2021-2022学年初升高英语语法之构词法学案（无答案）

构词法
要高效地记住单词，除了音标外，我们可以根据英语单词的构成法则加速单词的记忆并扩大我们的词汇量。英语构词法包括派生、合成、转化、截短等。掌握这几种构词法，能帮助我们更好地完成语法填空部分的词性转换题，也能帮助我们在阅读时克服生词障碍。
一、派生：在词根前面加上前缀或者在词根后面加上后缀，从而构成一个与词根意义相近或相反的词。
1.
前缀
表示否定意义的前缀：
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
等。
①
agree
同意
→
不同意
appear
出现
→
消失
like
喜欢
→
不喜欢
obey
服从
→
disobey
satisfied
满意的
→
不满意的
②
active
活跃的
→
inactive
experienced
有经验的
→
没有经验的
expensive
贵的
→
inexpensive
dependent
有依赖性的
→
独立的
③
perfect
完美的
→
不完美的
polite
有礼貌的
→
没有礼貌的
possible
可能的
→
不可能的
patient
有耐心的
→
没有耐心的
④
legal
合法的
→
非法的
⑤
regular
有规律的
→
irregular
responsible
负责任的
→
irresponsible
logical
合乎逻辑的
→
不合逻辑的
⑥
lead
引导
→
误导
understand
理解
→
误解
⑦
usual
通常的
→
不寻常的
popular
受欢迎的
→
unpopular
fair
公平的
→
不公平的
easy
不紧张的
→
uneasy
⑧
profit
利润、盈利
→
nonprofit
sense
意义
→
nonsense
violence
暴力
→
nonviolence
smoker
烟民
→
nonsmoker
2）其他前缀
①
a
(表语形容词)
alike
alive
asleep
awake
②
auto
(自动)
automatic
autobiography
③
tele
(远距离的)
telescope
电话
telecommunications
telegram
④
bi
(两个)
tri
(三个)
自行车
bilingual
triangle
⑤
trans
(变化)
改造
transplant
翻译
运输
⑥
anti
(反对)
war战争→
anti-war
Japan
日本→
anti-Japan
black黑人→
anti-black
virus
病毒
→
anti-virus
⑦
over
(超过)
crowd
拥挤的→
过分拥挤的
load
装载
→
overload
weight
重量
→
超重
⑧
en
(动词)
large
大的→
enlarge
rich
富有的→
使丰富
able能够的→
enable
danger
危险→
使遭受危险
⑨
inter
(互相)
net
网→
internet
action
行动→
interaction
national
国家的→
international
⑩
re
(再)
cycle
循环→
recycle
new
新的→
renew
build
建设→
重建
write
写
→
rewrite
?
sub
(次的，下面的)
tropical
热带的→
subtropical
urban
城市的→
suburban
way
道路→
subway
?
fore
(前的)
head
头→
额头
see
看见→
foresee
tell
告诉
→
foretell
?
pre
(前的)
war战争→
prewar
history
历史→
prehistory
?
post
(后的)
graduate
毕业生→
postgraduate
war
战争→
postwar
?
multi
(多的)
media
媒体→
multimedia
cultural
文化→
multiculturalism
?
semi
(半)
final决赛→
semi-final
circle
圆圈→
semicircle
?
eco
(生态的)
friendly
友好的→
eco-friendly
system
系统→
ecosystem
?
vice
(副的)
president
总统→
vice-president
?
micro
(微小的)
wave
波浪→
microwave
scope
镜子→
microscope
后缀
1）名词的后缀：
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
等。
①
differ
v.
→
n.
不同
patient
adj.
→
n.
耐心
accept
v.
→
n.
接受
important
adj.
→
n.
重要性
exist
v.
→
n.
存在
confident
adj.
→
n.
信心
perform
v.
→
n.
表演
②
introduce
v.
→
n.
介绍
divide
v.
→
n.
划分
permit
v.
→
n.
允许，许可
③
agree
v.
→
n.
同意，一致
develop
v.
→
n.
发展
astonish
v.
→
n.
震惊
encourage
v.
