定语从句中that的用法
【课程导入】
1. 了解限定性定语从句和非限定词定语从句
2. 掌握在定语从句中只能用that的几种情况
形式上
不用逗号和主句隔开
用逗号和主句隔开
意义上
是先行词不可缺少的定语,不能删除。
是先行词的补充说明,删除后意思仍完整。
译法上
翻译成先行词的定语,
“……的……”
通常翻译成主语的并列句
关系词的使用上
做宾语时可省略
可用that
可用who代替whom
不可省略
不用that
不用who代替whom
例子
china is a country which has a long history.
中国是拥有悠久历史的国家。
His mother,who loves him very much, is strict with him.
他的妈妈很爱他,对他也很严格。
【即学即练】
[判断题]
判断下列句子为限定性定语从句还是非限定性定语从句。
1. Do?you?remember?the?girl?who?taught?us?English? ( )
2. This?is?the?place?where?he?used?to?live. ( )
3. Mr.?Zhang,?who?came?to?see?me?yesterday,?is?an?old?friend?of?mine. ( )
4. We?walked?down?the?village?street,?where?they?were?having?market?day.?( )
【答案】
1. 限定性定语从句
2. 限定性定语从句
3. 非限定
4. 非限定
【解析】
1. 译文:你还记得教我们英语的那个女孩吗??定语从句与先行词关系密切,不能删除,为限定性定语从句;
2. 译文:这就是他过去居住的地方。定语从句与先行词关系密切,不能删除,为限定性定语从句;
3. 译文:张先生昨天来看我,他是我的一位朋友。定语从句与先行词关系不密切,是先行词的补充说明,删除后意思仍 完整。用逗号将从句与主句隔开。
4. 译文:我们沿着村里的大街向前走去,村民们正在那里赶集。定语从句与先行词关系不密切,是先行词的补充说明,删除后意思仍 完整。用逗号将从句与主句隔开。
关系代词that与关系代词which:
关系代词that 可指人也可指物,在定语从句中做主语、宾语或表语,作宾语时常可省略
关系代词which 指物,在定语从句中做主语、宾语或表语,做宾语时常可省略。
二者在一定条件下可以替换,但在一些特定条件下只能用that或只能which。
【语法讲解】
【考点】
限定性定语从句中只用that的情况:
【知识点】
1. 当先行词是anything, everything, nothing(something除外), few, all, none, little, some等代词,或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much, each等修饰时,只能用that, 但有时可省略。
Have you taken down everyting (that) Mr. Lee has said?
你记下了李先生说的一切了吗?
There seems to be nothing (that) seems impossible for him in the world.
对他来说,世界上似乎没有什么事是不可能的。
All that can be done has been done.
所有能做的都做了。
【即学即练】
[单选题]
Is there anything ( ) I can do for you, miss?
A. that B. which C. what
【答案】A
【解析】译文:请问有什么可以为您效劳的吗,小姐?本句是限定性定语从句,其中先行词是anything,所以从句前的关系代词只能用that。
【知识点】
2. 当先行词前面有who、which等疑问代词时,只能用that。
Who is the man that is standing there?
正站在那儿的那个人是谁?
Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?
哪件体恤衫最适合我?
【即学即练】
[单选题]
Which is the book( ) your father bought from New York?
A. which B. that C. where D. when
【答案】B
【解析】译文:哪一本是你父亲从美国买的书?本句是限定性定语从句,先行词是the book,前面有which 这个疑问代词,所以关系代词只能选择that。
【知识点】
3. 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时,只能用that。
This is (the best) film (that) I have seen.
这是我看过的最好的一部电影。
【即学即练】
[单选题]
This is one of the most exciting football games ( ) I have ever seen.
A. which B. what C. that D. in which
【答案】C
【解析】译文:这是我看过的最令人激动的一场足球赛。本句是限定性定语从句,先行词是football games,前面有the most exciting最高级修饰,所以关系代词只能选择that。
【知识点】
4. 当先行词被the very、the only、the same、the last修饰时,只能用that。
This is (the very good) dictionary that I want to buy.
这就是我想买的那本很实用的字典。
After the fire in his house, the old car is (the only) thing that he owned.
他家遭遇火灾之后,他仅剩那辆旧车。
【即学即练】
[单选题]
She is the only person( ) understands me.
A. what B. when C. which D. that
【答案】D
【解析】译文:她是唯一能够理解我的人。本句是限定性定语从句,先行词是person,前面有the only 修饰,所以只能选that。
【知识点】
5. 当先行词被序数词修饰时,只能用that。
(The first) place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.
他们在伦敦参观的第一个地方是大本钟。
【即学即练】
[单选题]
The first book( ) I bought was about how to learn English.
A. which B. that C. what
【答案】B
【解析】译文:我买的第一本书是关于如何学习英语的。本句是限定性定语从句,先行词是book,前面有序数词the first修饰,所以只能用that。
【知识点】
6. 当关系代词在定语从句中做表语时,只能用that。
The village is no longer the one that it used to be 10 years ago.
乡村已经不再是10年前的样子了。
【即学即练】
[单选题]
He is no longer the man( )he was ten years ago.
A. which B. that C. whose
【答案】B
【解析】译文:他早已不是十年前的那个他了。本句是限定性定语从句,先行词是the man,在从句中做表语,所以关系代词只能选择that。
【知识点】
7. 当先行词既有人,也有动物或物体时,只能用that。
The writer and his works that you told me about are admired by us all.
我们所有人都羡慕你告诉我的那位作家和他所做的作品。
【即学即练】
[单选题]
The writer and his novel( )you have just talked about are really well known.
A. that B. which C. whom D. what
【答案】A
【解析】译文:你刚才谈起的那位作家以及他的小说确实很著名。 本句是限定性定语从句,先行词是The writer and his novel,既有人,也有物,只能用that。
【考点】
定语从句中只能用which不用that的情况
【知识点】
1. 当关系代词前有介词时,只用which而不用that。
This is the room in which he lives.
这是他所住的房间。
【知识点】
2. 引导非限定性定语从句时用which而不用that。
Tom was late for class 7 times a week, which made his teacher mad.
汤姆一周迟到了七次,这令他的老师很生气。
【即学即练】
[单选题]
She showed her new watch to my wife,( ) was kept in a box.
A. who B. which C. that D. it
【答案】B
【解析】译文:她向我妻子展示了她的新手表,那块手表装在一个盒子里。本句是非限定定语从句,先行词是watch,是物,所以排除who,it不能做关系代词,非限定性定语从句中不能用that引导,因此选择which。
【知识点】
3. 一个句子中有两个定语从句时,为避免重复,一个用that,一个用which。
I lost the hat that I had bought from the supermarket which is at the end of the road.
我在马路尽头那家商场里买的帽子丢了。
【即学即练】
[单选题]Is there anything( )is not expensive( )we can buy for her as a gift?
A .that,which B.that ,that C.which,that D.which,which
【答案】A
【解析】一个句子中有两个定语从句时,为避免重复,一个用that,一个用which。本句限定词是不定代词anything,就近一致,先用that
【知识点】
当先行词本身是that的时候
That which I had known about made them surprised.
我所知道的事令他们很吃惊。
【即学即练】
[单选题]What was that ( ) he said?
A. that B. which C. when
【答案】B
【解析】当先行词本身是that的时候,关系代词不宜用that,要用which.