让步状语从句
【课程导入】
1. 能够理解让步状语从句,一般翻译为"尽管……"或"即使……",就是我们日常生活中用的"退一步说…"的感觉,有一种转折关系在里面。
2. 让步状语从句引导词有:
让步状语从句
as
while
though
although
despite
in spite of
even if
even though
疑问词+ever
no matter+疑问词
whether...or not
regardless of+名词/名词短语/名词从句
切记although,though 不可与but连用,但可以与still和yet连用。
【语法学习】
【考点】
as、though、although、even if、疑问词+ever引导的让步状语从句
让步状语从句
【知识点】
1. though和although
表示“虽然,纵然”之意。这两个连词意思大致相同,在一般情况下可以互换使用。在口语中,though较常使用,although比though正式。二者都可与yet、still或nevertheless连用,但不能与but连用。
Although/Though he is very old, (yet) he is quite strong. 他虽然年纪大了,身体还很健壮。
值得注意的是,although引导的让步状语从句位于主句之前的情况较多,though引导的让步状语从句可位于主句之前或主句之后。
【即学即练】
[单选题]
( )he was inexperienced,he did a very good job.
A. Though B. In spite of C. Despite
【答案】A
【解析】句意:尽管他没有经验,但是他表现得不错。 in spite of和despite是介接名词(短语),后面不接从句。
【知识点】
2. as和though
(1)表示“虽然……但是”,“纵使……”之意。as引导的让步状语从句必须以部分倒装的形式出现,被倒装的部分可以是表语、状语或动词原形,though则可以倒装也可以不倒装,但although不可以这样用。
Hard as/ though he works, he makes little progress.(=Though he works hard, he makes little progress.)
尽管他学习很努力,但几乎没取得什么进步。
(2)as引导的倒装句表示让步,这一结构有:形容词/副词/分词/名词(无冠词)/短语+as+主语+谓语动词
as引导的倒装句表示让步
一、形容词提置句首
Young as he is, he is knowledgeable.他虽然年轻,但知识渊博。
二、副词提置句首
Much as I respect him, I can’t agree with him.
虽然我非常尊重他,但是我仍旧不同意他的意见。
三、分词提置句首
Praised as he was, he remained modest.尽管他受到了表扬,却仍旧很谦虚。
四、名词提置句首
Child as he is, he is knowledgeable.他虽然还是个孩子,却知识渊博。
(名词前面不带冠词)
五、动词原形提置句首
Fail as I did, I would never stop trying.尽管我失败了,但是我绝不会停止尝试。
(3)as/so +形容词+as+主语+谓语,放在句首表示让步。
As much as John hates to do it, he must stay at home and study tonight.
尽管约翰不愿意,但他今晚还是得待在家里学习。
【即学即练】
[单选题]
( ), you can't finish the book so soon.
A. As you read fast B. Fast as you read C. Fast you as read
【答案】B
【解析】 句意:纵然你读得快,你也不能这么快读完这本书。 as引导的倒装句表示让步,这一结构有:形容词/副词/分词/名词(无冠词)/短语+as+主语+谓语动词。
【知识点】
3. even if和even though
(1)表示“即使……”,“纵使……”之意,含有一种假设。 这两个复合连词的意思基本相同。不过,在实际语言运用中,even if与even though有时也可不加区别地混用。
Even if (Even though) she laughs at him, he likes her.尽管她嘲笑他,他还是很喜欢她。
(2)even if引导的让步从句含有强烈的假定性,可用来表示与事实相反的假设,但不能用来描述已经发生的事实。
(3)而even though引导让步状语从句时,是以从句的内容为先决条件的,即说话人肯定了从句的事实,表示已经发生了的事。
even if和even though的区别
even if
even though
even if 引导的从句是往往是假设性的,相当于汉语的"即使""纵然""就算""哪怕"。
They'll stand by you even if you don't succeed.
即使你不成功,他们也会支持你。
even though 引导的从句内容往往是真实的,主要用于引出不利于主句情况的信息,相当于汉语的“尽管”“虽然”。
He went out even though it was raining.
尽管在下雨,他还是出去了。
正因为even if从句的内容通常是假设性的,所以有时还可用于虚拟语气;这样用的even if 与单独使用的if比较接近。
Even if he had the money, he wouldn't buy it.
他即使有钱也不会买它。
这样用的even though与though或although的意思比较接近,许多时候可以互换(注意:不能说even although。)
Even though (Though/Although)I felt sorry for him, l was secretly pleased that he was having difficulties.虽然我为他感到惋惜,但对他的困难却暗自高兴。
【即学即练】
[单选题]
I would have married her( )she had been penniless.
A. even if B.even although C.even though
【答案】A
【解析】句意:即使她身无分文,我也会和她结婚。even if从句的内容通常是假设性的,有时还可用于虚拟语气。
【知识点】
4. no matter whether...or...结构通常将no matter省略,形成whether...or...(not)引导的让步状语从句
(1)表示“不论是否……”,“不管是……还是……”之意。由这一个复合连词引导的让步状语从句旨在说明正反两方面的可能性都不会影响主句的意向或结果。
But whether it's a friendly rivalry or a fight to the death, the end result is the same.