→
n.
鼓励，鼓舞
④
careless
adj.
→
n.
粗心
serious
adj.
→
n.
严肃
⑤
true
adj.
→
n.
真理
⑥
please
v.
→
n.
快乐
fail
v.
→
n.
失败
depart
v.
→
n.
离开
⑦
actor
→
actress
tiger
→
tigress
host
主人→
hostess
prince
王子--
princess
⑧
terror恐吓→
terrorist
special
→
specialist
cycle
→
cyclist
science
→
scientist
2）动词后缀：
,
,
,
等。
①
broad
adj.→
broaden
v.
deep
adj.→
deepen
v.
strength
n.→
strengthen
v.
②
simple
adj.→
simplify
v.
quality
n.→
v.使合格
class
n.→
v.
分类
pure
adj.→
purify
v.
③
modern
adj.→
modernize
v.
memory
n.→
v.
记忆
④
bath
n.→
v.
洗澡
breath
n.→
v.
呼吸
3）形容词后缀：
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
等。
①
fog
→
foggy
多雾的
dust
→
dusty
有灰尘的
taste
→
tasty
好吃的
②
environment
→
environmental
环境的
medicine
→
medical
医学的
③
race
→
种族的
face
→
面部的
④
meaning
→
meaningful
有意义的
meaning
→
meaningless
无意义的
harm
→
harmful
有害的
harm
→
harmless
无害的
⑤
mountain
→
mountainous
danger
→
危险的
nerve
神经
→
紧张的
⑥
comfort
→
舒适的
avoid
→
avoidable
afford
→
affordable
⑦
produce
→
productive
expense
→
昂贵的
attract
→
吸引人的
effect
→
有效的
⑧
system
→
systematic
系统的
energy
→
精力充沛的
drama
→
dramatic
science
→
科学的
⑨
wool→
woollen
羊毛的
gold
→
golden
金黄的
trouble
→
troublesome
令人烦恼的
tire
→
tiresome
累人的
⑩
friend
→
friendly
友好的
dead
→
deadly
cost
→
costly
4）副词后缀：ly,
ward
true
→
真诚地，诚实地
angry
→
生气地
simple
→
简单地
back
→
backward
向后
east
→
eastward
向东
up
→
upward
向上
二、合成：把两个单词合在一起构成一个新词，前一个修饰或者限定后一个词
合成形容词
environment-friendly
blood-red
time-saving
English-speaking
man-made
kind-hearted
open-minded
plain-looking
last-forever
best-selling
well-known
well-received
energy-efficient
peace-loving
mouthwatering
state-owned
absent-minded
narrow-
minded
easy-going
high-ranking
newly-married
highly-developed
2）合成名词
周末
黎明
书写
打字机
大一新生
人类
阳光
嫂子
阅览室
三、转换：词性的转换活用，有的名词可以作动词，有的形容词可以作副词或动词
动词作名词
He
is
a
man
of
strong
build.
Women
have
an
equal
say
in
everything.
名词作动词
Have
you
booked
the
ticket?
We
breakfast
together.
She
nursed
her
husband
back
to
health.
3）形容词作动词
We
will
try
our
best
to
better
our
living
conditions.
He
cleared
the
table
by
taking
plates,
forks
and
knives
away.
形容词和名词
身体好的/井
耐心的/病人
稳定的/马厩
好的/罚款
安全的/保险箱
满意的/内容
公平的/展览会
坚定的/公司
具体的/混凝土
四、截短（缩略）：将单词缩写，词义和词性保持不变
1）截头
telephone
→
phone
airplane
→
plane
2）去尾
mathematics
→
maths
examination
→
exam
laboratory→
lab
3）截头去尾
influenza
→
flu
refrigerator
→
fridge
五、混合：将两个词混合或各取一部分构成新词
news
broadcast
→
newscast
helicopter
airport
→
heliport
Chinese
and
English
→
Chinglish
smoke
and
fog
→
smog
breakfast
and
lunch
→
brunch
【名词】
1.
The
fact
that
he’s
eating
more
is
a
_______
that
he’s
feeling
better.
