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.
考题点击：
His suggestion that you _____ once more sounds reasonable.
A. try B. tries C. must try D. can try
A
5. 虚拟语气在其它情况下的使用
1) wish 后的虚拟语气：
高考题点击：
How I wish every family _____ a large house with a beautiful garden! (02 上海) A. has B. had C. will have D. had had
2) as if 从句：
高考题点击：
When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it ____. (95 N)
A. breaks B. has broken
C. were broken D. had been broken
B
C
3) It’s time 从句：
It is (high) time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。 It is time that the children went to bed. It is high time that the children should go to bed.
类似的结构为 would rather 从句：
I would rather you attended the meeting this afternoon.
考题点击：
--- Do you mind if I leave the window open
--- Well, I’d rather you _____ .
A. don’t B. didn’t C. won’t D. mustn’t
2. It’s half past eleven. It’s high time _____ home.
A. we’ll B. we’d C. we’re going D. we went
B
D
2010年高考语法复习
形容词和副词
考 点 分 析
1、形容词和副词的基本用法；
2、形容词和副词的位置；
3、形容词和副词的级别；
4、常见形容词和副词的用法比较。
形容词的基本用法
1、形容词的词义
问题1：
--- I’m very ________ with my own cooking. It looks nice
and smells delicious.
--- Mm, it does have a ________ smell. (2002北京)
A. pleasant, pleased B. pleased, pleased
C. pleasant, pleasant D. pleased, pleasant
D
高考中关于形容词的词义的题考得不少，复习时需密切关注。该句中 pleased 表示“感到满意（高兴）的”；pleasant 表示“令人满意（高兴）的”。根据句意不难发现答案为D。
问题2： Their cheerful voice showed that they were having a
____ discussion. (1997上海)
A. noisy B. serious C. complete D. friendly
问题3： If it is quite _______ to you, I will visit you next
Tuesday. （05天津卷）
A. convenient B. fair C. easy D. comfortable
D
该句中 cheerful 是重要的提示词，意为“欢快的”。noisy; serious 以及 complete 显然都与题义无关。是形容词，意为“友好的”，只有它符合题义。
It is convenient for sb. to do sth. 该句型意为：“某人方便（适合）做某事”；一般不说“sb. is convenient to do sth.” 其它三个词显然不符合句义。
A
2、后置定语问题
问题4：
All the people _____ at the party were his supporters. (02北京)
A. present B. thankful C. interested D. important
解析：形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是下列情况要后置：
proper (本身), present (在场的，出席的), involved
(有关的), concerned (相关的), left (剩下的), objecting
(反对的), mentioned (提及的), selected (当选的)等。
如 the students present (出席的学生)
the cost involved (所需费用)
A
f.
下列情况也要后置： a. some, any, no, every 构成的复合不定代词的修饰语要后
置．如：
something new; nothing serious; anything interesting b. else 修饰不定代词和疑问代词时，要后置。如：
Nobody else is so silly as you are. c. 不定式短语，动名词短语，分词短语，介词短语做定
语要后置。如：
Do you still remember the afternoon in the first year at
college when the professor gave us a chemistry lesson d. 以 a- 开头的形容词做定语要后置．如：alike, alive,
alone, asleep, afraid, awake… 如：
He is the only man awake at that time.
巩固练习：
I can’t get a good picture on my TV set. There must be something ____ with it.
A. bad B. matter C. the matter D. the wrong
2. _____ to take this adventure course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills.
A. Brave enough students B. Enough brave students
C. Students brave enough D. Students enough brave
3. There is _____ to hold the water.
A. nothing big enough B. nothing enough big
C. big enough nothing D. enough big nothing
C
C
A
3、以-ly 结尾的形容词
问题5：
What he said sounds ________. (1993上海)
nicely B. pleasantly C. friendly D. wonderfully
解析：1） 大部分形容词加-ly 可构成副词。但 friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，manly, timely, worldly (老于世故的) 仍为形容词。 改错：(错） She sang lovely. （对） Her singing was lovely. （错） He spoke to me very friendly. （对） He spoke to me in a very friendly way. 2）有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词，也为副词。 daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early The Times is a daily paper. It is published daily.
