2022届高考英语二轮复习语法专题突破专题一冠词与代词课件(23张ppt）

(共23张PPT)
语法专题突破?
专题一　冠词与代词
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基础考法
能力考法
考法1　考查冠词的基本用法
1.冠词分为不定冠词(a/an)和定冠词(the)。不定冠词用在首次提到的或不限定的单数可数名词前表泛指;定冠词用在上文提到的人或物前,或是被限制性修饰语加以限定的人或物前,也可用在表示双方所默认的特定的人或物的名词前表特指。
在名词前使用不定冠词时需注意:a用于以辅音音素(不是辅音字母)开头的单词前;an用于以元音音素(不是元音字母)开头的单词前。
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基础考法
能力考法
【典型例题1】(2020·全国Ⅱ卷改编)As
I
grew
older
and
became
a
mother,the
library
took
on
a
new
place
and
　　　　　　added
meaning
in
my
life.?
解析:added为以元音音素开头的单词,其前应用不定冠词an。
考法总结看到added,不难想到它是以元音音素开头的单词,其前用an。
【典型例题2】(2019·全国Ⅰ卷改编)Of
　　　　　nineteen
recognized
polar
bear
subpopulations,three
are
declining,six
are
stable,one
is
increasing,and
nine
lack
enough
data.?
解析:考查冠词。该空后为名词成分,根据语境及空格前的of可知存在限定范围,故填the。
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基础考法
能力考法
【典型例题3】(2019·全国Ⅱ卷改编)When
we
got
a
call
saying
she
was
short-listed,we
thought
it
was
　　　　　joke.?
解析:考查冠词。joke是单数可数名词,根据句意可知此处是泛指,所以填a。
【典型例题4】(2016·全国Ⅱ卷)Give
your
body
and
brain
a
rest
by
stepping
outside
for
　　　　　while,exercising,or
doing
something
you
enjoy.?
解析:句意:你可以出去一会儿,通过锻炼或做些你喜欢做的事情来让你的身体和大脑得到休息。for
a
while意为“一会儿”,为固定搭配,故填a。
考法总结冠词的考查常在具体的语境中进行,解题时要注意其所修饰名词的具体含义,比如,本题空格后的while意为“(一段)时间”,不是用作连词。
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基础考法
能力考法
2.通常情况下,形容词比较级前不用冠词;形容词最高级前用定冠词;序数词前用定冠词。另外,表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词前用定冠词the也是考查热点。
【典型例题5】(2015·课标全国Ⅱ卷)The
adobe
dwellings(土坯房)
built
by
the
Pueblo
Indians
of
the
American
Southwest
are
admired
by
even
　　　　　　most
modern
of
architects
and
engineers.?
解析:句意:由美国西南部的普韦布洛印第安人建造的土坯房甚至受到了(当今世界上)最前卫的建筑师和工程师的青睐。根据句意和空后的最高级标志词可知此处填定冠词the。
考法总结most用于构成最高级,故其前应用定冠词the。
-7-
基础考法
能力考法
考法2　考查习惯用语或固定搭配中的冠词
冠词的习惯用语及固定搭配是高考语篇填空的常考点。语篇填空主要考查惯用搭配中的冠词。常考查的固定短语有as
a
result,in
fact,in
a
way,at
a
loss,give
sb
a
hand,on
the
other
hand等。
【典型例题6】(2017·全国Ⅰ卷)As
　　　　　result,people
will
eat
more
food
to
try
to
make
up
for
that
something
missing.?
解析:考查冠词。固定短语as
a
result“结果”。
考法总结as
a
result为固定短语,表示结果。
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基础考法
能力考法
两步法
1.判断设空后的名词是可数名词还是不可数名词。若是可数名词,要判断其是单数还是复数。
2.根据语境或语法结构确定是泛指还是特指。复数名词或不可数名词表泛指时,其前不加任何冠词;单数可数名词表泛指时其前需要加不定冠词,表特指要用定冠词the。
【典型例题】(2020·山东卷改编)However,her
children
have
learned
　　　　　　important
lesson
witnessing
their
mother
earn
her
degree.?