A.
mark
B.
sign
C.
proof
D.
notice
2.
He
said
his
car
had
broken
down,
but
it
was
only
an
______
for
not
coming
here
to
see
me.
?
A.
expression
B.
advice
C.
excuse
D.
information
3.
The
air
was
filled
with
the
_____
of
flowers.
?
A.
color
B.
smell
C.
sense
D.
sight
We
won’t
be
late
because
there
is
often
______
traffic
early
in
the
morning.
?
A.
little
B.
a
little
C.
few
D.
a
few
5.
The
green
watch
is
$199
and
the
red
one
is
$195.
There
is
not
much
______
in
price.
?
A.
opinion
B.
change
C.
decision
D.
difference?
6.
Medicines
should
be
kept
out
of
children’s
______.
?
A.
reach
B.
touch
C.
watch
D.
care?
【形容词副词】
1.
She
didn’t
tell
me
whether
James
was
still
_______
at
the
time.
A.lively
B.
living
C.
alive
D.
live
2.The
______
weight
of
my
baby
at
birth
was
3.24kg.
?
A.
natural
B.
rough
C.basic
D.
exact
3.
The
food
is
surely______
.
It
tastes
very
good
and
I
enjoy
eating
it.
?
A.
expensive
B.
enough
C.
strong
D.
delicious
4.
We
had
______
views
on
the
matter:
he
agreed
at
once,
but
I
said
“No”.
?
A.piratical
B.
general
C.
opposite
D.
similar
5.
－Is
it
______
?
－Sure.
It’s
very
pleasant
to
taste.
nervous
B.
delicious
C.
curious
D.
precious?
6.
The
small
house
is
really
not
______
for
a
large
family.
?
A.
suitable
B.
beautiful
C.
modern
D.
narrow?
7.
She
is
a
_______writer
known
by
millions
of
people
in
the
country.
A.
particular
B.
familiar
C.
popular
D.
similar
8.
The
fish
taste
good,
I
mean
it’s
_______
.
A.available
B.
delicious
C.warm
D.
cheap
－Is
there
anything
wrong
with
your
stomach?
－
______
.
?
A.
Nothing
serious
B.
Be
careful
C.Don’t
mind
D.
Keep
calm
10.
In
this
city,
the
prices
of
vegetables
are
______
than
those
of
meat.
?
A.
higher
B.
highest
C.
the
highest
D.
high
11.
I
am
not
going
to
wear
this
brown
sweater
______
.
I
don’t
like
the
color.
?
A.no
more
B.
much
more
C.
ever
more
D.
any
more
12.
Anna
eats
at
home
every
day.
She
______
goes
to
a
restaurant.
seldom
B.
probably
C.
usually
D.
already?
－How
______
do
you
visit
your
parents?
－Twice
a
year.
?
A.
much
B.
long
C.
often
D.
many?
－She
_______comes.
－I
mean
she
did
not,
does
not,
or
will
not
come
at
any
time.
A.
never
B.
sometimes
C.
seldom
D.
often
15.
She
_______
had
any
time
to
do
shopping
after
work.
A.hardly
B.
indeed
C.
nearly
D.
especially
16.
I
had
warned
them,
but
no
one
took
my
messages
______
.
?
A.
willingly
B.
directly
C.luckily
D.
seriously
17.
It
is
already
April,
and
the
day
is
______
becoming
longer
and
longer.
?
A.
gradually
B.frequently
C.
suddenly
D.
immediately
－Is
she
going
to
send
the
book
back?
－
______
not.
I
think
she
will
keep
it.
Naturally
B.
Really
C.
Probably
D.
Necessarily
词性转换(构词法)练习
1．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)
Her
years
of
hard
work
have____________(final)
been
acknowledged
after
a
customer
nominated(提名)
her
to
be
Cheshire’s
Woman
Of
The
Year.
2．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)
We
are
so
proud
of
her.
It’s
____________(wonder)．
3．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)When
they
were
free
from
work,
they
invited
us
to
local
events
and
let
us
know
of
an
interesting
____________(compete)
to
watch,
together
with
the
story
behind
it.