C
多个形容词修饰名词的顺序
问题1
John Smith, a successful businessman, has a car. （04辽宁）
A．large German white B．large white German
C．white large German D．German large white
多个形容词修饰名词时，其顺序为： 限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色) --出处--材料性质，类别--名词
根据这个公式，就不难排列出：大小 + 颜色 + 出处，故选择B。
B
问题2: This _______ girl is Lind’s cousin. (05北京卷)
A. pretty little Spanish B. Spanish little pretty
C. Spanish pretty little D. little pretty Spanish
问题3：One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace. A. old Chinese stone B. Chinese old stone
C. old stone Chinese D. Chinese stone old
由“限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色) --性质--名词”的公式可知，描绘词 + 大小 + 出处的顺序，最符合答案。
根据排列顺序： 大小、形状 +年龄+颜色+来源+质地+用途+名词可选择A
A
A
常见形容词的比较
1). worth --- worthy --- worthwhile
2) alike --- like ---likely
3) dead --- deadly --- deathly
4) historic --- historical
5) live --- lively --- alive --- living
6) possible --- probable--- likely
7) valueless ---priceless
8) respectable (可敬的、高尚的) --- respectful (表示敬意的)
A respectable man is respectful to others.
9) healthy (健康的) --- healthful (有益于健康的)
The air at seaside is healthful to us. So all of us are healthy.
巩固练习：
The World Cup in France was the biggest _____ football match in the world.
A. alive B. live C. lively D. living
2. Anyone who has spent time with children knows the difference in the way boys and girls respond (反应) to the _____ situation.
A. likely B. same C. alike D. similar
3. It’s _____ to rain but not _____ before evening.
A. possible … probable B. probable … possible
C. possibly … probably D. probably … possibly
B
D
A
副词的基本用法
问题1：______, some famous scientists have the qualities of being both careful and careless. （04上海春季）
A. Strangely enough B. Enough strangely
C. Strange enough D. Enough strange
问题2： Can you believe that in _____ a rich country there should be _____ many poor people (1995 N)
A. such, such B. such, so C. so, so D. so, such
A
B
副词 enough 要放在形容词和副词的后面，形容词 enough 放在名词前后都可。
A: 基本句型：such + (a) + adj. + n. ; so + adj. + a + n.
B: such 后可加各种名词，而so后面只能加单数名词；
C: so 可加 many, much, few, little 等，而such不能。
问题3： We don’t care if a hunting dog smells ____, but we really don’t want him to smell _____. (1995上海)
A. well, well B. bad, bad C. well, badly D. badly, bad
问题4： Allen had to call a taxi because the box was _____
to carry all the way home. （03全国卷）
A．much too heavy B．too much heavy
C．heavy too much D．too heavy much
C
A
smell 有双重词性，作“闻起来”解是系动词，后接形容词作表语；作“嗅”解是形为动词，后接副词。该题的干扰项是B，“smells bad” 表示闻起来很臭，不可能同时放入两个空格。
much too 是副词，用来修饰形容词或副词；too much 是名词或形容词，可单独使用或修饰名词。
问题5： John is very lazy. He falls ______ behind in his
studies. (05(广东卷)
A. very B. far C. more D. still
问题6：— Must I turn off the gas after cooking
— Of course . You can never be careful with that .
(05江西卷)
A．enough B．too C．so D．very
B
B
副词的修饰关系是现今高考的热点之一，复习中应予以足够的重视。“far behind …”表示“远远地掉在后面”。
“can never be too …”是一种固定的表达方式，意为“越……就越好”
常用副词的比较
问题1： It was raining heavily. Little Mary felt cold, so she
stood ______ to her mother.( 2002北京)
A. close B. closely C. closed D. closing
问题2： We decided not to climb the mountains because it was
raining _______. (1996 N)
A. badly B. hardly C. strongly D. heavily
A
D
close to 离……近，此处 close 是副词；closely 表示“密切地”，与题意无关。
表示 “雨下得大”可用 rain hard; rain heavily 等，不用 badly 或 strongly。表示“刮大风”可用 strong wind。hardly 是否定词，与句意无关。
注意下面兼有两种形式的副词
close 与 closely close意思是“近”； closely 意思是“仔细地” He is sitting close to me. Watch him closely.
late 与 lately late意思是“晚”； lately 意思是“最近” You have come too late. What have you been doing lately
3) deep 与 deeply deep意思是“深”，表示时间和空间深度；deeply时常
表示感情上的深度，"深深地" He pushed the stick deep into the mud. He often works deep into the night.
Even father was deeply moved by the film.
high 与 highly high表示空间高度；highly表示程度，相当于much The plane was flying high. I think highly of your opinion.
5) wide 与 widely wide表示空间宽度；widely意思是“广泛地”，“在许多
地方” He opened the door wide. English is widely used in the world.
6) free 与 freely free的意思是"免费"；freely 的意思是"无限制地" You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like. You may speak freely; say what you like.