解析:句意:然而,她的孩子们在见证母亲获得学位的过程中学到了重要的一课。lesson为可数名词,表泛指,且important为以元音音素开头的单词,故用不定冠词an。
-9-
基础考法
能力考法
考法1　考查人称代词、物主代词及反身代词的用法
语篇填空中会考查人称代词、物主代词及反身代词,主要考查人称代词主格和宾格的正确使用以及代词指代一致。解题时要理清行文逻辑和句子成分,避免人称代词的主格和宾格混用或指代不一致。
【典型例题1】(2016·全国Ⅰ卷)On
my
recent
visit,I
held
a
lively
three-month-old
twin
that
had
been
rejected
by
　　　　　　(it)
mother.?
解析:此处修饰名词mother,做定语,应用形容词性物主代词,故填its。
考法总结根据所缺成分可以确定应填词的词性。
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基础考法
能力考法
考法2　考查it的用法
对于it的考查主要有以下两个方面:
(1)it做替代词。高考通常考查it的替代功能,如指天气、时间等,也可以指代前面提到过的具体事件以及上文提到的同一个事物。
【典型例题2】(2017·全国Ⅱ卷)However,the
railway
quickly
proved
to
be
a
great
success
and
within
six
months,more
than
25,000
people
were
using
　　　　　every
day.?
解析:考查代词。在六个月内超过25,000人每天都在使用它。此处指代的是前面的the
railway,故要用it。
考法总结此处应与上文主语一致,为避免重复,应用it代替。
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基础考法
能力考法
(2)it做形式主语和形式宾语的句型及强调句型。
【典型例题3】(2020·全国Ⅲ卷改编)　　　　　　
is
traditional
to
bring
a
gift
to
a
housewarming
party.?
解析:句意:在乔迁宴会上带礼物是传统的。根据句意可知,本句真正的主语是动词不定式短语,故用It做形式主语,把真正的主语后置。
考法总结根据固定结构“It+be+adj.+to
do
sth.”可知用It。
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基础考法
能力考法
考法3　考查不定代词的用法
对不定代词的考查集中在其指代的范围上,故解题时一定要明确其所指代的对象。另外要准确区分易混的不定代词。
重点掌握下列几组易混词或短语的用法区别:
(1)another,other,the
other,others,the
others
(2)all,both,either,neither,none,each,every
(3)many,much
(4)few,a
few,little,a
little
(5)some,any
-13-
基础考法
能力考法
【典型例题4】(2020·天津卷改编)For
those
who
hunger
for
　　　　　　peace
and
quiet,sound
can
now
create
silence.?
解析:句意:对于那些渴望和平与宁静的人来说,声音现在可以创造寂静。some可修饰不可数名词,用在肯定句中,故此处用some合适。
【典型例题5】(2020·山东卷改编)As
the
author
explains,this
is
　　　　　　a
travel
nor
a
history
book,or
even
a
piece
of
reportage.?
解析:句意:正如作者所解释的,这既不是旅行用书,也不是历史书,甚至也算不上一篇报告文学。由后面的nor可知,此处用neither,neither...nor...意为“既不……也不……”。
考法总结neither...nor...为固定搭配,看到后面的nor可想到前面可能填neither。
-14-
基础考法
能力考法
考法1　通过句子成分确定填什么代词
分析句子成分,如果句中缺主语,则可能填人称代词主格、指示代词、不定代词或it;如果缺宾语,则可能填人称代词宾格;如果宾语与主语是指同一人,则应用反身代词。
【典型例题1】On
my
desk
is
a
photo
that
my
father
took
of
　　　　　　when
I
was
a
baby.?
解析:设空处做介词of的宾语,应用人称代词宾格;再结合句意“我的桌子上有一张我小时候父亲为我拍的照片”可知填me。
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基础考法
能力考法
考法2　通过句式结构判断是否填it
根据句式结构,判断句子是否为it的特殊句式,即it做形式主语、形式宾语或用在强调句式中。
【典型例题2】(2014·陕西卷改编)I’d
appreciate
　　　　　if
you
could
let
me
know
in
advance
whether
or
not
you
will
come.?
解析:句意:如果你能提前告知我你是否会来,我将不胜感激。I’d
appreciate
it
if...为固定句型,意为“如果……,我将不胜感激”。it在该句型中做形式宾语,指代下文if从句的内容。故答案为it。
-16-
Ⅰ
Ⅱ
Ⅲ
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1.(2019·安徽定远高三模考)He
is
going
to
visit　　　　　university
which
is
located
in
the
west
of
USA.?
2.My
parents
had
moved
to
England
from
India
during
　　　1970s.?