4．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)They
also
shared
with
us
many
____________(tradition)
stories
about
Hawaii
that
were
hugely(huge)
popular
with
tourists.
5．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)
Running
is
cheap,
easy
and
it’s
always
____________(energy)．
6．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)A
taste
for
meat
is____________(actual)
behind
the
change:
An
important
part
of
its
corn
is
used
to
feed
chickens,
pigs,
and
cattle.
7．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)According
to
the
World
Bank,
China
accounts
for
about
30
percent
of
total
____________(globe)
fertilizer
consumption.
8．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I’m
a
____________(science)
who
studies
animals
such
as
apes
and
monkeys.
9．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)This
development
was
only
possible
with
the
____________(introduce)
of
electric?powered
engines
and
lifts.
10．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)The
Central
London
Railway
was
one
of
the
most
____________(success)
of
these
new
lines,
and
was
opened
in
1900.
11.　(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)She
is
determined
to
carry
on
with
her
____________(educate)．
12.　(全国卷Ⅲ)Some
people
think
that
the
great
Chinese
scholar
Confucius,
who
lived
from
roughly
551
to
479
B．C.,
influenced
the
____________(develop)
of
chopsticks.　
13.　As
I
walked,
I
looked
up,
trying
to
realize
what
made
this
day
so
____________(beauty)．
14.
(全国卷Ⅰ)The
title
will
be
__________(official)
given
to
me
at
a
ceremony
in
London.
15.　(全国卷Ⅱ)Dad
and
I
were
____________(terrible)
worried.
16.　(广东卷)____________(lucky),
he
also
had
a
cow
which
produced
milk
every
day.　
17．(2020·张家口、沧州一模)Known
as
Golden
Pebble
Beach,
Jinshitan
is
famous
for
its
beautiful
____________
(nature)
scenery.
18．(2020·云南高中统一检测)The
ticket
prices
for
China
high?speed
trains
are
reasonable
and,
on
most
routes,
the
frequency
of
departure
is
very
high,
so
people
can
buy
tickets
____________
(convenient)．
19．(2020·呼伦贝尔一模)If
we
are
____________
(satisfy)
with
only
a
few
rules
we
have
memorized,
we
are
not
really
learning
the
language.
20．(2020·张家口、沧州一模)Over
the
years,
Dalian’s
Jinpu
New
District
has
____________
(success)
held
a
number
of
special
tourism
festivals
with
its
rich
culture
and
tourism
resources.
21．(2020·湖北八市联考)All
the
infrastructure
for
100
indoor
and
outdoor
gardens
at
the
exhibition
will
be
finished
____________
(complete)
at
the
end
of
March.
22．(2020·陕西渭南中学质检)
____________
(surprise),
Sally
was
not
driven
out
like
the
former
teachers;
instead,
she
won
respect
from
the
students.
23．(2020·浙江建德期末)She
said
the
last
vice?monitor,
Joey,
had
been
very
rude
and
____________
(kind)
to
her.
24．(2020·浙江杭高分校模拟)____________
(explore)
of
the
Moon
did
continue
after
the
astronauts
left,
but
by
robots
instead
of
people.
25．(2020·北京东城二模)
However,
for
the
majority____________(west)
people,
university
means
freedom
from
home.
26．(2020·德州夏津一中月考)
“We
are
now
thinking
about
development,
allowing
the
paintings
to
be
more
____________(create)，”
he
said.
27
(全国卷Ⅱ)
There
were
many
people
waiting
at
the
bus
stop,
and
some
of
them
looked
very
anxious
and
____________
(disappoint)．
28.
(全国卷Ⅰ)
Instead，he
hopes
that
his
business
will
grow
____________
(steady)．
29.
(陕西卷)
My
uncles
____________
(immediate)
jumped
up
and
shot
their
arrows
at
the
bird.
30.(全国卷Ⅱ)
Recent
studies
show
that
we
are
far
more
productive
at
work
if
we
take
short
breaks
____________
(regular)．