另外注意下列各组副词的用法区别
1) just --- just now
2) rather --- fairly
3) yet --- still --- already
4) hard --- hardly --- rarely --- scarcely
5) such a + adj. + n. --- so + adj. + a + n.
6) most --- mostly --- almost
7) especially --- specially
8) every day --- everyday
9) sometime --- sometimes ---some time
巩固练习：
It’s always difficult being in a foreign country, _____ if you don’t speak the language.
A. Extremely B. naturally C. basically D. especially
2. Would you be _____ do me a favor
A. kind enough B. so kind as to
C. so kind to D. kind as to
3. The guide told us that he would organize some businessmen from abroad to have a tour _____ the next month.
A. some time B. sometime
C. some times D. sometimes
4. It is ____ that his English is _____ perfect.
A. sure … very B. right … rather
C. exact … fairly D. certain … quite
D
B
B
D
形容词和副词的级别
1、as … as … 结构
问题1： John is the tallest boy in the class, _______ according to himself. （05安徽卷） (B)
A. five foot eight as tall as B. as tall as five foot eight
C. as five foot eight tall as D. as tall five foot eight as
问题2： What a table! I’ve never seen such a thing before. It is
______ it is long. （05湖北卷）
A．half not as wide as B．wide not as half as
C．not half as wide as D．as wide as not half
B
C
as tall as “高达…”, five foot eight = five feet eight inches
as wide as 是比较，所以倍数词应放在前面。
说明：
1）在否定句或疑问句中可用so… as。 He cannot run so/as fast as you. 2）当as… as 中间有名词时采用以下格式。 as +形容词+ a +单数名词 as + many/much +名词 This is as good an example as the other is. I can carry as much paper as you can.. 3）用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时，放在as的
前面。 This room is twice as big as that one. Your room is the same size as mine.
4) 倍数+ the + n + of <=>倍数+ as + adj. + as
This bridge is three times as long as that one. This bridge is three times the length of that one. Your room is twice as large as mine. Your room is twice the size of mine.
5) 数量词 + senior / junior + to
He is seven years senior to his wife.
I am three years junior to my elder sister.
２、 more than 结构
问题1：－Is your headache getting ______
－ No, it’s worse. （05全国卷3）
A．better B．bad C．less D．well
问题2： Mr. Smith owns ______ collection of coins than
anyone else I have ever met. （05山东卷）
A. larger B. a larger C. the larger D. a large
问题3： The number of people present at the concert was
_______ than expected. There were many tickets left.
（04福建）
A．much smaller B．much more
C．much larger D．many more
A
B
A
问题4： The dictionary gave me a better offer than ____.
(1999 上海)
A. that of Dick’s B. Dick’s
C. he gave Dick D. those of Dick
问题5： You’re standing too near the camera. Can you move
_____ (2000 上海)
A. a bit far B. a little farther
C. a bit of farther D. a little far
问题6： In that case, there is nothing you can do ______ than
wait. (2001 北京春季)
A. more B. other C. better D. any
C
B
B
1）要避免重复使用比较级。 (错) He is more cleverer than his brother. (对) He is cleverer than his brother. 2）要避免将主语含在比较对象中。 (错) China is larger that any country in Asia. (对) China is larger than any other country in Asia. 3）要注意对应句型，遵循前后一致的原则。 The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing. It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.
4）程度词 a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot,
lots, a great deal, any, still, even 等词可修饰比较级。除
外，还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。以
上词 (除by far) 外，必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前
面。而 by far 一般置于比较级之后和最高级之前。
３、of the two 结构
问题1： Of the two shirts, I’d like to choose _____ one. (94 上海)
A. the less expensive B. the most expensive
C. less expensive D. most expensive
问题2： If the manager had to choose between the two, he would
say John was ________ choice. (95 上海)
A. good B. the best C. better D. the better
说明：在 of the two 结构中，比较级前要加 the，但如果不在 of the two 结构中，要注意冠词的使用。后有名词的时候，前面才有可能有冠词。 比较：Which is larger, Canada or Australia Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia She is taller than her two sisters. She is the taller of the two sisters.
A
D
4、the + 最高级 + 比较范围
问题1：David has won the first prize in singing; he is still very excited now and feels________ desire to go to bed. (05江苏卷)
A. the most B. more C. worse D. the least
问题2： Greenland, ________ island in the world, covers
over two million square kilometers. (2000 上海)
A. it is the largest B. that is the largest
C. is the largest D. the largest
D
D
1)形容词最高级前必须用定冠词 the，副词最高级前可不用。
The shortest boy runs fastest in the 100-meter race.
