初中语法知识点学案_lesson40-41定语从句-定语从句关系代词、关系副词的用法

定语从句关系代词、关系副词的用法
【课程导入】
1. 定语从句的概念：
定语从句（也称关系从句、形容词性从句），一个句子跟在一个名词或代词（先行词）后进行修饰限定（对词句进行补充、修饰、限定，进而使原句内容更完整），就叫做定语从句。
按语法句式，定语从句在整个句子中做定语的成分。被修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句不同于单词作定语的情况，它通常只能放在被修饰的词（即先行词）之后。
定语从句由关系词（关系代词、关系副词）引导，关系代词、关系副词位于定语从句句首。
关系词常有三个作用：
①引导定语从句
②代替先行词
③在定语从句中担当一个成分
1) The man who lives next to us is a policeman. 住在我们旁边的那个男人是警察。（在该句中the man是先行词，关系代词who引导定语从句，同时代替先行词在从句中担当主语）。
2) This is the room where Lu Xun once lived. 这是鲁迅先生曾经住过的房间。（在该句中the room是先行词，关系副词where引导一个定语从句并在句子中担任地点状语。）
2. 关系词：关系代词：who, whom, whose, which, that，as 等
关系副词：when, where, why等
先行词
主语
宾语
定语
地点状语
时间状语
原因状语
方式状语
指人
who
that
whom
that
who
whose
of
whom
指物
which
that
as
which
that
as
whose
(介词+which)
Where/介词+which
When/介词+which
Why/介词+which
That/介词+which
【即学即练】
[填空题]
找出下列句子中的先行词、关系词和定语从句。
1. The boys who are playing football are from Class One.（ ）
2. She is the girl whom I saw yesterday. （ ）
3. Computer game is something which is liked by most boys. （ ）
4. Beijing is the city where I was born. （ ）
5. I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today. （ ）
【答案】
1. the boy, who，who are playing football are from Class One.
2. the girl，whom, I saw yesterday.
3. something，which, which is liked by most boys.
4. the city， where，I was born.
5.the reason，why, he looks unhappy today.
【解析】
1. The boys who are playing football are from Class One. （正在操场上踢足球的男孩们是一班的。） 先行词是the boy,关系代词who，who在定语从句中做主语。
2. She is the girl whom I saw yesterday.（她就是我昨天见的那个女孩。） 先行词是the girl，关系代词whom，whom在句子中做宾语。
3. Computer game is something which is liked by most boys.（大多数男孩子都喜欢电脑游戏。）
先行词是something，关系代词which，which在句子中做主语。
4. Beijing is the city where I was born.（北京是我的出生地。）先行词是the city，关系副词where，where在句子中做地点状语。
5. I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today. （我不知道为什么他今天看起来不开心。） 先行词是the reason，关系副词why，why在句子中做原因状语。
【语法讲解】
【考点】
定语从句关系代词的用法
【知识点】
关系代词
用法
例句
who/whom
两者都用于指人，who在定语从句中做主语、宾语；whom在定语从句中做宾语
I have no idea about the man (who wrote the article).我不认识写这篇文章的那个人。（做主语）
Who is the girl (whom you talked to just now)?
刚才和你说话的那个女孩子是谁？（做宾语）
whose
指人或物，在从句中作定语，往往与它所修饰的名词一起构成一个名词短语在从句中担当成分。
He is the man (whose car was stolen last night).
他就是昨天晚上车被偷的那个男子。（作定语）
which
一般指物，在定语从句中做主语、宾语，还可以在从句中做介词的宾语。
That was a fault (which could not be forgiven).
那是不能饶恕的错误。（做主语）
The house (in which I used to live has become a shoe shop).
我过去住的房子现在变成了一家鞋店。
（做介词in的宾语）
that
指人或物，在从句中作主语或宾语，还可以作表语，作宾语或表语时可省略；做介词宾语时，介词不可提到that前。
Shanghai is the place (that I visited last year).
上海是我去年参观过的地方。
（做宾语）
as
可以作为关系代词引导定语从句，常用于such… as和the same… as等句式中。
Such points as you’ve mentioned are really important in solving the problem.
