初中语法知识点学案_lesson42定语从句-介词用法

定语从句中介词的用法
【课程导入】
1. “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句，是定语从句中一种介词前置的定语从句句型，介词与关系代词之间存在一种介宾关系。当关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，把介词置于关系代词前，即演变出“介词+关系代词”句型。
2. 关系词: 关系代词：who, whom, whose, which, that，as 等。关系副词：when, where, why 等
【语法讲解】
【考点】
“介词+关系代词”结构引导定语从句
【知识点】
“介词+关系代词”结构引导的定语从句中，关系代词指人时用 whom，不可用who或者that指物时用which，不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose。
1. 当先行词是人时，用介词+whom引导定语从句
The man (to whom) you spoke is a teacher. 和你谈话的那个男人是一位老师。
2. 当先行词是物时，用介词+which引导定语从句，而且只能加which，不能加that。
The city (in which) she lives is far away. 她住的那个城市很偏远。
注意：“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句，介词后的关系代词不能省略。
3. 关系代词是所有格时用whose
She is the girl (to whose) father I talked yesterday. 她是昨天和我谈话的那个父亲的女儿。
【即学即练】
[单选题]
1. This is the school ( ) I studied two years ago.
A. in that B. in which C. on which D. for whom
2. We will go to hear the famous singer ( )we have often talked.
A. about which B. about whom C. about that D. whose
【答案】
1. B
2. B
【解析】
1. This is the school in which I studied two years ago. 我两年前在这个学校学习。先行词是the school，是物，所以要用介词+which，在学校是in the school，所以用in which。没有介词+that 这样的结构。
2. We will go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.明天我们将要去听那个我们经常说起的歌手的演唱会。先行词 the famous singer 是人，所以应该用介词+whom，根据词组talk about，应该选用about whom。
【知识点】
介词的位置
在定语从句中，当介词置于定语从句的谓语动词之后时，可用that/which(指物)；that/who/whom（指人）作介词的宾语.且此处关系代词可以省略。
1. The man (who/whom /that) you speak to is a teacher. 和你谈话的那个男人是名老师。
2. The city（which/that）she lives in is far away. 她住的城市很偏远。
通常介词放在定语从句中动词后面，也可以放在关系代词前面，但有些特殊动词短语搭配不能拆分，介词只能放在动词后，如： look for, look after, pay attention to ,take care of , look forward to, listen to等。
This is the pen (that / which) you are looking for.
这就是你正在找的那支笔。
The patient (who/whom /that) she is looking after is her father.
她正在照顾的病人是她的父亲。
There are fifty patients (who/whom/that) we must take good care of.
有五十名病人急需我们照顾。
【即学即练】
[判断题]
判断下列句子是否正确，对的打“√”，错的打“×”
(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. （ ）
(2) The man(who/that) you talked with is my friend. （ ）
(3) The man with who/that you talked is my friend. （ ）
(4) This is the book for which you are looking. （ ）
(5) The words to which we should pay attention are written on the blackboard.（ ）
【答案】
1. √
2. √
3. ×
4. ×
5. ×
【解析】
(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. 先行词是人，所以用whom，根据词组talk with，可以确定用 with whom。
(2) The man (who/that) you talked with is my friend. 在定语从句中，当介词置于定语从句的谓语动词之后时，可用that/which(指物)；that/who/whom（指人）作介词的宾语.且此处关系代词可以省略。
(3) The man with who/that you talked is my friend. 定语从句中没有介词后面加who/what 的情况。
(4) This is the book for which you are looking . 这就是你正在找的那本书。 Looking for 不能拆开，所以不能用 for which，应改为：This is the book which you are looking for.
(5) The words to which we should pay attention are written on the blackboard. 我们需要注意的单词都写在黑板上了。Pay attention to 不能拆开，所以不能用to which ,应改为：The words which we should pay attention to are written on the blackboard.
【知识点】
介词短语 + 关系代词的一些结构
1. 名词+介词+关系代词
This is the teacher，the daughter of whom is a famous doctor.
2.数词+介词+关系代词（含基数词、序数词、分数和百分数）
We have three foreign teachers, two of whom are from Canada.
3. 代词+介词+关系代词（代词有all, both, none, neither, either, some, any等）
The old woman has two sons, both of whom are teachers.