形容词 most 前面没有 the，不表示最高级的含义，只表示“非常”。 It is a most important problem. = It is a very important problem. 注意： 使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比较范围内。 (错) Tom is the tallest of his three brothers. (对) Tom is the tallest of the three brothers.
2) 下列词可修饰最高级，by far, far, much, mostly, almost This hat is nearly / almost the biggest.
注意： a. very 可修饰最高级，但位置与much不同。 This is the very best. This is much the best. b. 序数词通常只修饰最高级。 Africa is the second largest continent. 3) 句型转换： Mike is the most intelligent in his class. Mike is more intelligent than any other student in his class. 4) “否定词语 + 比较级”，“否定词语 + so… as” 结构表示最
高级含义。 Nothing is so easy as this. = Nothing is easier than this. = This is the easiest thing.
5、和more有关的词组
1) the more… the more… 越……就越…… The harder you work，the greater progress you‘ll make. 2) more B than A 与其说A不如说B less A than B He is more lazy than slow at his work. = He is less slow than lazy at his work. 3) no more… than… 与……一样(不)……，不比……多 The officials could see no more than the Emperor. no less… than… 与……一样…… He is no less diligent than you. 4) more than 不只是，非常 She is more than kind to us all.
2010年高考语法复习
情 态 动 词
1. 情态动词的考点
1、can; may; must should; need 等表示判断及
推测；
2、shall; should 的特殊用法；
3、情态动词的应答策略；
4、对过去的判断或推测；
5、dare; need 的用法特点。
2. 情态动词的用法特点
1） 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事
情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生。 2） 情态动词 除 ought 和 have 外，后面只能接不带
to 的不定式。 3） 情态动词没有人称，数的变化，即情态动词第
三人称单数不加-s。 4） 情态动词没有非谓语形式，即没有不定式，分
词，等形式。
f.
3. 情态动词表示推测的用法
A. 对现在状态和动作的推测
高考题点击：
Helen ______ go on the trip with us, but she isn’t quite sure yet. （05安徽卷）
A. shall B. must C. may D. can
C
说明：must 加动词原形表示“必须做”；may 加动词原形表示“可能会做”；can 加动词原形表示“能够做”；can 表示“可能性”时一般用在问句和否定句中。该句的关键在于“but she isn’t quite sure yet”。
说明：needn’t 表示“不必”；mustn’t 表示“不准”；shan’t 用在二、三人称中表示“坚决不准”，含有强烈的警告和命令的语气。shouldn’t 表示“非常不可能”或“应该不会”。
2. There _________ be any difficulty about passing the road test since you have practiced a lot in the driving school. （05上海卷）
A. mustn’t B. shan’t
C. shouldn’t D. needn’t
C
3. It’s nearly 7:00. Jack __ be here at any moment. (N 1995)
A. must B. need C. should D. can
4. Johnny, you _____ play with the knife, you _____ hurt
yourself. (N 1996)
A. won’t, can’t B. mustn’t, may
C. shouldn’t, must D. can’t, should
C
B
must + be 表示“肯定会”；need + be 表示 “需要在”；should + 动词原形表示“非常有可能”；can 表示可能性只用在否定和疑问句中。
前句表示“你不能玩刀”，此处的 “不能”并非表示“能力”，而是表示“允许”，所以只能用“mustn’t”；后句表示“可能会伤着你自己”，故用 may。
5. ---- Are you coming to Jeff’s party
---- I’m not sure. I ___ go to the concert instead. ( N 2000)
A. must B. would C. should D. might
6. Mr. Bush is on time for everything. How _____ it be that he was late for the opening ceremony (2001上海春季)
A. can B. should C. may D. must
D
A
此句的关键在于“I’m not sure”，既然不能肯定，只能是一种“可能性”。
此句的意思为：“Bush 先生总是很守时，他怎么可能在出席开幕仪式时迟到呢？“ can 在否定句或疑问句中表示“可能性”。
7. --- Is John coming by train
--- He should, but he ______ not. He likes driving his car.
(N 2002)
A. must B. can C. need D. may
8. --- I heard they went skiing in the mountains last winter.
--- It _________ true because there was little snow there.
(N 2002北京)
A. may not be B. won’t be
C. couldn’t be D. mustn’t be
D
C
此句的关键是“He likes driving his car.” can 和 may 都可用于否定句中，can’t 表示“根本不可能”，语气很强；may not 表示“也许不可能”，语气较弱。
couldn’t 的语气比 can’t 弱。
B. 对过去动作或状态的推测
Tom ought not to _______ me your secret, but he meant no harm. (N1993)
A. have told B. tell C. be telling D. having told
2. I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I ______ for her. (N 1994)
A. had to write it out B. must have written it out
C. should have written it out D. ought to write it out
A
C
ought to 相当于 should；此句的关键是“He meant no harm”，显然指的是过去的事。
should have written 意指“本该写但实际上并没有写”。
3. --- There were already 5 people in the car but they managed to take me as well.