但不管是友好竞争还是生死决斗,结果总是相同。
(2) 当从句中含有be动词时,可进一步省略,表达成“be+主语+……or……”
She listens to the music for 1 hour every day, be she free or busy.=She listens to the music for 1 hour every day, whether she is free or busy. 她不管是闲还是忙,每天都会听一小时的音乐。
【即学即练】
[单选题]
You'll have to attend the ceremony( )you're free or busy.
A.even if B.whether C. even though D.as
【答案】B
【解析】句意:不管你忙不忙,都要参加这个典礼。 whether...or...表示“不论是否……”,“不管是……还是……”之意。由这一个复合连词引导的让步状语从句旨在说明正反两方面的可能性都不会影响主句的意向或结果。
【知识点】
5. “no matter 疑问词”和“疑问词-ever”
(1) 它们均可引导让步状语从句,意为 “无论…”
Whatever obscurity it was, the poem was clear on at least one count.
这诗再怎么晦涩,至少有一点是清楚的。
Whoever telephones, tell them I’m out. 不管是谁打电话,都说我出去了。
Choose whichever brand you prefer. 挑选你喜欢的那个品牌。
Whenever you come, you are welcome. 你什么时候来,我们都欢迎。
Wherever he goes, a carload of soldiers goes with him.
不管他去哪里,总有一车士兵跟着。
(2) 它们引导让步状语从句时,通常可换成no matter…
No matter what happened, he would not mind.
(=Whatever happened, he would not mind.)无论发生了什么,他都不会介意的。
但“no matter 疑问词”结构只能引导让步状语从句,而“疑问词-ever”还可以引导名词性从句。
Whatever you say, I won’t believe you. (=No matter what you say, I won’t believe you. )无论你说什么,我都不会相信你。(Whatever 引导让步状语从句)
I'll eat whatever you give me.(≠I'll eat no matter what you give me。)
你给我吃什么,我就吃什么。(whatever引导宾语从句)
(3)however以下两类句型结构
① however+主语+谓语:
However you travel, it’ll take you at least three days. 不管你怎么走,至少要三天。
② however+形容词或副词+主语+谓语:
However much he eats, he never gets fat. 无论他吃多少, 他都不发胖。
③ 有时该结构中的主语和谓语可以有所省略:
He was of some help, however small. 他总能帮些忙,不管多小的忙。
(4) 有时从句谓语可用情态动词:
I’ll find him, wherever he is (may be). 无论他在哪里,我都要找到他。
Keep calm, whatever happens (may happen). 无论发生什么事都要保持冷静。
【即学即练】
[选择题]
1.( ) you did,I will accept. (多选)
A. However B. No matter what C. Whatever
2. I will accept( )you did.
A. However B. No matter what C. Whatever
【答案】
1. B. C
2. C
【解析】
1. 句意:不管你做了什么我都会接受。 此句为让步状语从句,BC都可选择。
2. 句意:不管你做了什么我都会接受。 此句为宾语从句,“no matter 疑问词”结构只能引导让步状语从句,而“疑问词-ever”还可以引导名词性从句。因此只能选择C。
【知识点】
6. 置于句首的while一般表示“尽管”
(1)While位于句首,一般意为“尽管”,引导让步状语从句。
While I admit his good points, I can see his bad.
尽管我承认他的长处,但我也看到了他的不足.
(2)while在让步状语从句和时间状语从句的区别
时间状语从句
让步状语从句
while引导时间状语从句,从句中的谓语动词应用延续性动词或表示状态的词。
while引导让步状语从句,多用于句首,意为“尽管,虽然”
While he loves his students,he is very strict with them.虽然他爱他的学生,可是他对他们很严格.
While the discussion was still going on,George came in.
当讨论还在进行时,乔治走了进来.
while还常常作并列连词用,意思为“而,然而”,表前后意义上的对比或转折。
There’s plenty of rain in the southeast,while there's little in the northeast.东南部雨量充足,而西北部则很少下雨.
【即学即练】
[单选题]
1. Some people waste food( )others haven't enough.
A.when B.what C.while D.why
2. Strike( )the iron is hot.
A.when B.what C.while D.why
【答案】
1. C
2. C
【解析】
1. 有些人浪费粮食,然而有些人却吃不饱。 while还常常作并列连词用,意思为“而,然而”,表前后意义上的对比或转折。
2. 打铁趁热。 while引导时间状语从句,从句中的谓语动词应用延续性动词或表示状态的词。
【知识点】
7. 表示让步转折关系的介词despite, in spite of, for all,后只能接名词/名词短语/动名词/what引导的从句,不接句子。
In spite of his inexperience, he did a good job. 虽然他没有经验,但是他表现得不错。
【即学即练】
[单选题]
( )what he achieved in medicine, he remained modest.
A. Despite B. Although C. If D. Whereas
【答案】A
【解析】 尽管他在医学领域取得了许多成就,但他依然很谦虚。 此句中的what=things that,引导一个名词性从句,其本质相当于一个名词短语,故此处仍需用介词。若用although,只能说成:Although he achieved a lot in medicine,he remained modest. 故选A。