4. 形容词最高级+介词+关系代词
China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan Island.
5. 介词+关系代词+名词
Tome works in a company, of which the gate opens to the north.
【即学即练】
[单选题] She has three sons,( ) are engineers.
A. two of which B. two of whom C. two whom
【答案】
B
【解析】她有三个儿子，其中有两个是工程师。
【考点】
关系副词when，where，why引导的定语从句。可用“介词＋which”来代替。关系副词实际上是介词＋先行词。
其中 when=表时间的介词（如：in，at, during等）+which；
where=表地点的介词（如：in，at, on, under等）+which；
why=表原因的介词（如：for）+which
【知识点】
当先行词表示时间，定语从句中缺少时间状语时，通常用关系副词when引导，此时也可选用表示时间的介词＋which来代替关系副词when。
I still remember the day when I came here. 我仍记得来到这儿的那一天。
(on which =when)
【即学即练】
[单选题] May 1st is the day( ) I was born.下列（ ）是错误的。
A.which B.on which C.when
【答案】A
【解析】五月一日这天是我的生日。用表示时间的介词＋which来代替关系副词when。
【知识点】
当先行词表示地点，定语从句中缺少地点状语时，通常用关系副词where引导，此时也可选用表示地点的介词＋which来代替关系副词where。
This is the house where I lived last year. 这就是我去年住的那个房子。
(in which = where)
This is the house in which I lived last year.
【即学即练】
[单选题] The city ( ) an earthquake happened drew the world's attention.
A. for which B.in which C.at which
【答案】
B
【解析】当先行词表示地点，定语从句中缺少地点状语时，可选用表示地点的介词＋which来代替关系副词where。
【知识点】
当先行词为reason，定语从句中缺少表示原因状语时，通常用关系副词why引导，此时也可以用for which来代替关系副词why。
There are many reasons why people like traveling. 人们喜欢旅游的原因有很多。 (for which =why)
There are many reasons for which people like traveling.
【即学即练】
[引导词替换]
用“介词+ which”结构替换句子中的疑问副词
1. I won’t forget the date when I was born. ( )
2. This is the room where I lived.( )
3. I don’t know the reason why he hasn’t come today.( )
【答案】
1. I won’t forget the date on which I was born.
2. This is the room in which I lived.
3. I don’t know the reason for which he hasn’t come today.
【解析】
1. 当先行词表示时间，定语从句中缺少时间状语时，通常用关系副词when引导，此时也可选用表示时间的介词＋which来代替关系副词when。
2. 当先行词表示地点，定语从句中缺少地点状语时，通常用关系副词where引导，此时也可选用表示地点的介词＋which来代替关系副词where。
3. 当先行词为reason，定语从句中缺少表示原因状语时，通常用关系副词why引导，此时也可以用for which来代替关系副词why。
【考点】
关系代词前介词的选择
【知识点】
关系代词前介词选择三原则：一先，二动，三意义（重中之重）
1. 一先，即根据定语从句中介词与先行词的搭配关系选择。
I never forget the day （on which） I came to this school. (on the day)
2. 二动，即根据定语从句中谓语动词或形容词与介词的搭配关系选择。
This is the iPad （on which） I spent 3000 yuan. (spend money on sth.)
3.三意义，即根据定语从句的意义来确定介词。
This is my pair of glasses, （without which） I cannot see clearly.
这是我的眼镜，没有它我看不清东西。
【即学即练】
[填空题]
在关系词前填入合适的介词
1. He won’t forget the day（ ）which he failed in the exam.
2. The West Lake,（ ）which Hangzhou is famous, is a beautiful place.
3. Air,（ ）which man can’t live, is really important.
【答案】
1. on
2. for
3. without
【解析】
1. He won’t forget the day on which he failed in the exam.
他永远也忘不了考试失利的那一天。先行词the day, 那一天，根据搭配应该选择on。
2. The West Lake, for which Hangzhou is famous, is a beautiful place.
杭州因西湖文明而闻名，西湖是一个美丽的地方。根据词组be famous for，应该选择for。
3. Air, without which man can’t live, is really important.
空气十分重要，没有空气人无法生存。根据从句的意思应选择without 没有。