构词法-高中英语知识点学案

构词法
单词回顾
1.滥用；虐待 n.&vt. abuse
2.健康 n. fitness
3.产生压力的；紧张的 adj. stressful
4.无意识的；自动的 adv. automatically
5.精神上；智力上 adv. mentally
6.畸形的；异常的 adj. abnormal
7.气喘吁吁的；屏息的 adj. breathless
8.不健康的；不合适的 adj. unfit
9.使加强；变强 vt.&vi. strengthen
10.不合法的；违法的 adj. illegal
11.放松；松弛 n. relaxation
12.使动摇；减弱 vt.&vi. weaken
构词法有转化法、合成法、派生法。
[即学即练]
写出下列词组的意思：
1、men's 100-meter freestyle
2、Gold Medal Swimmer
[答案解析]
1、男子100米自由泳竞赛
2、金牌游泳运动员
【语法学习】
【知识点】
转化法：一个单词由一种词性转化成另一种词性
1. Why did NingZetao become a dreamboat(梦想人物) ?
Because he has good looks and a perfect build, and also he won the first place in the men’s 100-meter freestyle at the championships.
look ：n. 外貌；表情 a look of pleasure
v. 看 look at
build ：n. 体型，体格 have a strong build
v. 修建，建造 build a house
[即学即练]
说出划线部分的意思
1. Jim dreams (v.)of being the best football player in England. His dream(n.) is to be the best player.
2. Please stop(v.) here, and it is the bus stop(n.).
3. The car slowed(v.) down and the speed of it became slow(adj.).
4. Don’t use water(n.) to water(v.) the flowers too often.
[解析]
1、吉姆梦想成为英格兰最好的足球运动员。他的梦想就是成为最好的运动员。（第一个“梦想”是动词，第二个“梦想”是名词。）
2、请停在这里，这里是公交车站。（第一个是“停止”的意思，第二个是“车站”）。
3、这辆小汽车减速了，速度变慢了。（第一个“减速”；第二个“慢的”。）
4、不要经常用水浇花。（第一个“水”，名词；第二个“浇水”，动词。）
【知识点】
合成法：有两个或更多的词合成一个词
1421765329565= hard + working
= good + looking
= strong + minded
= 100 + meter
= free + style
= part + time
= hard + working
= good + looking
= strong + minded
= 100 + meter
= free + style
= part + time
What kind of person is NingZetao?
hard-working
good-looking
strong-minded
100-meter
freestyle
part-time
[即学即练]
说出下列合成词的意思：
596905715seafood?
waiting room
washing machine
man-made
second-hand
underline
seafood?
waiting room
washing machine
man-made
second-hand
underline
[解析：答案]
43434027305海鲜
等候室
洗衣机
人造的
二手的
在...下面划线
海鲜
等候室
洗衣机
人造的
二手的
在...下面划线
【知识点】
派生法：在词根上加上前缀(prefix)或后缀(suffix)构成另外一个词。
What should you do to be successful?
To be successful, we should never listen to those who tell us that our dreams are unrealistic.
If something is physically impossible, that doesn’t really mean that it is impossible.
unrealistic= un- + real + -istic
physically= physical + -ly
Impossible= im- + possible
名词后缀：-er, -or, -ment, -ship, -hood


301625-200025413385-433070swimmer
fighter
holder
visitor
development
swimmer
fighter
holder
visitor
development
n.
390525310515championship
childhood
championship
childhood
名词后缀：-tion, -ity, -ist, -ness, -th600075348615action education
ability possibility
scientist artist
illness happiness
warmth growth
action education
ability possibility
scientist artist
illness happiness
warmth growth
-47625352425-tion
-ity
-ist
-ness
-th
-tion
-ity
-ist
-ness
-th
638175344805successful
painful
weekly
successful
painful
weekly
形容词后缀：
1541780186055
-ful
adj.