3.The
X-rays
you
get
at
　　　　　　doctor’s
or
dentist’s
are
not
enough
to
cause
cancer.?
4.I
don’t
remember
the
first
two
operations
very
well,but
I
do
recall
　　　　　　third.?
5.Girls,who
always
spend
money
on
clothes,should
keep
　　　　eye
open
for
discounts.?
a
the
the
an
the
-17-
Ⅰ
Ⅱ
Ⅲ
6.(2019·天津卷改编)A
study
shows
　　　　　students
who
are
engaged
in
after-school
activities
are
happier
than
those
who
are
not.?
7.　　　　　
number
of
these
results
on
why
this
kind
of
bird
can’t
fly
are
extremely
interesting.?
8.Since
then—for
all
these
years—we
have
been
allowing
tomatoes
to
self-seed
where
they
please.As
　
result,
the
plants
are
growing
everywhere.?
9.The
young
may
need
more
sleep
than
　　　　　old,but
usually
eight
hours
are
enough
for
the
health
of
grown-ups.?
10.Mr
Smith
asked
you
to
repeat
　　　　phone
number
　　second
time
so
that
he
could
set
it
down.?
the
A
a
the
the
a
-18-
Ⅰ
Ⅱ
Ⅲ
1.(2019·辽宁葫芦岛协作校联考)My
brother
is
a
excellent
vet,who
looks
after
frightening
snakes
in
the
zoo.
2.My
mother
always
gave
me
some
advice,but
I
seldom
took
them
seriously.
3.If
you
miss
your
sister,you
just
take
out
your
phone
and
say
“hello”
to
him.
a→an
them→it　
him→her　
-19-
Ⅰ
Ⅱ
Ⅲ
4.I
wanted
to
do
anything
special
for
Dr.Johnson
at
his
retirement
party.
5.Don’t
allow
those
comments
to
weaken
you,and
turn
them
into
motivation
to
inspire
yourself.
anything→something　
yourself→you　
-20-
Ⅰ
Ⅱ
Ⅲ
6.Dolphins
are
thought
to
be
intelligent
animals
because
of
its
quick
ability
to
learn.
its→their　
7.Sometimes
we
may
find
difficult
to
follow
the
teacher
and
some
slow
learners
may
even
give
up
learning
English.
8.How
do
you
like
our
club?I’m
looking
forward
to
early
reply.
find后加it　
to后加your　
-21-
Ⅰ
Ⅱ
Ⅲ
9.I’d
like
to
introduce
Sarah
to
you.She
is
a
good
friend
of
me.
me→mine　
10.But
after
the
test,all
Bob
and
Mary
were
called
to
the
teachers’
office.
all→both　
-22-
Ⅰ
Ⅱ
Ⅲ
As
a
single
mom,it
is
often
hard
for
me
to
provide
those
little
“extras”
my
children
seem
to
want.About
four
weeks
ago,my
11-year-old
son
came
home
from
school
and
1.
　　　　　　(excite)
said
that
the
musical
instrument
he
had
made
from
2.　　　　　　(recycle)
products
was
chosen
to
be
sent
to
the
NYS
Green
Nation
Recycling
Competition
in
Albany.There
was
a
note
3.　　　　　　
his
teacher
informing
that
my
son
4.　　　　　　(invite)
to
attend
the
competition
but
the
parents
were
expected
to
pay
for
their
children.My
son
was
excited,5.　　　　　　
I
felt
helpless.I
didn’t
have
that
kind
of
money.6.　　　　　　
was
going
to
cost
$300!
excitedly
recycled
from
was
invited
but
It
-23-
Ⅰ
Ⅱ
Ⅲ
Well,my
son
7.　　　　　　(immediate)
began
to
do
part-time
jobs
so
he
could
earn
some
money
for
the
trip,and
I
began
to
work
as
much
as
I
could
8.　　　　　　(put)a
bit
extra
in
as
well.We
prayed
every
night
that
somehow
we
would
raise
the
money
for
him
to
attend
the
competition.At
last,we
got
9.　　　　　　
telephone
call
from
the
Deputy
Sheriff’s
Association
in
our
area,and
much
to
our
10.
　　　　　　(amaze),this
wonderful
group
of
men
and
women
would
come
together
to
sponsor
my
son,so
he
could
attend
this
event!My
son
is
truly
blessed.?
immediately
to
put
a
amazement