--- It ________ a comfortable journey. (N 1995)
A. can’t be B. shouldn’t be
C. mustn’t have been D. couldn’t have been
4. Susan_______ written a report like this. (1995上海)
A. can have B. mustn’t have
C. can’t have D. ought to not have
D
C
此句谈论的是过去的经历，故 A、B 不合题意；must 表示判断和推测只能用在肯定句中。
该句的意思为 Susan 不可能写出这样的报告来。ought to have done 的否定式为 ought not to have done。
5. Jack ____ yet, otherwise he would have phoned me. (N 97)
A. mustn’t have arrived B. shouldn’t have arrived
C. can’t have arrived D. needn’t have arrived
6. --- I stayed at a hotel while in New York.
--- Oh, did you You______ with Barbara. (N 1998)
A. could have stayed B. could stay
C. would stay D. must have stayed
C
A
此句的关键是后半句，“otherwise he would have phoned me”，此处为省略了条件句的虚拟语气，表示“如果到了他会打电话给我的”，由此可见，他肯定没到。
此句并不表示判断，而是一个虚拟语气。
4. shall; should 的特殊用法
1. It has been announced that candidates _______ remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected. (2002上海)
A. can B. will C. may D. shall
2. It’s nearly 7:00. Jack ___ be here at any moment. (N 95)
A. must B. need C. should D. can
D
C
该句的意思为：“通知说所有的考生必须坐在位置上直到考卷收完了才能离开。”考生坐在位置上不能用“能够、将要、可以”来表示。而 shall 在第二、三人称里面表示一种“命令、警告、承诺”等。
3. --- When can I come for the photos I need them tomorrow afternoon.
--- They __________ be ready by 12:00. (N 1998)
A. can B. should C. might D. need
4. You can’t imagine that a well-behaved gentleman _____ be so rude to a lady. (2001上海)
A. might B. need C. should D. would
B
C
此句应是店主对顾客的承诺。
should 与 how; why 等表示疑问或否定的词连用时，用来表示一种惊奇的心情，意思为“居然、竟然”
5. 情态动词的应答
1. --- Shall I tell John about it
--- No, you ______. I’ve told him already. (N 1994)
A. needn’t B. wouldn’t C. mustn’t D. shouldn’t
2. --- Could I call you by the first name
--- Yes, you__________. (1998上海)
A. will B. could C. may D. might
A
C
此句的关键是“I’ve told him already”，由此可见，你就不必再对他说了。
在回答 “Could I …”这类婉客气的请求时，只能回答“Yes, you can 或 may”。不能用 could 或 might。
3. --- Will you stay for lunch
--- Sorry, ____. My brother is coming to see me. (N 1999)
A. I mustn’t B. I can’t C. I needn’t D. I won’t
4. ---- Write to me when you get home.
---- __________. (2001北京春季)
A. I must B. I should C. I will D. I can
B
C
此句的关键是 “My brother is coming to see me.” 所以我不能在这儿吃饭。
在回答对方的请求或命令时，应该用 “Yes, I will.”而不能使用 would 或 should。
6. 情态动词的其它一些用法
I wonder how he _______ that to the teacher. (1996上海)
A. dare to say B. dare saying
C. not dare say D. dared say
2. The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone
______ get out. (N 1997)
A. had to B. would C. was able to D. could
3. When he was there, he _______ go to that coffee shop at
the corner after work every day. (1996上海)
A. would B. should C. had better D. might
D
C
A
注意比较 dare 和 need 的两种词性的不同用法。
注意比较 could 与 was able to 的用法区别。
would 在此处表示过去惯常的动作。
2010年高考语法复习
状 语 从 句
状语从句考点
1、各种从属连词的含义及用法比较；
2、no matter wh- 与 wh-ever 引导的从句的区别；
3、状语从句的时态问题；
4、状语从句的倒装问题；
5、状语从句与其它从句的区别。
1、时间状语从句
问题1： Don’t be afraid of asking for help it is needed. （03全国卷）
A．unless B．since C．although D．when
根据句意，此处只能为时间状语从句，故答案为D。
unless 引导条件状语从句，意为“除非”；although 引导让步状语从句，意为“虽然”；since 虽引导时间状语从句，但意思为“从…以来”，这些都与题意无关。引导时间状语的引导词很多，复习when 时要注意比较它与w