你提到的这些方面在解决这个问题上的确很重要
【即学即练】
[单选题]
1. A magnetic field may be represented in( ) manner( ) an electric field.
A. such …as B. the same … as C. such … that D. the same … which
2. —What are you looking for?
—I'm looking for the ring ( ) my husband bought me last year.
A. that B. who C. whom D. it
3. Piano is a word ( )was originally borrowed from Italian．
A．where B．who C．which D．whose
4. I can never forget the stories ( ) my grandma told me.
A. what B. who C. them D. that
5. —There are so many girls over there. Which one is your sister?
—The one ( )hat is yellow.
A. who B. whose C. that D. which
【答案】
1. B
2. A
3. C
4. D
5. B
【解析】
1.A magnetic field may be represented in the same manner as an electric field. such ...as结构, 或 the same ....as结构，such as 强调事物，the same as强调相似性。
2. —What are you looking for? —I'm looking for the ring that my husband bought me last year.
先行词是the ring, 在从句中做宾语，who和whom都指代人，而ring是物，所以排除，that在从句中可以做宾语且可以指代物。
3.Piano is a word which was originally borrowed from Italian．先行词a word是物，在从句中做主语，同样who和whom指人排除，选that。
4. I can never forget the stories that my grandma told me. 先行词是the stories，是物，在从句中做主语，同样who和whom指人排除选that。
5. —There are so many girls over there. Which one is your sister?—The one whose hat is yellow. 先行词是the one 那个人，whose指人或物，在从句中作定语，往往与它所修饰的名词一起构成一个名词短语在从句中担当成分。
【考点】
关系副词
【知识点】
定语从句关系副词的用法
关系副词
用法
例句
when
代替表示时间的名词，而这个名词在从句中又与介词构成了短语，在从句中充当时间状语，常可用on which, in which, during which 等代替。
We don’t know the exact time (when the English evening will be held).
我们不知道英语晚会举行的确切时间。
Do you know the date (when Lincoln was murdered)?
你知道林肯遇刺的日期吗？
where
代替表示地点的名词，而这个名词在从句中又与介词构成了短语，在从句中充当地点状语，常用in which, on which,
at which 等代替。
The place (where we’re to have the Speech Contest) has not been decided.
我们举行演讲比赛的地点还没有定下来。
He did all his research in the room (where he lived).
他在自己住的房间里做了所有的研究。
why
代替表示原因的名词，而这个名词在从句中又与介词构成了短语，在从句中充当原因状语常用for which代替
He didn’t tell her the reason (why he was happy).
他没有告诉她他那么开心的原因。
Is this the reason (why she refused our offer)?
这是她拒绝我们的理由吗？
【即学即练】
[单选题]
1. This is the primary school ( ) I studied three years ago.
A. where B. when C. that D. which
2. I still remember the time ( ) we spent together at Xisai Mountain last year.
A. when B. what C. who D. which
3. Please tell me the reason ( ) you are late.
A. when B. where C. why D. which
【答案】
1. A
2. A
3. C
【解析】
1. This is the primary school where I studied three years ago. 先行词the primary school 是地点，关系词在从句中做地点状语，故使用关系副词where作为引导词。
2. I still remember the time when we spent together at Xisai Mountain last year.先行词time是时间，关系词在从句中做时间状语，故使用关系副词when。
3. Please tell me the reason why you are late.先行词reason是表示原因，关系词在从句中做原因状语，故使用关系副词why。
where 与 which区别:
1. 看被定语从句所修饰的先行词（名词/代词）能不能直接和从句相连.
如果可以直接和从句其他成分相连,无须补上介词,则用that/which；
如果需要额外补上介词才能放在定语从句中,则用where.
如：This is the city (which/that) I stayed in last year.
把先行词the city放入后面的定语从句,为：
I stayed in (the city) last year.
the city直接做介词in的宾语,所以用which/that.
再如：This is the city (where) I stayed last year.
把先行词the city放入定语从句,需要补上介词in方可,即为：
I stayed (in the city) last year.
所以使用where或in which.
2. 看定语从句是缺少地点状语还是缺少主语/宾语/表语.
如果缺少地点状语,用where；
如果只缺少主语/宾语/表语,则用which/that.
如：This is the city (which/that) I visited last year.
从句I visited last year中,及物动词visited后面缺少一个宾语,所以用which/that；