-ly
67627515240humorous dangerous
enjoyable comfortable
personal national
homeless useless
humorous dangerous
enjoyable comfortable
personal national
homeless useless
00-ous
-able
-al
-less
-ous
-able
-al
-less
523875335280physically
luckily
really
physically
luckily
really
副词后缀：-ly
446405172720
adv.
135255066675possibly
truly
recently
heavily
basically
possibly
truly
recently
heavily
basically
15240076200possible
true
recent
heavy
basic
possible
true
recent
heavy
basic
动词后缀：
-fy/-ify 使得，变得 simplify
-ize/-ise 使成为，...化 realize
- en 使… deepen
【知识点】
前缀
impossible unrealistic
常见的前缀
(A).表示否定的前缀：
un- unfair,unhappy
non- nonsmoker
(常用在n. adj. adv. 前)
in- informal, inhuman, indirect
(常用在adj.前)
dis- disagree,disappear
im- impolite,impossible
(用在b,p,m 开头的词前)
il- illegal, illogical（用在l开头的词前）
ir- irresistable, irregular （用在r开头的词前）
(B).表示错误或失当的前缀:
mis- misjudge, misdirect(误导)
(C).表示向背的前缀:
pro-(亲，支持)
pro-Chinese, pro-American
anti-（阻止，抗）
antiwar, anti-Japanese war
(D).表示程度、大小的前缀
super-supermarket, superman
over-oversleep, overpopulation, overuse
mini-minibus, miniskirt, mini-car
under-underground, underestimate
semi-semicircle, semi-final
micro-microwave , microsoft , microscope
multi- multi-national, multi-culture
(E).表示时间的前缀
pre-pre-war , preschool
post-postwar , postgraduate
fore-foretell, weather forecast
ex- ex-wife, ex-president
tele-telescope, telephone
(F).表示方位的前缀：
sub-subway, subtitle
inter-international, interclass
trans-(横过，通过，超越) transplant, transform
(G).改变词类的前缀：
a-?? asleep, abroad
en- enlarge, enrich
(H).其它的前缀：
self- self-control, self-confidence
vice- vice-monitor, vice-president
co-co-worker, cooperate
auto- automatic, autography
kilo-kilometer, kilogram
eco-ecosystem, eco-friendly
549910163830possible
impossible
possibly
impossibly
possibility
impossibility
possible
impossible
possibly
impossibly
possibility
impossibility
例：
1. By learning word formation, we can enlarge（增大） our vocabulary.
2. We should try our best to beautify （使…变美）our environment.
3. The colorful book is unputdownable （爱不释手的）to children.
4. Smoking will endanger（威胁） your health.
5. One unbreakable （不能违反的）rule in our school is that students can’t bring cellphones to school.
【即学即练】
用所给单词的适当形式填空。
_________(recent), a handsome young man, NingZetao has been popular. After winning four gold medals at the __________(seventeen) Asian Games, Ning got the first place at the 2015 Swimming World Championships. Although Ning has become ___________(success) now, in fact, he wasn't _________(health) when he was young. Born with a knee problem, he was held back at the stage of his ___________(develop). Instead of giving up swimming, Ning trained hard and _______(final) he proved _______(him) to be one of the best _________(swim) in Asia.
【答案】
Recently seventeenth successful healthy
development finally himself swimmers
【课外小知识】
猜猜看——最时髦的网络流行语之派生法
disclose one’s secret 吐槽
2. microblog 微博
前缀:一般只改变词义,不改变词类
It's all floating cloud. 神马都是浮云
envious, jealous and hateful 羡慕嫉妒恨
后缀:一般只改变词类,不引起词义变化
time-travel TV drama 穿越剧
group purchasing 团购
7. daddy-is-the-key 拼爹
8. leftover ladies 剩女
把两个或两个以上的词合成一个新词, 这种构词的方法叫做合成法。
（1）直接写在一起。
（2）用连字符(-)连接。
9. in shock /shock sb 被雷倒(到)了
10. keep calm /calm down 淡定
转化法：不添加任何成分, 不改变词形, 把一个词由一种词类转用为另一种词类的方法叫转化法。